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THE

ENTOMOLOGICAL

MAGAZINE.

VOL. I.

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LONDON : r

FREDERICK WESTLEY AND A. H. DAVIS,

STATIONERS'-HALL-COURT ;

WAUGH & INNES, EDINBURGH; AND W. F^WAKEMAN, DUBLIN.

MDCCC XXXIII.

" The noblest employment of the mind of man is the study of the works of his Creator.

" To him whom the science of nature delighteth, every object bringeth a proof of his God .
and every thing that proveth this giveth cause for adoration.

"His mind is lifted up to Heaven every moment; his life is one continual act of
devotion.

" Thou who seest the whole as admirable in parts, canst thou better employ thine eye than
in tracing out thy Creator's greatness in them ; thy mind, than in examining their
wonders ?

" Wherein is knowledge but in the study of nature?

" All other sciences are vain ; all other knowledge is boast ; lo! it is not necessary or hene-
cial to man, nor doth it make him more good or more honest.

" Piety to thy God, and benevolence to thy fellow-creatures, are they not thy great duties?
What shall teach thee the one or what shall inform thee of the other, like unto the study
of His works? "

Economy of Human Life.

LONDON :
U. CLAY, rillNTER, BREAD-STREET-HILL.

/

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS.

Bird, Rev. C. S., M.A. F.L.S., Burghfield, 105, 521.

Blomer, Captain Charles, Cheltenham, 316.

Bond, William, 211, 212, 315.

Bowerbank, James S., F.G.S. Z.S. M.E.S., 19, Critchell-place, New North-
road, 239.

Chant, J., 3, Critchell-place, New North-road, 180, 213, 521.

Christy, William, jun., F.L.S. Z.S. M.E.S., Clapham-road, 214.

Clericus, 236.

Corderius Secundus, 93, 321.

Curtis, John, F.L.S., 37, Upper Charlotte-street, Fitzroy-square, 37, 186,
310, 517.

D. D., 434.

Dale, Charles James, M.A. F.L.S. , Glanvillc's Wootton, near Sherbourne,
355, 514, 514,515, 515, 515.

Davis, A. H., F.L.S. M.E.S., Cold Harbour-lane, 86, 90, 90, and anon.

Delta, Colchester, 314, 385, 439.

Devoniensis, 312.

Doubleday, Edward, M.E.S., Epping, 5, 85, 277, 310, 313, 313, 466, 519,
and anon.

Foster, E. T., Kennington, 311.

Foster, Robert, Bromley, 92.

Griesbach, Rev. A. W., B.A. M.E.S., 296.

G. N., Leominster, 312.

G. T., Bristol, 521.

Hahday, A. H., M.A., Belfast, 147, 259, 333, 424, 480, 515, 516, 518.

J. B., Worcester, 315.

J. D., Dartmouth, 316.

J. P. — Boskenna, 519, 520, 520.

Lewis, E. W., King's-road, Chelsea, 422.

Lister, J. J., F.R.S., Upton, 446.

Longman, William, Hampstead, 88, 91.

Marshall, Thomas, F.L.S., Bridgenorth, 213.

Newman, Edward, F.L.S. M.E.S., Memb. Ent. Soc. of France, 50, 66, 85,
283, 314, 315, 318, 394, 413, 505, and anon.

Query, Edinburgh, 318.

Reviewer, Anonymous, 516.

Rusticus, Godalming, 33, 143, 217, 363, 425, 432.

Scrutator, F.R.S. L.S., 84, 224.

Stephens, J. F., F.L.S. Z.S. M.E.S., Hermitage, South Lambeth, 518, 525,
526, 527.

Swainson, William, F.R.S. L.S, M.E.S., Tittinhanger Green, St. Albans,
309,

Tyrensis, Lark-hall-lane, Clapham, 518.

Wailes, George, M.E.S., Newcastle, 39, 199, 256, 350, 522, 524.

Walker, Francis, F.L.S. M.E.S., Memb. Ent. Soc. of France, 49, Bedford-
square, 12, 115, 244, 367, 455, and anon.

Waterhouse, George R,, M.E.S., 11, Gloucester-road, Old Brompton, 202,
292.

Westwood, I. O., F.L.S. M.E.S., Memb. Ent. Soc. of France, the Grove,
Hammersmith, 232, 288, 359.

Y., Ludlow, 215.

Yarrcl, William, F.L.S. Z.S. S.A.S. M.E.S., Ryder-street, St. James V, 421.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

Plate l.—See Art. XXXV. 30 and 32.
Fig. 1. Nematus dimldiatus. (larva).
2 & ;!. AUantus Scrophulariae. (larva).

4. Lyda sylvatica. (larva).

5. Croesus septentrionalis. (larva).

Plate U.—See Art. XXV.
Ephemera marginata. (larva).
Fig. 1. a. The great dorsal vessel.

6. The point at which the great dorsal vessel curves inward and is lost to the view.

c. The lateral vessels which convey a portion of the blood from the anterior to the

posterior end of the body.

d. Some of the points at which a part of their contents is discharged into the great

abdominal cavity.

e. The point at which they terminate, discharging their contents into the great dorsal

vessel.
Fig. 2. A portion of the great dorsal vessel.

a. Appendages, supposed to be nervous ganglions, situated above and beneath each set

of valves.

b. The valves at the commencement of the expansion of the artery, when the blood is

seen converging towards them from all points, and flowing through them into the
upper portion of the artery.

c. The exterior portion of the artery, connecting the parts above and below the

valves.
Fig. 3. A portion of the vessel in a state of collapse, with all the valves closed.

a. The points of the lower valves closely compressed within the upper ones.

c. The exterior portion of the artery, as seen in Pig. 2, c.
Fig. 4. A portion of the vessel in its greatest state of expansion.

a. The lateral openings closed, while the main current of the blood is passing up the
vessel.

c. The exterior portion of the artery as seen at c. Figs. 2 and 3.
Fig. 5. A single compartment of the great dorsal vessel in its greatest state of collapse.
Fig. 6. The same portion of the vessel in its greatest state of expansion.

Plate III.— See Art. XLVI.
Fig. 1 . Sphinx Ligustri. (larva).

2. Biston Betularia. (larva).

3. Tipula oleracea. (larva).

4. Trichiosoma lucorum. (larva).

5. Ichneumon instigator, (larva).

6. Anthia 6-macul3ta. (larva). Copied from Guerin.

7. Trogosita Mauritanica. (larva).

8. Blatta ? (larva).

9. Cicada Fraxini. (pupa).
10. Perla bioaudata. (larva).

Plate IV.

Fig. 1. Tabanus bovinus. (imago).

2. Sirex nigricornis. (imago).

3. Hyilxous piceus. (imago).

4. Acridium bipunctatum. (imago).

5. Pentatonia dissimilis. (imago).

6. jEgeria Apiformis. (imago).

(In this Plate the shaded portion is the mesothorax)

Letters in Plates III. and IV.

A. B. Caput, head or 1st segment.

C. D.

Prothorax .

. 2d ditto.

E. F.

Mesothorax

. 3rf ditto.

G.H

Metathorax

. ith ditto.

I. J.

Propodeon .

. 5th ditto.

K. i.

Podeon . .

. G/ft ditto.

M. N.

IVIetapodeon

1th ditto.

O. P.

Octoon . .

Wi ditto.

Q.R.

Ennatou .

!)/A ditto.

S. T. Decaton
U. V. Protelum
W.A'. Paratelui
y. Z. Telum .

a. Propes .

e. Proala .

i. Mesopes

o. Metala .

ti. Metapes . . Hind-leg,

. 10//( ditto-,

. Urt ditto.

. nth ditto.

. 13/A ditto.

. Fore-leg.

. Fore-wing.

. Middle-leg.

. Hind-wing.

C O N T E N T S.

Page
Introductory Address 1

Art. I. Abstract of M. Straus Durckheim's " Considerations Generales
sur TAnatomie Comparee des Animaux Articules." By Edward
Doubleday, Esq

Art. II. Monographia Chalcidum. By Francis Walker, Esq. F.L.S. 12

Art. III. British Periodical Works on Entomology : —

1. British Entomology. By John Cm-tis, F. L. S.

2. Illustrations of British Entomology. By J. F. Stephens,
F. L. S.

3. Samouelle's Entomological Cabinet 29

Art. IV. Observations on Blight. By Rusticus 33

Art, V. On Two Species of Elaphrus, lately discovered in Scotland,

by Charles Lyell, Esq. By John Curtis, Esq. F. L. S. . . . . 37

Art. VI. Catalogue of a few Insects, found in Castle Eden Dean and
its vicinity, in the County of Durham, the beginning of July
1831 and 1832. By George Wailes, Esq 39

Art. VII. Sphinx Vespiformis : an Essay. By Edward Newman . 44

Art. VIII. French Periodical Works on Entomology : —

1. Iconographie et Histoire Naturelle des Colcoptferes d'Europe,
par M. le Compte Dejean et M. Boisduval. Paris.

2. Histoire Naturelle des Lepidopteres, ou Papillous de France,
par M. Godart, continuee par M. Duponchel. Paris.

3. Magasin de Zoologie, par M. Guerin. Paris 48

Art. IX. An Entomological Excursion. By Edward Doubleday and

Edward Newman 50

Art. X. Alphabet of Insects. By James Rennie, M. A. Professor of

/Zoology at King's College, London 60

VI CONTENTS.

Viige
Art. XI. Monographia .'Egeriarum Anglige. By Edward Newman . 66

Art. XII. Varieties 84

Art. XIII. Colloquia Entomologica 93

Art. XIV. On tlie Want of Analogy between the Sensations of
Insects and our own. By the Rev. C. S. Bird, M. A. F. L. S.
late Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge 1 05

Art. XV. Monographia Chalcidum. By Francis Walker, Esq. F.L.S. 115
Art. XVI. Observations on Blight. By Rusticiis 143

Art. XVII. Catalogue of Diptera occurring about Holywood in

Downshire. By A. H. Haliday, Esq. M. A 147

Art. XVIII. Entomological Tour in South Devon. By Messrs.

Chant and Bentley 180

Art. XIX. Characters of some undescribed Genera and Species,
indicated in the " Guide to an Arrangement of British Insects."
By John Curtis, Esq. F. L. S 186

Art. XX. Notice of the Habits of Charaeas Graminis, &c. By

George Wailes, Esq 199

Art. XXI. Monographia Notiophilon Anglise. By George R.

Waterhouse, Esq 202

Art. XXII. Varieties 211

Art. XXIII. Observations on Blight. By Rusticus 217

Art. XXIV. Opinions on Mr. Newman's Sphinx Vespiformis . . 224

Art. XXV. Observations on the Circulation of the Blood in Insects.

By James Bowerbank, Esq. F. G. and Z. S 239

Art. XXVI. Observations on the British Species of Sepsidae. By

Francis Walker, Esq. F. L. S 244

Art. XXVII. Observations on the Enicoceri. By George Wailes,

Esq 256

Art. XXVIII. An Essay on the Classification of the Parasitic
Hymenoptera of Britain, which correspond with the Ichneu-
mones minuti of Linnaeus. By A. H. Haliday, Esq. M. A. . . 259

Art. XXIX. Abstract of M. Straus-Durckheim's "Considerations
Generales svn* I'Anatomie Comparee des Animaux Articules."
By Edward Doubleday, Esq 277

Art. XXX. Entomological Notes. By Edward Newman, Esq. F.L.S. 283

Art. XXXI. Observations on the Saltatorial Powers of Insects, and
upon the British Coleopterous Genus, Choragus. By J. O. .
We§twood, Esq. F. L. S. &c 288

CONTENTS. Vll

Page
Art. XXXII. Monographia Hydrcenarum Angliie. By George

R. Waterliouse, Esq 292

Art. XXXIII. On the Existence of "Natural Genera." By
Alexander William Griesbach, Esq. B. A. of Trinity College,
Cambridge 296

Art. XXXIV. Notice of Entomological Works 301

Art. XXXV. Varieties 309

Art. XXXVI. On the Death of Latreille 320

Art. XXXVII. CoUoquia Entomologica 321

Art. XXXVIII. Essay on the Classification of Parasitic Hymenop-

tera, &c. By A. H. Haliday, Esq. M. A 333

Art. XXXIX. Observations on Ignis Fatuus. By George Wailes,

Esq 3.50

Art. XL. Observations on the Influence of Locality, Time of
Appearance, &c. on Species and Varieties of Butterflies. By
J. C. Dale, Esq. M. A. F. L. S 355

Art. XLI. On the Structure of the Antennae in the Order Apha-
niptera of Kirby, with reference to the Propriety of the
Establishment of Genera upon the Variations of those Organs.
By J. O. Westwood, Esq. F. L. S., &c 359

Art. XLII. Observations on Blight. By Rusticus, of Godalming . 363

Art. XLIII. Monographia Chalcidum. By Francis Walker, Esq.

F.L.S 367

Art. XLIV, Notes on the Habits of Insects. By Delta .... 385

Art. XLV. Establishment of the Entomological Society of London, 390

Art. XLVI. Osteology, or External Anatomy of Insects. By

Edward Newman, Esq. F. L. S 394

Art. XLVII. Entomological Notes. By Edward Newman, Esq.

F.L.S 413

Art. XLVIII. Notice of Entomological Works 417

Art. XLIX. Varieties 421

Art. L. Observations on Blight. By Rusticus, of Godalming . . 425

Art. LI. Entomological Sapphics. By Rusticus, of Godalming . . 432

Art. LII. Exposure of the Fallacy of the Septenary System in

Natural History 434

Art. LIII. Notes on the Habits of Insects. By Delta 439

Art. LIV. The Learned Fleas 443

VIll CONTENTS.

Page
Art. LV. Transactions of the Linnaean Society, Vol. XVI. Part III. 445

Art. LVI. British Entomology. Nos. Ill — 116. By John Curtis,

F.L.S 451

Art. LVII. Monographia Chalcidum. By Francis Walker, Esq.

F.L.S 455

Art. LVIII. Abstract of M. Straus-Durckheim's " Considerations
Generales sur I'Anatomie Comparee des Animaux Articules."
By Edward Doubleday, Esq 466

Art. LIX. Essay on the Classification of Parasitic Hymenoptera,

&c. By A, H. Haliday, Esq. M.A 480

Art. LX. Colloquia Entomologica 492

Art. LXI. Notice of Entomological Works 496

Art. LXII. Entomological Notes. By Edward Newman, Esq. F.L.S. 505

Art. LXIII. Varieties 514

List of Subscribers for Five Copies of this Volume, to ivhom
return our most sincere thanks.

William Bennett, Esq,
Rev. C. S. Bird, M.A.

J. S. BOWERBANK, EsQ.

William Christy, Jim., Esq.

John Curtis, Esq.

A. H. Davis, Esq.

E. Doubledat, Esq.

•S. Hanson, Esq.

.7. HoYER, Esq.

E. Newman, Esq.
G. Newman, Esq.

F. Walker, Esq. (10 copies).
I. I. Walton, Esq.

ENTOMOLOGICAL MAGAZINE.

SEPTEMBER, 1832.

INTRODUCTORY ADDRESS.

In the present advanced state of the science of Entomology,
it may be regarded as a httle singular that no distinct periodi-
cal publication, exclusively devoted to its general interests, has
hitherto appeared in this country.

It is true that the Zoological Journal, and the Magazine of
Natural History, have partially supplied this deficiency ; but
the few papers which could be admitted on any one branch of
Zoology into the former, combined with the irregularity of its
appearance ; and the very general character of the latter, which
excludes sti'ictly scientific articles ; are reasons amply sufficient
to justify the present attempt to establish a Magazine, which
shall be wholly devoted to Entomology.

The projectors consider themselves as possessing a strong
claim on the support of all the lovers of Entomology, having
undertaken the work without the slightest expectation of pecu-
niary advantage to themselves, but with a chsinterested desire
to promote the progress of a science to which they confess
themselves zealously attached. They contemplate no profit,
and all their anxiety is, that it may receive sufficient support
to guarantee them from actual loss.

NO. I. VOL. I. B

2 INTRODUCTORY ADDRESS.

The scientific Entomologist has frequently had occasion to
regret the want of an appropriate medium through which his
researches might gain public attention. Hence we find inte-
resting Entomological papers scattered in magazines of a
purely literary or philosophical character,* or lost in the un-
readable and cumbrous tonues of learned societies, where they
are rarely consulted, and are often entirely overlooked. We
might cite instances of this kind ; for example — the admirable
monograph of Mr. Kirby on the Genus Apion, and that of
Mr. Spence on Choleva, in the Linnean Transactions. No one
thinks of expending two guineas in the purchase of these
volumes for the sake of a single paper, however excellent,
and access to them is thus confined to a few. From this
cause, we are satisfied that many valuable contributions to
Entomology have been suffered to remain within the port-
folios of their authors ; few individuals choosing to incur the
risk of a separate publication, with the knowledge that the
sale of such works is extremely limited. We are also disposed
to think that the want of an appropriate vehicle for imparting
information has tended, in many instances, to repress that
spirit of inquiry which is so highly desirable in the pursuit of
science. These difficulties will now be removed ; — the pages
of this magazine will be open to record the labours of British
Entomologists, which have been as yet imperfectly known.

The facilities for spreading information which Foreign Ento-
mologists have long enjoyed, have given them a decided su-
periority and advantage in cultivating the science. We are
convinced that our own countrymen will not be slow to avail

* An instance in point has just come under our notice. In the London and
Edinburgh Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science for the month of
August, there is a paper by J. O. Westwood, Esq., giving characters of two
families, including sixteen genera of Hymenopterous insects, which, from being
published in such a channel, are never likely to be seen by Entomologists.

INTRODUCTORY ADDRESS. O

themselves of the channel now afforded them, and that their
industry and ability need only to be known to be fully appre-
ciated : for we know there are manuscripts in existence, the
result of years of laborious investigation, which would contri-
bute to extend the science, and do honour to the unwearied,
patient, and talented efforts of their possessors.

The plan of the projectors is to produce a magazine which
shall contain Illustrations of the Habits and Metamorphoses of
Insects, — Descriptive Characters of New Genera and Species, —
Records of the Capture of Rarities, — Reviews (with extracts) of
all new Entomological works, — and information of every kind
connected with the science of Entomology. The present num-
ber will, it is hoped, as a precursor, be no unworthy pledge for
the future ; and will exhibit, in the variety of its subjects, our
disposition not only to provide papers of scientific importance,
but also those of a more popular character.

The cordial and unsolicited promises of support which this
undertaking has received from the principal Entomologists of
the United Kingdom, demand our sincere thanks ; while they
convince us still more of the necessity which exists for its
appearance. In the prosecution of our design, we shall be
happy to receive contributions from any authentic sources,
either in Latin, French, or English, as it is not our intention
to confine ourselves to British Entomology, but to embrace
the whole circle of the science.

In addressing ourselves more particularly to Foreign Ento-
mologists, we trust they will be disposed to aid our efforts, by
forwarding their works, that we may be able to notice them
immediately on their appearance. It will give us pleasure to
introduce them to the numerous Entomologists of our islands,
who, at present, have no adequate means of becoming
acquainted with them.

4> INTRODUCTORY ADDRESS.

Our anxiety will be to render the Entomological Maga-
zine a vehicle by which the labours of British and Foreign
Entomologists maybe speedily communicated, and thus, in some
degree, prevent the recurrence of that confusion in the nomen-
clature of the science, which naturally results from authors, at
a distance, being unacquainted with each other's proceedings.

The second number of the work will appear on the 1st of
January, 1833, and will be subsequently published quarterly,
on the 1st of March, July, and October. Should it appear ne-
cessary for the elucidation of generic distinctions, plates will
be occasionally given, provided the sale of the work at all
justify the expense.

None can regret more than ourselves that the spirit of party
should pervade the walks of science. It is a reproach to
philosophy and natural history, that their most distinguished
advocates are not at peace among themselves; and that, in their
researches after truth, they are too apt to allow selfish feelings
to predominate, forgetting that the cultivation and extension
of all knowledge is best accelerated by the exercise of can-
dour and generosity. We therefore avow our determination
to avoid, in this work, all illiberal or personal allusions, in
referring to authors whose labours entitle them to our respect.
With empirics and pretenders to science we can have no
feeling in common; — justice to our readers will, in such
cases, claim from us an unshrinking discharge of duty.

We now appeal to all who are desirous of encouraging this
work, to remember that its permanent utility and success must
be the result of individual effort. We look with confidence
to those who possess information ; and we trust that every
Entomologist will feel gratified not only in giving us his per-
sonal support, but also his warmest recommendations.

M. STRAUS-DURCKHEIM S CONSIDERATIONS.

Art. I. — Abstract of M. Stratis-Durckheim's " Considera-
tions Generales sur VAnatomie Comparee des Animaux
Articules" By Edward Doubleday.

" Lusimus, Octavi gracili modulante Thalia
Atque ut araneoli tenuem formavimus orsum
Posterius graviore sono tibi musa loquetur
Nostra."

In attempting to give a brief abstract of this admirable work,
I cannot but feel how incompetent I am to do justice to such
a subject. The task would not be an easy one for him who
had drank deep at the fountain-head of science : for me, who,
Hylas-like, have wasted my time with the lilies and poppies on
the margin, it is almost an impossibility.

However, in these book-making days, when a knowledge of
his subject is the last thing an author thinks of, as we have of
late seen, more than once, in the publications of a certain
learned professor, it may not be thought very great presump-
tion in me to attempt a few pages, on a subject to which I have
paid some little attention.

Before I proceed further, it may be M^ell for me to explain
the plan which I shall pursue. In the first place, I shall
translate a very considerable portion of the Introduction, in the
author's own words, as nearly as possible: of the rest I shall
give as succinct an abstract as I can, without rendering it
obscure. In all cases in which it is not otherwise specified, it
may be considered, that the opinions expressed are those of
M. Straus-Durckheim : wherever I venture an opinion of my
own, it will always be duly marked, unless the context suffici-
ently shows to whom it belongs.

The remainder of the volume I shall pass over more liglitly,
only touching on the most important parts, and omitting those
which are more generally known, or are less interesting in a
scientific point of view, I am sorry to be compelled, as I often
shall be, to omit much valuable matter; but to extract all worth
extracting, would be the same thing as translating verbatim,
the whole work.

There is one remark in the Preface to which I cannot but
refer, it being one we ought always to bear in mind when

6 M. straus-durckheim's

engaged on the important subject of classification : it is this — -
those genera which form the connecting links of the principal
divisions, offer, mostly, a very simple organization, which
scarcely teaches us anything of the structure of the families
which compose those divisions.

In the Introduction, the author endeavours to explain the
laws which regulate the different changes of structure in
passing from one group to another.

The most general law which we recognize in the organiza-
tion of animals is, that all the systems of organs * (" appareils")
are subjected to a constant variation of form, and even of
function, in passing from one family to another.

In these changes, the organs mostly follow a gradation, by
which they arrive at a more perfect or imperfect state, according
to the plan which the Supreme Intelligence has ordained in
the creation of beings. Upon this depends the classification of
animals, at least the classification according to the System of
Nature.

But however clear this law may be, in vain has been any
attempt to detect the principles on which it reposes ; and the
many different systems of classification which have been pro-
posed, show how great a diversity of opinion prevails on this
subject. But is not the principal cause of these varying
opinions, this — that most naturalists have founded their systems
on the supposed preeminence of some one particular organ, or
set of organs ; whilst no system can be in accordance with
nature, which does not rest on a consideration of the whole,
and on the greater or less degree in which each one influences
the other parts of the body ?

Observation shows us that this general law is modified :
1. According to the functions which the organs have to per-
form: 2. According to the circumstances in which they are
placed, with regard to one another : and, 3. According as the
organs are, more or less, under the influence of external
causes.

Consequently, this general law is divided into several par-
ticular laws (lois particulieres). To the examination of such of

* I do not know how far I am correct in using this expression to convey the
same idea as the word " appareik," but I have been compelled to employ it,
not knowing any word in our language which conveys the precise meaning of
the French term.

CONSIDERATIONS. 7

these as are common to all the organs, M. Straus-Durckheim
next proceeds, leaving the others to be examined in those parts
of the work in which each system is treated of separately.

First Law. — The organs, at one extremity of the scale,
exercise always a very evident function ; whilst, at the other
extremity, they are constantly rudimentary and without func-
tion, and at last disappear.

We may here distinguish two cases. In the first, the organs
present themselves at the head of the scale, developed to the
highest degree of which they are susceptible, and decrease
insensibly, until they arrive at the other extremity of the scale.
Thus, for example, the posterior wings of insects are intro-
duced suddenly into their organization at the highest point of
perfection in the Coleoptera, where they alone serve for flight.
In the Orthoptera and Hemiptera, they already begin to divide
their function with the elytra ; and go on diminishing gradually,
until they exist merely as rudiments in the Diptera, where they
are represented by the Hal teres : finally, they entirely disap-
pear in the Aphaniptera.

In the second case, the organs do not appear at the head of
the scale in their most perfect state of development, and only
acquire it by degrees. Such is the case with the elyti-a, or
first pair of wings, which follow a course exactly contrary to
the inferior wings. They only appear, at first, as organs
slightly accessory to flight. In this state they remain nearly
throughout the whole of the Coleoptera. In the Orthoptera
and Hemiptera, they begin already to take a very active part in
flight, but still preserve their primitive use. In the Neuroptera,
particularly the Libellulina, they attain the development of the
anterior wings, from which they differ but very slightly. From
this point, they continue to surpass them, until, in the Diptera,
they become the sole organs of flight, and, of course, hkve
attained their highest degree of perfection. Arrived at this
culminating point, they suddenly diminish in Hippobosca, and
entirely disappear in Pulex.

Although, in this last case, the organs present their most
perfect degree towards the middle of the scale, and decrease
towards each extremity ; yet, they never are found at the head
of the scale in that state of perfect nullity which can properly
be called rudimentary, but serve, more or less directly, for tlie
function to which they are destined.

8

M. STRAUS-DURCKHEIM S

Second Law. — In those organs which form series on the
same animal, the gradation is commonly double : that is to say,
on the one hand it is relative to the succession of genera and
families ; on the other, it is relative to the rank which each pair
occupies on the body of the animal.

This is exemplified in the feet; the rudiments of which
appear in Lombricus without any articulation, as mere cirrhi,
and buried in the skin. These soon become external ; and in
Nereis and Aphrodita are furnished with a number of muscles,
are evidently articulated, and become organs of reptation
already very perfect. Lastly, in the Myriapoda, the integu-
ments are become solid, the feet present well-defined articu-
lations, but the pieces of which they are composed are all
nearly similar; and it is only when we arrive at Dorsigera, that
we find the feet assume the form so conspicuous in insects.

Arrived at the Myriapoda, the feet decrease in order of rank.
The posterior diminish {s atroplnenf) in passing to Lepisma,
where the greater number are only rudimentary; the three pair
belonging to the three segments of the trunk retain their usual
form, and maintain it to the end of the Class Lisecta.

Already, in Scolopendra, the last pair of legs, though much
stronger than the others, no longer serve for locomotion ; and
in Lepisma they are changed into the long filaments at the
extremity of the abdomen, which are again found in some
Orthoptera and Neuroptera.

Li the Crustacea, the feet likewise undergo a change of this
nature ; but as they also experience a change of function, they
will be spoken of as examples of the next law.

Third Law. — The organs often change function to replace
others which disappear.

It is very rare that nature introduces a new organ, if another,
become useless, can fulfil the same conditions. This admirable
economy is remarkable, even in the forms which are preserved
as long as possible; and the parts of the first system {appareil)
which no longer are of service to the new function only, dis-
appear gradually, by becoming more and more rudimentary.
These parts, which are then as it were superadded to the
organs, serve very advantageously to recognize the primitive
use of these last.

Of this, the feet again serve for an example : in Aphrodita
they are all locomotors ; whilst in Scolopendra the first pairs

CONSIDERATIONS. 9

begin to tend towards the head, following a degradation in
order of rank, to transform themselves into masticatory organs.

On the other hand, the posterior feet, which are maintained
as locomotive organs amongst the Myriapoda, instead of dis-
appearing amongst the Crustacea, as in the Insecta, are trans-
formed successively into organs of respiration, commencing
with the last pairs : and, advancing more and more towards the
anterior pairs, we find that, in the Stomapoda, there exist but
three pairs of legs capable of walking, whilst the others are
changed on the one hand into the organs of the mouth ; on the
other, into organs of respiration. Amongst the Branchiopoda
which terminate the Crustacea, all the feet, with the exception
of a single pair, become branchiferous, and the only one which
has not undergone this transformation is of no service in
walking, but only in swimming. Lastly, in the Cirrhopoda,
no pair of feet serves for progression, but simply for pre-
hension, and it is probable they fulfil also the functions of
branchiae.

The feet in Gammarus present us with a remarkable instance
of this change of function. The anterior are transformed into
jaws; the following become chelate legs {jneds macho'tres),
and serve for prehension. Of the middle pairs, the anterior
remain ambulatory, the posterior serve for swimming, whilst
the hinder pairs are transformed into branchiae.

Fourth Law. — When the function demands a greater
complication in the composition of the organ which has to
perform it, this last acquires it successively, by parts, which
are added at first under the form of rudiments.

These rudiments are further developed in other species, or
in other pairs of the same organs, so that these have often
undergone a very considerable change of form, before it
becomes probable that they have changed function : this is
particularly remarkable in the feet of Crustacea, which, from
ambulatory organs, become branchiferous.

Fifth Law. — The same functions may be exercised by
very different systems of organs {appareils).

In all circumstances where Nature could not preserve an
organ, or system of organs ; whether that it could not accord
itself with the rest of the organization of the animal, or that,
after the degradation it had undergone, it had disappeared,
whilst it was necessary that its functions should be preserved ;

NO. I. VOL. I. C

10 M, straus-durckheim's

we see, then, a new set of organs employed for this function,
although it often fulfils another. Thus it is, that in Limulus,
where the whole head, and consequently the organs of the
mouth, have disappeared, mastication is performed by the feet,
which, at the same time, serve as organs of progressive
motion.

Sixth Law. — When one organ governs one, or many
others, these follow the march of the dominant organ ; and
when at length this disappears, those which were subordinate
to it retake suddenly their primitive form.

It is principally by this law, that we can recognize whether
an organ, which is wanting in a species, has disappeared
by the effect of its degradation, or is wanting by a merely
specific imperfection {simple avortement specifique). In this
last case, all that was exclusively subordinate to that organ
remains in exactly the same state as if it still existed; and
more especially if the subordinate organs have already under-
gone a considerable transformation by the effects of the law of
variation to which they were submitted, whilst the dominant
organ was acting upon them, and that they would be obliged
to undergo too great a change to return to their primitive form.

This law is shown most remarkably in the influence of the
wings on the thorax. In proportion as the two pairs of wings
change in form and size, the two segments of the thorax which
support them follow the same progression, and become more
and more united to one another ; but no sooner do the wings
disappear in the Aphaniptera, than the two segments of the
thorax regain their primitive form, are separated from one
another, and again present the same appearance as in Lepisma.

The wings being first introduced amongst the Coleoptera,
and the thorax of these as yet differing but little from that of
the Thysanura, it can easily return to the form it possessed pre-
viously to its undergoing any modification. It follows thence,
that, in those species which are deprived of wings, the thorax
returns more or less to its primitive form. This is particularly
remarkable in the females of many species of Lampyris, which
possess neither wings nor elytra: and this return is moreover
occasioned in the Coleoptera, without wings, by another cause,
which acts, in this case, on that part of the body ; it is the
diminution of the solidity of the integuments in those parts
which are covered by the elytra.

CONSIDERATIONS. 11

In the other orders of insects, the two segments which bear
the wings having ah-eady experienced a very considerable
change of form, it would require a more powerful cause to
bring them back to their primitive form : for this reason, the
return does not take place in Cimex celularius, the Formicse,
&c., amongst which the imperfection is only specific. In the
Aphaniptera, on the contrary, which we may consider as wing-
less Diptera, the transformation of the thorax takes place in
consequence of a complete absence of the wings, brought about
by the degradation which these organs have experienced in
passing through the whole of the Class Insecta.

Seventh Law. — The form of many organs of the ver-
tebrata is generally in accordance with certain exterior agents,
to which they are connected by their function : in the Annu-
losa, this dependence is less rigorous, and sometimes even
insensible.

Thus, in the former, the form of the teeth depends on the
species of aliment on which the animal feeds ; whilst, in the
latter, the organs of the mouth do not so rigorously follow the
same law, being often under the influence of a second function,
which modifies them, and causes them to appear anomalous.
For example ; we find in insects, carnivorous and herbivorous
species, which oflfer a very great resemblance in the masticatory
organs. In the Coleoptera, those which are the most carni-
vorous, such as the Carabi, the mandibles are commonly
elongate, and armed with very strong teeth, which serve
them as well to seize as to tear in pieces their prey ; whilst
their maxillae and labium are small and feeble.

These characters are again found equally in Lucanus, which
lives only on the sap of trees ; but in these, the mandibles
serve more particularly for defence. Other insects offer, in
this respect, anomalies quite as remarkable.

The aquatic habits of many insects often influence but
slightly the conformation, either of the whole body, or the feet
only. Insects never being entirely aquatic in the perfect state,
but only amphibious, it is not surprising that the feet of those
which commonly reside in water differ often but slightly from
those of the terrestrial species ; the form which they commonly
have, not being incompatible with the element in which the
insects reside. But the Crustacea, which are almost all
aquatic, offer very often, in their feet, forms which are nowise in

12 MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDUM.

accordance with the medium in which they reside. For
example — the greater part of the Decapoda Macroura are in
no respect adapted for swimming ; and amongst the Isopoda,
the Ligise, which are marine, and the Onisci, which are terres-
trial, present no sensible difference of structure. The Hy-
drachnae, also, offer no character which indicates their aquatic
habits. — (To be continued.)

Art. II. — Monographin Chalcidam. By Francis Walker,
Esq. F. L.S.

In the variety of their forms, the brilliancy of their colours,
and probably the number of their species, the Chalcides excel
every other family of insects. Very few have been described,
except the species of Encyrtus, by Dalman, to whom, and
Spinola, we owe the little information we possess. They may
be divided into two primary groups, to which the names
Pentameri and Tetrameri are applicable, from their five or
four-jointed tarsi. The tetramerous tarsi have been noticed by
Mr. Curtis in describing the genus Eulophus : the species of
this division are usually smaller than the Pentameri ; their
bodies are softer ; their colour less generally metallic ; they
run faster, but do not leap so far.

Section 1. — Chalcides Pentameri.

Tarsis quinque-articulatis.

Family I. — Eurytomid.e.

Type, — Eurytoma. Illiger.

Caput transversum : oculi laterales : ocelli in triangulum dispositi :
maris antemiae 11-articulatse, setaceae, filiformes aut clavatag :
femincs antennae 12-articulatae, clavatse : mandibulse apice angus-
tiores, tridentatas : maxillee elongatae : mentum elongatum, quad-
ranguhim : labium basi angustum, antice sinuatum : palpi
maxillares articulis 3 aut 4 : pcalpi labiales biarticulati : thorax
gibbus aut cylindricus : prothoracis* scutelluni magnum, sub-
quadratum : mesothoracis scutellum bene determinatum suturis
duabus lateralibus, scutum convexuni ovatum, paraptera tri-
angula: metathoracis pra^scutum angustum, scutellum magnum

» In describing the parts of the thorax, 1 have adopted Mr. MacLeay's nomen-
clature.

MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDUM. 13

canaliculatum : abdomen cylindricum aut gibboso-compressum.
petiolatum, segmentis 7 : aculeus subexsertus : coxae magnae :
femora subclavata : tibiae apice spinis duabus armatae : tarsi
5-articulati, articulo prime longiore, sequentibus longitudine
decreseentibus : ungues arcuatae.

In external appearance, this family seems to have many
affinities with Smiera, Chalcis, and Haltichella, to which, with
Dirhinus, Dolman, and Chirocera, Latreille, I propose restrict-
ing the term Chalcididag. They and the Eurytomidae differ from
the rest of the Chalcides in their large quadrate proscutellum
or collar, which is noticed by Dalman as the distinguishing
character of Eurytoma. The trophi, however, of these two
families are very different, and the Eurytomidae may be easily
known by their smaller coxae, more slender thighs, and less
arcuate tibiae. Dalman remarks of Spalangia, which he places
next to Eurytoma, that it resembles it in habit; but that the
form of the head is totally different. Cerocephala, Westwood,
may possibly be an intermediate genus, between which and
Spalangia, the only apparent external difference consists in
the horned head of the former : perhaps the stigmal branch of
the anterior wing varies slightly. Another genus, as yet
undescribed, one species of which is common on box-trees, in
the spring, is closely allied to Eurytoma longula in habit,
though its biarticulate palpi bring it near to Spalangia. The
colour of all the Eurytomidae I have seen is black, sometimes
variegated with yellow or red, without any metallic hue, in
which they resemble the Chalcididse. They are usually found
in marshy places, or in the vicinity of ditches. The species of
Decatoma, however, are found in woods beneath oak-trees, &c.
I have been informed by Mr. Davis, that he has obtained an
individual of the latter genus from an oak-gall. This fact
shews it to be similar to the Torymidas in economy, one
genus of which, Megastigmus, it also resembles in structure.

Characteres Generum.

i elongatum, gracile : y^m. an-
\ tennae apice rotundatae . . 1. Isosoma.
cylindricum: Corpus )

j breve, crassum : fern, antennae

,, , , ( apice acuminatse .... 2. Systole.

Abdoiiieiu ; . .„

(( mas, setacea; verticillato
comyres^ium. Jnlcnn J F^°^*= f'"^' '^'^^"t«-' • • 3- Eurytoma.
/ mas, etfem. clavata; . . 4. Decatoma.

14 MONOGRAPHIA CIIALCIDUM.

Genus I. Isosoma,'' Walker.

Caput medium : palpi maxillares 4-articulati : maris antenna;
11-articulata;, pilosse, filiformes : femince antennae 1 2-articulatas,
pilosae, submoniliformes, clavatse : thorax convexus : abdomen
cylindricum.

* Abdomen ovatum, cylindricum, non compressum.
-f Corpus omnino nigrum.

Sp. 1. Isos. atrum. Fem. Nigrum, alls subfuscis.

Caput, thorax, et petiolus obscuri, punctati : abdomen nitidum,
glabrum: oviductus apice fulvus : antennae basi fuscae: tibiae nigro,
tarsi pallide, fusci : genua tibiarumque apices flavi : alae sub-
fuscse. (Alarum longitudo, 2 lin.)

Dull black, pilose : eyes and ocelli black: abdomen smooth,
shining, very finely punctured, pilose toward the apex :
petiole dull black : punctured apex of the ovipositor yel-
low : antennae rather thick, in length equal to one-third of
the body, club short, base of the first joint fuscous : legs black:
tibiae dark fuscous, pubescent : tarsi pale fuscous : knees and
exti-emities of the tibiae yellow : wings slightly fuscous, nervures
darker.

July ; grassy banks ; Southgate.

-j-j- Prothoracis latera antice inaculata.

Sp. 2. Isos. longulum. Mas et fem. Nigrum, prothorace

antice maculis duahus pallidt rujis, alls subfuscis.

Eurytoma longula. Dahnan.

Caput obscurum : thorax punctatus, maculis antice duabus late-
ralibus pallide rufis : petiolus obscurus, punctatus : abdomen
nitidum, glabrum : oviductus apice flavus : antennae basi fuscae :
tibicB nigro, tarsi pallide, fusci : genua tibiarumque apices flavi :
alae subfuscae. (Alarum longitudo, 2 — 3 lin.)

Var. — Ocellus anticus rufus.

Dull black, pilose, punctured : eyes and ocelli black, the
anterior ocellus sometimes red : the sides of the proscutellum
have each a pale red spot on their anterior margins : the
abdomen is smooth, shining, very finely punctured, slightly

^ I(jos, equalis ; crwixa, corpus.

MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDUM. ,15

pilose toward the apex : the tip of the ovipositor is yellow:
the antennas are black, the base of the first joint fuscous : the
antennae of the male are as long as three-fourths of the body,
those of the female are much shorter : the thighs are smooth
and shining above, beneath dull, punctured : the four posterior
tibiae are dark fuscous, the anterior are paler, yellow beneath :
the knees and extremities of the tibiae are yellow: the tarsi are
fuscous, the anterior darker than the four posterior: the wings
are slightly fuscous, the nervures darker.

This species is common at Southgate, amongst grass on the
banks of ditches, in the months of March, April, and May.

Sp. 3. Isos. fumipenne. Fem. Nigrum, prcecedenii brevins
et crassius, prothorace antice maculis duabus 'pallide, flavis ,
aUsfumosis.

Caput obscurum : thorax punctatus, maculis antice duabus late-
ralibus pallide flavis : petiolus obscurus, punctatus : abdomen
nitidum, glabrum : oviductus apice flavus : antennae basi fuscae :
tibiae tarsique fusci : genua tibiarumque apices flavi : alae fu-
mosse. (Alarum longitudo, 3 lin.)

This species is shorter and broader than the preceding,
which it much resembles : the wings are darker.
July; on grassy banks ; Southgate.

Sp. 4. Isos. crassicorne. Fem. Nigrum, prcecedenti brevius,
prothorace antice macidis duabus flavis, antennis rufo-cinc-
tis, alis subfuscis.

Caput obscurum : thorax punctatus, maculis antice duabus late-
ralibus flavis : petiolus obscurus, punctatus : abdomen nitidum,
glabrum : oviductus apice flavus : antennarum articulus primus
apice, tertiusque basi, rufo-fusci : tibiae nigro-fuscae : genua tarsi-
que rufl: alae subfuscae. (Alarum longitudo, if — 2 lin.)

The body of this species is rather shorter than that of Isos.
fumipenne, which it much resembles in shape : the antennae
are thicker in proportion, and more clavate : the abdomen is
smooth, shining, very finely punctured, slightly pilose toward
the apex : excepting the red colour of the extremities of the
first, and the whole of the ringshaped third and fourth joints,
the antennae are black : the wings are slightly fuscous, the
nervures darker.

June ; amongst grass in fields ; Southgate.

16 MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDUM.

Sp. 5. Isos. simile. Mas. N/grum, prcecedentihu/! (wgusiius,
jjrothorace antict macalis duahus obscure jiav'is, alls
fuscis.

Caput obscurum : thorax punctatus, maculis antice duabus lateralibus
obscure flavis : petiolus obscuras, punctatus : abdomen nitidum,
glabrum : antennae basi flavas : tibiae nigro-fuscse, anticas apice
flavae : tarsi fusci : genua flava : alae fuscescentes. (Alarum
longitudo, If lin.)

It is nearly allied to Isos. longulum, but is much smaller, and
appears later in the year : the body is more slender : the wings
narrower and darker.

July ; amongst grass in fields ; Southgate.

Sp. 6. Isos. angustipenne. Mas. Nigrum, prothorace antice
macidis duabus pallide Jlavis, alls fuscis angustis.

Caput obscurum : thorax punctatus, maculis antice duabus late-
ralibus pallide flavis : abdomen nitidum, glabrum : antennae basi
tarsique fusci : genua flava : alas fuscae. (Alarum longitudo,
n lin.)

The wings of this species are very narrow, their breadth
not being more than one-fourth of their length ; this character,
and its fuscous wings, will distinguish it from most species of
Isosoma.

May; amongst grass in moist situations; Southgate.

Sp. 7. Isos. brevicorne. Mas. Nigrum, prothorace antice
maculis duabus albidis, antennis dimidio corporis vix lon-
gioribus, alis fuscis.

Caput obscurum : thorax punctatus, maculis antice duabus latera-
libus albidis : petiolus obscurus, punctatus : abdomen nitidum,
glabrum : antennae quam in praecedentibus breviores : tibiae
anticse fuscae, subtus flavae : tarsi flavi, articulis 4 et 5 fuscis :
genua flava : alae fuscae. (Alarum longitudo, \\ lin.)

This species is more minutely punctured than any of the
preceding : the sides of the proscutellum have each an obscure
white spot on their anterior margins : the antennae are very
short, scarcely more than half the length of the body : the
three basal joints of the tarsi are yellow, the fourth and fifth
fuscous : it resembles Isos. crassicorne, of which, possibly, it
may be the male, but it is much narrower, the antennae are

MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDUM. 17

scarcely longer, and the head is much smaller : in Isos. longu-
lum the male and female have very much the same shape, and
the former has the larger head.

July ; amongst grass in fields ; Southgate.

Sp. 8. Isos. hyalipenne. Fem. Nigrum, prothorace antice
maculis duabus pallide flavescentibus, antennis basi Jlaiis,
alis hyalinis.

Caput obscurum : oculi rufo-fusci : thorax punctatus, maculis antice
duabus lateralibus pallide flavis : petiolus obscurus, punctatus :
abdomen nitidum, glabrum : oviductus apice pallidus : antennae
articulo primo apice, tertioque basi, flavis : tibiae anticae fuscse :
femorum tibiarumque apices, genua tarsique flavi : alae hyalinae,
nervis fulvis. (Alarum longitude, 3 lin.)

The abdomen is slightly pilose toward the apex : the an-
tennae have the apex of the first, and the whole of the ring-
shaped third and fourth joints, yellow : the anterior tibiae are
fuscous : the tips of the thighs and tibiae are yellow : the
four posterior tarsi have the basal joint yellow, the following
yellow beneath, with a fuscous line above gradually darker
toward the apex : the anterior tarsi are yellow, with the basal
and apical joints fuscous : the wings are hyaline, the nervures
fulvous: the subcostal nervures of the superior wings are
fuscous toward the base.

July; amongst grass in fields ; Southgate.

Sp. 9. Isos. longicorne. Mas. Nigrum, prothorace antice
maculis duabus albidis, antennis corpori longitudine csquis,
alis fuscis.

Caput obscurum : thorax punctatus, maculis antice duabus late-
ralibus albidis : petiolus obscurus, punctatus : abdomen nitidum,
glabrum : tibiae anticae fuscae : femorum tibiarumque apices,
genua tarsique flavi : alae fuscae. (Alarum longitude, If lin.)

The body is rather long and narrow : the anterior margin
of the proscutellum has an obscure white spot on each side :
the abdomen is slightly pilose toward the apex : the antennae,
in length, exceed those of any other species in this genus :
the tips of the thighs and tibiae are yellow : the anterior
tibiae are fuscous : the basal joints of the tarsi are yellow,
the apical fuscous : the wings are fuscous.

July ; amongst grass in fields ; Southgate.

NO. I. VOL. I. D

18 MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDUM.

Sp. 10. Isos. breve. Mas. Nigrum, prothorace antice macn-
lis duabus pallide Jlavescentibus, alls subfiiscis.

Caput obscurura : oculi rufo-fusci : ocelli rufi : thorax punctatus,
maculis antice duabus lateralibus pallide flavis : petiolus obscurus,
punctatus : abdomen nitidum, glabrum : femora apice, tibiae basi
apiceque flavae : tibiae anticae fuscae : tarsi flavi : alae subfuscae.
(Alarum longitudo, \l — \\ lin.)

The body, antennae, and wings, are shorter in this species
than in Isos. longicorne; the latter, too, are paler : the tips of the
thighs and tibia?, and the base of the latter, are yellow, as also
are the tarsi, except the two terminal joints, which are fuscous,
as likewise the anterior tibiae : the wings are slightly fuscous.

July ; amongst grass in fields ; Southgate. September ;
Isle of Wight.

Sp. 11. Isos. minor. Mas. Nigrum^ prothorace antice maculis
duabus albidis, alis subhyalinis.

Caput obscurum : oculi rufo-fusci : ocelli rufi : thorax punctatus,
maculis antice duabus lateralibus albidis : petiolus obscurus,
punctatus : abdomen nitidum, glabrum : tibiae anticas fuscae :
genua flava : tarsi fusci, basi pallidiores : alae subhyalinae.
(Alarum longitudo, 1| — If lin.)

It is smaller than the preceding species, which it much
resembles : the antennae are shorter and more slender : the
wings also are shorter and narrower: in some specimens,
probably lately hatched, the eyes and ocelli are paler: the
wings are nearly hyaline.

July ; amongst grass in fields ; Southgate. September ; Isle
of Wight. End of May ; Southampton.

Sp. 12. Isos. elongatum. Mas. Nigrum, pracedentiangusiius,
prothorace antice maculis duabus albidis, alis subhyalinis.

Caput obscurum : oculi ocellique rufi : thorax punctatus, maculis
antice duabvis lateralibus albidis : petiolus obscurus, punctatus :
abdomen nitidum, glabrum : femora tibiaeque apice, tibiae tarsi-
que basi flavi : tibiae anticae tarsique fiisci : alae subhyalinae.
(Alarum longitudo, li— 1-'- lin.)

It is longer and more slender than either of the two pre-
ceding species : from the latter it may also be distinguished

MONOGRAPHIA CllALCIDUM. 19

by its narrower wings : the antennae are much shorter, the
wings shorter and narrower than those of Isos. longicorne.
July ; amongst grass in fields ; Southgate.

Sp. 13. Isos. petiolata. Mas. Nigrum, 2:>rotliorace antke

maculis duabus albidis, petiolo elongato, alls subfiiscis.
Caput obscurum : oculi rufo-fusci : ocelli rufi : thorax punctatus,
maculis antice duabus lateralibus albidis : petiolus obscurus,
punctatus, abdominis dimidio longior : abdomen nitidum, glabrum :
tarsi fusci : tibiae anticaj apice genuaque flavee : alae subfuscse.
(Alarum longitudo, l^lin.)

The petiole in this species is much longer than in any of
the preceding, its length being more than half that of the
abdomen : the body is nearly double the length of the
antennae : the wings are slightly fuscous, the nervures
darker.

July ; amongst grass in fields ; Southgate.

Sp. 14. Isos. cornutum. Mas. Nigrum, prothorace antice
maculis duabus pallide Jlavescentibus, alis hyalinis.

Caput obscurum : oculi rufo-fusci : ocelli rufi : thorax punctatus,
maculis antice duabus lateralibus pallide flavis : petiolus obscurus,
punctatus, abdominis dimidio longior : abdomen nitidum, glabrum :
tibiae apice, genua tarsique flavi ; coxae tarsique apice fusci :
tibiae anticae fuscae, subtus flavaj : alae hyalinae, nervis pallide
fuscis. (Alarum longitudo, 1^ lin.)
This species resembles the preceding in shape : it is

smaller: the wings are hyaline, the nervures pale yellowish

fuscous, and the stigmal branch forms a more acute angle with

the superior margin of the wing.
September ; Isle of Wight.

Sp. 15. Isos. tenuicorne. Mas. Nigrum, prothorace antice
maculis duabus albidis, antennis gracilibus, alis subhi/alinis.

Caput obscurum : oculi ocellique rufi : thorax punctatus, maculis
antice duabus lateralibus albidis : petiolus obscurus, punctatus :
abdomen nitidum, glabrum : tibiae anticae nigro-fuscae : genua
flava : tarsi fusci : alae subhyalinae, nervis pallide fuscis. (Alarum
longitudo, 1 lin.)
It has much resemblance in form to Isos. elongatum : it is

narrower in proportion, and smaller : the antennae and wings

are more slender.

May ; grass in fields ; Southgate.

20 MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDUM.

Sp. 16. Isos. pusillum. Mas. Nigrum, prothorace ant'ice
maculis duahus albidis, alts subfuscis.

Caput obscurum : oculi ocellique rufi : thorax punctatus, maculis
antice cluabus lateralibus albidis : petiolus obscurus, punctatus :
abdomen nitidum, glabrum ; tibiae nigro-fuscas : tarsi fusci : genua
flava : alse subfuscae. (Alarum longitudo, I lin.)

Like the preceding, but shorter, and the antennae are
thicker.

End of May ; amongst grass in fields ; Southampton.

Sp. 17. Isos. breviventre. Mas et fem. Nigrum, prothorace
antice maculis duahus albidis, alis hyalinis.

Caput obscvirum : oculi ocellique rufi : thorax punctatus, maculis
antice duabus lateralibus albidis : petiolus obscurus, punctatus :
abdomen nitidum, glabrum, breve : genua tarsique flavi : alae
hyalinse, nervis pallide fuscis. (Alarum longitudo, f lin.)
It is shorter than Isos. tenuicorne, or minor: from the former
it differs also by its thick antennae, their greater length dis-
tinguishes it from Isos. pusillum.

End of May ; amongst grass in fields ; Southampton.

Sp. 18. Isos. angustatum. Fem. Nigrum, prothorace antice
maculis duabus albidis, alis pallide, fiavojuscis.

Caput obscurum : oculi ocellique rufi : thorax punctatus, maculis
antice duabus lateralibus albidis : petiolus obscurus, punctatus :
abdomen nitidum, glabrum : femora et tibiae apice flavse : tarsi
flavi, articulis 4 et 5, nigro-fuscis : alae pallide flavofuscse, nervis
concoloribus. (Alarum longitudo, 1:^ — If lin.)

It is more linear than any of the preceding species, and the
colour of the first, second, and third tarsal joints is brighter,
the fourth and fifth joints are dark fuscous : the wings are
very slightly tinged with yellow, the nervures are pale : it much
resembles the female of the preceding species, but is larger, and
has thicker antennas.

June, July ; amongst grass in fields ; Southgate. Sep-
tember ; Isle of Wight.

Sp. 19. Isos. dissimile. Mas. Nigrum, prothorace antice
maculis duabus albidis, tibiis anticis fuscis, alis hyalinis.

Caput obscurum : oculi ocellique rufi : thorax punctatus, maculis
antice duabus lateralibus albidis : petiolus obscurus, punctatus :

MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDUM. 21

abdomen nitidum, glabrum : tibiae anticse tarsique fusci : genua
pallida rufa : alas hyalinae, nervis pallide fuscis. (Alarum lon-
gitude, If lin.)

The wings in this species are more hyahne than in most of
the preceding : in length, the antennae are equal to three-
fourths of the body, and exceed those of Isos. minor, breve,
or elongatum.

End of May; Southampton.

■\"\-f ProlJiorax fulvus.

Sp. 20. Isos. fulvicolle. Fem. Nigrum, prothor ace 2iedib us-
que fulvis, alts pallide Jlavescentibus.

Caput obscurum : oculi rufo-fusci : ocelli rufi : thorax punctatus,
antice rufus,maculis duabus lateralibus albidis : petiolus obscurus,
punctatus : abdomen nitidum, glabrum : oviductus apice fulvus :
antennarum articulus primus, secundus apice, tertiusque basi,
fulvi : femora intermedia basi nigro-fusca : tarsi apice fusci : alse
hyalinae, pallide flavescentes, nervis concoloribus. (Alarum lon-
gitudo, li — 1| lin.)

The prothorax of this species is fulvous, the posterior
margin black, the anterior with a white spot on each side :
the basal joint of the antennae, the tip of the second joint, and
the ring-shaped third and fourth joints, are fulvous : the
intermediate thighs have a dark fuscous spot on each, near the
base : the fifth joint of the anterior, the fourth and fifth joints
of the four posterior tarsi, are fuscous.

May ; amongst grass beneath trees ; Southgate. Septem-
ber ; Culver Cliffs, Isle of Wight.

** Abdomen apice acuminatum, subcompressum.
Sp. 21. Isos. depressum. Fem. Nigrum, prothorace antice
maculis duabus albidis, alts subfuscis.

Caput obscurum : oculi ocellique rufi : thorax punctatus, albido
utrinque antice maculatus : petiolus obscunis, punctatus : abdo-
men nitidum, glabrum : antennarum articulus secundus apice,
tertiusque basi, fusci : pedes flavi, femoribus basi nigris, tibiis
4 posticis medio tarsisque apice fuscis : alse subfiiscae. (Alarum
longitudo, 2 — 2i lin.)

Var. — Femora tibiseque 4 posticae nigrae : tibiae anticae medio fuscae.

The semihyaline spots on the proscutellum are much larger

22 MONOGRAPHIA CIIALCIDUM.

in this species than in any of the preceding : the wings are
long and rather broad.

July ; amongst grass in fields ; Southgate.

Sp. 22. I SOS. lineare. Fern. Nigrum, prothorace antice ma-
cuUs duabus albidis, tarsis flavis , alls hycd'mis.

Caput obscurum: thorax punctatus, albido utrinque antice macii-
latus : petiolus obscurus, punctatus : abdomen nitidum, glabrum :
antennarum scapus fuscus : femora antica apicem versus, genua
tarsique flavi : tibiae anticae fuscae : alae hyahnse, nervis flavis.
(Alarum longitude, I2 lin.)

This species has more slender antennae than Isos. angusta-
tum, which it resembles in shape, but the body is longer and
narrower : the abdomen is slightly compressed : the white
spot on each side of the proscutellum is rather large : it is
more linear than Isos. depressum, and has much shorter wings.

July ; amongst grass in fields ; Southgate.

Sp. 23. Isos. attenuatum. Fem. Nigtnim, prothorace antice
maculis duabus albidis, tarsis atdlcis fuscis, alis hyalinis.

Caput obscurum : thorax punctatus, albido utrinque antice macu-
latus : petiolus obscurus, punctatus : abdomen nitidum, glabrum:
antennarum scapus fuscus, basi flavus : pedes flavi, femoribus
tibiisque 4 posticis nigris : femora basi, tibiae apice, tarsique
antici, fusci : alae hyalinte, nervis pallide flavis. (Alarum longi-
tudo, li lin.)

It is very similar to the preceding species, but the body is
longer and narrower : the white spots on the proscutellum are
larger : the abdomen is more compressed : the antennae are
shorter, and more clavate : and the wings are much narrower.

July ; amongst grass in fields ; Southgate.

Genus II. Systole*^, Walker.
Fem. Caput magnum: antennas 12-articulatag, breves, submonili-
formes, clavatse apice acuminatae : thorax convexus : abdomen
breve, cylindricum.

Sp. I. Syst. albipennis. Fem. nigra, alis albis.

Oculi ocellique rufi : antennae apice nigro-fuscae : caput, thorax,
et petiolus obscuri, punctati : abdomen nitidum, glabrum : tibiae

"^ ffu<jT0\7], cunlracdo.

MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDUM. 23

anticae, genua, tarsique fusci, subtus flavi : alae albse, nervis
pallide fuscis. (Alarum longitudo, 1 lin.)
September; Isle of Wight.

Genus III. Eurytoma, Illiger.

Caput magnum : palpi maxillares 4-articulati : maris antennae
ll-articulatse, setaceae, verticillato-pilosae, articulo primo elongate,
secundo breviore, tertio et quarto brevissimis, quinto et sequenti-
bus remotis, latitudine decrescentibus : femince antennae 1 2-articu-
latae, pilosae, submoniliformes, clavatae : thorax gibbosus : abdomen
compressum.

Sp. 1. Eur. verticillata. Mas et fem. Nigra, pilosa, alls
subhyalinis.

Diplolepis verticillata. Fab.

Caput obscurum : oculi ocellique nigro-fusci : thorax punctatus,
gibbosus : petiolus obscurus, punctatus : abdomen nitidum,
glabrum : antennae maris fusco-pilosag : tarsi fusci : genua flava :
alae latae, subhyalinae, nervis fuscis. (Alarum longitudo, 2h — 3 lin.)

June ; amongst grass in meadows ; Southgate. July ;
south of France.

Sp. 2. Eur. longipennis. Mas. Nigra, pilosa, jjrcBceclenti
angustior, alis longioribus subhyalinis.

Caput obscurum : oculi ocellique rufo-fusci : thorax et petiolus
obscuri, punctati : abdomen nitidum, glabrum : genua flava :
tibiae anticae tarsique fiisci, subtus flavi. (Alarum longitudo,
21 lin.)

The smaller head, the much narrower, and less gibbous
thorax, the longer antennae and wings, the latter also nar-
rower, distinguish this species from the preceding.

July ; amongst grass in meadows ; Southgate.

Sp. 3. Eur. Abrotani Panzer. Mas et fem. Nigra, alis
hyalinis.

Caput obscurum : oculi ocellique rufo-fusci : thorax et petiolus
obscuri, punctati : abdomen nitidum, glabrum : tibiee anticae
fuscae, subtus flavae : tarsi antici genuaque flavi : tarsi 4 postici
pallide straminei, supra pallide fusci : feminae tarsi omnino flavi.
(Alarum longitudo, 1| — 2^ lin.)
Var. — Femora basi, tibiaeque anticae, flavae.

;2* MONOGRAPHIA CHALCTDUM.

In shape, this species very much resembles Eur. verticillata,
but it is more slender, and the antennae are rather longer in
proportion.

June ; amongst rushes in meadows ; Southgate. Sep-
tember ; Isle of Wight.

Sp. 4. Eur. apicalis. Mas et fem. Nigra, prcecedenti angus-
iior, alls hyalinis.

Caput obscurum : antennae graciles : oculi ocellique rufo-fusci :
thorax et petiolus obscuri, punctati : abdomen nitidum, glabrum :
tibiae anticae fuscae, subtus flavae : genua tarsique flavi. (Alarum
longitude, li — '21 lin.)

Var. — Femora basi tibiseque anticae flavae.

In this species the head is smaller, the body longer and
narrower than in the preceding.

July; amongst grass, in meadows; Southgate. Septem-
ber ; Isle of Wight.

Sp. 5. Eur. curta. Mas et fem. Nigra, Eur. abrotani simil-
lima, brevior, alls latioribus.

Caput obsciirum : oculi ocellique rufo-fusci : thorax et petiolus
obscuri, punctati : abdomen nitidum, glabrum : tibice anticae
fuscae, subtus flavae : genua tarsique flavi : alas hyalinae. (Alarum
longitudo, 1| — 2 lin.)

The anterior tarsi are fuscous above : the four posterior
tarsi are entirely yellow, or have a pale fuscous longitudinal
line above, darker toward the apex.

July ; in meadows ; Southgate. September ; Isle of
Wight. July ; in the Forest of Fontainebleau.

Sp. 6. Eur. collaris. Fem. Nigra, tarsis jlavis, prcecedenti

simillima, statura graciliore antennisque longioribus differt,

necnon, alls subfuscis elongatis angnstis.
Caput obscurum : oculi ocellique rufo-fusci : thorax et petiolus

obscuri, punctati : abdomen nitidum, glabrum : tibiae anticae

fuscae, subtus flavae : genua tarsique flavi. (Alarum longitudo,

2i lin.)

This species has a longer and narrower body than most of
the preceding : a considerable resemblance exists between it
and Eur. longipennis, but the wings of the former are much
narrower, the alary nervures and the tarsi paler.

July ; amongst grass, in fields ; Southgate.

MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDUM. 25

Sp. 7. Eur. nitida. Mas. Nigra, Eur. apicali qffinis, alis

hyalinis aiigustioribus.
Caput obscurum : oculi nigro-fusci : ocelli rufi : thorax et petiolus

obscuri, punctati : abdomen nitidum, glabrum : genua tarsique

flavi. (Alarum longitudo, lilin.)

It is nearly related to Eur. apicalis, but has much longer and
more slender antennae : the wings also are narrower.

July ; amongst grass in fields ; Southgate.

Sp. 8. Eur. gracilis. Mas et fem. Nigra, prcecedenti longior,
alis hyalinis.

Caput obscurum : oculi ocellique rufi : thorax et petiolus obscuri,
punctati : abdomen nitidum, glabrum : pedes flavi : maris femora
tibiasque 4 posticae fusco-cingulatae, femince nigro-fiiscae : tibiae
aniiae femince supra fuscse. (Alarum longitudo, I2 — If lin.)
It is longer and more slender, and has narrower wings than

Eur. apicalis : the female may be distinguished from Eur.

collaris by its more linear form, more clavate antennae, shorter

and narrower wings, &c.

July ; amongst grass, in fields ; Southgate. End of May ;

Southampton.

Sp. 9. Eur. annulipes. Mas. Nigra, tihiis fiisco citigidatis,
alis subfuscis.

Caput obscurum : oculi ocellique rufo-fusci : thorax et petiolus
obscuri, punctati : abdomen nitidum, glabrum : pedes flavi :
femora basi nigra : tibiae nigro-fusco cingulatae. (Alarum longi-
tudo, 1 — If lin.)

Var. — Tibiae anticas fuscae.

Like Eur. gracilis ; but the antennae are shorter, the wings

broader, and the alary nervures paler.

September ; Isle of Wight. July ; Forest of Fontainebleau.

Sp. 10. Eur. minuta. Mas. Nigra, alis hyalinis alhis.
Caput obscurum : oculi ocellique rufo-fusci : genua tarsique flavi :

tibiae anticae fuscae. (Alarum longitudo, I lin.)

I discovered this very minute species in the Forest of Fon-
tainebleau, during the month of July.

Sp. 11. Em', rufipes. Mas et fem. Nigra, pedihiis rnjis,
alis hyalinis.

Caput obscurum : oculi ocellique rufo-fusci : thorax et petiolus
obscuri, punctati : abdomen nitidum, glabrum : pedes pallide
NO. T. VOL. I. E

26 MONOGRAPHIA CIIALCIDUM=

rufi : maris femora postica nigro-fusco cingulata, antica basi fiisca.
(Alarum longitude, 2 lin.)

Body broad, gibbous : head large : wings rather sliort.
July ; on windows ; Southgate.

Genus IV. Decatoma, Spinola.

Caput medium: palpi maxillares 3-articulati : maris antennae 11-
articulatae, pilosse, subclavatae : femince antennae 1 2-articulata2,
pilosae, clavatae : thorax gibboso-cylindricus : abdomen com-
pressum.

* Stigma suhlunaris.

Sp. 1. Dec. Cooperi. Cvrt'is. Mas et fem. Nigra, jmbescens,
jlavo variegata. — British Entomology, Plate 345.

Caput punctatum, antice flavum : oculi ocellique rufi : thorax
punctatus, obscurus, antice flavo marginatus : abdomen nitidum,
glabrum : antennae basi apiceque flavae : pedes flavi : tibiae pos •
ticae femoraque 4 posticae nigro maculatae : alae hyalinae : stigma
sublunaris, fusca, costam versus nigra. (Alarum longitudo,
2| lin.)
Found on the hazel-tree, in September, by A. Cooper, Esq.

Sp. 2.' Dec. biguttata. Mas et fem. Nigra, abdomine biina-
culato, Jlavo variegata.

Chalcis biguttata. Stved.

Maris oculi ocellique rufi : prothorax utrinque flavo maculatus :
abdomen basi fuscum : antennae fuscse, scapo obscuriore : femora
basi, genua tarsique flavi : tibiae anticae fuscae, subtus flavas : alae
hyalinae : stigma sublunaris, fiisca, costam versus nigra : femime
caput flavo variegatum : prothorax flavus, maculis 3 nigris : meso-
thoracis lineae duas, obliquae : alae basi, abdomen basi, maculaeque
duae laterales sublunatae, flavae : antennarum articulus 2 apice
clavaque flavi : pedes flavi : femora tibiaeque nigro vel fusco
maculatae. (Alarum longitudo, 1| — 2 lin.)

A yellow line extends along the suture, between the scutum
and the parapsides of the mesothorax : there is a yellow line
also between the mesoscutellum and the metathorax.

June ; amongst grass beneath oak trees ; Southgate.

Sp. 3. Dec. obscura. Fem. Nigra, Jlavo variegata, femora
tibiceque anticte Jnsco macidatce.

MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDUM. 27

Oculi ocellique rufi : caput antice flavo variegatum : prothorax
utrinque flavo maculatus : antennae fuscae, apice subtusque pal-
lidiores : femora basi, genua tarsique flavi : pedes antici flavi,
femoribus tibiisque fusco maculatis : alae hyalinae : stigma sub-
lunaris, fusca, costam versus nigra. (Alarum longitudo, If lin.)

The principal difference between this species and Dec. bigut-
tata, is the prothorax with only two yellow lateral spots, and
the entirely black abdomen of the former.

June ; amongst grass beneath trees ; Southgate. July ;
South of France.

Sp. 4. Dec. immaculata. Mas. Nigra, capite thoraceque
immaculatis.

Oculi ocellique rufi : abdomen basi rufum : antennae fuscae, apice
pallidiores : femora basi, genua tarsique flavi : pedes antici flavi,
femoribus tibiisque fusco maculatis : alae hyalinae : stigma sublu-
naris, fusca, costam versus nigra. (Alarum longitudo. If lin.)

July ; amongst grass beneath trees ; Southgate.

Sp. 5. Dec. plana. Fem. Nigra, flavo variegata, mesotho-
race immaculato, ahdomine bimaculato.

Oculi ocellique rufi : caput et prothorax flavo variegati : abdomen
maculis duabus lateralibus rotundatis parvis flavis : antennae
fuscae, apice pallidiores : pedes flavi : femora tibiaeque 4 posticae
nigro, anticae fusco maculatae : alae hyalinae : stigma sublunaris,
fusca, costam versus nigra. (Alarum longitudo, 1§ lin.)

This species is nearly allied to Dec. biguttata : it is smaller,
more slender, and less variegated with yellow : the mesothorax
is entirely black.

July ; amongst grass beneath trees ; Southgate.

Sp. 6. Dec. mellea. Fem. Flava, nigro variegata.

Oculi ocellique rufi : caput postice, post-scutellum antice, meso-
thoracis linea transversa, metathorax, abdominis maculae 3 con-
nectse dorsales petiolusque nigri ; antennarum articulus 2 supra
fuscus: alae hyalinae: stigma sublunaris, fusca, costam versus
nigra. (Alarum longitudo, if — If lin.)

Var. — Antennae fuscae : tibiae 4 posticae fusco maculatae.

May ; amongst grass beneath trees ; Southgate. Septem-
ber ; Isle of Wight.

28 MONOGUAPHIA CIIALCIDUM.

** Stigma suhtrigona.

Sp. 7. Dec. variegata. Mas et fem. Nigra, flavo variegata.

Maris oculi flavo cincti ocellique rufi : proscutellum flavo quad-
rimaculatum ; abdomen basi rufum : antennaj fuscas, apice palli-
diores : pedes flavi : femora nigro, tibiae fusco maculatse : alae
byalinoe : stigma subtrigona, fusca, costam versus nigra : femince
caput flavum, nigro variegatum : pro thorax flavus, nigro trimacu-
latus : mesothoracis scutum scutellumque flava, lateraliter macu-
lata : abdomen maculis duabus lateralibus sublunatis flavis :
antennamm articuli 1 et 2 nigro-fusci, apice subtusque flavi.
(Alarum longitudo, 1 — 1| lin.)

Var. 13. — Fem. mesoscutum flavo oblique bilineatimi.

Far. y. — Fem. mesoscutellum nigrum, immaculatum.

The proscutellum of the male has four yellow spots, the two
interior ones much the largest : that of the female is yellow,
witli a black spot on each side, and a larger one in the centre :
the mesoscutellum has a yellow margin, interrupted toward
the base.

July ; amongst grass beneath trees ; Southgate.

Sp. 8. Dec. minuta. Mas. Nigra, flavo variegata, ahdo-
mine nigro-fusco, antennis basi flavis.

Caput flavum, postice nigrum : proscutellum bilineatum, lateribusque
flavis : abdomen nigro-fuscum, basi pallidum : petiolus niger : an-
tennae fuscae, basi apiceque flavae : pedes flavi : femora tibiaeque
fusco maculatae : alae hyalinae : stigma subtrigona, nigra aut
nigro-fusca. (Alarum longitudo, 1 lin.)
May ; amongst grass beneath trees ; Southgate.

Sp. 9. Dec. unicolor. Mas. Nigra, immaculata, aid flavo

himaculata.
Oculi ocellique rufl : abdomen basi obscure rufum : antenna-- nigro-

fuscas, apice subtusque pallidiores : scapus niger : genua tarsique

flavi : tibias anticae fuscae : alas liyalinae : stigma subtrigona, nigra.

(Alarum longitudo, \\ lin.)
Var. — Proscutellum utrinque flavo maculatum.

June ; amongst grass beneath trees ; Southgate.

Sp. 10. Dec. tenuicornis. Mas. Nigra, flavo himaculata,
antemiis Jlavis.

Proscutellum utrinque flavo obscure maculatum : abdomen hasi

rufum : antennae flavce, basi fuscic : pedes flavi : femora tibia.'que

~ BRITISH PERIODICAL WORKS ON ENTOMOLOGY. 29

fusco maculatae : alas hyalinse : stigma subtrigona, nigra. (Alarum
longitude, I lin.)

This species may be distinguished from the three preceding,
by its narrower wings, and more slender antennae.

June; amongst grass beneath trees; Southgate. — (To be
continued.)

Art. III. British Periodical Works on Entotnology.

1. British Entomologij. By John Curtis, F.L.S.

2. Illustrations of British Entomology. By I . F. Stephens,
F.L.S.

3. Santouelle's Entomological Cabinet.

Mr. Curtis commenced his beautiful work on the first
of January, 1824, and has, with the most rigid punctuality,
continued it in monthly numbers from that time to tlie
present. We cannot be expected minutely to criticise such
a mass of matter as must be contained in so extensive and
laboured a production, yet we trust a few general observations
will not be unacceptable to our readers.

Each number contains four highly-finished and accurately-
coloured figures of insects, with dissections of the parts from
which the generic characters are taken, at the foot of the page.
Each of these figures is intended to illustrate a genus; and in
order to be able to give plates of the most rare and beautiful
species of each genus, and to record fresh discoveries as they
occur, Mr. Curtis has not followed the usual plan of adopting
any system of arrangement ; a plan by which an author is fre-
quently bound to publish sections of his subject, which have
never obtained sufficient attention to bring them into any thing-
approaching a state of perfection. There are, perhaps, disad-
vantages attending this plan while in progress ; but ultimately
the work must, by this mode of publication, be rendered
much more complete than it possibly could have been, had
the genera been figured in regular succession. The plates,
generally, represent one Coleopterous, one Hymenopterous,
one Lepidopterous, and one Dipterous or Hemipterous insect ;
and we may safely say, we have never seen representations
more elegant, or more true to nature. The dissections we
have, in many instances, examined and compared with the

30 BRITISH PERIODICAL WORKS ON ENTOMOLOGY.

originals ; and we are enabled to bear our testimony to their
accuracy ; and are convinced that engravings of this kind, tend
more to fix the characters of genera on the mind than the most
laboured descriptions.

Mr. Curtis frequently, in his plates of Lepidoptera, gives a
figure of the larva, together with the plant on which it feeds :
and, unwilling as we are to find fault, we feel we shall not be
doing our duty to the public without expressing our disappro-
bation of a practice which Mr. Curtis has latterly too frequently
adopted ; we mean, that of copying the larvae from the figures
of Continental authors, instead of from real British specimens.
Mr. Curtis must be thoroughly aware, that the same species
varies so much in different climates, as to size, colour, and
form, that it would be quite incorrect to figure an exotic speci-
men as British, even of an insect decidedly ascertained to be a
native : secondly, every one is aware of the great propensity
in our Continental neighbours to exaggerate their drawings,
both as to size and colour : and, thirdly, Hubner's acknow-
ledged cai'elessness about names, must frequently be a cause
of error ; and this error thus becomes perpetuated. We feel
confident Mr. Curtis's excellent sense will convince him of the
validity of these objections, especially when we assure him
that many of his subscribers would prefer having no figure of
the larva at all, to one copied from a foreign author. The
gaudy caterpillars already figured, give to this part of the work
a semi-foreign appearance, which deteriorates its value in the
eyes of the British Entomologist : we speak not unadvisedly ;
we make ourselves the organ of the sentiments of others.

In future numbers of this magazine, we purpose examining
minutely every number of Mr. Curtis's, and all other periodi-
cals which may intervene between the appearance of our own
numbers ; but it is obvious we cannot suitably infringe on our
allotted space for that purpose now, as it is necessary to give
a general idea of each work before commencing the more
laborious detail. We conclude, by heartily recommending the
work before us to the attention and patronage of ever?/ British
Entomologist ; and we already have the happiness of knowing
that, on the Continent of Europe, it is held in the highest esteem.

Mr. Stephens's highly valuable work, entitled ^'Illustrations
of British E^itomologij,''' was commenced 1st January, 1829, and

BRITISH PERIODICAL WORKS ON ENTOMOLOGY. 31

has been continued, in monthly numbers, to the present time.
In its appearance, however, we are sorry to say, there has been
much irregularity, both as to time of publishing and quantity
of matter; an irregularity which, having been severely com-
mented on elsewhere, we only notice, for the sake of expressing
our sincere desire that it may never occur again; as, in that case,
the painful task of reprehension must fall on us, in the regular
discharge of our duty to the public. Having mentioned the
subject, we must express our regret that the article in question
should have been written in the spirit in which it was ; for,
although we firmly believe the writer was unbiassed by any
other motive than a wish to serve the public, yet it is clear
that so pointed an attack must be productive, in many breasts,
of an unkind feeling, which it should be the object of every
scientific man to allay rather than excite. When we consider
the very poor encouragement from the public that scientific
works generally meet with in this country, it behoves us to
make every possible allowance for one who has devoted the
whole of his leisure time, and has doubtless sacrificed a con-
siderable annual expenditure, to a work which affords no
reasonable anticipation of even ultimate remuneration to its
author. We wish, and have long wished, that a kindly and
brotherly spirit were more cherished among us than has been
the case of late ; for we feel certain that mutual co-operation
would tend materially to the advancement of the science. Let
us all endeavour to forgive the past ; and let us resolve not to
be the first to offend in future.

To return to the work before us : the attempt to describe all
the British species of insects, is in itself so bold a one, that
every possible encouragement should be given to an author
who would venture to undertake it. Mr. Stephens has already
described above three thousand Mandibulata, and upwards of
one thousand Haustellata ; of a large number of which he has
given plates. The specific descriptions are fi-equently not of
that clear decided kind which we could wish ; and, we think,
bear the marks of too great haste in composition. We conceive
it is scarcely a correct mode to make specific distinction depend
in one instance on colour, and in the next on form ; yet we
find this mode of description frequently adopted: thus the
leading words of the specific descriptions in the page open
before us are : Sp. 4. Elongatns ; 5. Obscure piceo-fuscus ;

32 BRITISH PERIODICAL WORKS ON ENTOMOLOGY.

6. Levissime jjunctiilatus; 7. Piceo-tiiger ; 8. Leviter pubes-
cens. All these characters might suit one insect, excepting
that, in 5 and 7, a little tautology occurs. We are perfectly
aware that Mr. Stephens is not the only author who is to be
charged with this carelessness ; and we would wish, in giving
our advice to him, to extend it to all, that the leading charac-
ter should be descriptive of difference, excepting when that
character runs through several species : in such instances, it
may be repeated before each : and the second character must
then be looked to as the distinguishing one.

This work, like Mr. Curtis's, we consider absolutely essential
to the study of British entomology ; and we strongly recom-
mend those who are not yet on the list of Mr. Stephens's sub-
scribers to enroll their names ; and thus contribute their mite
towards the support of a work calculated to be so eminently
useful.

In concluding our notice of this highly valuable work, we
must extend to British entomologists a caution ; — Beware of
PIRACIES ! The scissors-and-paste system of book-making
seems now to have reached its acme. A cheap pirated edition
of Mr. Stephens's Illustrations of Haustellata has just appeared.
It is got up by a quack so totally ignorant of the subject on
which he pro/esses to write, as to have faithfully retained every
error, even those which have been merely typographical, and
subsequently corrected by Mr. Stephens himself. Entomo-
logists ought to unite in setting their faces against such an
infamous proceeding : had they done so in a prior instance,
this caution had not been needed. We are aware of the
rage for cheap books ; but we beg our readers to recollect
the reason assigned by the broom-seller for being able to dis-
pose of his brooms at such a low price, — he stole them ready-
made.

Mr. Samouelle's pretty little work was commenced on the
1st of January, 1832, and, like the preceding ones, appears in
monthly numbers, each containing six figures of British insects.
It seems well calculated to please and instruct children in
the history of insects ; but we would caution Mr. Samouelle,
if he expects his "Cabinet" to circulate among grown-up
entomologists, to pay a little more attention to the letter-
press as well as the pictorial part. Of such insects as Carabvs,

OBSERVATIONS ON BLIGHT. 33

Trox, &c., we could not have even guessed the genera : and
in the description, we have " punctured with elevated lines,"
and similar inconsistencies continually. Names are also fre-
quently incorrect : Callidium bnjidum was a typographical
error in Mr. Stephens's Catalogue, since corrected in his Illus-
trations. A Nomada, figured some time back, Mr. Samouelle
will see by referring to the Monographia Apum, is incorrectly
named. In the same number we observe the author adopts
the old mistake of Fabricius about JEgeria Asiliformis, though
so recently satisfactorily cleared up by Mr. Newman.

In every case in which an author endeavours to combine
popularity and extensive sale, with science, an unusual degree
of accuracy is required ; as, in these instances, the blunders
are calculated to do so much more harm from their wider
dissemination. We hope Mr. Samouelle will profit by our
admonition, and give us no reason to make similar complaints
in our January number. We wish him success ; but we should
recommend him to take the necessary means to ensure it.

Art. IV. — Some Observations on Blight. By Rusticus.

Sir, — It strikes me, that if you make the Entomological
Magazine merely a medium for monographs, and that descrip-
tion of writing, your readers will weary of your unceasing-
technicalities, and lose their appetite before the quarterly meal
you propose providing for them is consumed. There are many,
who, like myself, are well enough pleased with a little taste of
the science, without wishing to dip too deeply into it ; and I
beg of you to consider whether an occasional paper, containing
no crack-jaw, would not be an inducement to some of these to
take up your Mag. With this view, I shall send you a few
observations on blights of various kinds, giving you full per-
mission to translate any phrases which are too plain for the
comprehension of the elite, into your choicest cat-Latin ; but
recollect. Sir, such editorial translations must be confined to
foot-notes with Ed. attached : — I would not, for all the world,
have the sin of your barbarisms to answer for.

Bhght is a term generally misunderstood ; especially among
those whom it more particularly concerns. The knowing

NO. I. VOL. I. F

34 OBSERVATIONS ON BLIGHT.

horticulturist will tell you, " There is blight in the air to-da)- :"
and in a few days or weeks, he will see the web of the lackey,
or the yellow tail, or the ermine, on his white- thorn hedge-
rows ; or the caterpillars of the deatfis-head hawk moth on his
potatoes ; or those of butterflies on his cabbages ; and then he
will give you a toss of his wise head, and utter, with a gravity
quite in keeping, " I knew there would be a bligJd this year;
I saw it coming in the air." Perhaps, however, he may find a
good many snails eating his wall-fruit ; or may, perchance, tread
on two or three great stag beetles while performing their evening
perambulation along his gravelled walks ; and then, he " knew
it would be either a blight or a sneg ; but it's more of a sneg
this year." Further than this, the horticulturist has not pro-
gressed : webs and soft insects are blights; snails and hard
insects are snegs. Warm south-east winds produce the first ;
cold north-east winds, the last ; and yet the same man would
laugh in your face if you were to say seriously, on a cold misty
morning, " There will be a rise in the funds to-morrow, I can
see it in the air." I maintain that there can hardly be a greater
service performed to horti- and agri-culturists, than by pointing-
out to them the nature and habits of their insect enemies ; and
their laughing at us in the first instance will perhaps be repaid
by their thanking us at last.

Let us consider, separately, some of the insects which bear
the name of blight. We will, in the first instance, examine
the apple-tree. Cider is an important article of manufacture,
as well as consumption, in many of our counties ; and, conse-
quently, whatever tends to increase or diminish the supply,
ought to be deemed by the grower worth his notice. The
apple-tree has many assailants : the principal are the weevil,^
{weevillum pomi ?), the woolly louse or American blight, and
the moth. I will describe the first of these, and its mode of
proceeding.

By carefully examining the bark of an apple-tree in the
winter, you "wdll occasionally find a pretty little beetle in the
cracks, which, directly on being touched, shams dead, and
drops on the ground, where you will not, without great diffi-
culty, discover it, on account of the great similarity of its
colour ; you must, therefore, hunt till you find another. This

* Anthonomus pomorum. — Ed.

OBSERVATIONS ON BLIGHT. 35

time, as soon as you see him, place one hand below him, then
touch him lightly with a little bit of stick, and he will drop into
your open hand ; his own scheme for self-preservation will beat
him. Now roll him into a quill, or pill-box, and take him
home. Place him on a sheet of writing paper ; you will soon
see his shape — the head is furnished with a trunk, from which,
on each side, springs a feeler, bent at right-angles forward, so
that the trunk altogether looks to be three-pronged, like a
trident. The thorax and wing cases are brown, beautifully
mottled ; and an oblique line on each, pointing towards the
suture or meeting of the wing-cases, is much lighter coloured,
and gives the little beetle an appearance of having a letter V
obscurely chalked on its back. Its size altogether is rather
less than a hempseed.

With the first sunshiny day in March, these weevils leave
their winter quarters, crawl up the trunk and along the twigs,
perch themselves so as to receive the full benefit of the sun's
rays, and plume themselves with their legs and feet all over,
trident and all, just in the same manner that a cat washes her
face with her paw : they then stretch out one leg at a time,
cramped, no doubt, by the long confinement ; they lift up their
wing-cases, and unfold two large transparent wings, which,
though twice as long as the wing-cases, were neatly folded up
and hidden under them, and then, launching themselves into
the air, they go roving about the orchards and gardens, their
little hearts in an ecstacy of freedom, and love, and happiness.
It is not long before each finds a suitable mate : no relations
raise objections; and the nuptials are consummated. Now I
will allow the gentleman weevil to go his way in quest of new
loves and conquests ; and in the mean time I will observe the
conduct of the lady.

By the time the female is ready for the important task of
depositing her eggs, the spring has considerably advanced, the
apple-buds have burst, and the little bunches of blossom are
readily to be distinguished. The weevil soon finds out these;
and selecting a blossom every way to her mind, commences
her operations. The beak, or trunk, before alluded to, is fur-
nished at its extremity with short teeth, or mandibles: with
these, she gnaws a very minute hole into the calyx of the
future blossom, and continues gnawing until her trunk is
plunged in up to her eyes ; the trunk is then withdrawn, and

36 OBSERVATIONS ON BLIGHT.

the hole examined with careful scrutiny by the introduction of
one of her feelers'', or outer prongs of her trident. If it seem to
require any alteration, the trunk goes to work again, and again
the feelers ; at last, being fully satisfied that the work is well
accomplished, she turns about, and standing with the extremity
of her abdomen over the hole, thrusts into it her long ovi-
positor, an instrument composed of a set of tubes retractible
one within the other, and deposits a single egg (never more)
in the very centre of the future flower. Another examination
with her feelers now takes place ; and when she is thoroughly
satisfied that all is right, away she flies to perform the same
operation again and again, never tiring while she has an egg
to lay.

The bud continues to grow like the other buds ; the little
perforation becomes invisible. By and bye, the egg bursts, and
out comes a little white maggot, with neither legs nor wings,
which, directly it is hatched, begins to devour the young and
tender stamens ; next to these, the style is attacked, and eaten
down to the fruit, the upper part of which is quickly con-
sumed: the maggot is then full fed ; it casts its skin, becomes
a chrysalis, and lays perfectly still. Up to this time the
blossom has continued healthy, no trace of the enemy being
to be discovered without ; but when the neighbouring blossoms
are expanding their petals to the genial breath of spring, those
of the mutilated bud remain closed, and retain the arched
balloon-like appearance of a bud about to burst. For a few
days they preserve their lovely pink colour; and then, by
degrees, fade to dingy brown. In this state they remain, until
the other apples are well knit; and then the damaged blossoms,
by their decided contrast, appear very conspicuous. On
opening these brown, or rather rust-coloured blossoms, about
the 10th to the 15th of June, the chrysalis will be found to
have changed to a perfect beetle, similar to its parent above
described, which, had it been left to itself, would, in a few
days, have eaten its way through the weather-beaten case of
dried petals, and left its prison-house, flying about to take its
pleasure, until the chilly winds of autumn should drive it to its
winter habitation under the bark : and in the next spring, the
whole round of operations, through which we have watched

'' " Ears." llcnnie. — Ed.

ON TWO NEW SPIiClES OF THE GENUS ELAPHRUS. 0 4

its parent and itself, would be performed with the same un-
varying unerring instinct.

The cloudy misty east wind, in which our farmers and
gardeners see the blight, is the very weather of all least
favourable to the propagation and increase of these weevils.
The fine clear sunny days of March and April are the most
favourable to them. The tomtits, sparrows, bullfinches, and
other birds, which, at this time of year, more particularly
frequent orchards and gardens, and which, also, at this time of
year, are persecuted with relentless hostility by the farmer and
gardener, live, during these months, solely on these weevils, and
similar little insects ; and, consequently, are the only check on
their increase which we possess : so that, in the first investiga-
tion of blight, we see how a little prejudice, superstition, and
ignorance, tend to increase the injury they dread.

I have much more of this kind in store, which shall be for-
warded, if the sample be approved. If you admit all manner
of crack-jaw, and register the invention of systems ad libitufn,
it would surely be unfair to deprive your readers of a little
humble English, and plain statements of facts recorded by a
faithful and attentive observer of nature.

I am. Sir, Yours, &c.

RUSTICUS.

Art. V. — On Two Species of the Genus Elaphrus, lately
discovered in Scotland by Charles Lyell, Esq. By John
Curtis, Esq. F.L. S.

Sir, — I conceive that the discovery of a new object in nature,
or, in other words, the attainment of knowledge, is one of the
great incitements to men engaged in science. It is therefore
just to give credit to those who are, by their zeal, daily adding
to our stores of knowledge by the addition of new species.
With this view, it is my intention occasionally to trouble you
with the characters of genera, and the description of species ;
and I hope when more useful contributions do not occupy the
pages of your Magazine, that you will do me the favour to
insert them, that I may have the pleasure of giving as well as
receiving information.

It has often happened that new species of insects have been
discovered, belonging to genera so circumscribed, or so well

38 ON TWO NEW SPECIES OF THE GENUS ELAPHRUS.

searched for, that they were the least expected to produce
novelties.

The purport of my present communication is to make known
to your readers two Carabidae that may well be included amongst
unexpected discoveries ; they are Elaphri, presented to me by
the learned author of the Principles of Geology, to whose
munificence I am so greatly indebted for many of my most
valuable acquisitions. They were accompanied with the fol-
lowing observations: — "The Elaphri were taken, during the
first fortnight in June, 1831, on the north-west side of Catlaw,
a mountain in Forfarshire, on a spot nearly 2,000 feet above
the level of the sea, crawling on a soft green plot of bog-moss,
on a sunshiny day. The Carabus nitens was found at the
same time and place."

The Latin characters I shall give from Dejean, as they will
distinguish them from all other species ; and the English
descriptions from my own specimens.

Elaphrus, Fab. Curtis s Brit. Ent. fol. 179.

Sp. 1. Elaph. splendidus. Escli. " Viridi-ceneus, punctatissimus,

thorace capite latiore, f route tJioraceque foveolatis,elytris costis sub-

elevatis csneis nitidis interribptis, maculisque cyaneo-viridibus ocel-

latis quadrupUci serie, tibiis tarsisque nigro-cyaneis." — Dejean's

IcoNOGRAPHiE, Tom. II. p. 139, pi. 86, f. 1.

Length 4 lines. Bright green, variegated with brilliant copper :

antennae brightest at the base : head and thorax coarsely punctured,

uniting into lines on the crown of the former, the latter scarcely

broader than the head, with a simple Y-shaped impression on the

back : elytra elongate, ovate, with twenty green foveae on each,

blueish in the centre, and forming four longitudinal lines, connected

by narrow shining spaces, scarcely raised, but two towards the

apex highly polished.

Sp, 2. Elaph. Lapponicus. Gyll. " Oblongus, cupreo-ceneus, capite
thoraceque punctatissimis, subfoveolatis, elytris parce punctulatis,
maculisque ccerulescentibus ocellatis obsoletis impressis quadrupUci
serie."— Dej. Icon. Tom. II. p. 131. pi. 86. f. 2.

Length 4 1 lines. Copper colour: antennae chalybeous, except
at the base : head and thorax punctured as in Elaph. splendidus, but
the latter is broader, with a small deep fovea on each side the back :
the sides slightly green : elytra similar to the last, but rather broader
behind : the foveoc very shallow, and dull lilac.

CATALOGUE OF INSECTS IN CASTLE EDEN DEAN. 39

These may be considered among the most splendid disco-
veries that has been lately made ; for the first species is ex-
clusively known as an inhabitant of Kamstchatka, and the
other of Lapland. Only one of each was taken ; and as they
are male and female, I think it possible they may be the same
species, although they vary in size and colour.

It may be as well to remind entomologists that there is
another species, Ela^ih. Uttoralis, Dej., which I have received
from Austria, which so nearly resembles Filaph. riparius, that
they may be easily confounded.

Mr. Lyell also mentions in his note, that Callidium striatum *
has been taken, since my account of it was published, the end
of May and beginning of June, flying in the garden ; and
others in or by a saw-pit, near the House of Kinnordy, in
Forfarshire, Scotland.

July, 1832.

^ Curt. Brit. Ent. PI. 295.

Art. VI. — Catalogue of a few Insects, found in Castle Eden
Dean and its Vicinity, in the County of Durham, the be-
ginning of July 1831 and 1832. By George Wailes, Esq.

[to the editor of the entomological magazine.]

Newcastle, Jttlij, 30, 1832.
Sir, — I send you a catalogue of a few insects, collected in
that wild and enchanting spot, Castle Eden Dean, with some
observations on their habitats, &c. hastily thrown together,
which, if you deem worthy of a place in the Entomological
Magazine, is much at your service. I am, Sir, yours, &c.

G. Wailes.

Before giving the list of insects, mentioned below, it may
prove useful to the entomologist to premise that Castle Eden
Dean is the largest and most beautiful of a series of romantic
dells, or deans, which consist, as it were, of immense clefts or
chasms in that part of the secondary series of rocks, termed
the magnesian limestone. These deans are, for the most part,
narrow and confined, and so densely covered with wood as to
render them too close for the active pursuit of the entomologist ;

40 CATALOGUE OF INSECTS

but as the chasms approach the sea-coast, where they all
terminate, the banks lose their very precipitous appearance,
and expand into vallies. Small brooks, locally termed burns,
run through them ; but from the porous nature of the lime-
stone, the waters seldom reach the sea: and in Castle Eden
Dean, where the stream is larger, and fed by two or three
small rivulets, at the distance of perhaps a mile apart, the
supply poured down by one disappears, and in one place very
suddenly, ere it reaches that part of the main watercourse
where the next empties itself. In winter, however, the melting
of the snow, and heavy rains, apparently convert the dry bed
into a torrent: and, judging from the width of the channel, a
large body of water must rush down the valley. Castle Eden
Dean is about four miles long, and averaging nearly a quarter
of a mile in width, though in some places the rocks, often a
hundred feet perpendicular, reduce its breadth to half that dis-
tance. Vegetation is most luxuriant: and its botanical treasures
have long rendered it famous in the works on that part of natural
history. Suffice it to say the rare Cyprepidium calceolus is
here, and almost here only to be met with. Towards the
sea, the banks have a more barren appearance, and assume the
peculiar marks of the tract of rocks to which the district
belongs, producing a great variety of the grasses, and other
plants delighting in an arid and poor soil. Here the juniper
and privet are, by the force of the winds, thrown into those
curious flat growths, which must have struck every one who
has seen the ti'ees and bushes growing on an exposed sea
coast. The banks of the dean are generally moist, consequent
on the density of the foliage, and numerous springs in the lime-
stone; but here and there dry exposed grassy spots occur: and
on the principal of these, nearly opposite the mansion of the
proprietor, Rowland Burdon, Esq., the beautiful Hipparchia
Blandina is to be found in abundance, being its only English
habitat. I have been thus diffuse in describing the place,
because I am persuaded that the connexion between entomo-
logy, geology, and botany, especially the two former, has not
been sufficiently attended to ; and, from my own short expe-
rience, I think a pretty good idea may be formed of the insects
likely to be found in any district, if its geological features are
taken into careful consideration. The following insects con-
stitute only a part of those met with by my friend Mr. Currie

FOUND IN CASTLE EDEN DEAN.

41

and myself; and as I give them more as an index than a full
list, some will be found enumerated which are common in many
parts of the kingdom besides Castle Eden.

Helobia Gyllenhalii
Leistus spinibarbis
fulvibarbis
rufescens
Calathus mollis
Abax striola
Campta lutea
Telephorus cyaneus
Orobitis cyaneus
Attelabus curculionides
Rhagium inquisitor

bifasciatum
Toxotus raeridianus
Leptura melanura
laevis
ruficornis
Pachyta 8-maculata
Chrysomela litura

geminata
Hyperici
lamina
Cryptocephalus sericeus
moraei
labiatus
Lagria hirta
Acrida grisea, Fah.
^shna varia
Cordulegaster annulatus
Libellula vulgata

Hipparchia Semele
Tithonus
Blandina (Aug.)
Polyommatus Alsus

Salmacis, Steph. MSS.
Thymele tages
Ino Statices

Anthrocera Filipendulae
Hepialus Rectus
velleda
Hepialus carnus

Lophopteryx camelina
Dasychira fascelina
Nemeophila Plantaginis
Charaeas graminis (Aug.)
Grapbiphora augur

brunnea

festiva

C. nigrum

plecta
Xylophasia sublustris
Hadena plebeia
Euplexia lucipara
Miana fasciuncula
Folia berbida
Ceropacha duplaris
Leucania comma
Plusia percontationis
Phalaena margaritaria
Hipparchus cythisarius
Cleora lichenaria
Alcis repandaria
conversaria
Abraxas ulmata
Xerene albicillata
Aplocera plagiata
Thera Juniperata
Emmelesia ericetata

Blomeri, Dale's MSS.
Hypercallia Christiernana
Argyrositia, I. W. ella
Tipula crocata
nigra
lutescens
Dolichopeza sylvicola
Atherix Ibis

crassicornis
Zodion cinereum
Conops flavipes (Aug.)
Loxocera Ichneumonea
Micropeza lateralis

With regard to Hipparchia Blandina, I may observe that
every variety described by Mr. Stephens is found here ; and
it is somewhat singular that the males never have the broad

NO. I. VOL. I. G

42 CATALOGUE OF INSECTS

brown band on the posterior wings instead of the blueish ash
one, whilst the females may be considered as divided into two
great varieties (equally common), distinguishable not only by
the colour of that fascia, but by the greater distinctness of the
ocelli, which in the var. tj, Stephens (that with the blueish ash
fascia, which, 1 conceive, should have been the typical variety),
are rather obscure, and approach, in appearance, those of the
males.

Pohjommatiis Salmacis. — I entirely coincide with Mr. Ste-
phens in considering this a distinct species. I must, however,
state that Mr. S.'s description in his invaluable Illustrations
(Haust. Vol. III. p. 235,) is not quite correct: for I have
observed, out of at least 1.50 specimens, that the variety with
the black spot forms two-thirds of the whole ; and that neither
sex possesses exclusively either the white or black spot, though
the majority of the former variety are males.

This butterfly appears to be confined to the sea banks ; and
r have never seen it above half a mile from the coast, and only
stragglers at that distance.

Ino Statices is very abundant on the sea-banks : and nearly
every specimen is the bright copper variety : whilst the blue-
green variety is as exclusively confined to our inland habitats
near Newcastle.

Hepialns carnus, — I cannot but suspect this to be only an
extraordinary variety of Hep. velleda. Both occur at the same
time, in the same places, and the markings seem to run into
each other. This genus varies much in the colour and in-
tensity of the markings ; and I have taken specimens of Hep.
Humulus with the anterior wings of a yellow tinge : and my
friend Mr. Hewitson has shewn me similar specimens, cap-
tured in the Orkneys this season, which have very distinct
markings on the anterior wings.

Charceas graminis. — I have generally met with a specimen
or two of this moth on the wing, in the day-time, in the dean.

Xylophasia sublustris. — I took a specimen flying in the
evening, in July, 1831 ; and Mr. Currie captured another this
year. Both occun'ed at least three miles inland.

Aids corwersaria. — Mr. Currie was fortunate enough to meet
with single specimens both years.

Thera Jumperata. — We took this very rare moth this
season, in some plenty amongst the junipers. Mr. Stepiiens's

FOUND IN CASTLE EDEN DEAN. 43?

figure, which has evidently been drawn fi-om a wasted example,,
conveys a poor idea of the beauty of fresh specimens.

Emmelesia ericitata. — The only specimen which has oc-
curred hereabout, I met with in a damp part of the dean on
our last visit.

Emmelesia Blomeri, Dale's MSS. — The first notice I had
of this beautiful moth was from my friend Mr. Dale, who
casually mentioned his having received a drawing of it from
Captain Blomer, who bred it from the pupa in the spring of
1831. In July, I met with half-a-dozen specimens at Castle
Eden, which, however. Captain Blomer did not appear to re-
cognize, when I had the pleasure of seeing him last September ;
and Mr. Curtis, in November, shewed me a drawing, made
from a specimen I sent Mr. Sparshall, and first intimated it
was quite new. It will appear in one of his early numbers.''
I succeeded in taking about twenty specimens this season, and
suppose that the larva feeds either on the hazel, the Scotch
elm, or the white thorn. The moth seems to delight in dark
shady places, where the sun hardly penetrates. Can it be
double brooded ? Captain Blomer's was taken in the spring ;
mine, in beautiful condition, in July. The times of appearance
of insects is comparatively little known; but the subject is
well worthy of investigation.

Hypercallia Christiernana.- — I took a single specimen of
this little beautiful creature in 1831.

Tipula nigra. — Rare.

Dolichopeza sylvicola. — Last year, I met with this rare
species near Newcastle, and also at Meldon Park ; but all the
specimens, about half-a-dozen, were males. This season I
captured a good many, including some females. Its flight is
slower than most of the Tipulidae, and its beautiful white tarsi,
as Mr. Curtis justly observes, betray it when the rest of the
insect is scarcely visible. The banks of rivulets, in dark deep
woods, are its favourite habitats.

=> See Curtis's Brit. Ent. 416, for a figure of this beautiful insect, together with
the rare Cyprepidium calceolus, mentioned above. — Ed.

44

Art. VII. — Sphinx Vespiformis. An Essay. By Edward
Newman. 8vo. London : Westley and Davis.

So fully convinced are all true naturalists of the importance
of discovering the true system of nature., that we doubt not but
this little essay will be read with pleasure, even by those who
may not be disposed to coincide in the peculiar views of the
author.

Like Mr. MacLeay, Mr. Newman fully believes in the
existence of circular groups, though he differs from him both
as to the number of minor groups, of which they are composed,
and as to the manner in which they are linked together.
Without entering into a comparison of his views, and those of
other systematists, we will proceed at once to give an outline
of the arrangement he proposes, and which he considers as
more in accordance with nature than any yet before the public.
After showing the identity of the ^geria Asiliformis of
modern writers with Sphinx Vespiformis of Linne, he adds : —

" To ascertain the place among insects, or even animated beings,
which this Sphinx vespiformis naturally occupies, I have attempted
in the following pages. The Systema Naturce has, for years, been
the object of my most diligent search ; but the idea which I have
taken of the subject is scarcely a month old. An anxiety to hear
the opinions of others has urged me to scribble these few pages
with, I fear, far more haste than good speed, &c. I feel, however,
a firm conviction that my theory is too near an approach to truth to
suffer from any garb, however slovenly, in which I may have dressed
it."— Pref. p. 7.

After remarking on the probable existence of a natural
system, and on the improbable nature of the supposition that
the beautiful gradations, from one group to another, so con-
spicuous in every department of nature, should be merely the
result of chance, our author proceeds : —

" Infinitely varied, however, as the course of such a peculiarity
must be, the naturalist never finds those sudden departures from the
regular flow of variation, which all systems, even the most approved,
are constantly exhibiting ; the reason of which is, that in thus tracing
approaches in his mind, he will continually discover an individual,
completely surrounded by others, each of which partakes of its peculia-
rities, not only in a different degree, but in a different mode : and thus

■•; SPHINX VESPIFORMIS. 45

he will perceive the character, on which his attention has heeii fixed,
ramifying in all directions. Now no system, hitherto suggested, will
at all cope with this." — P. 10.

From this, after assuming the existence of circular groups,
as proved, Mr. Newman proceeds to lay it down as a law of
nature, ^^hat each group is composed of seven minor ones ;
of which the central one contains types of all the surrounding
groups, and a seventh type peculiar to itself.

In support of a septenary division, he appeals to Scripture,
(an appeal of which we cannot approve), to Cuvier, to Kirby,
and lastly to Linne, remarking, moreover—

" Our own observation will speedily convince us, that most groups
of animals, with which we are tolerably well acquainted, are divisible
into seven. We shall never find the number greater ; and, when
less, we shall invariably perceive that the deficiency exists in groups,
of which our knowledge is particularly limited ; for the perfection
of a septenary distribution of any particular group will depend
entirely on our acquaintance with that group : thus the groups, at
present known by the names of Mammalia, Aves, and Insecta, re-
solve themselves instantly into sevens." — P. 15.

We much wish that Mr. Newman had favoured us with a
sketch of the distribution of the two first-named groups, of both
which there has as yet been no arrangement given which comes
near to nature ; and we still doubt whether the present theory
will at all apply to them. However, wdth these we have
nothing to do here ; so we will return to the last groups, and
proceed at once to the diagram of Insecta.

In this we find Neuroptera in the centre, connected with
the six other classes, as Mr. Newman calls them, as follows ;
to Lepidoptera, by Psyche in Neuroptera, and Tinea in
Lepidoptera; to Diptera by Cloeon on one hand, and Chi-
ronomus on the other ; Termes leads to the Hymenoptera by
Formica ; the approach to Coleoptera is by insecta incognita ;
to Orthoptera by Mantispa and Mantis; to Hemiptera by
Psocus and Aphis. That there may be insects which will
form the connecting link between Coleoptera and Neuroptera
we will not deny ; but, as yet, there is certainly none well
known. In some of the others he seems to have mistaken a
distinct analogy for an affinity; but this arises from what we
consider as the greatest error of the author, an utter disbelief

46 SPHINX VESPIFORMIS,

in the existence of such relationships. Now, we will ask,
Are there not innumerable relations of analogy between the
Hymenoptera and the Diptera, and even the Lepidoptera?
Are not almost all the genera of the first typified in the second;
and are there not exotic species of Tenthredo L., whose trans-
parent wings, with well-defined coloured margins and banded
abdomens, might cause even an entomologist to mistake them
for Sesiae, or Egeriae, at a short distance? And again, Do
not any Hemipterous insects strongly resemble the former
Lepidopterous genus ?

The author, moreover, rejects, and with great semblance of
reason, the division of insects into Haustellata and Mandi-
bulata. He even places so little value on the characters depen-
dent on the form of the mouth, as to hint that Pulex is nearly
allied to Coleoptera. In this we think him decidedly wrong,
considering it much nearer to the Diptera. We will now pro-
ceed to the Lepidoptera, of which he gives a diagram, first
quoting the following sentence : —

" Whoever will give himself the trouble to examine thorouglily
a collection of British Lepidoptera, will find a very great majority
of them evincing very evident symptoms of relation to one or other
of the following species : — Papilio Machaon, Sphinx Ligustri, Pyralis
verticalis. Tinea pelionella, Noctua pronuba, and Geometra robo-
raria ; and should any form, widely different from either of these,
occur, it may, if the larva be known, be placed in the centre of a
ring, formed by the groups, which we will suppose surrounding
their respective types." — P. 33.

These six insects form the types of his six external groups ;
the central one he considers to have for its type Attacus Atlas.

Considering Urania allied to Geometra, by its setaceous
antennae, Mr. Newman supposes it met by Ourapteryx in that
subclass, whilst Castnia and Coronis connect the Papiliones
to Sphinx ; both these he seems to think Papiliones. With
respect to Coronis, he most probably is correct : but Castnia,
setting with its wings deflexed, as we have ourselves observed,
can scarcely be a butterfly; but far more resembles, even in
the colouring in some species, Catocala. With regard to
Urania, also, both its antennae and palpi bear a near resem-
blance to those of Erebus, with which Fabricius placed some
of the species, remarkable for their near resemblance in colour

SPHINX VESPIFORMIS. 47

to the Erebi. Moreover, one of the Arctiidae, a native of
China, has the same formed palpi as Erebus and Urania ; and
resembles the former in thick posterior legs. However, despite
of all this, we will not say the author is wrong in assigning
it the station he has.

From Sphinx he excludes the Egeriag and Zygsenae, placing
the first in the central group with Cossus, the latter in the next
group with Pyralis; from which he passes by llithyia and
Chilo to the Tineae; thence, by Halias, to Cymatophora in
the Noctua ; and thence, by Catocala, to Metrocampus in the
Geometrae. The central group is composed o{ Bomhy-ces, con-
nected with Papilio by Godart's Genus Barbicornis ; LaricB,
by Orgyia, to Nyssia in Geometra; Arctics, by Apatela in
this group, to Chareas in Noctua ; Lit/wsice, by Lithosia, to
Yponomeuta ; Notodonta;, by Cilix, to Aglossa in Pyralis ;
lastly, in the centre, Phalcsnce, including Attacus, Saturnia,
&c.

For a further account of these groups, and also for a generic
character of the Genus Memythrus, a genus which he has
formed from Sphinx Vespiformis of Linne, we must refer our
readers to the work itself, a perusal of which will amply
repay them for the requisite time and attention. We will con-
elude by giving the following table of the " natural divisions to
which Sphinx vespiformis is referable :" —

First Primary Group .... Animalia.

First Kingdom Annulosa.

Central Sub-Kingdom . . . Insecta.

First Class Lepidoptera.

Central Sub-Class Phalsenae.

Second Natural Order . . . Cossi.

Second Family ^geriidse.

Second Genus Memythrus.

First Species Vespiformis.

48

Art. VIII. — French Periodical Works on Entomologij.

1. IconograpMe et Histoire NaUirelle des Coleopteres
d'Europe, par M. le Comte Dejean et M. Boisduval.
Paris.

2. Histoire Natiirelle des Lepidopteres, ou Papillons de
France, jiar M. Godart, continvte par M. Duponchel,
Paris.

3. Magasin de Zoologie, par M. Guerin. Paris.

The titles above given, will convince our readers that our
Parisian neighbours are by no means behind ourselves in the
encouragement given to periodical w^orks on Entomology.
Here are three works, all of them vying with our ablest pro-
ductions, and superior, in scientific accuracy, to much which
we have submitted to us by our countrymen. The plates in
these works (we speak of them in a mass, and make no
invidious comparison), are ever somewhat exaggerated : there
seems, to us, a perpetual desire to make each representation of
an insect more conspicuous — more showy — than the insect itself.
This has ever been an erroneous practice : we are happy to
see it is fast falling into disuse. When we compare the able
works, whose titles we have given above, with the figures
enlarged, and often preposterously coloured, of early conti-
nental authors, we cannot but be sensible of a great improve-
ment in this respect. It seems to us, that the pictorial branch
of natural history should strive to give a more correct idea
of nature than we can possibly do by words. It should never
be an object of ambition with the draughtsman " to copy
Nature, and improve her too."

M. Dejean's Iconographie has, from the well-known talents
of its authors, attained a rank in science which makes it a work
of continual reference. The descriptions are generally clear and
distinct ; but we fancy we observe, in the plate before us,
representing the genera Anchomenus and Agonum, rather too
great a sameness of character. The legs, for instance, in either
species, would, with but very little alteration in the shade of
colour, do for all. Great attention should be paid to catch the
peculiar character of each species, and fix that character in
delineating it. The objection we refer to, we believe often

FRENCH PERIODICAL WORKS ON ENTOMOLOGY. 49

arises from the artists never having seen the insect while
living.

The Papillons de France, of MM. Godart and Duponchel,
has already grown to a somewhat formidable size, and, we
regret to say, affords no reasonable prospect of ever ai-riving
at a termination. M. Duponchel having proceeded as far as
Pyralis, in a regular and systematic manner, now informs us
that the work is to be extended, in supplementary numbers, to
the Lepidoptera of Europe. This departure from the original
plan of the work we most decidedly condemn : we think
we are hardly going too far, in calling it a breach of faith.
The subscribers of M. Duponchel must now either continue
their numbers to an extent of which they can see no limit, and
in which they feel but little interest, or discontinue the work
altogether, and thus leave their copies imperfect. The latter
course will be, and has been, adopted by so many, that we
trust M. Duponchel will see the folly of departing from the
original plan, and proceed, as before, with the insects to which
his title alone refers — the Lepidoptera of France. With this
exception, we think the work deserving support.

M. Guerin's Magasin de Zoologie is on the plan of Mr.
Curtis's British Entomology; the genera being selected entirely
at the option of the author, without any attempt at systematic
arrangement. The plates and descriptions are beautiful and
accurate; and we are pleased to see, in the number on our
table, two contributions by our countryman, Mr. Westwood.
This work we strongly recommend to the notice of entomolo-
gists. The plates and letter-press are got up with an attention
that deserves encouragement; and there is a sterling worth
about the publication combined with a modest appearance and
unpretending style, which, we are persuaded, will render it an
increasing favourite with the public.

However we may compete with our continental neighbours
in this individual branch of the science, there are other and
higher walks which they have made almost exclusively their
own, — ■ we mean the natural history, as regards habit and
metamorphosis, and the anatomy of insects. On these subjects
the works of Reaumur, Malpighi, Swammerdam, Lyonnet,
Lewenhoeck, and many others, have no parallel at all on this
side the channel : and, more recently, the splendid work of
Straus-Durckheim, on anatomy, may be hailed as a monument

NO. I. VOL. I. H

.50 ENTOMOLOGICAL EXCURSION.

of human genius. We could not trust ourselves to undertake
the task of reviewing this work in a single article ; and have
persuaded our talented friend Mr. Doubleday, to give, in a
series of articles, a sketch of its contents. The first of these
will be found in the present number, and will, we are confi-
dent, be received with pleasure by our readers, as no trans-
lation has yet appeared in England, except some garbled ones
executed for an illiterate bookmaker, by some person evi-
dently unacquainted with his subject.

Art. IX. — An Entomological Excursion, By Edward
Doubleday and Edward Newman.

Not only the success, but the pleasure of the entomologist,
are so much under the influence of the weather, that it is next
to impossible to give any thing like a correct diary of a three
weeks' expedition of this kind without a constant allusion to
this important subject : we shall therefore offer no apology for
making these notes a journal of weather as well as of entomo-
logical captures : and if the frequent repetition of the word
' rain' become at last tiresome, our reader will be kind enough to
recollect how much more tiresome it must have been to those
who were constantly exposed to its effects.

To begin our narrative with due formality and precision, we
started outside the Worcester Mail at twenty-five minutes past
seven, p.m., on the 4th of June, 1832 : we occupied the roof-seat,
side by side : the wind was SS.W., and a mild rain was falling,
which continued until we reached Worcester, being about
fourteen hours. After breakfasting at W^orcester, we resumed
our seat : the rain had ceased ; and the sun gleamed at intervals
weak and watery, on our progress. The country between
Knightsford-bridge and Bromyard-down is at all times beau-
tiful : but now, clad in the bright green of spring — for summer
had not reached this country, the oak and the ash being scarcely
in leaf — the richness and beauty of the scenery far exceeded
the powers of an entomologist to describe. The respite from
rain lasted about two hours: it then returned; and we sate
silent, dripping, weary, mopish, sleepy and uncomfortable, until

ENTOMOLOGICAL EXCURSION. 51

we reached Leominster; and there terminated our journey for
a while.

June 6th. The locahty of Leominster is particularly suited
to the increase of the insect tribes. It stands in a valley inter-
sected by numerous streams, the banks of which are generally
bordered by trees and underwood ; and the valley itself is com-
pletely inclosed by hills, the summits of which are frequently
wooded. On the morning after our arrival, we ventured out,
notwithstanding the ragged and stormy appearance of the clouds,
and were rewarded by the capture of several good insects ;
among them Pachyta collaris and Atherix Ibis, both in consi-
derable abundance. The extremely confined habitat of the
former insect is worthy of notice : we found it only on Umbelli-
ferce in the hedgerows surrounding a hop-ground ; and although
we could not satisfactorily ascertain that its larva feeds in the
decaying poles, there appeared but little reason to doubt it.
We have since learnt from Mr. Griesbach, that he has found
this insect on the white-thorn blossoms in the same neighbour-
hood. Chelostoma florisomne and Eucera longicornis were
also abundant in the hop-grounds : the former nidificates in the
poles ; on which we also observed a great number of Lyctus
oblongus : the females were thrusting their long retractile ovi-
positors into the wood. These various tribes must, of course,
cause great injury and eventual decay to the poles : we ob-
served many were perforated in all directions. Among the
growers, the hop seems to be the only object of attention ; other-
wise, it would not be difficult, by a slight wash over with some
nauseous fluid in the winter, to secure the poles from these
destroyers. The hops were looking moderately well ; but on
the upper leaves the Aphis was to be seen, three to ten on each
leaf. The constant showers during the day prevented our
going further than a few fields from the town : and the length
and wetness of the grass insured us wet legs and feet; even
though the sky above was for a time tolerably fair.

7th. We again kept close to the town : took more Atherix
Ibis. This beautiful fly we obtained by sweeping with a com-
mon water-net among the weeds on the banks of the rivers.
The female is much the rarer sex, occurring but as one to six
of the male : the eyes of the insect, when living, are remarkably
beautiful and iridescent. In the same locality we also found
Orthoperiis inmctum, Leiodes miiltistrigata, and another

' 52 ENTOMOLOGICAL EXCURSION.

Leiodes, apparently undescribed, besides an immense num-
ber of the Neuropterous subclasses, Phrijganea, Perla, and
Ephemera. The weather, however, still continued so wild
and wet, that we were glad to get dry shoes and stockings,
and crowd to the fires which we found our friends every where
enjoying.

8th. At one this morning, we mounted the Bristol and
Liverpool mail, which passes through Leominster; and arrived
at Shrewsbury at five, having travelled forty-two miles in about
four hours. After a hasty and bad cup of coffee, we proceeded
by the Express towards Oswestry, passing near or through
Westfelton. We, of course, requested the coachman to point out
the habitation of Mr. Dovaston, the amusing contributor to Mr.
Loudon's Magazine of Natural History; but were surprised
and disappointed to find that he could not do so. It is pleasant
to know the residence of a naturalist, so familiar to our thoughts
as this clever writer has rendered himself. The day was
cloudy, but without rain. After passing the little village of
Chirk, the road takes a grand sweep to the left ; and, for the
first time, Wales bursts on the traveller in all its beauty. How-
ever unentomological, it is quite impossible to pass by, unno-
ticed, those stupendous aqueducts. Chirk and Pont-y-Cyssyltau,
which, bestriding valleys, seem to be the work of giants. The
ride hence to Llangollen is full of beauty : the Dee, clothed
with banks of trees, winds along the valley over a bed of rock ;
and the mountains, rising precipitously on every side, confine
the horizon to about half its usual limits. At Llangollen we
had a second and capital breakfast. The scenery, for some miles,
continues fine, but towards Corwen assumes a tamer appearance;
and at last gets so flat and di-eary, that the traveller who, like
ourselves, has been up all night, may be excused if for an
hour or two he go quietly to sleep. About five miles beyond
Cernioge" he must wake up, and open wide his eyes, for it is
impossible to make too much use of them : — rock and ravine,
mountain and valley, verdure and barrenness, the dead and
silent lake, the roaring rapid, the mad and leaping waterfall,
follow each other in quick succession, or crowd altogether on
the view, with a splendour that cannot be imagined.

We stopped at Capel-Curig about three ; and after dinner

■' Pronounced Canny- oggy.

ENTOMOLOGICAL EXCURSION. 53 '

ascended the mountain at the back of the inn. Under stones
we found beautiful green varieties of Notiophilus quadripunc-
tatus, Omaseus orinonmm, nigrita, rotundicoUis (Steph. MS.),
Patrobns rvfipes, and a few other Carabidce. We also ob-
served the beautiful little plant Pinguicula vulgaris, growing in
great abundance on the wet and boggy parts of the mountain.
Having reached the summit, we saw the whole mass of the
Snowdon mountains in unclouded majesty before us. The air
was slightly hazy ; but not sufficiently so to interfere in the least
with the magnificence of the outline. As we descended, we
observed a belt of clouds passing between us and Snowdon,
a thousand, or perhaps fifteen hundred feet below the highest
peak. On our return to the inn we found a botanical friend^
of ours, who, with a party of his relations, had arrived during
our absence ; and with whom we immediately fixed on ascending
Snowdon the following morning. In the evening, we took
several Phryganece flying about the river; and among them
the beautiful Philopotomus scopulorum, and a large Perla
apparently marginata.

9th. The party who had arrived last evening kindly gave
us seats in their carriage from Capel Curig to the pass of
Llanberris. We three naturalists then commenced the ascent on
foot, accompanied by a guide named David Jones, an incipient
insect-collector of great promise. In the first quarter of an
hour, we had taken Carabus glabratus and arvensis, Steropus
JEthiops, Helobia Marshallana and Gyllenhalii, Elater
cupreus and jiectiniconiis (the former is in great abundance,
both sexes of each), Telephorus JEthiops, a Byrrhus appa-
rently undescribed,"^ and several other insects we had neither
of us before taken.

We now found, by the masses of clouds which rolled in
grand and billowy succession down the mountain-side, that
we might shortly expect rain : and scarcely had we arrived at
this conclusion, when rain, hail, and snow, or a compound of
the three, began to fall around us in torrents, and very speedily

b William Christy, Jun. Esq. of London.

<= Byrrhus Alpinus, Newni. ater ; elytris Icevissime punctulatis ; Uneis undecim
longitudinalihiis elevatis.

B. pilulse simillimus, at paulo major; caput, thorax, elytra, abdomen pedesque
nigri, pilis aliquot albidis.j

Habitat in montis Snowdon grain! uibiis ; Junii diebus frequens.

54 ENTOMOLOGICAL EXCURSION.

wetted us all to the skin. After deliberately proceeding through
this kind of weather, with sundry falls, and divers bruises
occasioned thereby, for about an hour and a half, we reached
a little stone hovel, erected by the workers of a copper mine
as a shelter for themselves and their tools. Here we stood
awhile, cold and drenched with wet, and held a consultation
or council of war — the usual consequence of a defeat. We were
three quarters of the way up the mountain ; it continued to
rain and hail in torrents ; there was no prospect of shelter
elsewhere, whether we proceeded or returned ; we had
neglected to take with us any spirits, in spite of the advice
of the waiter at the inn ; and now we found out our error :
for wet, cold, wearied with the long, laborious, and slip-
pery ascent, and sore with repeated falls, we really seemed
to need some renovating influence from within to counteract
so many ills from without. To proceed or to return were
equally uninviting. Whilst in this state of uncertainty, the
rain suddenly ceased. We sallied forth at once, and were
unanimous in our determination to proceed. The path was
now steep and stony ; the clouds, like huge curtains obey-
ing the impulse of an invisible line, rolled up the mountain
sides in the same majestic manner in which, a short time
before, they had descended; and, through an aperture, we
gained a glimpse of the country below — crag piled on crag,
interspersed with lake and mountain- stream, bathed in sun-
shine, and altogether gloriously glittering with the recent
rain. The view was grand but transitory : the clouds again
rolled down the precipices — the fairy scene was gone — and we
reached the summit of Snowdon, enveloped in so thick a cloud
that we could scarcely distinguish each other when standing
close together. On the flag-staff, and under stones, we found
abundance of Helobia Marshallana and Patrobiis rnfipes.
The ladies of our party, who had gone on to Llanberris to
procure horses, now joined us, to our great gratification; and
kindly supplied us with sandwiches and wine, which we found
particularly acceptable. It is a little remarkable, that, in their
ascent of the mountain from Llanberris, they had not had a
single drop of rain.

In descending, the Helohicv were running about in all direc-
tions among the stones ; but we were too wet and cold to
pay much attention to them, especially as our bottles were

ENTOMOLOGICAL EXCURSION. 55

previously pretty well stored with them. When we had reached
some hundreds of yards below the summit, we found the heavy
cloud which had enveloped it had completely disappeared, and
all above us was clear blue sky. The country below us was
also visible in places, through openings in the clouds. The
green lake, so remarkable, as many of our readers may recollect,
for its deformed fishes, presented a curious appearance: — a
stratum of rain-clouds was passing over it, although far below
the spot where we stood ; and its whole surface was in a kind
of simmer with the heavy rain, at a time when the sky above
us was beautifully clear and cloudless. In the Coppermine-
lake we exercised our water-net, and took three water-beetles,
Hydroporus Davisii, Colijmbetes fontinalis (a singular variety,
without the usual ochreous spots on the elytra), and another
Colymbetes resembling the very common C. bipustidatus, but
differing in some respects ; and, as we cannot find it described,
we have given its characters below, and purpose assigning to it
the name Snowdon'ius ; the name iiigro-cBneus, which precisely
describes its colour, being pre-occupied.*^ After leaving the
lake, we found the Carabi and Steropi running about in great
abundance, both in and after the rain, which now recommenced;
they were evidently preying on worms, which were tempted
by the moisture to make their appearance. Under stones
we found Elater riparins, and a few, not uncommon, Coleoptera.
In our descent, we also remarked a beautiful rainbow, which,
though in the evening, and therefore a goodly arch, reached
not to the sky in any part, but was wholly visible against the
side of a mountain. On our return to Capel Curig, we were
completely overcome with wet and fatigue, and were right
glad to get rid of our wet clothes and go to bed.

10th. Breakfasted early, and walked through the Cwn Glassor
Pass of Llanberris : on the road took O'tstrus bovis, Carabus
glabratus, ByrrJius sericeus, Elater cupreus, 8fc. The morning
was fine and warm ; the air, clear. Snowdon was occasionally
visible ; but there were some clouds about, and always below,

** Colymbetes Snowdonius, Newm. nigro-aneus, Icevis, capite postice punctis
duohus ferrugineis.

C. bipustulato simillimus, at minor convexior ac postice angustior. Maris elytris
striis obsolete elevatis. Totus nigro-aeneus, antennis pedibusque piceis.

Variat interdum, (exemplariis crudis) elytris piceis.

Habitat in montis Snowdon aquis ; Junii diebus frequens.

56 ENTOMOLOGICAL EXCURSION.

its summit. The Pass of Llanberris is superb. On the right
rises Glyder, tumultuously, ruggedly, and abruptly, more than
a thousand feet. On the left, the Snowdon mountains, with all
their peaks, are piled together in indescribable grandeur and
confusion. Some of their naked and black peaks, inaccessible
to man, ate the abode of the buzzard, the sea-mew, and raven,
which may ever be seen wheeling in circles over and around
them ; and the shrill cry of the hawks, the harsh screams of
the mew, or the hoarse croak of the ill-boding raven, are
almost the only sounds which these wilds ever know, except,
occasionally, the cheerful cry of the Welsh girl to her cows as
she brings them home to milk, or the echo of their lowing. The
mountain-streams in this region were particularly beautiful.
You may, from below, trace their winding leaping course for
hundreds of feet down the side of a precipice, white as driven
snow, and looking in the distance no wider than a piece of
tape. Having nearly reached the village of Llanberris, we turned
to the right and ascended Glyder, the mountain under which
we had passed. At first, the ascent was but moderately steep,
and, being covered with a fine soft turf, afforded us a good
and secure footing. Here we took the most splendid varieties
of Carahiis arvensis, brassy, coppery, blue, purple, green,
and jet black ; we found also several Silphce, besides Steropi,
Omasei, and other Carabidce, running in the sunshine. After
an ascent of several hundred feet, the character of the moun-
tain completely varies : it presents nothing but a surface of
loose sharp stones, and becomes so nearly perpendicular that
the only mode of progression is on all fours, and severe work
we found it. A pleasant sight v/e should have afforded to some
of our brother entomologists of Cockney-land, whose researches
are confined to Copenhagen brick-fields, or the wilds of
Battersea cabbage-gardens. Our view from the summit, over
Anglesea, and the sea beyond, was very fine ; but the peep over
the precipice, into the Pass of Llanberris, was really awful :
human beings in the road could no longer be recognised as
such without a glass, but appeared like black specks. Our
principal motive in seeking this spot had been to find Chryso-
mela cereaUs, which our botanical friend informed us had
been taken under stones, and on the Jumperus nanus, which
grows here in profusion ; we were, however, unsuccessful :
but in directing our course from hence towards Capel Curig,

ENTOMOLOGICAL EXCURSION. 57

we espied a single specimen sunning itself on a stone in an
indented gully oi- hollow, which appeared to have formerly
been the channel of a river or brook, and over the bottom of
which similar stones are scattered throughout its length, which
appeared to be at least half a mile. By a good deal of per-
severance we succeeded in taking nine others, all in similar
situations. Should this meet the eyes of an entomologist who
proposes making a similar excursion, he must remember the
locality is in a right line between the point of Glyder which
overlooks the Pass of Llanberris (to which point the guide
will be sure to take him), and the inn at Capel Curig, about
five hundred or seven hundred yards from the point, and on
a nearly flat part of the mountain.

In descending Glyder, we took abundance of Colymbetes
fontinalis, in the clear streams of the mountain. These little
beetles were difficult to secure, eluding our hands by an instant
retreat under the stones ; and the situation was one in which it
was impossible to use a water-net. In these streams we also
observed some large soft white larvae, apparently those of a
Tipula. This day was fine until the evening; when it began to
rain.

11th. It rained the whole of this day : nevertheless we pro-
ceeded, clad in cloaks, to the waterfall of Rhaider-y-Gwennol,
about three miles from Capel Curig ; and, on our way, took
some PhryganecB, among them specimens of a very curious
genus, perhaps Chimarra of Dr. Leach : the upper wings have
a raised oblique line on them, giving the insect a very unusual
appearance. We shall not venture on a description here, as
the whole subclass is at present undescribed. Should it prove
an unknown species, we venture to propose the specific name of
Carnbrica. In the afternoon, we went to a meeting of the
sect, called Jumpers, "• and we certainly cannot express our

* The clergyman begins preaching pretty deliberately at first; but, as he
warms with his subject, his enunciation becomes excessively rapid. The con-
gregation at first groan ; then, in different parts of the meeting, both men and
women begin to preach, lifting up their hands and arms, and brandishing them
about with a tremulous motion ; then they jump or jerk themselves up and down
as they stand, uttering strange sounds, until at last the noise and agitation of
the assembly become really frightful. Before the service ended, at least twelve
persons, besides the parson, were preaching at the top of their voices, and with
a rapidity I have never heard equalled. The groaning, mixed with occasional
screams, and the tremulous quaking motion, continued throughout. We observed
many present were laughing outright at this exhibition. — E. N.
NO. I. VOL. I. I

58 ENTOMOLOGICAL EXCURSION.

approbation of tliis singular mode of worship, but were much
pleased with the pretty appearance of the Welsh girls, in their
dashing beaver hats, and snow-white caps and handkerchiefs.

12th. Rained all day. We returned to Shrewsbury; and
thence to Leominster. While dining at Corwen, we heard
a most remarkable thunder-clap ; the lightning and thunder
appeared to be simultaneous ; the thunder was as loud
as the report of a cannon, and was followed by little or no
reverberation.

13th. Showery: collected round Leominster: took more
Pachyta collaris and Atherix Ibis in the same localities, also
Tenlhredo vidua and punctum, Sapyga sexpunctata, &c. With
the water-net, in the River Lug, we took Colymbetes maculatiis,
Hydroporits depressus, Halipli(s elevatus, Hydroena pusilla,
Hydrobius bipunctatus and globulus, Helophorus viridicollis,
and several other water-beetles ; on the blossom of the cha-
momile, in a wheat-field, Phalacrus csneus, and by sweeping,
Leachiellus and corticalis. In the evening, we mothed, for a
short time, in Eton Wood, and took very fine specimens of
Abraxas ulmata and Emmelesia, alchemillata.

14th. Showery day : Dinmore-hill. On this finely-wooded
hill we took several good insects ; Throscus dermestoides and
Lamprias chlorocepliala, beaten out of the broom ; Cephus
satyrus, out of the oak ; Pachyta octomaculata, apparently
asleep on the blossoms of the Viburnum opulus, in great
abundance ; Rhagium bifasciatum and vulgar e on the same
flower ; Clytus arietis was remarkably abundant ; Empis
pennipes, Dioctria oelandica, and several Tenthredines and
Ichneumones.

15th. Briarly Wood. Steady rain; which however did not
deter us until we found the roads impassable for mire. We took
Tillus ambulans on a whitethorn hedge ; Oxyporus rufus, in
some Fungi; Mordella abdominalis, on Umbelliferce ; and, in
a wheat- field, Agonum plicicolle, and a great number of
Agonum parumjmnctatum, the variety which Marsham has
called Carabus ccerulescens : we observed, these are generally
smaller and run slower than parumpunctatum ; the apex of the
elytra, we perceived, was, in some lights, slightly ochreous. —
Why is not A. cceridescens a species ?

16th. Olden Barn.^ We were fortunate in a really fine

f The property of the writer's fatlier.

ENTOMOLOGICAL EXCURSION. 59^

day. On this beautiful farm, and on our way to it, we
captured a number of insects ; and among them several species
of Carabus, Leisttfs, Harjjalus, and Amara, a new species ;
Anchomenus, Badisier, Bembidum, Omaseus anthracinus,
and several others ; Synuchus vivalis ; Odontonyx rotmidi-
colUs ; Elater pectinicorms, cupreus, tessellatus, nigrinus,
testaceus, sputator, rufipes, holosericeus, murinus, ruficaudis,
rnarginaitis, Ihnbatus, &c. ; several Malthinus and Anaspis ;
abundance of Tetrops prceusta, Bombylius ctenopterus, Ta-
banus micans.

18th. We paid another visit to Dinmore Hill, and were more
fortunate in the weather than on the former occasion. We took
a great number of Pachyta octomaculata in the same locality as
before ; Lamprias chlorocephala ; JEgeria culiciformis, both
sexes. On returning through the meadows we took some good
Diptera ; Bombylius, major and minor, in the standing grass ;
Criorhina asilica, and Berberina on Umbelliferce ; a single
specimen of Gomphus vulgatissimus, a great number of Tele-
pliorus flavilabris : we also killed a very large female adder,
rather a rarity in this county.

19th. Rained all day, or nearly so. We ventured out for
about an hour, and took Sphceriestes ater ; Xyletinus slriatus,
on a gate-post ; Sinodendron cylindricum, in a decayed willow ;
Coccinella globosa, on a blade of grass ; and, in the evening,
Abraxas ulmata, and a fine specimen of Chaonia dodonea,
in Eton Wood.

20th. It rained in torrents all last night : but notwithstanding
this, and the black and threatening appearance of the clouds,
we ventured once more to Olden Barn. In addition to the
former captures, we obtained Osmylus maculatus (fine speci-
mens) and Polyommatus Acis ,- of the latter rare butterfly, five
specimens only, four of which were females : we found them in
a rich meadow, on a hill-side. We took Chrysotoxum arcua-
tum, Epipotie spinipes, and several other Diptera and Hyme-
noptera : we swept Magdalis ater out of the grass ; Tethea
duplaris off the alder, &c. &c. We saw it raining continually,
during the day, on all sides of us, but were fortunate enough to
escape.

21st. We repeated our visit to Briarly, and had a finer day.
Our principal takes were, Cephus satyrus, Sapyga sexpunctato,
Ino statices, Euclidia Glyphica and Mi, Tachina viridis,

60 ALPHABET OF INSECTS.

Porphyrops fenestratus ; the last was sporting over the path-
ways, the moisture of which it seemed completely to enjoy.
They were in great numbers, and resembled little animated
pieces of silver dancing about gracefully in the air. In the
afternoon we took Pogonocherus nebulosus on a blade of grass,
and the larva of Ccttocala promissa on the stem of an oak.

22nd. Thoroughly wet day. During a short interval of rain,
walked to the river Pinsley : found it overflowing its banks,
and observed some Coleoptera crawling up the blades of grass
out of the way of the water ; took several Liophlceus nubilus^
and one fine specimen of Cistela Ceramboides.

23rd. Wet morning : started for Worcester.

24th. Dry blowing day.

25th. This day we had scarcely an hour's rain. We
started early in the morning; and, after breakfasting at Mal-
vern, ascended the hills. After the Snowdonians, these little
turfy lumps, which one might run up, without taking breath,
appeared insignificant. The view from the top, over Hereford-
shire and Worcestershire, is very rich. We found but few
entomological rarities: — Elater (sneus, Notiophilus quadri-
punctatus, Cychrus rostratus, &c., and an immense quantity
of the larvae of Cucullia verbasci on the Verbascum nigrum.

26th. We left Worcester per mail; and 27th, arrived in
London.

N.

Art. X. — Alphabet of Insects, for the Use of Beginners.

By James Rennie, M. A. Professor of Zoology, King's

College. William Orr. London. 1832.
A little work, briefly, accurately, and familiarly explaining
the first rules or principles of Entomology, has become quite
a desideratum to the science. The number of students has of
late years rapidly increased, while the diffusion of information
has by no means kept pace with the desire to obtain it. An
Entomological Primer, or Grammar, was loudly called for ;
and it was a matter of importance that it should be published
at so easy a price, that no objection could possibly arise on
that score, even from those to whom the outlay of a few
shillings was a matter of consideration. The name of Mr.
Rennie, as Professor of Zoology at King's College, and as a

ALPHABET OF INSECTS. 61

public lecturer on this particular branch, seemed of itself
a recommendation, especially to numbers of young persons,
who had been delighted with the wonders they had heard
of, for the first time, from the Professor's own lips. Every
circumstance, therefore, combining to induce the public to
patronize the Alphabet of Insects immediately on its appear-
ance, it becomes the duty of an impartial critic to point out
how far it is really worthy of that patronage : in doing this, we
shall excuse ourselves from making any comments on the
censures bestowed by the author on Cuvier, Latreille, Kirby,
MacLeay, Swainson, and other eminent naturalists, and
endeavour to ascertain whether his own knowledge of the
subject will warrant him in speaking of these gi-eat men so
disparagingly.

We find, at p. 18, the antenncs of an insect called its ears,
without any previous explanation of the Professor's reasons
for making this grand alteration in the supposed use of an
organ ; an alteration which strikes an entomological reader as
forcibly as though he found in a figure, representing the human
fi-ame, the hands called eyes, or the eyes hands. Naturally
anxious for the explanation of so strange a supposition, we
searched through the book, and found the following para-
graphs bearing on the subject : —

" The sense of touch has been, by many, supposed to reside in
the organs I have ventured to call the ears, which have thence been
termed feelers : but the evidence on which this rests is slight and
unsatisfactory ; for the bending of the ears forward, and moving
them in walking, seem to be for the purpose of listening." Pp.79, 80.

" For the brief reasons assigned under ' Touch,' and for others
deduced from dissection and experiment, I have ventured to call the
ears two horn -like organs, always situated near the eyes, to which
various incongruous functions have been assigned. As I have little
doubt these organs will one day be proved to be ears, I think it will
direct attention more decidedly to them by at once terming them
ears, than by leaving them open to all sorts of crude fancies, so easy
to form, but so detrimental to correct inquiry." Pp. 80, 81.

We request our reader to give his attention to this. The
bending of the antennce forward, and moving them in walk-
ing, is sufficient reason, the Professor thinks, for their being
considered ears ! The reasons deduced from dissection and

G2 ALPHABET OF INSECTS.

experiment, when adduced, shall receive our attention ; until
then, our own positive knowledge, and the corroborating testi-
mony of all great naturalists, will inAxxce us to believe, as before,
that insects use antennae as feelers, and not as ears. The idea
that it will direct attention more decidedly to them, by at once
terming them ears, is erroneous. If you assign an improbable,
we may say, impossible use to any member, it merely excites
ridicule, not attention. We could readily prove that the
antennse are feelers, if it were an object of importance ; but
the occasion before us does not call for argument.
We proceed : —

" Each bone of other animals, moreover, is well known by a dis-
tinct name : but the pieces of the skin in insects have only been
recently examined ; and the few names already given to the pieces
are not well determined, and still in much confusion." P. 20.

We know not whether the Professor be really ignorant of
the profound, accurate, and invaluable labours of entomologists
on the '•' pieces of the skin" (what an expression!), or whether
he fancies he has detected some error in them : we strongly
suspect the former. This, however, we do know, that the
subject is one which has been thoroughly and most satisfac-
torily elaborated.

" The human skin is formed of three layers, the scarf skin, the
mucous net-work, and the inner skin. In insects only two layers
are usually obvious, the inner somewhat resembling the mucous net-
work of the human skin, and, like that, being the membrane of
colour." P. 21.

We have the learned work before us, from which these
observations are taken : it is a most valuable and accurate
remark, but is not applied to insects. It refers to Annelida, a
totally different class of animals ; and it happens, most unfortu-
nately, to be the exact opposite of what holds good in insects,
as our Professor would have perceived further on in the same
work. The colouring matter is the uppermost coat of all in
insects, and is spread very thinly over the surface ; so much so,
that it may often be scraped off with a knife, or even washed
off with spirits of wine.

*' A considerable number of insects are clothed with hair or down,
inserted, as in other animals, into the skin. It seems useful in keep-

ALPHABET OF INSECTS. 63

ing bees warm ; in preventing the water from soaking into water-
beetles : and may also possess electrical uses which we cannot trace."
P.21.

Insects are cold-blooded animals: no cold injures them:
water beetles are without hair or down. The electrical uses
of the hair we leave, until the Professor has invented a theory
on this point.

" Most of the names " (of the parts of the thorax) " are confused,
inappropriate, and bad. I shall endeavour to be as plain and simple
as I can." P. 25.

The Professor, in his laudable endeavour to be simple, uses
such expressions as " fore-back-plate," " hind-breast-plate,"
" six pair of flanks," " haunches," &c. in the thorax ; terms
which, were they to come into use, would render the science
a mass of unintelligible contradiction.

" Note. — In Latin, Epistoma. In Latin, Epimera." P. 27.

We need hardly say, these are not Latin at all. The Pro-
fessor derides scientific names whenever he happens to know
them. All the synonyms thus given are equally inaccurate.

" In beetles, and some other insects, the abdomen is joined to the
corslet," (the Professor's name for thorax,) " without any joint to
permit motion." P. 35.

This blunder we have before seen in print : the Professor,
therefore, may plead plagiarism as his excuse. Need we say,
that in beetles it is not the case. " Other insects " we leave,
until we are informed what insects.

We frequently find the Professor sadly out in the application
of descriptive terms : he says, the ears (antennse) are, " as to
their direction, stiff or flexible," p. 38 ; " as to their form,
downy, bristly, or hairy," p. 39.

After hinting at the theories of Lamarck and Savigny, of
one race improving or degenerating into another, and adding
that " English naturalists are far behind in logic and gene-
ralizing," the Professor proceeds : —

" I have stated this in order to prevent misconception, which,
from the imperfection of terms, is but too apt to mislead a genuine
field-observer, and is certain to mystify and bewilder a compiler or
a cabinet naturalist." P. 43.

CA ALPHABET OF INSECTS.

We know not what " is stated to prevent misconception :"
we leave our readers to discover. We acknowledge " mis-
conception is apt to mislead a genuine field-observer ; and is
certain" (the "Alphabet of Insects" is an excellent example)
" to mystify and bewilder a compiler."

" These jointed members " (the palpi) " are called feelers, though
the term is objectionable, because their use is not well ascertained."
P. 44.

This is admirable, after the antennae have been called by
the Professor " ears," because they are bent forward and
moved in walking. The Professor considers their use well
ascertained.

" I think the feelers " (palpi) " on the under jaw, &c. may be
more plausibly considered the organs of touch." P. 80.

This is very like a contradiction to the last quotation we
gave ; but we find the Professor not very particular on these
subjects : perhaps he will explain it.

" In earwigs, there is a forked member on the last ring, the blades
of which are moveable, and which are " (the Professor is not at all
nice about grammar,) " said to be used for folding up (rather, I
should think, for unfolding) the wings, which are, for the most
part, concealed under the short wing cases." P. 57.

The forceps not only is not, but cannot, be used for any
such purpose. This idea, to a naturalist, is perfectly ludicrous.

" It" (the winglets or alulae,) " is sometimes double ; that is, two
to each wing, like a bivalve shell. It" (we understand the Pro-
fessor has a Conspectus of Grammar in a state of great forwardness)
*' does not, as has been supposed, produce the buzzing of flies."
P. 55.

That these alulae do produce the loud buzzing noise made
by flies, recent experiments have proved almost beyond a
doubt. The fact has for years been considered as settled ; and
we know not what right the Professor has thus to contradict
an established fact, without even condescending to attempt
a reason for so doing.

" Consequently, there is not, and cannot be, any real or direct
circulation of blood in insects ; though a claim to the discovery of
such a circulation has been lately made, upon very slight grounds,
by Professor Cams, of Dresden." P. 67.

ALPHABET OF INSECTS. '65

This is an interesting subject. The circulation of blood in
insects has been, until lately (notwithstanding the remarks of
Professor Carus), considered very doubtful. The brilliant
discovery has, however, been at length made by an English
naturalist, J. Bowerbank, Esq. ; and it is found to be as
beautifully perfect, and the pulsations as regular, as in the
human system. Mr. Bowerbank has delighted us by a sight
of this extraordinary phenomenon ; and we trust shortly to see
a statement of it in detail laid before the public. The Pro-
fessor was rather hasty in the conclusion, that there " cannot
be a circulation of blood in insects." We did not expect the
Professor would be aware of the fact ; but he need not have
decided on its impossibility. It has a long time been known,
by naturalists, that circulation must exist, to prevent the
putrefying consequences of stagnation; but its existence has
hitherto, we acknowledge, wanted proof.

" Insects have the two sexes as distinct as the larger animals ;
and, in many respects, are similar to birds, as far as pairing is con-
cerned." P. 82.

We have been practical collectors of insects for thirty years,
and have not met with these instances of pairing, or any in-
stances of similarity to birds. The fact, which we are not now
disposed to dilate on, is the reverse of the statement.

At p. 90, and sequel, we find the Professor changes the usual
terms. Larva, Pupa, and Imago, to " Infancy/ of Insects,"
" Adolescence of Insects," and " Adult stage of Insects,"
because he will never adopt Latin or Greek words, when
Saxon ones can be obtained, and because he considers that
" of all vulgarities, pedantic vulgarity is the most offensive." (!)
p. xii.

" Butterflies seldom live longer than a few days." P. 97.

Rhamni lives twelve months; lo, Atalanta, Cardui, Poly-
chloros, &c., nine months ; the other British butterflies, two to
three months.

Professor Rennie concludes his Alphabet by abusing system-
makers and systems without mercy. He rejects the system of
Fabricius as complex, that of Linn^us as indistinct, and
modern systems as hypothetical ; and then gives us his own
views of the subject. He describes the bee-parasite, Stylops,

NO. I. VOL. II. K

DO MONOGRAPHIA ^EGERIARUM ANGLIC.

as having " four unequal wings, the first and second pair
hooked together." p. 102. Stylops has but two wings : they
are not hooked together.

" Wingless insects. 1. Those with the hind legs formed for leap-
ing ; bed-fleas, bird-fleas, dog-fleas. Note. — In Latin, Thysanura
(Leach).

" 2. Those with tail bristles, formed for leaping. In Latin,
Anoplura, (Leach)." P. 104.

The Thysanura of Dr. Leach, and subsequent writers, have
not their hind legs formed for leaping. The order does not
include bed-fleas, bird-fleas, or dog-fleas. The Anoplura of
Leach, and others, have no bristles formed for leaping; nor
has any previous author so asserted. The words Anoplura
and Thysanura are Greek, not Latin.

Here we bid the Alphabet " farewell." Had it been written
by an unknown hand, we had passed it by as unworthy of
notice. As it is, the popularity of the author entitles him to a
review ; and we have, to the best of our abilities, given him
a fair one. On the Continent, we fear this work will be
considered a specimen of British research in this science, be-
cause emanating from a Professor of Zoology. By this article,
our neighbours will see the value in which the Professor's
fellow-countrymen estimate his labours.

To British Entomologists we feel we ought to apologize
for having so long detained them over so worthless a publica-
tion: but we can assure them the task is any thing but a
grateful one, and has been undertaken solely from a sense of
imperative duty.

Art. XL — Monographia j^geriarum Anglic^. By Edward

Newman.

[Obs. This article was intended as a supplementary chapter to " Sphinx
Vespiformis ;" but a difficulty in unravelling some of the synonyms prevented
its appearance with that work, and a hasty and very imperfect conclusion was
published in its place : supposing this chapter added, the previous one would
have terminated at p. 51, with the words " pointed out."]

The divisions and subdivisions in Natural History are, and
ever must be, in some degree, subject to the caprice of the
nomenclaturist. It is his duty to examine carefully what has
previously been done, — to reject what is worthless, — to retain

MONOGRAPHIA .EGERIARUM ANGLI/^. 67

what is valuable, — to invent, where there exist previously no
intelligible combinations. A writer, who fears to innovate
where he finds innovation necessary, fails in his duty to the
public, as much as he, who, for the temporary fame it may
bestow, proposes genera and species, which, before the dis-
criminating eye of science, fall instantly to the ground.

The adoption of natural orders, or rather the formation of
natural orders, out of the genera or sub-genera of Linnaeus,
was, when I ventured to propose it but a few weeks since,
considered visionary and problematical : now, I am happy to
find, that feeling is fast dying away, and the necessity for some
such division is rapidly becoming obvious to all.

The division of natural orders into natural families, never
exceeding seven in number, is the next step : and here let me
remark, that occasional deficiency in the number seven is no
objection ; while the detection of a greater number of fami-
lies, in a supposed natural order, will at once prove that that
order is not established on sound characters. The natural
order Cossi, of which the larva and pupa have been already
described,'' contains but four families, at present known as
inhabitants of this country. A fifth is European, and two
others, I have good reason to believe, exist in Extra-European
climates ; but I feel unwilling to hazard any opinion about
these at present. I shall not, therefore, even suggest names
for them ; knowing that what is done prematurely has, most
commonly, to be done twice.

Cliaracteres Familiarum.
Familia I. Adhuc ignota.

1 1. Palpi prominentes, triarticulati : antlia thorace
longior: antennae plerunique thorace lon-
giores, post medium crassiores: abdomen
plerumque barbatum : alae hyalinae . . . ^geriid.e, Steph.
III. Palpi minus prominentes, triarticulati : antlia
niilla : antennae thorace breviores, a basi ad
apicem gradatim attenuatae : abdomen bar-
batum : alae opacae Stygiid^, Newm.

IV. Palpi nulli: antlia nulla: antennae brevis-
simse, setaceae : abdomen baud barbatum :
alae anticae opacae, posticae semi-hyalinae . Hepialid.e. Steph.
V. Adhuc ignota.

* Sphinx Vespiformis, p. 41.

bo MONOGRAPHIA ^GERIARUM ANGLI.^.

VI. Palpi indistinct!, fere nulli : antlia nulla: an-
tenna? breves, setacese, a basi ad medium
bipectinatcB: abdomen baud barbatum : alae

semi-hyalinae Zbuzerid^e, Ncwm.

Vll. Palpi distincti, triarticulati : antlia nulla:
antennae mediocres, sub-pectinatae : abdo-
men baud barbatum CossiD^. Newm.

These families correspond with the five genera described by
M. Latreille in the Regne Animal, under the names Seaies,
Stygies, Hepiales, Zeuz^res, and Cossus ; all of them are
good, well-defined, and distinct groups ; and, in the ojnnion
of that eminent Entomologist, are of equal value. I am the
more desirous of impressing this on my reader, because the
confining of families to a single species does, I acknowledge,
imply, to a cursory observer, the existence of a somewhat too
eager desire to subdivide.''

It will be observed, that, in these families, I adhere very
nearly to what has already been done by that excellent ento-
mologist, Mr. Stephens, whose arrangement of insects by far
excels any other that has yet been carried into detail. In
separating the genera Cossus and Zeuzera from HepialuSy
I am only doing what is absolutely necessary ; for the families
Ilepialidce and /Egeriidce are so complete and comj)act, when
limited in their contents to the genera Hepialus and xEgeria
of Fabricius, that the introduction of any other genus would not
only entirely destroy their uniformity, but would completely
nidlify any characters designed for these beautifully isolated
groups, by making them too comprehensive.

Mr. Stephens's family, yEgeriidcc, seems to me, in every
respect, a natural family ; and I may add, that this, and the
neighbouring families, Sesiidre, Zygcenidce, HesperihUc, &c.
are excellent examples of this kind of group. In saying this,
I do not pretend to know to what foreign genera Mr. Stephens
would extend these families ; I speak of them only as regards
their British contents.

Familia II. i^GERiiD^, Stephens.

Genus Sphinx, Linnceus. i^^GERiA, Fabricius.

Trochilium, Scopoli. Sesia, Laspet/res.

Ovum — subglobosiuu glabrum.

'' It may be observed there are many exotic species of each I'amily.

MONOGRAPHIA ^GERIARUM ANGLIC. 69

Larva — subpubescens, pallida capite obscuriore, subdepressa, antice
incrassata, postice attenuata : pedibus sedecim, sex thoracicis,
corneis, glabris, acuminatis, validis: octo abdominalibus verruci-
formibus ; duobus posticis porrectis inutilibus : habitu Prioni vel
Cerambycis larvae non dissimilis : admodum pigra, et ob exili-
tatem pedum intermedloriim fere meatu expers : victus e cor-
tice, medulla lignoque arborum et fruticum, in quibus vias sibi
exeavat : domicilium suum non nisi metamorphosin aditura re-
linquit : metamorphosin aut in terra ad radices arborem et fruti-
cum, in quibus vitam degerat, aut in ipsa vetere habitatione
subit in folliculo serico cylindrico, terra vel scrobe aucto in quo
per aliquot hebdomadis baud mutata quiescit.

Pupa — elongata, cylindrica, scabra ; abdominis utrumque seg-
mentum duabus ordinibus dentium minutorum, peracutorum
dorso armatum; in motibus vivida.

Imago — palpis triarticulatis basi incrassatis, apice acuminatis ; an-
tliam corneam, involutam, filiformem, bifidam includentibus : anten-
nis subcylindricis, ante apicem incrassatis, apice ipso acuminatis,
fasciculoque setarum aliquot rigidarum praeditis : ocellis duabus
hemisphericis, pellucidis, minutissimis, ad superiorem oculorum
marginem : abdomine elongato cylindrico, apice saepius barba tri-
loba instructo : "{Dedibus longioribus, spinis armatis : alis anticis
angustioribus, posticis brevioribus, omnibus plerumqvie hyalinis :
vivacissima ; miranda velocitate radiis solaribus volat, sedendo
tamen florum nectar haurit, sub perpetua alarum abdominis pe-
dumque motione : coitus diurnus in floribus saepe diu durans.*^

These characters are, I conceive, sufficiently clear ; yet it
may be as well to point out the real differences between this
groujD and those to which they appear to approach. The
family /Egeriidce bears a very close resemblance to the Hy-
menopterous subclass Tenthredo. It must be evident that
in tliis case there can be no real relationship ; a glance at the
primary characters '' of each will shew at once that they belong
to distinct and distant classes : yet if we take apparently ap-
})roaching genera or species from each group, and arrange them
side by side, the similarity is so striking and so continual, that

'^ These characters, as well as those of species hereinafter given, are in part
taken from Laspeyre's Sesice Europece ; but in no instance without a comparison
of the characters there given witli nature ; and additions, omissions, or alter-
ations have been made wherever they appeared desirable.

■^ Sphinx Vesj)iformis, p. 23. Character of imago.

70 MONOGRAPHIA ^GERIARUM ANGLIC.

something more tlian accident must have induced it. A design,
a trace of system, is undeniable ; every pecuHarity of form and
colour, possessed by one group, is assumed in so extraordinary
a manner by the other. In this country, the tracing of these
similarities from indigenous specimens is attended with some
diflficulty, owing to the paucity of our species ; yet the similarity
between y^JEgeria Apiformis and Cimbex or Sirex, and between
Co?iojjia Myopceformis and Tenthredo neglectus, &c. is too
obvious to escape the notice of the most cursory and superficial
observer. This similarity is one to which the term "analogy"
might, with some reason, be applied. Analogy is a term, as I
have before stated,*^ generally misplaced, and scarcely ever un-
derstood. To be clearly intelligible it ought to mean, a super-
ficial shnilaritf/, which fails before the test of distinguishit/g
primary characters ;—\w fact, precisely such a similarity as
exists between an ^geria and a Tenthredo ; whilst affinity, —
a word equally misapplied, — might be defined a positive simi-
lariiy in intrinsic characters, whether these characters be
derived from either larva, pupa, or imago separately, or com-
bine a description of all the three. Analogy extends no farther
than to colour, size and general form, — in fact, to those most
trivial of all distinctions by which we separate varieties, or
perhaps sometimes species. Affinity, on the contrary, is to be
ascertained only by a reference to those higher characters by
which genera, families, orders, sub-classes, or classes are to be
distinguished. Thus the same specific character might answer
equally well for a Tenthredo or an /Egeria;^ but no generic,
or higher characters could possibly be applied with equal, or
with any propriety to a genus of /Egeriida', or a genus of
Tenthredinidce. Therefore the similarity between /Egeria
and Tenthredo is an excellent instance of analogy, as it ought
to be understood; — the relationship between the families is
evidently none.

Of a very different character is the relation between the
.Egeriidce and the Sesiidce, which, it will be observed by a
reference to the diagram,^ are placed in close contact; yet

^ Sphinx Vespiformis, p. 47. See also pp. 26, 27.

f For example, iEgeria aut Tenthredo, Sp. rubro-cingulata. Antenncc nigra
nidcnpicem alba: thorax niger, lima lalerali alblda: abdomen nigrum, cingulo rubra:
femora 7iigra: tibia nigra, macula extus alba : tarsi nigri : alls hijalinis, vents ?iigris.

s Sphinx Vespiformis, facing p. Jl.

MONOGRAPHTA ^GERTARUM ANGLIC. /I

even here the clifFerences are so decidedly marked, that, as I
have ah'eady stated,'' I think even this approach, obvious as it
is, ought to be considered a relation of analogy rather than of
affinity. The perfect insects, it is true, in both families, fly
in the hottest sunshine, — live on the nectar of flowers, over
which they hover, spreading their equally fan-like tails, and
humming with their equally transparent wings ; yet the Sesio',
like swallows, are ever on the wing : with porrected trunk
they rifle the nectary of a flower without even attempting to
settle. The j^gerics, on the contrary, must always settle
before they can even unroll their trunk. The Sesice prefer
Didynamious, — the JEgerice, Syngenesious, or Umbelliferous
flowers ; but, from habit, (to revert, as we ought, to metamor-
phosis,) we find the Sesia; are produced from conspicuous
highly-coloured larva, which have invariably their penultimate
segment enlarged, and bearing a hard recurved horn ; which
have six corneous and pointed, and ten fleshy and strongly
prehensile feet ; which feed on leaves in the autumn, and,
burying themselves in the earth, change, without a web, into
perfectly smooth and motionless pupae; and remain in that
state through the winter, and until the following summer. The
^gerice are produced from almost colourless maggots, which
have the penultimate segment diminished, and without any
horn; which have six corneous and pointed, and ten wart-
like and almost useless feet ; which feed in the interior of
the trunks of trees, throughout the winter and spring, and
then, spinning a cocoon among their food, change into re-
markably rough and vivacious pupae, which, in ten or twelve
days, produce perfect insects. Here, then, is an approach,
too decided to escape the notice of even a tyro, and sufficiently
close to have been acknowledged by all entomological writers,
as one of affinity, yet totally unsupported by any intrinsic cha-
racters, whether of larva, pupa, or even of imago ; ' for, on a
minute investigation, we shall find that here, too, all trace of
similarity is lost.

Excepting in the prior states of larva and pupa, there is but
little connexion to be found between the ^geriidce and the

^ Sphinx Vespiformis, p. 42.

' It should be remarked that the Sesiidce have the biarticulate palpi of a
Sphinx, — the jEgeriida, the triarticulate palpi of a Phalcena. The neurations of
the wings, also, evince a decided distinction.

72 MONOGRAPHIA ^GERIARUM ANGLI.E.

Other families which I have arranged in the same natural
order. I am inclined to believe that many genera, formerly
intervening, have become extinct, or are yet undiscovered : the
most marked hiatus is between the JEgertidce and the Zeuze-
rklce, the central Cossidce being evidently, though not nearly,
related to both of them ; to the ^geriidce, by similarities in
the palpi and antennae ; to the Zeuzeridre, by similarities in
the antennas, legs, and wing nervures, and by the total want
of mouth.

Another family having been formerly coupled with the one
now under consideration, by one of the most talented ento-
mologists that this or any other country has ever produced, I
must not pass it by quite unnoticed. I allude to the genus
Zygcena of Fabricius, included, by Dr. Leach, with JEgeria,
under the name ZygcBnidce; and Mr. Samouelle, compiling
from Dr. Leach's papers, in his Compendium, assigns as a
character to the family, " palpi long, separate, covered with
long scales, or porrected hair.""* These characters apply but
very indifferently to Zygcena ; and its whole habits and eco-
nomy' are at variance with those oi JEgeria.

Such, then, are the characters, and such the relations, real
and supposed, of the family j^geriidcc. After all, so weak
are the bonds of alliance, — so far removed the only supposable
approaches, that the family must be considered one of the
most isolated that natui'al history affords ; and as such I will
now consider it, and only treat of it in relation to itself.

Following out the Septenary System, we look for a type or
centre, around which to arrange all the species we ai-e at pre-
sent acquainted with. This offers, in SpJiinx A/nformis"^ of
Linnaeus ; and consequently, a genus to contain that species
must be central, and six other genera arranged round it, or
vacancies left should a deficiency appear. I fear there are
those who will disapprove of further generic division in this
family: but I think I have from the first been tolerably re-
gardless of the opinions of others, and it is now too late to
swerve from my object in order to propitiate private favour ;
and I would wish those who are ever ready to cavil on this

'' Entomologist's Useful Compendium, p. 244.
' Sphinx Vespiformis, pp. 35, 36.

" When the Septenary System is thus reduced to units, as I may say, I find
the largest species is invariahly the type or centre.

MONOGRAPHIA .T-GERIARUM ANGLI^E. 78

point, to examine before condemning. It is my own opinion
that a genus should be estabhshed for every species whose pri-
mary characters differ from those of its congeners : in the present
instance it will be found, by a reference to exotic specimens,
that none of the proposed genera are confined to single species ;
and, in three instances, the number of species amounts to seven.
Five of the genera were established by M. Hubner in 1816."
The addition to the number, on my part, only amounts to two;
and these two, I trust, will stand the test of that scrutiny with
which, I doubt not, they will be favoured.

Characteres Generum.

Genus VII. Palpi breves: antlia brevis, quasi imper-
fecta : antennae thorace breviores, maris
pectinatae : abdomen crassum, haud bar-

batum tEgeria, Fab.

V. Palpi elongati, articulo ultimo nudo, sub-
tus emarginato : antennae thorace paulo
longiores, maris ciliatae : abdomen bar-
batum, maris barba compressa, femince

dilatata Pyropteron, Newm.

VI. Palpi elongati, articulis omnibus squama-
tis : antennae thorace vix longiores,
maris ciliatae : abdomen medio crassius,
vix barbatum Bembecia, Hubn.

I. Palpi elongati, articulo ultimo laevissimS
squamato : antennae thoracis longitudo,
maris subpectinatis : abdomen maris gra-
cile, femincB crassum et brevius, valdd

barbatum, barba dilatata Synanthedon, Hubn.

II. Palpi elongati: antennae thorace longi-
ores: abdomen utriusque sexiis gracile,
valdd barbatum ; barba triloba dilatata Trochilium, /Sco/;.

III. Palpi elongati: antennae thorace longi-

ores, tnaris ciliatae: abdomen maris
medio compressum, gracilissimum./emi-
na gracile, utriusque sexUs valdS bar-
batum: barba triloba dilatata . . . Conopia, Hubn.

IV. Palpi elongati subtus quasi angulati:

antennae thorace paulo breviores, maris
bipectinatae : abdomen crassum, vix
barbatum Paranthrene, Hubn.

" Proposed in the Ferseichniss bekaunter Schmetterlingen, 1816, where the
other genera which I have adopted will be found. I am indebted to J. F.
Stephens, Esq. for all the information I possess on the subject of these genera
NO. I. VOL. I. L

lb MONOGRAPHIA .EGERIARUM ANGLIC.

Genus VII. tEgeria, Fabrichis.

Palpi breves : antlia brevis, quasi imperfecta : antennas thorace
breviores, maris pectinatae : abdomen crassum. baud barbatum.

The typical genus, as might be expected, partakes more of
the characters of the typical family, than do any of its cognate
genera. The formation of the antennae is little more than a
modification of that of the antennae of Cossus : the beardless
and heavy abdomen, the imperfect mouth, the minute palpi,
and the general sluggish character, also evince the near rela-
tion of this family to the typical group. The restoration of
the original name to this genus is unavoidable. The name
Trochilium" was first applied by Scopoli to the whole of
this family, and intended for those species to which I have
applied it, and not particulai'ly to the species Apiformis
and Bembeciformis. The Fabrician genus j^igeria, also
comprised the whole Family. Hubner was the first who sepa-
rated these two species under the name, Sphecia, which
name I should, as a matter of course, have adopted, had not I
considered it imperative to give the Fabrician name to the
typical genus, i. e. to the species which Fabricius himself
considered typical : moreover, the family having already re-
ceived the name j^geriidce, it is important that its central and
typical genus should retain the derivative of that name.

Sp. 1. 7Eg. Apiformis. Palpi fiain: caput jlmnim : thorax
fusco-ater, antice maculis duabus fiatis : abdomen flavum
cingtdis fusco-atris.

Apiformis. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 804. Sp. 29.

Id. Bork. Fab. De Geer. Esper. hasp. Haw. &c.

Id. Steph. III. {Haust.) Vol. 1. p. 137. Sp. 1.

Id. Curtis, B.E. 372**.

of Hubner, and could not have given them here, had it not been for that gentle-
man's kind assistance. I should, perhaps, however mention, that I do not know
on what characters Hubner's Genera are founded ; my own were divided and
arranged as at present, before I was aware that that great Lepidopterist had
previously gone over the same ground.

" Trochilium was applied to this group from their fancied resemblance to
liumming-birds, and is not appropriate to Apiformis and Bembeciformis, nor
intended to refer to them: these were included to save sub-division. Vid.
Scopoli's Entomologia Carniolica.

MONOGRAPHIA .EGERIARUM ANGLIC. 75

Caput flavum : palpi flavi : antennae fusco-nigrse, subtus ad basin
ferrugineae, interdum flavescentes : thorax fusco-niger, antice
maculis duabus quadratis, postice duabus minoribus obscuriori-
bus flavis : abdomen flavum, segmentis primo quartoque fuscis,
reliquis tantum margine fuscis, quinto ultimisque duobus in
dorso fuscescentibus : femora intus fusca, extus flava : tibiae
fulvae, incrassatag : genua fusca : tarsi fulvi : alas anticag hyalinas,
supra testaceo subtilissime irroratae, basi puncto flavo, venis mar-
ginibus lunulaque ferrugineo-fuscis, cilia fusca.

Habitat in Anglia, baud infrequens : larva albicans linea dorsali
obscura : sub corticem Populi nigrae et tremulae victitat : imago
diebus 23 ad 28 Junii insedens truncis.

Sp. 2. Bembeciformis. Palpi fulvi, caput atriim, thorax
fuscus, collari flavo, abdomen flavum, cingulis duabus
fuscis.

Bembeciformis. Hub. T. XX. f. 98.

Id. Ochs. II. 126.

Id. Curtis, B. E. 372*.

Crabroniformis. Lewin. Haw.

Id. Stejjh. III. {Haust.) Vol. I. p. 138. Sp. 2.

Caput atrum : palpi fulvi : antennae nigrae, subtus ad basin ferrugi-
nese : thorax fusco-ater, collari punctisque duabus flavis : abdo-
men flavum, cingulis duabus fusco-ferrugineis : femora fusca :
tibiae fulvae incrassatae : tarsi fulvi : alae hyalinae, flavescentes,
venis marginibus strigaque transversa ferrugineis.

Habitat in Anglia rarissime : larva albicans puncto fusco in pluri-
mis segmentis versus pedes : sub corticem Salicis capreae victitat :
pupa fusca : imago Julio insedens in truncis.

The specific name, Crabromformis, given to this insect by
Lewin, appears to have been prior to the one I have adopted ;
but that name having been previously assigned to a species of
the genus Paranthrene, it cannot be retained for the present
insect.

Genus V. Pyropteron, Newman.

Palpi elongati, articulo ultimo nudo, subtus emarginato : antennae
thorace paulo longiores, maris ciliatae : abdomen barbatum, maris
barba compressa, JemincB dilatata.

This appears to me to be a most decided genus, the remark-
able structure of the apical joint of the palpi being so very

76 MONQGRAPHIA ^GERIARUM ANGLIiE.

different from that of any other species with which I am
acquainted ; yet M. Hubner has not thought proper to separate
it from his genus Bembecia, which combined this species with
those in the two following genera.

Sp. 1. Pyrop. Chrysidiforme. Palpi baseos nigri, aptce
ochracei nudi : abdomen nigrum cinguUs duabus albidis:
alcB squamoscE crocecs, macula lineari hyal'ma.

Chrysidiformis.. De Villars, Ent. Lin. T. II. p. 103. n. 28.
Tab. 4. Fig. 18.
Id. Bork. Esper. Hub. Haw. Ochs.

Id. Stephens, III {Haust.) Vol.1, p. 141. Sp.4.

Palpi baseos hirsuti nigri, apice nudi pallide fulvi : antennae fusco-
nigrae, subtus dilutiores basi albae : thorax niger, pectus nigrum
immaculatum : abdomen nigrum, cingulis duabus albidis : barba
nigra, media parte lutea : femora nigra : tibiae croceae : tarsi
flavescentes : alae anticae supra squamosae croceae, linea longi-
tudinali medio hyalina, marginibus et macula nigris.
Habitat in Mauritania et Italia frequens : in Gallia australi raris-
sime.

I have described this insect, more because I wished to give
an example of the genus, than from any conviction of its
being a native of this island. It appears to have obtained a
place in a cabinet as British ; but it seems scarcely probable
that an African insect, although naturalized on the warm shores
of the Mediterranean, should have found its way into our colder
climate. It was a common and very culpable practice of col-
lectors formerly, to fill the spaces left in their cabinets for rare
British insects, with some foreign species nearly allied to the
British ones that were wanting; a circumstance which sub-
tracts greatly from the value of all old specimens, the history
of which has not been authentically recorded at the time of
capture. This species is closely allied in habit to the fore-
going ; it is a heavy dull insect : Laspeyres describes it as
" pigrum et sensu fere expers." It also very nearly ap-
proaches the genus which follows ; and to the genus Paran-
threne several characters pronounce its relationship.

Genus VI. Bembecia, Hubner.

Palpi elongati, articulis omnibus squamatis : antennae thorace vix
lomjiores, maris ciliatae : abdomen medio crassius, vix barbatum.

MONOGRAPHIA iEGERIARUM ANGLIC. t i

This is another genus, which 1 have ventured to separate
from the Bembecia of Hubner, retaining, however, his name,
as the only British species referable to it is the one to which
that author has assigned the leading or typical situation.
Its beardless abdomen is an excellent character, and demon-
strates its natural situation to be between the typical JEgeriee
and those Phalcence, which are entirely without this peculi-
arity.

Sp. 1. Bemb. Ichneumoniformis. Palpi flavi, abdomen fus-
cmn cingulis sex flavis, alls apicibus maculaque media
fulvis.

Ichneumoniformis. Fab. Ent. Sysf. T. III. P. I. p.385. n. 22.

Id. Fuess. BorJc. &c.

Id. Curtis, B. E. 5S.

Id. Steph. III. {Haust.) Vol. I. p. 140. Sp. 3.

Vespiformis . . . Esper. Haw. &c.

Palpi lutei, apice fuscescentes : antennae maris fuscae, medio paulo
pallidiores, femince medio flavescentes, subtus ferruginea; : thorax
fusco-niger, collari, linea longitudinali et litura transversa juxta
abdominem flavis : pectus fuscum imraaculatum : abdomen fiis-
cum, maris sex, fem.ince septem cingulis flavis : barba valde,
indistincta ; fusca, medio pilis aliquot flavis : femora fusca : tibiae
fulvae, macula versus apieem nigra : tarsi supra flavi, subtus pal-
lide fusci : alee anticae supra venis et marginibus fuscis, puncto
ad basin, apiceque flavis : lunula transversa extus, margoque infe-
rior crocei.

Habitat in Anglia rarissime : larva adhuc ignota.

This insect varies very much in size, and in the colour of
the antennae. Mr. Bently has several specimens, which at first
sight appear somewhat different ; but, on examination, possess
all the distinguishing characters of this species.

Genus I. Synanthedon, Hubner.

Palpi elongati, articulo ultimo laevissime squamato : antennas tho-
racis longitudo, maris subpectinatis : abdomen maris gracile,
femince crassum et brevius valde barbatum, barba dilatata.

Sp. 1. Synan. CEstriforme. Palpi jlavi extus nigra linea,
abdomen nigrum, maris quatuor cingulis jlavis, barba
nigra, feminae tribus cingulis Jlavis, barba flava.

7b MONOGRAPHIA ^GERIARUM ANGLIC.

(Estriforrais. Naturforscher. VII. p. 109. n. 3.

Id. Esper. Europ. Schmelt. T. II. Tab. XXI 1 1. 1'
Sup. V. Fig. 3. p. 181.

Id. Bork. Hub. Pap. d Europ. Haw.

Cynipiformis. Esper. Bork. Haw. Ochs. {Sexus alter.)

Id. Stejih. III. {Haust.) Vol. I. p. 141. Sp. 5.

Vespiformis. Vieweg. Tab. Verz. Fuess. Laspeyres.

Asiliformis. Naturg. Bork.

Chrysorrhaea. Don. IV. PL 116. (S.)

Tipuliformis. Berken. Vol. I. p. 132. Sp. 9.

Palpi flavi, extus nigra linea : antennae nigras, articulo primo subtus
flavo : thorax niger, linea laterali longitudinali flava : pectus ma-
cula lateral! flava : abdomen nigrum, maris quatuor cingulis flavis
barba nigra, femince tribus cingulis flavis barba flava, femora
nigra: antica extus flava ; tibial flavae, annulo nigro : tarsi flavi :
alae anticse, supra ad basin puncto flavo, venis marginibus fas-
ciaque transversa intus nigris, apice fasciaque transversa extus
croceis.

Habitat in Anglia infrequens : larva albicans capite fusco, sub corti-
cem Quercus roboris et Betulse albae victitat : imago in Junii
diebus flores frequentens.

Genus II. Trochilium, Scopoli.

Palpi elongati : antennae thorace longiores : abdomen utrhisque
sexiis gracile, valde barbatum, barba triloba dilatata.

Sp. 1. Troch. Tipuliforme. Palpi supra nigri, subius flavi
abdomen nigrum, maris quatuor feminae tribus cingulis
flavis, alis apice late sed pallide inauratis.
Tipuliformis. Linn. Syst. Nat. II. p. 804. n. 32.

Id. V. Tab. Verz. Bork. De Geer. Fuess. Esper.

Hub. Hau\ hasp. Ochs. &c.
Id. Steph. III. {Haust.) Vol. I. p. 142.

Palpi supra nigri, subtus flavi : antennae nigrae : thorax niger, linea
laterali longitudinali flava : pectus macula laterali flava : abdomen

p The references to Esper and Hubner are frequently taken from Laspeyres'
SesicB Europa ; but, through the kindness of J. Curtis, Esq., I have, on a former
occasion, been able to compare these references with the works of those authors,
and have been satisfied of their accuracy. The references to Linnasus, Fabricius,
Borkhausen, Laspeyres, Ochsenheimer, Hawarth, Bcrkenhout, Kirbyand Spence,
Samouclle, Stephens, Curtis, &c., arc from the works of tliose authors.

MONOGRAPHIA ^GERIARUM ANGLIjE. 79

nigrum, maris cingulis quatuor angustissimis flavis, femincs
tribus : femora nigra : tibiaj nigrse, cingulo apicibusque flavis :
tarsi supra nigricantes macula flava, subtus flavescentes : alse
anticse supra venis marginibus fasciaque transversa latiori nigris,
apice late sed pallide inauratse, venis nigris.
Habitat in Anglia frequens : larva albida, capite pedibusque fus-
cescentibus, in medulla Ribis rubri victitat, et interitum efficit :
imago in flores involat.

Sp. 2. Troch. Muscaeforme. Palpi albicantes linea extus
apicibusque nigris, abdomen nigrmn, quinque aut sex cin-
gulis jlavescentibus.

Muscaeformis. Vieweg. Tab. Verz. I. p. 18. n. 9.

Id. Esjier. Europ. Schmet. T. II. Tab. XXXII.

Cont. VII. f.5.
Philanthiformis. La sp. Ses. Europ. XXI. p. 31. Fig. 25,26,
27, et 28.
Id. Ocks.

Palpi albicantes, linea extus et apicibus nigris : antennae fuscae, apice
nigricantes, medio pallidiores : thorax linea laterali longitudinal!
lutea : abdomen nigrum, cingulis quinque aut sex flavescentibus :
barba nigra, lateribus flavescentibus : femora nigra, luteo varia?
tibiae nigrae, medio et apicibus flavescentibus : tarsi lutescentes :
alae anticae supra venis marginibus fasciaque transversa nigris,
fascia transversa extus puncto fiavo.

Habitat in Anglia rarissime : in Europa frequens diebus Maii et
Junii in floribus, praecipue Thymi Syrpilli.

The only British specimen of this insect that I have seen or
heard of was taken in Devonshire, and is now in the cabinet
of J. F. Stephens, Esq. who kindly permitted me to take the
above description. The specimen is rather wasted, but I have
not the least doubt of its being the Muscceformis of Esper.
Its size is about that of the preceding species.

Sp. 3. Troch. Allan tiforme. Palpi supra nigri subtus flavi,
antennce nigrcB, abdomen nigrum cingulo Jlavo.

Allantiformis. Newmans MSS.

Palpi supra nigri, subtus flavi : antennae nigrae : thorax niger :
abdomen nigrum, cingulo flavo: barba medio flava, lateribus

80 MONOGRAPHIA ^GERIARUM ANGLI.E.

nigris : femora nigra : tibia? nigrce : tarsi fulvi, apicibus nigri-
cantibus : alae anticae venis marginibus fasciaque transversa
nigris, ciliis omnibus fuscis.
Habitat in Anglia rarissime.

The only British specimen of this insect that I have ever
seen or heard of, was taken at Greenhithe, by Mr. Chant, and
is now in that gentleman's cabinet: from this specimen, the
above description was taken by Mr. Chant's kind permission.
I am unable to find, in any work, a figure or description that
will agree with it. The Scoliceforims of Borkhausen, de-
scribed and figured in his Naturg. Euroj). Sc/wiet.,'^ and also
by Laspeyres, in his Sesice Europece^ more nearly approaches
it than any species with which I am acquainted ; but there are
still such decided diiferences, that I cannot venture to assign
it that name. ScoUceformis has the upper half of the antennae
of a pure white : in our insect they are black throughout. The
thorax of ScoUceformis has a yellow line on each side : this
is wanting in the insect before us. Again, ScoUceformis has
two yellow belts instead of one, and the beard of its abdo-
men is externally yellow instead of black. Now as only
females of ScoUceformis have yet been taken, and as Mr.
Chant's insect is a male, it is possible that they may be the
sexes of the same species ; but the differences are too great
to conclude that they are so, without some more sufficient
evidence.

Sp. 4. Troch. Sphegiforme. Antennce ante apicem albican-
tes, abdomen nigrum cingulo albido.

Sphegiformis. W. V. 305. 10.

Id. Fab. T. III. 383. n. 15.

Spheciformis. Boric. Hub. Esper. hasp. Haw.

Id. Steph. III. (Haust.) Vol. I. 140. Tab. XI. Fig. 1 .

Palpi supra nigri, subtus fiavi, apice nigricantes : antennas coeruleo-
nigrse, superne ante apicem albicantes : thorax cceruleo-niger,

1 Sphinx ScoUaformis. Alls fenestratis, anticis in medio macula magna rotunda
nigro-cyanea : abdomine fulvo barbato : antennii a medio usque ad apicem albis.
Borkhausen. Nat. Eur. Schmet., T. II. p. 173. n. 13. b. Vid. Tab. Fig. 2 et 3,
fern.

' Sesia Scoliaformis. Sesia alls hyalinis, anticarum marginibus maculaque nigris :
abdomine barbato nigro, cingulo flavo, barba crocea : antennis apice albis. Laspeyres.
Sesia Europece, N. VI. p. 13. Vid. Tab. Fig. 1 et 2. /<■/«.

MONOGRAPHIA EGERlARUM ANGLI.E. 81

linea laterali longitudinal! flava : pectus cceruleo nigrum macula
magna laterali flava': abdomen coeruleo-nigrum, cingulo albido :
femora nigra, antica extus ad basin flava: tibiae nigrae, spinis
luteis, posticae interne flavescentes : tarsi flavescentes nigro
irrorati: alae anticae hyalinae, supra apice, venis marginibus
fasciaqae transversa latiore nigris ; cilia fusco-cinerea.
Habitat in Anglia rarissime : imago reperitur Junii diebus involans
in flores, vel sedens in Betulae albae truncis, cujus ligno larva vic-
titat.

Mr. Stephens figures this species with two white belts.
Laspeyres describes it as having but one; and the British
specimens I have seen certainly have no more. Priority, as
well as grammar, in this instance, demand the restoration of
the original name.

Genus III. Conopia, Hubner.

Palpi elongati : antennae thorace longiores, maris ciliatae : abdomen
maris medio compressum gracilissimum, femince gracile, utrius-
que sexus valde barbatum, barba triloba dilatata.

This Genus differs from the foregoing, in having a single
red belt on the abdomen, and in having the abdomens of the
males very slender in the middle ; the palpi, also, are rather
more incrassated at the base, and have a slightly angulated
appearance, somewhat as in Paranthrene.

Sp. 1. Con. Myopaeformis. Palpi maris supra nigri, siihtus

albi, feminae toti nigri, abdomine cingulo coccineo.
Myopaeformis. Bork.Naturg. Europ. Schmet. T. 11. p. 169.
Culiciformis. Hub. Esper. Haw. Ochs.
Mutillaeformis. Lasp. Ses. Europ. Fig. 15, 16, et 17.

Id. Steph. III. (Haust.) Vol. I. p. U2. Sp. 7.

Stomoxyformis. Steph. III. {Haust.) Vol. I. p. 143. Sp. 9.
{femince var.)

Palpi maris supra nigri, subtus albi, feraincs toti nigri : antennas
nigrae : thorax coeruleo-niger : pectus macula magna laterali in-
aurata : abdomen coeruleo-nigrum, cingulo coccineo : femora nigra,
antica extus lineola alba : tibias nigrae : tarsi pallidiores : alas an-
ticas supra venis marginibus fasciaque transversa nigris.

Habitat in Anglia frequens, involans in floribus, et sedens in foliis
Rubi idaei, cujus medulla probabiliter larva victitat.

NO. I. VOL. I. M

82 MONOGRAPHIA .ECxERIARUlM ANGLIC.

Mr. Stephens appears to have confounded the female of this
species with the Stomoxyformis of Hubner ; from which, how-
ever, it may be at once distinguished by the want of two bright
red longitudinal lines on the thorax. I have carefully examined
the specimen described and figured by Mr. Stephens, and also
those in the cabinets of Mr. Davis and Mr. Chant,* and com-
pared them with others of my own taking, and I feel convinced
that they are all referable to the present species. Feminam
Stomoxyformis, Ste., mare Myopceformis, Bork., copula con-
junctam ter cepL

Sp. 2. Con. Formicaeformis. Palpi sujjra nigri snhtus fulvi,

alee anticce apice late ruhris.
Formicaeformis. Fsper. Europ. Schmet. T. II. Tab.
XXXII. Fig. Set 4.
Id. Bork. Lasp. Ochs.

Culiciformis. Scopoli.

Tenthrediniformis. Esper. et Bork. (altero loco.)
Formiciformis. Villars. Haw. Sleph. III. {Haust.) Vol. I.

p. 144. Sp. 10.
Palpi supra nigri, subtus fulvi : antennae nigrae : thorax niger : pectus

nigrum immaeulatum : abdomen nigrum , cingulo coccineo : femora

nigra : tibiae nigrae, cingulo albido : tarsi supra nigri, subtus

fulvi, apice pallidiores : alae anticae supra venis marginibus fas-

ciaque transversa nigris, costa et apex rubri.
Habitat in Anglia infrequens : larva subpubescens, albida, capite

caudaque fuscescentibus, in ramulis Salicis albae victitat : imago

salicetis.

The alteration of this name, as to the termination of the
derivative, appears to me to have been not only unnecessary,
but improper; Formica, not Formicus, being the generic
name whence the present trivial name is derived. I have
restored the original name.

Sp. 3. Con. Culiciformis. Palpi utriusque sexus snbtus

fulvi, abdomen nigrum cingulo coccineo.
Culiciliformis. Linn. Syst. Nat. II. p. 804. n.30.

Id. Bork. De Geer. Esjjer. Lasp. Ochs. &c.

Id. Steph. III. (Haust.) Vol. L p. 143. Tab. X.

Fig. 3.

' These specimens are referred to by Mr. Stephens as belonging to this species.
Illustrations of British Entomology, (Haust.) Vol. I. p. 144.

MONOGRAPHIA jEGERIARUM ANGLIC. 83

Palpi supra nigri, subtus fulvi : antennae cceruleo-nigrae : thorax
cceruleo-niger : pectus macula magna laterali fulva : abdomen
coeruleo-nigrum, cingulo coccineo : femora nigra: tibiae nigrae :
tarsi cinerescentes aut fulvescentes, apicibus nigricantibus : ala;
anticae supra versus basin fulvae, venis marginibus fasciaque
transversa nigris.

Habitat in Anglia: larva subpubescens, sordide alba capita fus-
cescente, sub corticem Pruni domestici et Pyri mali victitat :
imago in floribus praesertim Viburni opuli.

Genus VI. Paranthrene, Hubner.

Palpi elongati, subtus quasi angulati : antennae thorace paulo bre-
viores, maris bipectinatae : abdomen crassum, vix barbatum.
This genus differs also in having the anterior wings covered
with scales, and consequently opaque ; whereas, in every other
genus, they have an appearance of transparency: in the ap-
proaching genus, Pyropteron, that appearance is nearly lost.
Say, in his American Entomology,^ asserts that the opaque or
hyaline wings are merely a sexual distinction, — an assertion in
which facts certainly will not bear him out : and M. Laspeyres
suggests that all the A^geriidce have their wings more or less
clothed on leaving the chrysalis,"^ — a suggestion by no means
necessary, as the existence of perfectly hyaline wings is well
established among the Papiliones, Sphinges, 8fc.

Sp. 1. Paran. Vespiformis. Palpi nigri apice fluvi, abdo-
men nigrum, maris cingidis quinque, feminae tribus Jlavis.
Vespiformis. Linn. Sijst. Nat. II. p. 804. n. 31.
Asiliformis. Fab. Bork. V. T. V. Fuesslin. Hub. Esp. Pap.
d'Europ. Haw. Lasp. Ochs. &c.
Id. Steph. III. {Haust.) Vol. I. p. 139. Sp. I.

CEstriformis. Kirby and Spence, Int. to Ent. Vol. I. Tab. 3.
Fig. 2.

Palpi basi nigri, apice flavi : antennae nigrae, subtus testaceae, basi
flavas : thorax' niger, collari, litura laterali, punctoque ad alarum
anticarum basin flavis : abdomen nigrum, maris cingulis quinque
flavis alternis angustioribus : femince cingulis tribus, sequidis
tantibus flavis : barba vix conspicua atra, pilis aliquot flavis :

' Vid. Say's American Entomology, Vol. I. plate 19.

" Al(B specierum plurimarum, imo 7it opinor omnium, dum pupam relinquunt, minime
hyalina, sed polline subtillissimo, facile detergendo, adspersee sunt. Laspeyres,
Sesite Eiiropece. p. 3, nota, [6.]

84 VARIETIES.

femora nigra, postica basi flava ; tibiae spinosse, fulvae extus, ma-
cula nigra : tarsi flavi apicibus nigris : alse anticae squamosae,
fuscae, venis margineque superiori nigris, maculaque elongata in
medio hyalina.
Habitat in Anglia rarissime : larva sub corticem Betulae albae et
Populi dilatatae victitat : imago diebus Junii et Julii in floribus
umbelliferis.

I have proved elsewhere," I hope satisfactorily, that this is
the insect described by Linnaeus in the Systema Naturae, under
the name Sphinx VESPiFORMis.y

POSITION OF THE GENERA.
I.

VI. II.

VII.
V. 111.

IV.

Art. XII. — Varieties.

1. Genus Amphimalla, Lai. — Sir, Will you permit me to
avail myself of your pages, to inquire of Mr. Curtis, why he
suppresses the Genus Amphimalla of Latreille ? It appears to
me to be impossible to include in one genus, species the joints of
whose antennae do not agree even in number ; when Mr. Curtis
himself frequently makes the length of a joint of the antennae a
distinguishing character. I am. Sir, yours, &c. Scrutator.

[Scrutator will observe we only publish his postscript :
his letter " On the State of the Collection of Insects in the

" Vid. Preface to Sphinx Vespiformis, p. 6.

y All information on the subject of this family of insects, whether new matter,
suggestion of improvement in description, detection of error, or of any other kind
whatever, will he thankfully received, and may be addressed to me " to the care
of the publishers of the Entomological Magazine." There is scarcely any group
in natural history of which the characters have hitherto been so loosely thrown
together, the relations so utterly unknown, or unattended to, and the synonyms
so perplexingly confused, as the one now illustrated ; and, although I have taken
considerable pains to be correct, I cannot but anticipate that some errors have
still crept in.

VARIETIES. 85

British Museum" is personal, and we should make ourselves
responsible for any pseudonymous attack. Ed.]

2. Colias Electra, Lin. ; a British Insect. — Sir, By a com-
parison of the Colias Edusa of our cabinets with the Linnaean
description of Papilio Electra, in the Sy sterna Natures, p. 764,
and also with the specimens in the Linnaean cabinet, you will
find there is no doubt of their being the same insect ; and there-
fore the name Electra ought to be restored. Your's, truly,

Edward Newman.

3. Capture of Aspidiphorus orhiculatus . — Of this rare
insect, I captured two specimens in moss, from the edge of
our forest, on the road leading from this place to Chelmsford,
on the 17th of November last. No well-authenticated instance
of its capture having yet been made known, I beg you will
allow me to record my good fortune in the first number of your
Magazine. Edward Doubleday, Epping, July 27, 1832.

4. Constables Miscellany. — No. LXXV. of Constable's
Miscellany, is entitled " The Book of Butterflies. Vol. I. By
Captain Thomas Brown, F. L. S. &c." When the second
volume is published, we shall notice the whole work in the
regular way : at present, we can merely call the attention of
our readers to the appearance of the first.

5. New British Forms of Parasitic Hymenoptera. — Mr.
Westwood has transmitted us the characters of sixteen genera
of Hymenopterous Insects, comprising two families which he
has called, Chalcididce and Proctotrupidce. The paper is pub-
lished in the August number of the London and Edinburgh
Philosophical Magazine, p. 127, to which we refer our readers.
The characters appear to us to be clear and good ; and we
have on this account the more to regret that Mr. Westwood
has not given a finish to his undertaking, by a description of
each species ; as we have so often seen that genera thus pro-
posed fall to the ground, from the difficulty in ascertaining to
which particular genus any undescribed species is referable.
The pages of this Magazine will afford Mr. Westwood the means
of making his labours in Entomology better known. As to our-
selves, we have long been acquainted with Mr. W.'s zeal and

86 VARIETIES.

industry, and have regretted that the public has never received
the benefit of them. The Philosophical Magazine is first-rate
in its peculiar walk : we have often been delighted and in-
structed by its pages ; but among merely entomological readers,
its very existence is unknown.

6. Observations on Lucanus Cervus. — The village of Lee,
in Kent, appears to be a favourite habitation of this gigantic
species of beetle ; but some seasons seem peculiarly favourable
to the production of the insect. On the 14th of June, 1831,
I found a single male ; and every day between that period and
the 5th of July, I found one or more specimens. The even-
ings of the 23d and 24th of June, were those on which they
were most numerous : many of them were taken on the wing,
but generally crawling upon palings, or on elm and lime trees.
The females are later in the time of their appearance than the
males ; the first I took was on the 21st of June, and they were
not at all numerous until the evening of the 23d : even then
they were few, — not more, on the average, than one to three
males. The females come out later in the evening, and are
more sluggish in their motions than the other sex : it is also
worthy of remark, that I never took, or even saw, a female on
the wing.

On the 23d of June, early in the evening, I took two males
and one female ; I placed them under a tumbler, and shortly
after, both the males began to pay some attention to the
female. The larger of the two, however, attacked the other with
some spirit, pursuing him round the glass, and occasionally
pinching him severely with his mandibles, and actually, with
his powerful jaws, lifting him fairly oflfthe table. The smaller
male appearing to resign his pretensions, I withdrew him, and
the others remained in copula about twenty minutes : but the
male did not quit his hold of the female for many hours ; during
which period another act of copulation took place. The same
evening, I took a small pair in copula ; they remained in that
state some hours. Subsequently to this, I have seen several
other pairs in a similar situation.

On the evening of the first of July, I took five males all on
the wing about a small extent of paling, on which a female
was subsequently discovered. I have little doubt that the
males were attracted by the female, which was one of the

VARIETIES. 87

largest I had seen during this season — the whole of the males
were also large.

The variety of size in this insect is very remarkable. I
have captured males so small as not to exceed 1 inch 4 lines
in length up to 2 inches 2 lines ; and females, from 11| lines
to 1 inch 8 lines^ including every possible intermediate size.

They appear to prefer warm and still evenings, after hot
days : then they are on the wing between eight and nine in the
evening. I have never detected them flying earlier or later :
and on cold and windy evenings, they are very rarely met
with.

The fact is thus fully established, that the Lucamis inermis
of Marsham is truly the female of Cerviis ; and from the
many varieties taken in the same locality, it is also pretty
certain that the Cervus, grandis, inermis, and other presumed
species are really but one, varying in size, from some cause
arising from their condition in the larva state.

It may not be uninteresting to remark a fact as to the vitality
of this insect. I picked up a mutilated male on the 3rd of July,
The abdomen was gone. I separated the head from the
thorax and elytra, and was astonished to find my finger vio-
lently pinched by the mandibles : it continued to hold me
tightly, frequently pinching, the antennae also quivering, for a
full hour. The following morning it did the same ; and was
not wholly without motion twenty-four hours after it had been
separated from the thorax : — how long the abdomen had been
lost, is uncertain.

A. H. Davis.

Nelson-square, Aug. 1, 1832.

7. Zeuzera jEsculi found impaled on a Thorn. — Sir,
I have in my possession a female of the wood - leopard
moth (Zeuzera QLsculi) which was found last month trans-
fixed on a thorn. It was quite alive ; but, of course, unable
to disengage itself, as the thorn completely pierced the thorax
transversely and came out on the other side. It was perfect,
with the exception of the loss of one of the wings ; the
plumage was in tolerably good preservation. It must, I
suppose, have been placed there by a butcher-bird (Lanius col-
lurio,) which is not uncommon in the neighbourhood of Hamp-
stead. If thisj however, were the case, it is singular that it

88

VARIETIES.

should not have been devoured, and that it should have been in
a perfect state ; as I believe the bird thus impales its prey that
it may devour it at leisure. Perhaps some of your corre-
spondents may be able to give some information on the subject.
I have found a Bomb tts impaled in the same manner.

Should you consider the above worthy of a corner in your
Magazine, I shall feel happy in having communicated even so
trivial a fact from the great Book of Nature, which is always
open to those who are willing to read in it, and the minute
perusal of which must always be an inexhaustible source of
amusement and instruction.

Wm. Longman.

Hampsteud, IQth Juhj, 1832.

8. Stephens v. Rennie and Orr, (Court of Chancery, Thurs-
day, \9th July, 1832). — Sir Edward Sugden applied,
exparte, for an injunction to restrain the defendants from
printing and publishing a work entitled, " A Conspectus
of the Butterflies and Moths to be found in Great Britain."
In support of the injunction, he read the afiidavit of the
plaintiff, which stated that he, the plaintifl^", had published,
and was still proceeding with the publication of a work of
a similar nature, entitled, "A Synopsis of the Indigenous
Insects of Great Britain," from which the defendants drew
the principal part of their publication. That it was a
piracy there could be no doubt, as the defendants confined
their descriptive powers to those insects which had been
already described in the volumes published by the plain-
tiff; and, when those failed them, they had nothing of their
own to fall back upon, but were at a dead stand. A single
glance at the two books would at once shew the propriety of
this injunction being granted. In one part, where the plaintiff
described an insect, by mistake, as with oculi nudi, the
defendant described the same insect exactly in the same
manner, copying the mistake, without any notice; but instead
of using the Latin words they gave it in English. In another
part, where a description of the insect, Syenna, had been, by
a mistake of the press, given under the name of Scoria, the
defendants still copied the mistake. The defendants, in some
places, admitted that they took extracts from the plaintiff's
work ; but that did not alter the case.

VARIETIES. »y

The Lord Chancellor. — What proportion does the
pirated part bear to the rest of the work ?

Sir Edward Sugden. — It is a piracy throughout, from
beginning to end.

The Lord Chancellor, on looking at the book, said that
the author strongly recommended the plaintiff's book.

Sir Edward Sugden. — He does, my Lord ; no one under-
stands the value of it better than he does.

The Lord Chancellor said, that he should doubt whether
the two works were addressed to the same class of persons.
The plaintiff's seemed to be intended more for scientific per-
sons, who could afford to pay 1/. 11*. 6d. for it; but the
other was more for popular sale : and he much doubted whether
it would interfere with the plaintiff's book. They might,
however, take the injunction at present ; but he was sure they
would hear more about it.

[We think, in such a case as this, Entomologists should raise
a subscription to enable Mr. Stephens to carry on his cause with
vigour and effect. It is in this instance a private wrong ; but who
amongst us will hereafter venture on publishing the result of
years' patient investigation and dear-bought experience, should
the defendants succeed in removing the injunction? — Ed.]

9. Magazine of NaturalHistory. — This excellent work has
lately been rich in entomological articles of great interest.
The April number has a detail of captures by Mr. Dale,
another by Mr. Davis, and a record of a most singular disco-
very of a hyperparasitical insect by Mr. Newman. In May,
we have a notice of remarkable entomological forms by Mr.
Westwood, some of which are strange in the extreme ; the
engraver of the figures has not conveyed the idea of Mormo-
lyce ; there is no separating line on the elytra as represented.
The other cuts represent very tolerably the insects for which
they are intended; the Greek derivations are ludicrously in-
correct ; some of these we see Mr. Westwood has since recti-
fied. The Rev. W. T. Bree has three excellent articles in this
number ; in one of which, a review of " Insect Miscellanies,"
he points out in the most gentlemanly manner the deplorable
ignorance of its author : we give a shrewd guess who that
author may be, and though we fear he is beyond the reach
of Mr. Bree's refined criticisms, we hail with delight the

NO. I. VOL. I. N

90 VARIETIES.

appearance of a species of review, which can thus ably unveil a
pretender to science, without descending to a coarse and personal
attack. In June, we have miscellaneous records of captures,
and a few disconnected articles by the indefatigable Mr. Bree.
In July, " Notices of the Habits and Transformations of the
Dragon-fly, by J.D.," is an amusing paper, and full of in-
struction to beginners. We refer our readers to the articles
themselves, in which we are sure they will find abundance of
instruction and amusement.

10. Obrium cantharinum. — Several pairs of this extremely
rare insect have been recently taken at Broxbourne, Herts, by Mr.
Bond, a diligent collector. Having met with one or two flying
in an outhouse, he was induced to examine the building, when
he discovered, from some holes in the rafters, that they were, in
all probability, bred in the timber. On further examination, he
found that the rafters were made either of the common poplar
or the aspen, and, as is frequently the case in country buildings,
had been used without stripping oflT the bark. On removing
the bark, he procured several more of the perfect insect, and
one larva. I have a piece of the bark which shows the path
of the larva and the place of exit of the imago. The outhouse
had been erected about eighteen months, and the timber had
been purchased from the park of J. Bosanquet, Esq.

August i^,\^2,% A.H.Davis.

11, Vespa vulgaris. — The predacious habits of the common
wasp are pretty well known ; but one or two singular instances
of this character which have come under my observation, may
not be altogether uninteresting.

In 1830, during a short residence at Snaresbrook, in Essex,
I was much annoyed by the swarms of wasps which entered
the house from an extensive settlement in a bank not far dis-
tant. I had placed the produce of an evening's mothing on a
setting-board over the mantel-piece. On the following day,
I observed a wasp fly in at the open window, and make
immediately for the setting-board, on which it instantly
alighted. I rose to ascertain its object, when I found it sepa-
rating, with its mandibles, the wings of a moth from the trunk.
I captured the wasp ; and, on further examination, I discovered
that the whole of die bodies of the previous night's captures

VARIETIES.

91

had been removed, and that the moth to which the wasp had
flown on its entrance was the only one remaining. The pins
and braces had kept the wings in their position, so that the
depredation had not been discovered. It was perfectly obvious
to me that the same wasp had paid previous visits to the board
from the direct course which it took on entering the room, and
its at once alighting on its prey. I also witnessed, in many
instances, its capture of the common fly. The wasp having
seized the fly, generally on the window, almost immediately
commenced by biting off" the wings and legs on one side, and
then the other, — all the time buzzing against the glass. I
have held my hand beneath, and caught the limbs is they were
successively detached from the body. Having accomplished
the task, the wasp as speedily as possible escaped, and made
away direct for the nest.

A few days since, I observed one of this species on the
Golden-rod, in a garden at Blackheath, suspended from a leaf
by the claw of one of the posterior tarsi. The other legs and
the head appeared actively occupied ; and on closer inspection I
observed that the wasp was in possession of a fly, and engaged
in the operation of severing the legs and wings, while its own
weight was suspended by the claw. On approaching nearer,
the marauder flew otf'with his victim.

I have since witnessed a similar occurrence on the same
plant, but the fly taken {Eristalis nemorum) was much larger.
The wasp instantly suspended itself, and in less than half a
minute had bitten off" not only the legs and wings, but also the
head. I captured the wasp as it was taking flight with its
prey. A. H. Davis.

12. Ixodes hexagoniis. — Sir, I have lately taken two
specimens of Ixodes hexagonus ; and as, from their peculiar
habitat, I should imagine they are not generally known, I
subjoin a description of them with a few observations.

I was examining a hedgehog, and was surprised to find,
behind each ear, a large tubercle, as it then appeared to me ;
but, on examining more closely, I found they were the para-
sites I have mentioned above, firmly fixed by their rostrum,
and the abdomen lifted up over the head, so that that was the
only part of the animal I at first saw. They were so firmly
fixed that I was unable to disengage them without cutting off"

y» VARIETIES.

a piece of the hedgehog's flesh. Latreille says that they are
either bhnd, or that their eyes are not apparent. I examined
them minutely with a microscope, but was unable to discover
their eyes : they must however possess these organs, or some
delicate sense to compensate for their absence, since one of
them, that I placed near a lamp, constantly turned away to
avoid the light. They belong to the RicimcB, Latreille's fifth
family of Trachean Arachnidcc ; their spiracles are two in
number, one is placed on each side of the abdomen ; they have
eight six-jointed legs ; the tarsi are didactyle ; the thorax and
abdomen are united, and are composed of only a single seg-
ment ; the abdomen is by far the largest part of the body; in
the front of it is an oval coriaceous plate,— the scutum ; the
palpi are two in number, large and oval, and are single-jointed;
they must, I should imagine, live entirely by suction, in which
they are probably assisted by the palpi ; the rostrum is well
adapted for maintaining a firm hold, as it is deeply serrated, the
serrge pointing backwards. In this species, the head, legs,
palpi, and the scutum are brown, and the abdomen a livid white.
Some of this genus lay a large number of eggs, which, ac-
cording to M. Chabrier, pass through the rostrum. But here
a question presents itself as to how they are originally placed
on the animal. Are they attached to it from its birth; or how
and when are they placed there, as their locomotive powers are
so limited? Yours, &c. W. Longman.

13. Insects captured at Shellness and Neighbourhood. —
Near the end of last month I took at Pegwell Bay, Shellness,
and in the surrounding neighbourhood, the following insects :

Notoxus monoceros Platyderus ruficollis Megachile centuncularis

Allecula sulphurea Synuchus vivalis Willoughbiella

Cicindela maritima Odontomyia viridula Allantus

Broscus cephalotes furcata Tenthredo

Calathus piceus Tabanus bovinus Cephus

rufangulus Eristalis sepulchralis Nematus, and several
mollis intricarius species of each.

Gymnosoma rotundata

Broscus cephalotes. — The habit of these insects is very
curious ; they are found only in the sand on the sea-shore,
and live in dens about three inches deep and half an inch wide,
which are made in a diagonal position in the sand, where it
is mixed with decomposed stalks of Elymus arenarius. They
appear to rove during the day occasionally, but, upon any

COLLOQUIA ENTOMOLOGICA. 93

alarm, run swiftly to their dens,^ — projecting from tlie mouths
of which their heads may be seen watching for prey. On
holding another beetle to the hole, the one within would imme-
diately seize hold of it with its jaws, and continue so tightly
fixed as to suffer itself to be drawn out without quitting its
hold. They appear to be very ferocious insects ; and, from
the number of elytra and other parts strewed about the sand,
it may be supposed that they prey on each other.

Cicindela maritima. — I found this insect in great plenty on
the bare sand, where it is overflowed in the spring and autumn
by the high tide. It flies more heavily than the common Cicin.
campestris, and not so far at a time. I remarked, also, that
the abdomen hung down very much in flying. Growing
among the Elyrmis arenarius I found a single plant of Oeno-
thera biennis, the leaves and whole plant had a red fleshy
appearance. It was several miles from any house or garden,
and growing, as it is reported to do, in Lancashire. Can this
be a new habitat? Robert Foster.

Bromley, August 1, 1832.

VvwQl aeavToy.

Scene — T/te Parlour at the Bull Lin, Birch-wood-corner.
Erro and Entomophilus, seated.

Entomophilus. Well, old gentleman, do you seem the
better for it ?

Erro. I am going to take a look — {opens his box) — What,
what, what! all in abuzz — whirling like teetotums.

Ent. There, Rocky, there's the last bit for you. Make
haste and bolt it : there, don't let Mrs. Jewell see you eating,
or else she '11 charge three dinners — there's a good dog !

Erro. {Still looMng in his box, settling and shifting his
insects) — Eristalis floreus ; come, be still ! There he is, off^
again, w-whirr-rr-ee !

Ent. What a wretch ! — {taking out Ms boxes and balancing
his chair on the hind legs, his head resting against the wall) —
Virens, Fullo, Sycophanta. I wanted duplicates of these.

Erro. Mihi, my eye, mihi ! Mofly, do you think these
fellows have any feeling ? They seem excessively merry — ee !

94 COLLOQUIA ENTOMOLOGICA.

Ent. Why, yes, or rather no — but which do you think? I
have Trichius nobihs though, really. Aspice ! ecce ! I took it
on the elder-flowers, just out here.

Erro. Soitis! What, what, what! — Cistelaceramboides too!

Ent. I am inclined to believe that insects are perfectly
insensible ; that is, when any one maintains a contrary opinion —
keep your wings still ; — but if you think they have no feeling,
like a hard-hearted savage as you are, come, — I'll kill you, a
little, old fellow, if you keep on kicking that Geometra — if you
think they have — [a pause) — they are, as I was saying, really
indigenous ; — I'll furnish you with facts, and prove by argu-
ments hitherto unadvanced— I'll be whipped if he has'nt kick'd
its head off!

Erro. That's very clear ; you should have been a pleader.

Ent. What ?

Erro. If I were to set my wits to work, I think I could
prove that insects have feeling.

Ent. I don't — try — {shutting his box and thrusting his
hands into his hreeches-pockets).

Erro. First, by analogy, all our ideas tend to confirm the
probability of the existence of sensation in every creature ;
because, in ourselves, and in all those of whose peculiarities
we can readily satisfy ourselves, we detect its presence without
the slightest difficulty; and, it is only when the objects become
minute, of a different structure, and cease, in consequence, to
be within the precise range of the experiments by which we
had tested, as it were, the sensation of higher animals, that we
can entertain a doubt on the subject. Apparently, then, from
analogical reasoning, truth is on my side : I claim the ad-
vantage. I say insects feel, because I feel. If you doubt,
disprove : no insect, I suppose, ever told you that it could not
feel when you were piercing it ?

Ent. No.

Erro. Then the positive disproof is wanting. Now we '11
suppose, still pursuing analogy, a similar operation performed
on the human body : a man shall be laying quietly asleep ;
then comes a monster, some anthropologist with an anthropo-
logical pin, fifty feet long and two feet round — the parallel's a
just one — ^and, with immense energy, forces the horrid weapon
into him just on the right side of the vertebral column: ribs,
lungs, liver, &c. give way, and are forced out of their places,

COLLOQUIA ENTOMOLOGICA. 95

perhaps carried on the javehn's point twenty feet under
ground — it's no exaggeration — don't smile; — what would be the
man's feeling ? I ask, what would be your feeling, Moffy, eh?
What would you do ?

Ent, Die !

Erro. Yesj perhaps so. Yes, you certainly would. Then
how awful must be the pain to a creature whose intense
vitality supported it even in such a horrible situation. Life
it certainly retains; but what a life, futile, indistinct, false,
feverish — none of your smiles — writhing convulsively on a si-
milar instrument ; yet from some cause, at present unknown to
us, capable of withstanding death — that is, immediate death :
but death must follow at no great distance of time, embittered
by pain and hunger, and in its most awful forms ; sometimes
sinking exhausted, after hours or days spent in struggling for
liberty; sometimes, from numbness and inertness, the disrup-
tion of its vital parts being followed by a total loss of sensation.

Ent. Roey !

Erro, Yes, excess of pain having worn out the nerves :
sometimes from loss of blood ; which you must often have
remarked on the paper where the wretched sufferer has turned
round and round in agony, but mostly from

Ent. — steam — But really, Roey, excuse me ; you make but
a poor hand at defending a cause against your conscience. You
would never do for the law : why, you have said nothing,
literally nothing — smoke, mist, which rising before the sunlight
of truth requires not even my weak breath to disperse ; if,
under circumstances which, you have very unnecessarily
laboured to prove, would kill a man, an insect not only lives,
but, struggling for liberty, whirls at the pin-head like a
teetotum, and you are aware, although you have not advanced
it, will eat and drink as heartily as usual ; and, when liberated,
will immediately pursue its customary occupations of sport,
love, or industry ! Why, how, in the name of fortune, do you
make out any analogy ?

Erro. Don't stop, Moffy.

Ent. There is, then, some decided difference somewhere in
organization : where is it ? What is sensation, or rather where
does it originate ?

Erro. In the brain.

Ent. In the brain — right. Now, in vertebrates, the brain

96 COLLOQUIA ENTOMOLOGICA.

is a collected, a concentrated mass, enclosed within a bony
skull, and situated at the anterior extremity of the vertebral
column ; in insects, on the contrary, it is in —

Erro. — two nodules

Ent. Pish ! hush ! excuse me, Roey, hear me speak — 'tis
no such thing, the brain is omnipresent; it is diffused, in
ramifications, from the thorax to every extremity. Now, in
vertebrates, from the brain emanate the nerves or organs of
sensation. In insects, the brain and nerves, I firmly believe,
are one and the same thing, — so —
Erro. Reaum —

Ent. My dear fellow, allow me. — I am well aware that
Reaumur thought differently ; and that in this, all his copiers
have followed him : and so they would had he represented one
hind leg to contain the brain and another the nerves ; but this
is nothing to my purpose. I am not now going to propose,
much less press, a new theory on that subject ; yet mark me : —
in vertebrates, an injury to the brain destroys feeling. Ask
all the surgeons : they will readily convince you of this. Here,
then, is proof positive that sensation emanates from, and is
dependent on the brain. We will allow an insect, for argu-
ment's sake, all the acuteness of sensation the most tender-
hearted would wish : — you, who were this moment going to
quote Reaumur against me, must now abide by him : you will
find your horrible weapon —
Erro.

Monstnim hoiTendum, informe, ingens, cui lumen ademptum.

Ent. Either listen, or translate your ideas into the vernacular.

Erro. Monstru?n, a stocking-needle ; horrendum, rusted ;
informe, bent; inge?is, as big as a Grecian javelin : cui lumen
ademptum, broken off just below the eye.

Ent. I suppose that's wit ! Ought I to laugh ? But
laughter increases wit, as watering a plant makes it grow.
Well, you will find this horrible pin, or needle if you like it
better, passes through the very sensorium, — the chief seat
of the ganglions, — their union, their centre, their nucleus, —
and thus gets foul of the main cerebral masses, and, carrying
them away on its point through the insect, leaves them,
perhaps, some considerable depth in the cork. Now this
disruption, — this annihilation of brain, — must destroy the
sensitive property of all nerves emanating from or centering in

COLLOQUIA ENTOMOLOGICA. 97

that brain, precisely in the same manner as the destruction of
the trunk of a tree must deprive its branches of vitality ; and
sensation, however acutely once possessed, must consequently
inevitably cease.

Erro. Well?

Ent. I have done.

Erro. But I cannot let you off so easily. You suppose a
fact, of the truth of which you acknowledge you entertain a
doubt. You say, *' allowing insects all the acuteness of sen-
sation the most tender-hearted would wish," &c.

Ent. Are you serious ? Deny insects feeling, what have I
to disprove ? You are less bright than usual, Roey : but I
do deny that insects possess any sensation of pain like that
with which we are acquainted ; although, in doing this, I
forsake an argument which I trust is incontrovertible. It is
useless to dilate to you on the structure of an insect : you
know far better than I ; you have proved yourself the indus-
trious bee, and have filled your storehouses with knowledge
for the good of the hive. I, like the thoughtless butterfly,
forsaking labour, gambol idly in the sunny air of science, and
now and then stoop to sip its sweetest flowers for my own
gratification. Observe for a moment the hard shell of " the
shard-borne beetle," and reflect that the exterior of every insect
is but a modification of this. The bones may be said completely
to envelope the softer, and what would generally be considered
the more sensitive parts. But there would be no necessity for
sensitive internal parts, except as communicating with sensitive
external parts ; and we know that the Almighty has created
nothing in vain. We therefore naturally expect to find sen-
sation evinced, if evinced at all, on the exterior ; and here we
have only a hard resisting substance, uninjured by the severest
usage, — our own hair and nails are tender in comparison, —
our teeth are of somewhat similar texture. Now, Roey, as
you dwell on analogies with such delight, allow me to offer
one. Suppose a man enveloped entirely, eyes and all, in a
coat like the enamel of one of his teeth, — you cannot imagine
him very susceptible of pain ; and a beetle is in precisely a
similar case.*

* The tortoise is a strange connecting link between the vertehrata and annu-
losa in structure, and partakes of the peculiar tenacity of life and absence of
sensation so observable in the latter. — Ed.
NO. I. VOL. I. O

98 COLLOQUIA ENTOMOLOGICA.

Erro. But a butterfly is not,

Ent. You are perfectly right ; but yet you must often
have observed at Darenth with what unconcern the bramble-
dehghting Paphia opens and shuts her wings in the sunshine,
long after they have lost their original shape and colour, and
are, in fact, little more than mutilated transparent tendons.
This would never be the case, had she feeling in these wings:
she must have long since died from such repeated mutila-
tion.

Erro. There is something in that ; but may not the wing
of a butterfly be analogous to hair or nails, as you suggested
but now, in man, and therefore have no sensation ?

Ent. I think not. The wings of insects have a mem-
braneous texture, which, like those of the bat, partake of the
properties of other parts of their frame : but surely you will
admit legs to an equal feeling with other parts, and the loss of
these is equally common, — you must have remarked it among
the gnats ?

Erro. I have been willing to listen, Moffy, to all this,
because I like to hear you talk ; but I agreed with you before
you began, and therefore needed not to be convinced. One
argument, however, you have not availed yourself of, which
seems to me even more strong than any you have used : it is
this, — a beneficent Providence would hardly have subjected
such hosts of creatures to the constant loss of members, did
such loss cost to them the same anguish which it does to the
larger animals. An insect, perfect in all its members, and a
human being deficient in any, are almost equally uncommon.

Ent. Roey, it seems to me that entomology, particularly
in this country, has never been raised to that station among
sciences which it deserves : I fear it has not advocates which
do it sufficient justice. How some of the dons would sneeze
at me if they heard this ! It has yet to become a science. But
we are not really so low as the world about us believe : they
would set us down with the auricula, tulip, pigeon, rabbit, and
bull-dog fanciers.

Erro. I understand even your own relations condemn your
insect-hunting as a lamentably weak pursuit, — a strange waste
of time, — a sort of half-madness.

Ent. They will be proud to own me some day or other.
I do not think I am for a long life ; and a few years after death

COLLOQUIA ENTOMOLOGICA. 99

mellows down harsh feeling as well as fond: — a man rises
or falls to his proper level as soon as it is known he can no
longer have private ends to serve.

Erro. I hope so. Kirby and Spence did good in that
line. What a work, — what a monument of industry and
patient research, aided by sterling talent, guided by excellent
judgment, and pervaded throughout by a kind-hearted, humble,
meek, quiet, and most pious feeling !

Ent. Why do not you undertake something of the kind ?
A popular work, at about a fourth of the price, with all new
matter, yet not to forsake truth for the sake of popularity.

Erro. That piece of advice is scarcely necessary to me, —
is it, Moff? yet your extending the caution so coolly is an
excellent satire on the taste of the present generation. I think,
however, there is room for such a work ; but you must not
look to me : — you can't make a satin purse out of a sow's ear.
One subject connected with entomology seems hitherto en-
tangled in mystery, — I wish you would take it up.

Ent. What is it ?

Erro. It wants a masterly hand. The line between rea-
son and instinct has never yet been drawn, or even proposed,
with any show of probability.

Ent. And yet nothing were easier. The concentrated
brain meditates ; the diffused brain acts.

Erro. Excellent in sound, but I only know of one indi-
vidual on earth who dare attempt to found an argument on
such a dictum, or whose attempt would be attended with the
most distant chance of success ; and that individual, dear
MofTy, is —

Ent. More fools, they. People in general, Ro, muddle
their heads with all manner of unintelligible works on a
straight-forward, plain, intelligible subject. Instead of pre-
suming or venturing to be original on this question, they give
you musty quotations of high-sounding passages, — which have
been long refuted and therefore done with, — and parade them
as their own ; like the jackdaw, that stuck the peacock's fea-
thers in his rump long after the peacock had dropt them as
useless: and thus ornamented, these fools think to pass for
philosophers, when, in reality, they are, by thinking men,
despised for adopting antiquated stuff, more worthless, if pos-
sible, than even themselves could have devised, had they

100 COLLOQUIA ENTOMOLOGICA.

employed for that purpose the httle brain which Providence
had been pleased to allot them.

Erro. I have often been amused to hear the talk of those
who pass current for philosophers : it seems a heterogeneous
conglomeration of the opinion of others learned by rote. In
my opinion, the original thinker is the only philosopher — the
man of books a mere parrot.

Ent. Your number of philosophers would be very small,
methinks, Roey : I never recollect meeting with one.

Erro. The learned fool, like an animal, lives on the gross
food of earth ; the original mind, like the more delicate
plant, thrives on the breath of heaven.

Ent. I understand you, I think: but a granary and a
mine were a more apt, though a less beautiful, simile. The
book-learned head is a granary well stored from without ;
while the riches of a truly great and powerful mind are like
those of a mine — its own. I never hear a good idea expressed
that is not old to me ; if new, I find it worthless. And why is
this? Because men refuse to think: it is too hard work.
Believe me, a thinker is as rare as a phcenix.

Erro. And has ever been so. Plato, Aristotle, Newton,
have been thinkers ; perhaps Locke.

Ent. And, certainly, the younger MacLeay, the entomo-
logist. From this fear, or dislike, or, shall I say it, incapacity
for thinking, arises our present ignorance ? What if you and I
were parrot-masters of all that exists in print at this moment ;
we should not add one iota to the general stock of knowledge :
and yet there is no man, no soklisant philosopher on earth,
but would consider this the very climax of his wishes. Let us
strike out a new road : let us strive, of our own resources, to
enlighten what is obscure ; to discover what is hidden. The
desire to know, is the talisman whose touch solves mystery.
The pursuit of truth ensures its capture.

Erro. Instinct. Moff, you are wandering.

Ent. Ah ! the statement I made, you seemed to think,
required logic and argumentative powers to sustain : no such
thing. Divest your mind of all the nonsense you may have met
with in Essays on Instinct, and such trumpery, and look only
at naked facts. Select a prominent example of each form ; for
instance, as a vertebrate with concentrated brain, the elephant ;
as an annulose with diffused brain, the ant. My dear friend.

COLLOQUIA ENTOMOLOGICA. 101

have you never vi^atched a lady's delicate fingers wander a
voluntary prelude among the keys of a piano ? and have you
never thought the music more delightful than the most studied
and elaborate harmony produced by the consummate and com-
bined skill of composer and performer ? So now let your mind
wander a moment among the wards of your memory, in search
of facts and anecdotes of the elephant and the ant : the result
will be more convincing, more delightful far than the most
abstruse and complex essay that man could compile. The
elephant, you already find, premeditates ; the ant is the creature
of mere impulse.

Erro. Allow me to suggest that insects alter their habits
according to weather and other casualties.

Ent. I have heard that bees in the tropics cease to col-
lect honey ; that wasps, which build here underground, build
there in trees. These fictions are copied from one to another,
and will be to the last day, no doubt. They might as well say
that men assume the tails of monkeys at the equator, and the
horns of rein-deer at the poles. Naturalists, if consulted, would
contradict such absurdities at once.

Erro. Where is such precious trash to be found ?

Ent. I don't know ; I never read.

Erro. Nor I, except Water ton's Wanderings. I can say
that by heart, and am now learning to repeat it backwards. 1
have already learned the last journey perfectly.

Ent. How very interesting !

Erro. You can't know a good thing too well. How gladly
would I start on just such a pilgrimage as his to Essequibo.
1 never see the swallows gathei'ing on the roof of the about-
to-be-deserted house, or on the topmost twigs of the tree about
to die, but I long to join these gay and giddy habitants of
perpetual summer. My soul yearns for the primaeval shades of
Demerara, for the unclouded sun of Venezuela. How gladly
would I leave my home, my country, my friends,— aye, even
you, Moffy, — in this chilly inhospitable clime, and pursue my
trackless way in company with Nature's self, through woods
which none but the wild deer, or the wilder native, ever trod ;
where the king-vulture-mounted Mora rears its lightning-
blasted and single branch into the sky, — a solitary but
triumphant memorial of its quondam superiority over whole
oceans of forestry.

102 COLLOQUIA ENTOMOLOGICA.

Ent. We'll go together, Roey.

Erro. What mines of natural history those delightful
regions contain, — mines hitherto totally unexplored ; for in
entomology what has yet been done? O, I long to watch
the bright fire-fly illuminate the night, and the emerald butter-
fly blaze from flower to flower in all the radiance of a noon-
tide sun !

Ent. We'll go together, Roey, that's certain.

Erro. I will find out for you the larva and pupa of Urania
and Castnia, and all those arcana of our craft which at present
envelope it in a mantle of mystery. I will send you, MoflTy,
from time to time, histories that shall make even Aristotle raise
him from some thousand years' slumber to listen to. I will
bring home thousands of insects never before heard of, —

Quern qui scire velit Lybici velit iequoris idem
Discere quam multgg Zephyro turbentur avense,
Aut ubi navigiis violentior iucidit Eurus
Nosse quot lonii veniant ad littora fluctus.

Ent. Speak the vernacular, Roey, pray. Your Greek and
Hebrew is a sealed book to me, you know very well.

Erro. My modus operandi would be this : I would take
up my residence on some hill-top surrounded with woods, and
would spend all my time in collecting, and in observing nature
pure and undefiled by the contact of man. I would live in
friendship with the bear, the wolf, and the vampire. My life
should be spent in discovering the glorious works of an
Almighty Creator, and in unfolding them for the benefit of my
fellow-creatures.

Ent. Noble idea ; let me go too.

Erro. I should like a companion, but I fear it will not be

thine to stray,

The friend and soother of my watery way ;
In tlie heart's solitude, more mute and drear,
For all that howls and clamours on the ear,
With one kind voice that desert to dispel,
And turn to home a joyless cabin cell.

How often has fate, apparent chance, disappointed me even at
the threshold of my hopes ! How often, yielding to the wishes
of others, I have myself conquered for a time the feeling —
but every fall it returns with redoubled strength — /tccrei laleri

COLLOQUIA ENTOMOLOGICA. 19&'

lethalis arunclo. I cannot eradicate it ; I cannot quietly jog
along the every-day track which mortals have trodden for
centuries.

Tentenda via est qua me quoque possim

Tollere humo ; victorque virum volitare per ora.

And if I die of the yellow fever, or some she-jaguar takes me
to feed her young ones ; or, better still, some huge boa swal-
lows me whole ; why, it wont much signify, I shall leave behind
no one that will care about me.

Ent. Not one? — think Roey. Have ive never been suffi-
ciently pleased with each other's company for each of us to
take some interest in the fate of the other ? I shall, at least.

Erro. Yes, indeed have we ; and recollection leaves a
perfumed fragrance on my mind which will adhere to it long
after this frail vessel of clay shall have lost its vigour :

You may break, you may ruin, the vase as you will,
The scent of the roses will cling round it still.

Ent. Would you do any geology ?

Erro. No. Geology is a tempting but dangerous study ;
you begin with wondering, and proceed through doubting to
disbelieving.

Ent. It always has appeared to me that those geologists
who plead the cause of the Bible have done more harm than
good by their sophistries, their weak attempts to prove a coin-
cidence between what is written and what is seen ; and that
they open a wider field for doubt by proposing theories so easy
of disproof. In these cases, I believe what I read in the Bible,
and what I see with my eyes; and if the results do not always
agree so well as I could wish, I seek not to pervert or twist a
meaning on the one hand, or disguise a fact on the other, for
the sake of proving a correspondence between the two ; but
humbly and devoutly trust that whenever Time may open to us
the book of Nature, we shall find its pages are in perfect ac-
cordance with those of the Book of Truth.

Erro. What, after all, can a geologist learn ? He merely
scratches the surface like an old hen; he knows nothing of the
interior ; and, like the same animal, he chuckles over his use-
less labours.

Ent. Shall you write a book ?

Erro. No, no ; a mere manuscript, for you, and Venator,

104 COLLOQUIA ENTOMOLOGICA.

and Ambulator, and a few more of the right stamp to have a
peep at. It would be far too wild and strange a concern for the
scientific world : they would turn up their noses at it, until they
exhibited to you what little brains they possessed through the
apertures.

Ent. Too true : one must not say a word about natural
history with a smile oh one's face. Your scientific man must
always be as solemn as an owl, and as long-featured as .

Erro. And, to add mental to personal beauties, as stupid
as the first, and as obstinate as the last.

Ent. You and I hold a different opinion; yet, Roey, I
often think that, as we pass along through life, we ought to
erect here and there by the way-side some little mark, just to
show others where we have been: — " There lived a man" is but
a poor memento.

Erro. And yet how many spend a long life without per-
forming one act entitling them even to the name of man. But,
my friend, you are sure of a name ; you have erected, even now
in your early years, a monument, ^' peretmior cere" Content,
aye, happy should I be, could I but grave my name thereon,
ever so humbly, that the two names might drift together down
the tide of time to the ocean of eternity, with the same unity
our kindred spirits enjoyed while here.

Ent. Roey, ar'n't we getting a little bit sentimental and
stupid ? Come, come, what a deal of time we've been fooling
away here — -eh! Rocky, my man, — hark, hark! yoicks ! {the
beagle, seated on his tail, gives tongue) there's a mellow note !
You must stay and pay the reckoning. Rocky. Three— recol-
lect— don't cheat. I shall stick a cigar in my face ; won't you,
Roey?

Erro. Not altogether fooled away. This half-hour's talk,
however trivial, will add yet another link to the golden chain
of memory, which, like an enchanted girdle round my thoughts,
serves to cheer many an hour, that without its aid would be
utterly miserable.

Ent. Happy the man, Roey, the chain of whose memory
has none but golden links. He, at least, need never talk of
misery ; his cares must be all ideal. Here goes. {Leaps through
the open window.)

Erro. Cleverly done, indeed. I must try.

{Exit in same style.)

ENTOMOLOGICAL MAGAZINE

JANUARY, 183.3.

Art. XIV. — On the Want of Analogy between the Sensations
of Insects and our own. By the Rev. C. S. Bird, M.A.
F.L.S. late Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge,

[Read in the Clarendon, Oxford, before the British Society for the Advancement
of Science, June 20, 1832.]

It may not, perhaps, be thought inconsistent with the
objects of the British Society for the Advancement of Science,
if a few observations be made, tending to remove, or at least
weaken, a very popular objection to the study of Entomology.
Were this neglected, but beautiful field of nature more widely
cultivated — could the students of Entomology be brought to
bear any comparison in number with those of Botany, it is im-
possible to say to what extent science in general might ulti-
mately be benefited. Who can tell what discoveries are in
store, and only waiting till the foot of some fortunate Entomo-
logist shall explore some untrodden tract? Need we call to
rtiind how deeply Medicine is already indebted to what is com-
monly called the Spanish Fly, Cantharis Vesicatoria ? Who
knows how the debt may yet be increased ? Need we recur
to the Philosophical Transactions, a century and a half ago,
in order to draw encouragement from the example of Ray ? If
he could elicit from the common ant what marty celebrated
writers contend is an acid sui generis, the formic, who can
predict what other properties, which now lurk beneath the
lovely exterior of the innumerable insects around us, may yet
enrifch that most wonderful of modern sciences, chemistry ?

NO. II. VOL. I. p

106 BIRD ON THE

The objection alluded to is this — that Entomology cannot
be studied without making a collection of insects, and that
such a collection cannot be made without involving much
cruelty. The formei- of these assertions may be allowed, but
the latter may fairly be questioned. It is of the greatest con-
sequence to question it, because it is in the mouth of every
one who has paid no attention to the subject, and because it
rises most readily to the lips of those, the goodness of whose
hearts, and the warmth and simplicity of whose feelings, render
them the most desirable converts, being the very persons who
would engage in this delightful pursuit with the greatest enthu-
siasm if once converted. In self-defence too, it is absolutely
necessary that an Entomologist, who lays claim to as much
benevolence as others, should shun the questionable shape in
which the objection presents itself to his mind at least. For
my own part, I will claim more for the Entomologist, and will
assert that his acquaintance with insects will increase his
benevolence towards them, and will make him the last person
in the world who would grudge the trouble of putting a spider
or an earwig out of the window rather than crush it to death,
or pass by the commonest fly or beetle floating on a stream
without reaching out a stick to save it.

The charge of cruelty wholly rests on an implied assump-
tion that we are capable of judging by outward symptoms of
the sensations of insects, and that they occupy such a place in
the animal kingdom as to oblige us to suppose that their sen-
sations are like our own under like circumstances. Both these
positions I deny to be tenable. I shall endeavour to prove, by
popular arguments, unconnected with any inquiries into the
anatomy of insects," that the outward symptoms, by which it
is hastily judged that pain is felt, are referable, if to any sen-
sation analogous to ours, only to the instinct of escaping
from restraint unaccompanied by pain ; and, moreover, that
there is so broad a line to be drawn between the lower part of
the animal creation and the higher as to make it extremely
doubtful whether there is any analogy whatever in their sen-
sation. As my attempt to draw this line is new, at least to
myself, I shall begin with that.

Few persons, comparatively speaking, are aware how diffi-

» Tliis subject has been ably argued in our last article, p. !) i, cf seq. — Ed.

SENSATIONS OF INSECTS. 107

cult it is to draw the line which separates animals and
vegetables, though every one supposes that he knows such a
line, and admits into the pale of his sympathy all that lies on
one side of it, whilst he entirely excludes all that lies on the
other. Bishop Watson, in the fifth volume of that delightful
work, which should be a model for popular writers on scientific
subjects, his Essays on Chemistry, has shewn in a lively man-
ner the extent of this difficulty. The late President of the
Linnagan Society, Sir J. E. Smith, has also stated it in his
Introduction to Botany. The presence or absence of a
stomach, he observes, will not suffice to establish a distinction,
for the polypus may be turned inside out, like a glove, and left
in this state without any derangement of its functions. The
power of locomotion is not an universal criterion, as many
vegetables seem to possess it in a higher degree than the
corals and corallines. In short, it has cost philosophers more
trouble than is generally imagined, to give a definition of what
is an animal. Sir J. Smith tells us that the only definition to
which he had hitherto found no exception, is that of M. Mirbel,
given in his Treatise of Vegetable Anatomy, that " plants
alone have a power of deriving nourishment, though indeed
not exclusively, from inorganic matter, mere earths, salts, or
airs, substances certainly incapable of serving as food for any
animals, the latter only feeding on what is or has been orga-
nized matter, either of a vegetable or animal nature. So that
it should seem to be the office of vegetable life alone to trans-
form dead matter into organized living bodies."

Admitting then, that the line can be drawn which separates
animals from vegetables, I contend that another line should be
drawn, almost as broad, which separates animals from each
other. This line will be found at the point where there ceases
to exist in animals a unity of being. In man, we are all aware,
there exists this unity. There is nothing that a man is more
conscious of to himself than his own identity. He knows that
he cannot be in two places at one time, that he has a continued,
uninterrupted existence, and that whatever acts he performs
cannot be ascribed to another. The soul is immaterial and
indivisible, but the body is not. Accordingly, if the body be
separated into two parts, and life remain at all, it remains only
in one and not in the other. One only of them can con-
stitute the man, otherwise he would lose his identity. This

108 BIRD ON THE

peculiarity of constitution we suppose to belong to the liigher
orders of animals as well as to ourselves, and if a leg be cut
off from one of such animals, we never think of concerning
ourselves about the leg or pitying it, we only pity the animal
that has lost it. The very reverse of this is the case with
a plant : there we take slips or cuttings, and form so many new
plants, and whatever we predicate of one of these, we may of
another, and we feel no compunction in performing the ope-
ration, because we conceive that no analogy exists between us
and them. It is not demonstrable that they do not feel like
ourselves, but we are content when we see this extraordinary
divisibility to suppose that they do not, till it is demonstrated
that they do. Now in this respect, worms approach very near
to plants. It is said, that, if cut properly, a worm may be
multiplied into many new worms. When we look at a worm,
we are apt to look at it as one creature, but we are in reality
looking at an aggregate of several creatures, which for the
present are united, but may, if we please, be disjoined.
What a mighty distinction does this create between us and
them ! How can we reason from ourselves to them ? And i,f
not from ourselves, how reason at all ? Now this want of
unity of being which thus makes worms approximate more to
vegetables than to ourselves, is found in an inferior degree
in insects. As this is the principal point which I wish to
establish, I may be permitted to detail the circumstances
which first led me to observe it.

When I was young in Entomology I wished anxiously to
find the quickest mode of killing an insect. Having captured
a pretty beetle, Malachius JEneus, it struck me, that, cutting
it in two at the junction of the thorax and abdomen, the part
which gives rise to the name Insect, Insectum, Evrojuov, I
should kill it in a moment. I took a pair of scissars, and
divided it ; the parts fell on a piece of white paper which lay
before me. Far from being dead in an instant, 1 was grieved
and surprised to see the head, with the two fore-legs attached
to it, begin to run about the paper. It occasionally stumbled,
but rose again, and exhibited, if I may so speak, perfect self-
possession. It made for the edge of the paper, but arriving
there, and looking over, it seemed to think it too precipitous,
and so coasted along in quest of an easier descent, which ne-
vertheless it did not seem able to find. This coasting and

SENSATIONS OF INSECTS. 109

searching for a convenient place of descent, suited to its cur-
tailed condition with respect to legs, of which it appeared
perfectly aware, occupied the head incessantly. I regarded it
with astonishment. " Here then," I said to myself, as 1
watched its motions, " here lies the vitality of an insect ! — the
body at any rate is dead." But in this I was quickly unde-
ceived ; for in about a minute after the body had fallen on the
paper, I saw the hind legs brought upward, and employed
delibei'ately in brushing and cleaning the wing-cases, exactly
as a house-fly may be seen to clean its wings on a window-
pane. The legs were then withdrawn, the cases raised up,
and the true wings expanded from beneath, and all made ready
for flight, which indeed I expected to see; but the body,
seeming then to become aware that there was no guide, the
head, its former companion, being in possession of the eyes,
the design was abandoned, the wings folded up in their usual
beautiful manner, and the attitude of rest again assumed. This
whole process was repeated with perfect regularity at intervals
of about a minute, if I rightly remember. A more perfect act
of a sentient cx'eature could not be exhibited. The head con-
tinued to run about, and the body to clear and spread its
wings, the one for about twelve, and the other for sixteen
hours ; their energies gradually decaying, till they appeared to
perish, or rather to sleep. And now, I ask, Which was the
beetle ? — Where was the original creature ? — Had not the head
and the body an equal right to be taken as its representative?
Is not all analogy between insects and ourselves destroyed by
such a phenomenon ? If a soldier were deprived of his arm
on the field of battle, we know how to talk about the soldier
still ; we can compassionate his sufferings ; we can admire the
heroism with which he bears them ; but if the arm were to
exhibit animation and independence — if it were to strike an
approaching enemy, or do such deeds as could not by possi-
bility be ascribed to mere muscular action, what should we think
of it, and, above all, how should we speak of it ? Would not
all ordinary language be at fault? What sort of a creature
would the arm be ? Would it be a human creature ? Should
we not be almost irresistibly impelled to introduce a superna-
tural, invisible agent, rather than attribute to the arm itself the
actions we witnessed ? I trust I have said sufficient to prove
my point, that the want of identity in insects, their divisibility

110 BIRD ON THE

into parts having separate independent consciousness, esta-
blishes a 'Hne of demarcation between them and the higher
orders of animals, almost as broad as that which already con-
fessedly exists between them and vegetables. I hope to be
forgiven for having entered into details so simple ; yet the
results of which are so striking. I do not imagine that tlie
facts are new; it is only the importance which I attach to
them, and the inference I have drawn from them, that can
pretend to any thing like novelty.

I must now hasten to the other point, which I trust I shall
be able shortly to establish ; namely, that even if there were
no such line of separation between insects and the higher
animals as to confound our reasonings with respect to them,
and if we still think ourselves at liberty to judge of their feel-
ings by outward symptoms, we have no cause, if we be not
led away by first appearances, to conclude that they suffer
pain. If in any case an insect feel pain, nothing, we should
imagine, could call forth the feeling more than the act of
passing a pin through its thorax, a part which we know to be
peculiarly sensitive. It is, in fact, this very act of violence,
equivalent to spearing a wild boar or a salmon, which is most
revolting to observers ; and if their compassion can be shewn to
be misplaced in this case, they will hardly, I believe, appeal to
any other. Now I have repeatedly pierced a moth*" through
the thorax, when it was in a quiescent state, taking care only
to do it with a steady hand, and no abrupt motion ; and the
moth has taken no notice of it whatever. I have even lifted it
up by the pin which transfixed it, and have carried it from
room to room in the same state of motionless quiescence, and
have shewn it in this state to those whose incredulity it was my
object to remove. If we be to judge by outward symptoms
in this case, where was the pain ? The fluttering is the symp-
tom, the only symptom, by which people in general are con-
vinced that an insect is suffering ; but here there was no
fluttering. And then to shew, that even when it flutters we
are not hastily to infer pain, I have suddenly and abruptly
touched a leg or some other part of its body, but not so as to
wound it, and alarmed the moth, after which it has began to
flutter, and finding the restraint of the pin, has never ceased to

^ Not one of those moths which, like some, if not all, of the Lithosiae, coun-
terfeit sleep or death when suddenly alarmed.

SENSATIONS OF INSECTS. Ill

flutter more and more until I destroyed it. I conclude, there-
fore, that the violent struggles, which excite so much pity in us
before we know their cause, are merely the effect of alarm,
and display that strong instinct so necessary to insects for their
preservation, by which they endeavour to avoid any thing
strange, and to escape from restraint. If this conclusion be
not thought inevitable, let me refer to Messrs. Kirby and
Spence's Introduction to Entomology, for the mention of a fact,
which though I cannot vouch for myself, I must believe on
such good authority. These gentlemen tell us, that the head
of a wasp has been known to eat honey after it had been
severed from the body ; and that the union of the sexes has
taken place between bodies that have been deprived of their
heads. If this be true, it settles the question at once. It
demonstrates, that, under the worst possible circumstances,
either no pain exists, or it is most easily superseded. On any
hypothesis, therefore, the charge of cruelty in the destruction
of insects seems to be refuted. Either there is no analogy
whatever between them and us on account of the distinction I
before mentioned with respect to their divisibility, or if we
gratuitously suppose such analogy to exist, and are guided in
our judgment solely by outward symptoms, we are compelled
to confess, that insects can have no feeling of pain at all
resembling our own.

It has been well observed, that, from the benevolence of the
Deity, we might, a jJfiori, have drawn the same conclusion.
We find insects liable to such an infinite number of accidents,
and perishing by such slow degrees in what we should call
torture, that we are driven to conclude that it is a mistake to
call it torture. I have seen a beetle, a ScarahcBus I think, in
the possession of a person in London, which he found entirely
eaten up, all but the upper hard shell, by the mites which
invariably infest such beetles. It lived six days after he met
with it. I once found a moth, Callimorpha miniata, impaled
alive on a thorn, which had pierced its body : it was quiet, and
when I lifted it off" the tliorn it flew away.*" Every one who is
in the habit of observing what lies in his way, must occasionally
have met with beetles in the foot-path, half crushed, and glued

<= How could it have got into such a situation if it had felt pain as the thorn
was entering its body ? Could we ever expect to find a wild beast in a similar
situation ?

112 BIRD ON THE

to the ground by their own entrails, yet alive, and likely to
linger long in that state. Can we believe that they would be
endued with such vitality if their sensibility were not dimi-
nished in proportion? To shew how fitting it is that we
should make the right inference in such a case with regard to
the Divine benevolence, I may be permitted to mention that
I had a friend, who, by making the wrong one, actually be-
came, for a time, an avowed sceptic. It was strange to me
that he should allow his uncertainty with respect to the
feelings of insects to be set in comparison with, and even to
supersede, his certainty with respect to the goodness of the
Deity ; but the fact proves how compelled a reflecting person
must be to adopt one or other alternative. I might, in order
to strengthen my argument, refer to the apparently cruel
economy of the flies which belong to the IchneumonidcB and
other innumerable Hymenopterous families, and Dipterous
ones too, which deposit their eggs in the caterpillars of moths.*
How often do we find such a caterpillar '(and it is not con-
fined to such only), which lives not for itself, but solely for its
voracious tenants, which devour its substance, sparing only
its vitals for a last meal when it shall have come to complete
maturity and ceased to eat. Nay, according to Mr. Newman's
recent observations," these tenants may themselves, at the

^ Paley (in his Natural Theology, I believe) observes, with respect to the
destruction of cattle for our food, that, if it does not shock us that they should
die at all, if we do not go the length of demanding immortality for them, it
should be pleasing to our feelings that they die as they do, in the speediest
mariner, in full possession of health, after living an agreeable life, during which
they were plentifully provided with the best sustenance ; the alternative being,
if there were any alternative (for in general they are produced, as well as sup-
ported, for the purpose of yielding us food), that they would pass a half-starved
existence, and endure a lingering termination to it by disease or hunger. Similar
reasoning will apply to the breeding of insects with a view to the cabinet — they
are gainers by it. The larvae or caterpillars, which are in that stage of the quadri-
partite existence of insects, which is in some cases the only eating stage, and in all
cases the principal one, are enabled to feed day and night in captivity, whilst in
the open air the majority of them feed only in the night ; and they are protected
from their indefatigable pursuers, the ichneumons, which would deposit their
eggs in them, and (on the supposition of their feeling, which I am only granting
for the sake of argument) would render their life a burthen to them, and termi-
nate it even at an earlier stage than the entomologist would.

' This remarkable discovery was published in Mr. Loudon's Magazine of
Natural History, No. XXV. p. 252. Our readers will find it well worth pe-
rusal.— Ed.

SENSATIONS OF INSECTS. 113

very same moment, be tenanted by devourers of another tribe ;
so that family within family may be living beneath the skin
of the caterpillar, who, if he be a suHerer, is a very patient
one, exhibiting no disposition to pine, or to forego one day
of the existence which nature originally destined him to enjoy.
But I need say no more on this point. The study of insects
formed, we have no reason to doubt, a part of the wisdom of
Solomon, without incapacitating him for higher wisdom ; and
the pious father of Solomon addresses the Almighty in words
of inspired truth, " Thy mercy is over all thy works."

There is a popular quotation which it is worth while to
notice, which brings the authority of Shakspeare to bear on
the question in dispute. We are triumphantly reminded that
be tells us

" — die poor beetle that we tread upon,
In corporal suffrance finds a pang as great
As when a giant dies."

But not to say that even Shakspeai'e is not an oracle on all
points, it is somewhat amusing that his words should, in this
case, be entirely wrested from their original purpose. His
purpose was to shew how little a man feels in dying ; — that
"the sense of death is most in apprehension, not in the act;
and that even a beetle, which feels so little, feels as much as a
giant does." The less, therefore, the beetle is supposed to
feel, the more force we give to the sentiment of Shakspeare.

I might, before I conclude, advert to the argument we
sometimes hear, of the want of Scriptural sanction for killing
insects with a view to a collection. This argument must
come with a bad grace from those- who allow themselves to
kill them, with a view merely to the removal of a personal or
domestic annoyance. The exhibition of a large and most beau-
tiful department of the creation is surely a higher object than
this ; and such an exhibition can be made in no other way than
by means of a collection. When all scruples have vanished
at the bidding of our own convenience or comfort, it is too
late to be fastidious only when God's glory is concerned.
Even if it be but for scientific purposes that the collection is
made, I know not how a person can consistently reproach the
Entomologist, as long as he is conscious that he has not for-
bidden his gardener to destroy the slugs that partake of his
cabbages, or the blight insects, — the Aphides, — that impair the

NO. II. VOL. I. Q

114 ON THE SENSATIONS OF INSECTS.

luxuriance of his roses. As to the quotation from Scripture
which I have lieard, — " We must not do evil that good may
come," — it can only be from want of reflection that it can be
applied to the present case. Is it, in itself, an evil to kill an
insect?

But I must not go on. I have already ti'espassed on the
attention of my audience, and must beg pardon of those to
whom I have communicated nothing new. I will only say, in
conclusion, that as there must always remain some doubt with
respect to the feelings of insects, it is right that they should
have the benefit of the doubt. Their life should not be wan-
tonly taken from them, — it is the only one they have. I have
never tried any experiments at their expense ; what I have
observed has occurred when I was killing them for the cabinet.
The speediest mode of putting them to death should always be
resorted to ; and it yet remains to confer a great obligation on
Entomologists by discovering a mode which, without injury to
their colours, shall be instantaneous.

Addendum. — The remarkable vitality of insects might have
been adduced, not only as a proof of their want of sensibility,
but as a point of resemblance between them and plants. It
is said that flies which have been bottled in wine, and have
remained in the bottles several years, have come to life again
on being released and exposed to the sun. There are some
interesting facts mentioned in the Quarterly Review, in an
article on D wight's Travels in America, which bear upon
this analogy between insects and plants. It may, indeed, be
asked, without irreverence, what became of the insects in the
deluge ? It is not said that any thing but beasts, fowls, and
reptiles were taken into the ark. Insects seem to have been
left on the same footing with plants, — some individuals of each
kind being likely to recover after the immersion.

MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDUM. 115

Art. XV. — Monographia Chalcidum. By Francis Walker,
Esq. F.L.S.

( Continued from page 29.^

Family II, — Torymid^.
Caput transversum : oculi laterales : ocelli in triangulum dispositi :
antennae 13-artIculatae, plus minus ve clavatae : mandibulse tri-
dentatss, aut una tridentata altera bidentata : maxillae elongatae,
externe liirsutae, interne ciliatae : mentumplus minusve elongatum :
labium elongatum, fissura : palpi maxillares articulis 4, ultimo
elongate, subfusiformi : palpi labiales articulis 3, secundo brevi :
thorax gibbus aut convexus : prothoracis scutellum plerumque
antice angustatum : mesothoracis scutum magnum, suturis duabus
lateralibus inter parapsides &t scutum proprium bene determinatis,
scutellum ovatum ; paraptera triangula : metathoracis praescutum
angustum ; scutellum magnum, canaliculatum : abdomen ^^ con-
vexum aut gibboso-compressum : oviductus plerumque exsertus :
coxas magnae : femora clavata aut subclavata : tibiae apice spinis
duabus armatae : tarsi articulo l""' longo, sequentibus longitudine
decreseentibus, ultimo longiore, crasso : ungues arcuatae pulvilli
distincti : alas anticse nervus solitus ramulum stigmaticalem
emittens perbrevem, apice furcatum. ^

It may be observed that this family resembles the pre-
ceding in the developement of the thoracic segments, the
abdomen, &c. ; though the trophi are very differently formed,
and the mandibles armed with much longer and sharper teeth:
the stigmal branch is very short, curved: the apex furcate,
the upper division pointing toward the extremity of the costal
nervure, the lower terminated by the stigma : in some of the
smaller species the furcation is indistinct.

The Eurytomidae, and most of the pentamerous Chalcides,
have very little variation in the shape of the stigmal branch ;

^ According to MacLeay there are nine primary abdominal segments, some of
which, owing to the great developement of others, are almost evanescent. Of this
fact the Chalcides offer a good illustration ; where the shape of the abdomen,
owing to the difference in the size and form of the segments, is almost infinitely
varied ; and the disposition of the ventral segments differs occasionally in the
same species. As a complete description of the abdomen in each species of this
tribe would alone fill a volume, and is more appropriate to their anatomy, I have
omitted it here ; trusting that the descriptions given will enable entomologists to
recognize my genera and species.

^ Forma ad hanc familiam, Leucospidem, Chalcidem et cognates propria.

116 MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDUM.

but the formation here described is pecuhar to this family, and
to Leucospis, Thoracanthus, Smiera, Dirhinus, Chirocera,
Chalcis, Haltichella, and their affinities. These genera are
distinguished by their gibbous bodies, large coxae, and incras-
sated posterior thighs. The species are chiefly extra-European,
and among their number are some of the largest in the
whole tribe. Their natural situation I imagine to be imme-
diately following this family ; but having few genera or
species, I shall leave them for examination to some future
opportunity.

Characteres Generum.

(elongatum I.Megastigmus.
I /femoribus posticis
convexum 1 I incrassatisdentatis,
proscutellum / I tibiis posticis arcua-
j jtis 2. Priomerus.
fbreve.Pedes^ femoribus posticis
n, , ,, ) I clavatis serratis, ti-
Mesoscutellum/ ., J j^jj^ ^^^^.^j^ ^^^^^^ _ 3^ Tor vmus.

f Vsubfequales ... 4. Calmmome.

} gihhMm. Antennm axtX- fbrevi 5. Ormykus.

''cuto 4to. <

Celongato .... 6. Perilampus.

Dalman divides his genus Torymus (named Callimome long
before by Spinola) into three sections, the second one sub-
divided, viz.

A. (Megastigmus.) Stigma incrassatum magisque determi-
natum • collare majuscuhim : corporis color non metallicus.

B. (Torymus propr.) Stigma par viim ahhreviatum ; corpore
metallicolor,

(a.) Femoribus posticis dentatis.
(b.) Fe?noribus omnibus miiticis.

C. (Anomali.) Corpore breviorCy abdomine gibbosiore, ovi-
ductu 71071 exserto.

I have reserved his name, Torymus, for the first division of
his second section ; '^the other division is Callimome, Spinola.
It is not unlikely that his third section is allied to Ormyrus,
Westwood.

Genus I. Megastigmus, Dalman.

Caput medium: palpi maxillares articulis 1, 2 et 3 suboequalibus :
mentum ovatum, antice acuminatum, postice subquadratum :

MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDUM. 117

mandibulas arcuatse, tridentatae : antennte subclavatae, pilosae,
articulo 1°. elongato, 2°. brevicyathiformi, 3°. brevissimo, 4". et
sequentibus ad 10""". latioribus longitudine decrescentibus, tribus
ultimis ajjproximatis : pedes subsequales : thorax convexus : pro-
scutellum elongatum, antiee angustatum aut fere sabquadratum :
mesoscutellum convexum : abdomen elongatum, convexum, maris
petiolatum, femince sessile : oviductus exsertus.

Sp. 1. Meg. transversus. Fem. Fulvus nigro variegatus,
oviductu corpore longiore, alts hyalinis.

Caput postice et inter oculos nigrum : oculi ocellique rufo-fusci :
prothorax postice flavus : mesoscutum antiee et paraptera nigro-
fusca : metathorax ater : abdomen basi nigro maculatum, fasciis
5 connectis abbreviatis fuscis ; segmentorum margines postici
flavi : antennae nigrae, scapus subtus flavus : pedes flavi : coxae
nigrae : tarsi apice fusci : nervus subcostalis fuscus : stigma
magnum, nigrum. (Alarum longitudo, 2i — 3 lin.)
July ; on grass in woods ; near London.

Sp. ^. Meg. dorsalis. Mas. et Fem. Viridis flavo varie-
gatus, abdomine ceneo, oviductu corpore breviore, alls siib-
hyalinis.

Ichneumon dorsalis. Fabr. Ent. Syst. Suppl. 231. 218.

Coqueb Illust. Icon. I. Tab. 5. Fig. 3.

Diplolepis dorsalis. Fabr. Syst. Piezat. 151. 11.

Cinips dorsalis. . Fonscolombe, Ann. Sci. Nat. 26. 28^.

Mas. Caput antiee flavum : oculi flavo cincti ocellique rufi : an-
tennae fuscae : scapus viridis, basi subtusque flavus : coxae posticse
nigro-fuscae : femora postica exteme viridi-asneo maculata, basi
rufo-cincta : pedes straminei : tarsi apice fusci : nervus subcostalis
fuscus ; stigma nigro-fuscum, magnum.

Fem. Caput flavum, inter oculos viride : abdomen flavurii, disco-
fusco-aeneo : pedes straminei: tarsi apice fusci. (Alarum lon-
gitudo. If — 3 lin.)

Var. fi.—Mas. Pedes omnino flavi.

Far. y. — Mas. Antennae articulo secundo aeneo-fusco.

Var. S. — Fem. Thorax viridis, antiee et lateraliter flavus : parap-
tera basi nigra : antennae nigro-fuscae, apice basique fuscae :
stigma postice in alarum discum productum.

Var. c. — Fem. Flavus : caput inter ocellos thoracisque linea virides.
June and July ; on oak trees ; near London. September ;

Isle of Wight.

lis MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDUM.

Genus II, Priomerus,'' Walker.

Caput medium : thorax convexus : abdomen subpetiolatum : ovi-
ductus exsertus : antennae clava articulis precedentibus multo
latiore : femora coxaeque posticae elongatas, inerassatae ; ilia
subtus dentata : tibiae posticae arcuatae.

Sp. 1. Priom. pachymerus. Fem. Nigro-viridis, abdomine
cBneo-viridi, oviduclu corpore dimidio longiore, antennis
fuscis, pedibus rufisy alls subliyaUnis.

Oculi ocellique rufi : antennarum clava nigra, scapus rufus : abdo-
men subtus rufum : coxse nigro-virides. (Alarum longitudo,
1| lin.)

The disc of the thorax is dark green, the margins brighter.
July ; South of France.

Genus III. Torymus, Dalman.
Caput medium : thorax convexus : proscutellum breve : abdomen

sessile : oviductus exsertus : clava articulis duobus praecedentibus

multo brevior, acuminata : femora postica subtus clavata, serratr

apice abrupte graciliora.

The sutures of the mesoscutum are indistinct : the posterior
thighs are dilated beneath, the dilatation increasing in breadth
from the base to near the apex, where it terminates at a right
angle : the stigmal branch is longer than in Callimome, and
forms a more acute angle with the continuation of the sub-
costal nervure.
Sp. 1. Tor. caliginosus. Fem. Nigro-purpureus, thorace

nigi'O-ceneo, oviductu abdomine longiore, tarsis stramineis,

alisfuscis.
Abdomen basi viride : antennae nigrae, scapus viridis : tarsi apice

fiisci : alse basi hyalinae, anticae versus medium obscuriores.

(Alarum longitudo, 2 lin.)

July ; South of France.

Genus IV. Callimome, Spinola.

Ichneumon. Linn. Deg. Fabr. Scop. Schr. Vill. Ross.

Walck.
Cynips. . . Geoff. Schcsff. Schr. Fabr. Oliv. Walck. Lat.

Christ. Leach, Samoiielle, Fonscolombe.

'^ Tlpiwi' serra, /xrjiJos femur.

MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDUM. 119

Diplolepis . Fabr. Walch. Illig. Spin.
Cleptes . . Fabr.
Chalcis . . Cuvier, Lam, Jurine.
Misocampus Latr.
Torymus . Dalman, Sfc.

A Megastigmo, proscutello brevi mamque abdomine sessili, difFert :
antennae plus minusve clavatae : thorax convexus aut gibbus :
oviductus exsertus aut subexsertus.

The species of this genus deposit their eggs in the larvae
of the gall-insects, (Cynips, Linn.), for which purpose their
long ovipositors are well adapted. Reaumui', Degeer, Olivier,
Latreille, and Spinola, have published many interesting observa-
tions on their economy and structure. The basal abdominal
segment is long, and, lapping over the second, extends to the
base of the third joint: its extremity is not connected with
the abdomen.

Obs. Where the colour of the antennae is not mentioned, it
is invariably black.
Sp. 1. Callim. regalis. Mas. Purpureo-cyaneus, abdomine

(sneo, antennis nigris, pedibus riijis, alls subfuscis.
Caput cyaneum, inter oculos utrinque viride : oculi fusci : ocelli
pallidi : thorax purpureo-cyaneus, punctatus, rufo-hirtus : abdo-
men nitidum, glabrum, aeneum, basi aureo-viride : antennas
nigrse : pedes rufi : tarsi pallidi, articulis 4 et 5 fuscis : al^ fuscae,
basi hyalinae, anticse fusco interrupte fasciatae. (Alarum lon-
gitude, 3a lin.)

The colour of the head and thorax is deep blue, slightly
tinged with purple : the first abdominal segment is golden green,
changing to aeneous toward its posterior margin : the second
and third segments are cupreous : the abdomen beneath, and
the paraptera of the mesothorax are green : the anterior part
of the superior wings is nearly hyaline, with a large fuscous
spot in the centre.

July ; on plants in a wood ; near London.
Sp. 2. Callim. cynipedis. Fem. Purpureus, abdomine

cupreo, basi fulco, pedibus rtifis, alis subfuscis.
Ichneumon cynipedis Linn. St/si. Nat. 11. 939. 68. Fn.
Suec. 1639. FaJbr. Ent. Syst. 2.
187. 223.
Diplolepis cynipedis. Fabr. Syst. Piezat. 152. 17,

120 MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDUM.

Oculi fusci : ocelli pallidi : thorax purpureus, antice aeneo-viridis,

postice viridi-nitens : oviductus corpore dimidio longior : anten-

narum articulus primus flavus, apice niger : pedes pallide rufi :

tarsi straminei, apice obscuriores : alaj anticae fusco longitudi-

naliter maculatse. (Alarum longitude, 3| lin.)

Prothorax geneous green : mesothorax purple, aeneous

green when viewed horizontally ; margins of the segments, and

a spot near the apex of the scutellum, green : metathorax and

coxae of posterior legs bright green : abdomen dark cupreous,

the two basal segments fulvous : legs pale red : two basal

joints of the tarsi straw-coloured : the superior wings have a

fuscous spot extending almost from their base to the stigmal

branch.

July ; in a meadow ; near London.

Sp. 3. Callim. Roboris. Mas et fem. Cyaneus, capite vi-
ridi, ahdomine ceneo hasi jlavo, pedibus rufis, alls hyalinis
(mas) aut subfuscis (fem.)

Caput viride : thorax cyaneus aut purpureo cyaneus : maris abdo-
men aeneum aut viridi-aeneum, basi flavo cingulatum ; femince
rufum, basi supra viride, apice aeneo cupreo viridi nigroque varie-
gatum : scapus rufus, maris supra viridis : oviductus corpore
paullo brevior : pedes rufi : tarsi flavi, articulis duobus ultimis
pallide fuscis. (Alarum longitudo. If — 3i lin.)

f/^y_ ^^ — Mas. Abdomen supra viridi-aeneum, immaculatum.

Yar. y. — Fem. Thoracis latera viridi variegata.

This species is very abundant on the foliage of oak trees,
and amongst the grass beneath, near London, from June to
September. It varies considerably in size; the male is usually
much smaller than the female. It resembles Cinips ventralis,
Fonscolombe.

Sp. 4. Callim. quadricolor. Fem. Viridis, abdomine cu-
preo basi rufo, pedibus rujis, alis hyalinis, anticis fusco
maculatis.

Caput cyaneo-viride : oculi ocellique rufi : thorax viridis, nitens :
abdomen cupreura, basi rufum, apice viride : oviductus abdomen
longitudine aequans : scapus et pedes rufi. (Alarum longitudo,
\\—2h lin.)
It has thick legs and antennae, and runs much faster than

most species of this genus : the base of the first abdominal

MONOtiUAPlIIA CIIALCIDUM. Ii31

segment is green above : the tips of the posterior thighs, in
some specimens, are shghtly fuscous : the wings are narrow,
the superior have a large fuscous spot occupying more than
half their breadth, and extending from a little beyond the
stigmal branch nearly to their base.

June; in a meadow; near London. September; on ferns ;
in the vicinity of Ambleside, Westmoreland.

Sp. 5. Callim. Geranii. Curtis. Fem. Viridis, abdo?}iine
flavo cingulato, pedihus Jlavis, alls liyalims.

Abdomen viridi-jeneum, flavo cingulatum, basi viride, apicis lateri-
bus aeneis aut nigris : oviductus corpus longitudine aequans :
scapus et pedes flavi : genua tarsique straminei, horum apices
fusci : femora antica apice pallide virescentia. (Alarum longitude,
3-3Hin.)

Var. jj. — Caput viridi-aeneum : scapus supra niger : abdomen
apicem versus viride.

The wings of this species are much longer and broader than
those of C. Roboris, or quadricolor.

September ; near the sea-shore ; Isle of Wight.

Sp. 6. Callim. pretiosus. Mas. Cyaneo-viridis, abdomine
cvpreo basi flavo, pedihus rufis, alis hijalinis.

Oculi ocellique rufo-fusci : abdomen apice viridi-aeneum, segmen-
tum primum flavum basi cyaneum : femora postica virentia :
tarsi flavi, apice fusci. (Alarum longitudo, If lin.)

Reared with C. Bedeguaris, by Mr. Curtis, from the galls of
the dog-rose.

Sp. 7. Callim. Bedeguaris. Mas et Fem. Viridis, abdomine

cupreo aut ceneo, oviductu corpore paullh hreviore, pedihus

palUde rufis, alis subfuscis.

Ichneumon Bedeguaris. Linn. Syst. Nat. II. 993. 63. Fn.

Su. 1634. Fabr. Ent. Syst. II.

185. 215. Geoff. Ins. II. 296.

I. Roes. Ins. III. Tab. 5S.
Fig. F. A. Aut. Nat. Cur. Dec.

II. Ann. II. Obs. 10. Reaum.Ins.

III. Tab. 41. Fig. 13, 14. &c. &c.
Diplolepis Bedeguaris. Fahr. Syst. Piezat. 150. 6.
Callimome . . Spinola.

NO. II. VOL. I. R

122 MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDUM.

Misocampus . . Latr.

Pteromalus . . Swed. Stock. Trans. 1795.
Torymus . . Dalman.

Ciiiips . . . OUv. Enc. Meth. Fonscolomhe. Ann.

Set. Nat. 26. 283.

Mas. — ^neo-viridis : oculi ocellique rufi : thorax apice viridis :
abdomen Eeneum, basi viride : scapus totus niger : genua tarsiqiie
straminei, horum apices fusci.

Fern. — Viridis : caput inter oculos aeneum : thorax apice subtusque
seneus, segmentorum margines concolores : abdomen cupreuni,
basi viride : scapus basi subtusque flavus. (Alarum longitudo,
If— 3 lin.)

It is narrower than C. pretiosus : the wings also are nar-
rower and longer, the nervures darker.

This insect, and several other species, are pai*asites of the
larvae which inhabit the galls of the dog-rose. Mr. Curtis
has reared it from the galls during the months of July,
August, and beginning of September. Mr. Wailes has taken
it in the North of England.

Sp. 8. Callim. varians. Fern. Virhlis, nitens, ahdomine apice
ceneo, oridiictu corpoi-e paullo longiore, pedibiis Jlavi.s,
femorihus supra viridibus aid ccneis, alis suhfuscis.

Oculi ocellique rufi : thorax postice subtusque viridi-seneus : abdo-
minis segmentum primum viride, cupreo notatum : scapus flavus :
genua tarsique straminei. (Alarum longitudo, If — 2\ lin.)

Var. ft. — Scapus fuscus, basi subtusque flavus : tibiae posticse
femoraque 4 antica fusco maculatoe.

The basal joint of the antennae above has sometimes a
fuscous line near the apex, extending occasionally almost to
t!ie base : the thorax beneath, the margin of its segments
above, and the whole metathorax, are aeneous : the basal
abdominal segment has several small cupreous spots on its
disc : the thighs have a green or aeneous spot above, larger
and brighter in the posterior pair.

August ; in meadows ; near London.

Sp. 9. Callim. formosns. Fem. Cifpretts, nitens, ovidiictu
corporis dimidio longiore, pedibusjlavis, alis suhfuscis.

Caput cupreo -cEneum, antice viride : oculi ocellique rufo-fusci :
thorax antice posticeque viridi-feneus : abdominis segmentum

MONOGRAPHIA CIIALCIDUM. 123

primutn versicolor, cupreo seneo viridique niicans : scapus flavus,
apice aeneo-fuscus : femora fulva, postica fusca : alae anticae
ramulum prope stigraaticalem fuscescentes. (Alarum longitudo,
3| lin.)

The paraptera of the mesothorax are gveen : the basal
abdominal segment, and the posterior coxee, have a brilliant
gold colour, changing to cupreous or green, according to the
direction in which they are viewed : the posterior thighs have
a cupreous or aeneous tinge : the inferior wings are almost
colourless.

July ; on grass, beneath an oak tree ; near London.

Sp. 10. Callim. scutellaris. Fem. Viridis, cupreo micans,
sctdello cupreo, ahdom'me cupreo-ceneo, oviduciu corpore
vix breviore, pedibus stramineis, fetnoribus posiicis fuscls,
alls subhyaliiiis.

Thorax postice abdominisque segmentum basale viridi micantes :
scapus flavus : tibiae posticae femoraque 4 antica fulvae : alas
superiores antice subfuscse. (Alarum longitudo, 3 lin.)

The head and thorax, being seen in different directions,
vary in colour from green to cupreous, occasioned probably by
the punctures having cupreous bases, while their sides and
edges are green : the metathorax is golden green, as likewise
is the abdomen, excepting the first segment and the anterior
part of the second, which are green : it has more slender
antennae than the preceding species.

August ; on grass, beneath trees ; near London.

Sp. 11. Callim. Hederae. Fem. Cupreo-ceneus, oviduciu
abdomine pmdlb longiore, pedibus palUde rujis, alis anticis
pallide jlavescentibus.

Oculi ocellique fusco-rufi : abdominis segmentum primum supra :
thorax antice posticeque virides : scapus flavus, apice fuscus :
tarsi 4 postici pallide flavi : alee hyalinae, superiores marginem
versus anticum pallide flavescentes. (Alarum longitudo, 2\ —
21 lin.)

The body is small : the head and thorax vary in colour
from cupreous to green, like the preceding species : the first,
and sometimes the second abdominal segment is green above i
the antenna3 are rather slender : the wings broad.

October ; on the flowers of the ivy ; near London.

124 MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDUM,

Sp. 12. Callim. Arundinis. Curtis. Fern, ^neo-viridis,

oviductu corpore vix longiore, j)edibus rtijis, oUs anticis

suhfuscis.
Caput seneum : oculi ocellique rufi : abdomen basi viride : tarsi 4

postici straminei, apice rufi : alee elongatse, angustse. (Alarum

longitude, 2\ lin.)

Narrow, bright aeneous green : legs slender : two basal
joints of four posterior tarsi pale straw colour : wings slightly
fuscous.

September ; near the shore ; Isle of Wight.
Sp. 13. Callim. macropterus. Fern. Viridis, ahdomine

csneo, oviductu corpore vix breviore, pedibus flavis, alis

suhfuscis, qudm in C. Bedeg. latioribus.

Caput postice viridi-seneum : oculi ocellique rufi: thorax lateraliter
posticeque aeneus : abdomen basi viride : scapus viridis, subtus
flavus : tarsi 4 postici basi genuaque straminei : alae latae. (Ala-
rum longitudo, 2| lin.)
Bright green : abdomen bright aeneous, changing to bright

green toward the base : wings long and broad.
August ; on grass beneath trees ; near London.

Sp. 14. Callim. flavipes. Mas et fem. ^neo-viridis, ori-
ductu abdomine paidlo longiore, pedibus Jlavis, alis subhy-
alinis.

Oculi ocellique rufi : maris abdomen viride, basi apiceque seneum :
femince, scapus flavus, apice fuscus : tarsi 4 postici genuaque
straminei. (Alarum longitudo, 1| — 2f lin.)

Far. (3. — Fem. abdomen basi aeneum.

Var. y — Mas, femora postica viridi, tibias postica; fusco, maculatae.

Apical joints of tarsi fuscous : wings much paler and rather
narrower than those of the preceding species.

May and June ; oak trees ; near London. September ;
Isle of Wight. July ; Forest of Fontainebleau.

Sp, 15. Callim. Dauci. Curtis. Fem. Viridis, nitens,
oviductu abdomen longitudine aqnanle, pedibus Jlavis, alis
hjjalinis.

Cynips. auratus. Fourc. Oliv. Sfc. ?

Oculi ocellique rufi : antennarum scapus flavus apice fuscus, arti-
culus secundus fusco-aeneus : genua tarsique 4 postici straminei,,
horum apices fusci. (Alarum longitudo, 1^ — 2 lin.)

MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDUM. 125

It resembles the preceding species, but the colour is entirely
brilliant green : the body is narrower and longer : the wings
are quite hyaline, their nervures paler.

May and June ; on oak trees ; near London.

During the month of August, Mr. Curtis found, on the
Daucus Carota, near Niton in the Isle of Wight, some galls
containing bright orange-coloured larvae. They produced this
insect at the beginning of September.

Sp. 16. Callim. basalis. Fem. /Eneo-viridis, nitens, ab-
domine viridi bast ceneo, oviductu abdomen longitudine
(Bquante, pedibus flavis, alts subfuscis.

Oculi ocellique rufi : scapus fuscus, subtus flavus : genua tarsique
straminei : tarsi 4 postici apice fusci. (Alarum longitude, 2 lin.)

Body shorter : wings darker than of C. flavipes or Dauci :
abdomen bright green : base of the first segment bright
aeneous.
July, August; in fields ; near London.

Sp. 17. Callim. confinis. Fern. Viridis, nitens, oviduchi
abdomen longitudine cequante, pedibiis pallide riijis, tibiis
posticis fusco-muculatis, alis hyalinis.

Oculi ocellique rufi : scapus viridis, subtus flavus : tarsi apice fusci,
4 postici genuaque straminei : nervus subcostalis flavus. (Alarum
longitudo, 11 — If lin.)

Var. (d. — scapus flavus.

P'ar. y. — thorax seneo-viridis, postice viridis.

The antenna are shorter and more clavate than those of
C. flavipes, Dauci, or basalis ; there is sometimes a fuscous
spot on each of the posterior tibige.

August ; in fields ; near London. September ; Isle of
Wight.

Sp. 18. Callim. autumnalis. Fem. Viridis, fiitens, abdo-
mine ceneo basi viridi, oviductu abdomine paullo longiore,
pedibns flavis, alis hyalinis.

Oculi ocellique rufi : thorax postice viridi-seneus : scapus flavus,
apice niger : genua tarsique straminei, liorum apices fusci : femora
tibiaeque posticae nonnunquam subtus fiiscre : r.ervus subcostalis
stigmaque pallidi. (Alarum longitudo, 1| lin.)

126 MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDUM.

It is smaller and narrower, and has narrower wings than
C. fiavipes, Dauci, or basalis : the antennae are more slender
and less clavate than those of C. confinis : the subcostal ner-
vure and stigma are pale fuscous, the latter small.

September; Isle of Wight.

Sp. 19. Callim. nitens. Fem. Viridis, nitens, abdominis
disco ceneo, oviductu vix exserto, pedihus stramineis,femo-
ribns posticis supra viridi maculatis, alis subfuscis.

Oculi ocellique rufi : abdominis linea dorsalis abbreviata senea :
scapus flavus, supra viridis : articulus secundus seneo-fuscus.
(Alarum longitude, 2A lin.)

The base of the abdomen benealh, and its second and third
segments above, are aeneous : the apical joints of the four
posterior tarsi are yellow : the claws slightly fuscous : the
wings long and broad.

July ; near London.

Sp. 20. Callim. brevicauda. Fem. Viridis, nitefis, prcece-
denti angustior, abdominis disco ceneo, oviductu suhexserto,
pedibus pallide rujis, femorihus iiiridi-oineis, tibiis jjosticis
fuscis, alis subfuscis.

Oculi ocellique rufi : thoracis abdominisque latera viridi-senea :
scapus, genua tarsique flavi, postici straminei. (Alarum longi-
tudo, 2l lin.)

The abdomen has an aeneous line above, extending from
the second segment to the apex : the alary nervures are pale :
the stigma very small.

September ; Isle of Wight.

Sp. 2\. Callim. abdominalis. Fem. Viridis, nitens, abdo-
minis basi ceneo-cyaneo purpureoque micante, oviductu mx
exserto, pedibus jlavis, femoribus viridibus, tibiis posticis
fuscis, alis hyalinis.

Oculi ocellique rufi : abdominis segmentorum margines viridi-aenei :
scapus viridis, subtus flavus : tarsi 4 postici genuaque straminei,
illoruni apices fusci. (Alarum longitudo, 2| lin.)

It is more slender, and has much narrower wings than the
preceding species : the margins of the different thoracic parts
are aeneous green : the first abdominal segment has its base

MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDUM. 127

aeneous, changing to aeneous green, green, blue ; the aperx is
purple ; the other segments are green, their bases aeneous :
the stigma is very small.
September ; Isle of Wight.

Sp. 22. Callim. mutabilis. Mas et fem. Firidis, nitens, ah-
domine acneo-mridi, oviductu abdomen longitudine cequante,
pedibus Jlavis, femorihus viridibiis, alts hyalinis.

Oculi ocellique rufi : thorax postice seneo-viridis : maris abdomen
seneum, basi apiceque viride : femince viride, antice cyaneo-viride,
lateraliter viridi-seneum : scapus viridis, femince basi subtusqiie
flavus : coxas virides : trochanteres flavi : tibiae posticae fusco
cingulatae : genua tarsique straminei, 4 postici apice fusci.
(Alarum longitudo, I5 — 2 lin.)

Var. jj. — Mas, scapus basi flavus : abdomen apice geneum : tibiae
posticae femoraque fuscae : tibiae intermediae supra pallide fuscae.

Var. y. — Fem. abdomen aeneo-viride, basi viride : femora 4 antica
flava, supra virentia.

Far. B. — Fem. omnino viridis : pedes flavi : femora tibiaeque posticEe
pallide fuscae.

This species varies considerably in size and colour: the
prothovax of the male has a bluish, the metathorax an aeneous
tinge : the abdomen of the female is green, or aeneous green,
the base sometimes bluish green : the tips of the four anterior
thighs are yellow.

July ; on grass beneath trees ; near London. September ;
Isle of Wight.

Sp. 23. Callim. microstigma. Fem. Firidis, nitens, ovi-
ductu abdomine ^xfidlu longiore, pedibus Jlavis, femoribus
viridibus, tibiis posticis nigro-fusco ciiigulatis, alis liyalinis.

Oculi ocellique rufi : abdomen aureo viride, basi aeneum : scapus
niger, subtus flavus : trochanteres flavi : genua tarsique straminei,
4 postici apice fusci : nervus subcostalis pallidus : stigma mini-
mum. (Alarum longitudo, 2 — 1\ lin.)

Var. /3. — abdomen viride : apice aeneo-viride : scapus basi flavus :
femora 4 antica flava, supra virentia.

Bright green : anterior part of the thorax darker : tips of
the four posterior tarsi dark fuscous : it has broader wings and
a paler stigma than the preceding species.

August; on grass in woods ; near London.

128 MONO(;uApniA chalcidum.

Sp. 24. Callim. chloromerus. Mas et fern. Viridis, nitenSy
oviductu corpore vix breviore, pedibus jlavis, femoribus
viridibus, tibiis posticis fusco cingulatis, alls hyalinis.

Oculi ocellique rufi : maris abdomen seneum, basi viride : feminae
scapus viridis, basi flavus : trochanteres, et femora 4 antica basi
apiceque, flavi : genua et tarsi straminei, femince antici apice flavi :
nervus subcostalis pallidus : stigma minimum. (Alarum longi-
tudo 1| — 2 lin.)

Var. /3. — Mas, femora 4 antica subtus flava.

Var. y. — Fern, abdominis segmentum primum cyaneo micans.

Var. c. — Fern, thoracis dorsum lateraque viridi-asnea.

The male has the mesoparaptei'a seneous green : the two
basal, and the sides of the two following abdominal segments,
green : the apical segment aeneous green : the female is en-
tirely bright green : this species is narrower than either of the
two preceding, and may also be distinguished from C. muta-
bilis by its smaller and paler stigma.

September; Isle of Wight. On the banks of Windermere,
in Westmoreland.

Sp. 25. Callim. latus. Mas et fem. Viridis, nitens, oviductu
abdomen longitudine cequante, pedibus Jlavis, femoribus
riridi-fuscis, alis suhfuscis.

Oculi ocellique rufi : maris abdomen seneum, basi viride : scapus
viridis aut fuscus, basi subtusque flavus : trochanteres flavi : genua
tarsique straminei, postici apice fusci : femince femora viridi, tibias
posticse fusco cingulatse : nervns subcostalis pallidus : stigma mini-
mum. (Alarum longitudo, Is lin.)

The metathorax of the male is darker and less punctured
than the pro or mesothorax : the body is short and broad :
the posterior tibiee are fuscous, their tips yellow : the wings
are rather short.

July, near London. September; Isle of Wight. North of
England; Mr. Wailes.

Sp. 26. Callim. microcerus. Mas. Viridis, nitens, abdomine
ceneo, antennis fuscis, basi nigris , pedibus jlavis , femoribus
posticis viridi-fuscis, alis hyalinis.

Oculi ocellique rufi : thorax postice et lateraliter viridi-aeneus : abdo-
men basi viride : scapus et articuli tres sequentes nigri, ille subtus

MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDUM. 129

flavus : tibiae posticse fusco cingulatse : genua tarsique straminei,
horum apices fusci : nervus subcostalis pallidas : stigma minimum.
(Alarum longitudo, Is lin.)

Head slightly aeneous : prothorax dark green : mesothorax
bright green : first and second abdominal segments green :
antennae short and slender : subcostal nervure pale fuscous,
yellow towards its base.

July ; near Clermont, in Auvergne.

Sp. 27. Callim. aequalis. Fem. Viridis, abdomine viridi-
ceneo, oviduclu dimidio abdomine longiore, jj^dibus jlavis^
tibiis 2iosticis femoribusque fuscis, alls hyalinis.

Oeuli ocellique rufi : thorax postice oeneo-viridis : abdomen basi
viride : seapus fuscus, basi subtusque flavus : femora postica
supra virentia : genua tarsique 4 postici straminei, horum articuli
duo ultimi fusci : nervus subcostalis pallide fuscus : stigma parvum,
obscurius. (Alarum longitudo, 1| lin.)

Tips of thighs and posterior tibiae yellow : it has narrower,
shorter, and rather less hyaline wings than C. chloromerus,
mutabilis, or microstigma : from the two latter it may also be
distinguished by its more slender body.

June ; near London.

Sp. 28. Callim. chlorinus. Fem. Viridis, nitens, oviductu
abdomine breviore, pedibus flavis,femoribus viridibus, tibiis
fuscis, alis hyalinis.

Oculi ocellique rufi : abdominis segmentum primum cyaneo-viride :
seapus flavus, apice fuscus : tibise fusco maculatae, posticse nigro-
fuscse : genua tarsique straminei, horum apices fusci : nervus sub-
costalis pallide fuscus : stigma parvum. (Alarum longitudo, 1 3 lin.)

Narrower and more linear than the preceding species : tips
of thighs and posterior tibiae yellow : four anterior tibiae
yellow, with a pale fuscous spot near the base.

June: near London.

Sp. 29. Callim. leptocerus. Mas et fem. ^neo-viridis, Jiitens,
oviductu obdomifie longiore, pedibnsfidvis,femoribus viridi-
fusco, tibiis posticis fusco cingulatis, alis subhyalims, qnani
in C. cequali aut chlorino latioribus.

Oculi ocellique rufi : mesoparaptera oenea : abdomen viride segmen-
torum raargines viridi-acnei : seapus fuscus, basi subtusque flavus:

NO. II. VOL. I. S

130 MONOGRAPIIIA CIIALCIDUM.

genua tarsique straminei, horum apices fusci : nervus siibcostalis
fulvus : stigma parvum. (Alarum longitudo, Ig — If lin.)

Far. /3. — Fern, abdomen basi cyaneo-viride.

Var. y. — Fern, abdomen viride, basi aineum.

Far. S. — Fein, abdomen totum viride.

Far. £. — Mas, pedes flavi, immaculati.

Body and wings much broader than those of the two pre-
ceding species : antennae slender.

September; Isle of Wight. North of England. Scotland.

Sp. 30. Callim. micropterus. Fem. Vindis, abdomine ccneo-
viridi, oviductu corpore paidlo breviore, ontennis quam in
C. csquali tenuioribvs, pedibusfulms, femor'ibiis viridibus,
tlbiis posticis nigro-fuscis, alls hyalinis, quam in C. cJtloro-
rnero brevioribus.

Oculi ocellique rufi : abdomen basi viridi nitens : femora tibiaeque
apice flavae : genua tarsique straminei, horum apices fusci : nervus
subcostalis fulvus : stigma fuscum, parvum. (Alarum longitudo,
lilin.)

The head and thorax are dark green ; the antennae short,
more slender than of C. aequalis : the trochanters are fulvous t
it resembles C. chlorinus in shape, and has narrower wings
than C. leptocerus.

July ; near London.

Sp. 31. Callim. bicolor. Fem. j^neo-viridis, C. mutabili
angustior oviductu abdomen longiiudine (equonte, pedibus
jiavis, tibiis posticis femoribusque fusco cingulalis, alts
hyalinis.

Oculi ocellique rufi : abdominis segmentum primum viride, cupreo
variegatum : scapus fuscus, basi subtusque flavus : femora pos-
tica supra virentia : genua tarsique straminei, horum apices fusci :
nervus subcostalis palHde fuscus : stigma parvum. (Alarum
longitudo, 1 \ lin.)

This species is more slender than C. latus, has a shorter
and much broader abdomen than C. chlorinus, and may be
distinguished from C. leptocerus by its narrower wings.

August; infields; near London.

Sp. 32. Callim. leucopterus. Fem. Viridis, nitens, abdomine
basi cyanco micante, oviductu corpore vi.v breviore, jiedibus

MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDUM. 131

flams, femorihus viridibus, tibiis posticisfiiscis, alis hyalinis,
C. chloromert angustioribus.

Oculi ocellique rufi : scapus viridis, basi flavus : femora 4 antica
subtus flava : tarsi apice fusci : nervus subcostalis pallide flavus
stigma parvum, concolor. (Alarum longitudo, \\ lin.)

The four anterior thighs are sometimes almost fuscous above :
it is longer, has more slender antennas and narrower wings than
C. asqualis : the latter character will also distinguish it from C.
leptocerus.

September ; Isle of Wight.

Sp. 33. Callira. viridi-asneus. Fem. Viridis, ahdomine viridi-
ceneo, oviductu abdomine paullb breviore, pedibus fulvist
alis subfuscis.

Oculi ocellique rufi : caput subtus et thoracis latera aenea : abdo-
minis segmentum primum seneum, apice viride : scapus fuscus»
subtus basique flavus : genua tarsique straminei, horum apices
fusci : nervus subcostalis pallide fuscus : stigma parvum, con-
color. (Alarum longitudo, Ij lin.)

The apex of the metathorax is aeneous.
September; Isle of Wight.

Sp. 34. Callim. curtus. Fem. Viridis, nitens, oviducttt
abdomen longitudine cequante, antennis quam in C. Dauci
aut confini claratioribus , pedibus flavis, alis hyalinis.

Oculi ocellique rufi : scapus viridis, basi subtusque flavus : genua
tarsique 4 postici straminei, horum apices fusci : nervus subcostalis
pallide fulvus : stigma parvum, concolor. (Alarum longitudo,
l-l§lin.)

The body and legs are short and thick ; the antennae more
clavate than of most species in the genus : the posterior thighs
and tibiae have sometimes a green or fuscous spot above.

September; Isle of Wight. Near London.

Sp. ^5. Callim. raeridionalis. Fem. Viridis, nilens, thoruce
cupreo maculato, abdomine ceneo, oviductu corpore paullb
breviore, pedibus flavis, femoribus ceneis, alis subfuscis.

Caput et thorax postice viridi-asnei : oculi ocellique rufi : macula
dorsalis cuprea : abdominis segmenta postice virentia, primum
cupreo notatum : scapus fuscus, basi subtusque flavus : tibiai

132 MONOCRAPHIA CHALCIDUM.

, posticjfi apice fuscse: genua tarsique straminei, horum apices
fusci : nervus subcostalis fulvus : stigma parvum, fuscum. (Ala-
rum longitude, 1^ lin.)

The apex of the scutum, the base of the scutellum, and the
paraptera of the mesothorax, are cupreous : the metathorax is
aeneous : the first abdominal segment is aeneous green, speckled
with cupreous: the tips of the thighs are yellow.

July; south of France.

Sp. 36. Callim. Euphorbiae. Fem. Viridis, liuhescens, ovi-
ductu corpore paullb hreviore, pedibiis Jlavis, femorihiis
viridibus, tib'ns posticis fuscis, alls liyalinis.

Oculi ocellique rufi : tibiae posticse subtus, femora apice basique,
flavae : tarsi straminei. (Alarum longitudo, 1| lin.)
I am indebted to M. F. Delaporte for this species, taken

by him on the spurge in the vicinity of Paris.

Sp. 37. Callim. caprese. Fem. Viridis, tiitens, omductic
abdominis dimidio paidlo longiore, pedibus Jlavis, femo-
ribus viridibus, tibiis fuscis, alis hyalinis.

Oculi ocellique rufi. (Alarum longitudo, 1^ lin.)

Taken by M. F. Delaporte on the young shoots of the
willow ; in the vicinity of Paris.
Sp. 38. Callim. terminalis, Mas et fem. Viridis aut viridi.

ceneus, oviductu corpore vix breviore, pedibus Jlavis,

femoribus viridibus, tibiis p)osticis fuscis , alis hyalinis, ner-

vis quam in C. chloromero obscurioribus.
Oculi ocellique rufi : fem. caput postice thoracisque segmentorum

margines aenei : abdomen aeneum, basi viride : pedes virides :

troclianteres, tibiae 4 anticaj tarsique flavi : nervus subcostalis

fuscus : stigma parvum, concolor. (Alarum longitudo, 1 — 2f lin.)
Var. /3. — Mas, thorax totus viridis : pedes flavi : femora postica

virentia : tibiae posticae femoraque 4 antica fusco cingulatae.
/ ar, y. — Fem. caput supra, thoracis apex lateraque cyaneo-virides :

abdomen viride aut viridi-aeneum, antice cyaneo-viride : scapus

subtus flavus.
Var. d. — Fem. viridis : thorax antice cyaneo-viridis : caput supra

abdominisque segmentum primum cyanea : antennae articulo

secundo viridi : scapus concolor, basi subtusque flavus : femora

4 antica apice flava.
Var. £. — Fem. tibiae intcrmediae subfuscae.

MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDUM, 133

In some specimens the metathorax is entirely seneous: the
knees and tarsi straw-coloured, the apical joints of the latter
fuscous.

July ; on grass in woods ; near London. September ; Isle
of Wight.

Sp. 39. Calhm. inconspectus. Mas. Viridis, pedibus Jlavis,
femorihus posticis et nonnunquani 4 anticis viridibus, tibiis
4 posticis fusco cingulatis, a lis suhhyalinis.

Oculi ocellique rufi : tibiae intermediae apice fuscae : genua tarsi-
que stramiiiei, horum apices fusci : nerviis subcostalis fuscus :
stigma parvum, concolor. (Alarum longitudo, 1-1- lin.)

Var. /3. — tibiae posticas femoraque intermedia flavae, fusco cingu-
latae : tibiae intermediae femoraque antica flavae.

Broad, thick: colour dark green : antennae short and robust.
September ; near London. Isle of Wight.

Sp. 40. Callim. maestus. Mas. Nigro-viridis , pedibus nigris,
tarsis Jlavis, alis hyalinis.

Oculi ocellique rufo-fusci : scapus nigro-viridis : tibiae nigro-fuscae :
genua tarsique flavi, honun apices fusci : nervus subcostalis
fuscus : stigma parvum, concolor. (Alarum longitudo, 1 lin.)

Tarsi fuscous : two basal joints yellow.
September ; near London.

Sp. 41. Callim. apicalis. Mas. /Enetis, thorace antice et
postice, capite pedibusque viridibus, tarsis Jlavis, alis sub-
fuscis.

Oculi ocellique rufi : antennae crassae : trochanteres genuaque flavi :
tarsi apice fusci : nervus subcostalis fuscus : stigma parvum, con-
color. (Alarum longitudo, 1| — \h lin.)

Var. 0. — Viridis, nitens : abdomen aeneo maculatum.

The abdomen is sometimes green, with a small aeneous spot
in the centre : the antennae are very thick.
August ; near London.

Sp. 42. Callim. affinis. Mas et fem. Viridis, abdomine
ceneo, oviductu corpore duplo longiore, jiedibus fulvis^
femorihus viridibus, alis suhfuscis.

Cinips affinis. Fonscolombe, Ann. Sci. Nat. 26. 283.

134 MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDUM.

Oculi ocellique rufi : femince thorax antice posticeque cyaneo-
\dridis : maris abdominis segmentum primum viride, femince
cyaneo-viride : antennae crassae : scapus viridis, basi flavus : tibiaa
posticae fuscae, apice flavae: genua tarsique flavi, horum apices
fusci : nervus subcostalis fuscus : stigma parvum, concolor.
(Alarum longitudo, 1 — 2 lin.)

Var. f^. — Mas, thorax seneo-viridis.

Var. y. — Mas, tibiae 4 anticae supra-fuscae.

Var. L — Fern, abdomen viride, segmentum primum antice viridi-
aeneum.

Abundant near London ; on oak trees ; from June to
August.

Sp. 43. Callim. littoralis. Fem. Viridis, lircecedenti similis,

at mulio gracilior, oviductu hreviore.
(Alarum longitudo, U lin.)

In C. affinis the ovipositor is more, in this species it is
less, than twice the length of the body.

May ; near the sea-shore ; Southampton.

Sp. 44. Callim. tarsalis. Fem. Ct/aneo-viridis, oviductu
dimidio corpore longiore, pedihus stramineis, femoribus
viridibus, tibiisfnscis, alis subfuscis.

Oculi ocellique rufi : abdomen viride : scapus viridis, basi flavus :
trochanteres flavi : tarsi apice fusci : nervus subcostalis pallide
fuscus: stigma minimum, concolor. (Alarum longitudo, 1^ lin,)

It is more 'slender than C. quercus, and in shape much
resembles the preceding species.

April ; on grass in woods ; near London.

Sp. 4.5. Callim. arvernicus. Fem. Viridis, oviductu abdo-
mine breviore, pedibus viridibus, genubus tarsisqite stra-
mineis, alis subfuscis.

Oculi ocellique rufi : antennae graciles : scapus viridis : trochanteres
flavi : tarsi apice fusci : nervus subcostalis pallide fulvus : stigma
minimum, concolor. (Alarum longitudo, li lin.)

July ; near Clermont, in Auvergne.

Sp. 46. Callim. notatus. Mas et fem. Viridis, thoracis
lateribus abdominisgue segtiiento secundo ceneis, oviductu
abdomine multo longiore, p>edibus viridibus, genubus tarsis-
quefulvis, alis subhyalinis.

MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDUM, 135

Oculi ocellique rufi : scapus viridis : trochanteres fulvi : tarsi apice

fusci : nervus subcostalis fulvus : stigma magnum, nigro-fuscum.

(Alarum longitude, \i — ly lin.)
Far. /3. — Mas, abdomen apice viridi-aeneum : tarsi antici fusci.
Far. y. — Fern, thorax viridi-aeneus, postice seneus, lateraliter cupreus :

scapus basi flavus.

Colour dark green : second joint of the antennae aeneous
black.

May and June ; on grass in woods ; near London. South-
ampton.

Sp. 47. Callim. nigri-tarsus. Mas et fem. Viridis, oviductu
corpus longitudine ce quant e, pedihus viridihus, tibiis suhtus
tarsisque nigris, alts fuscis.

Oculi ocellique rufi: maris abdomen viridi - asneum, basi viride :
scapus viridis : nervus subcostalis fuscus, apice fulvus : stigma
magnum, nigro-fuscum. (Alarum longitudo, If lin.)

The abdomen of the female has a slight aeneous tinge, the
basal segment is bluish green : the subcostal nervure is fuscous
till it joins the margin, it then becomes fulvous.

August ; on grass in woods ; near London.

Sp. 48. Callim. straminei-tarsus. Mas. ^^neo-viridis, ab-
domine cupreo-cBneo,femoribus viridihus, tibiis fuscis, tarsis
4<posticis stramineis, alis subhyalinis.

Caput viride : oculi ocellique rufi : abdomen cupreo-seneum, basi
viridi-aeneum : thorax antice posticeque viridis : scapus viridis,
basi flavus : tibiae anticas flavae : tarsi apice fusci : nervus sub-
costalis fuscus : stigma parvum, concolor. (Alarum longitudo,
II lin.)

Apex of the abdomen aeneous : antennae slender : the inter-
mediate tibiae much paler than the posterior, yellow beneath.
July ; on grass in fields ; near London.

Sp. 49. Callim. antennatus. Mas. Viridis, abdomine cupreo,
pedibus rufis, femoribus viridibus, tibiis posticis tarsisque
rufo-fuscis, alis subfuscis.

Oculi ocellique rufi : thoracis discus abdominisque segmentum
primum aeneo-virides : scapus viridis : nervus subcostalis fuscus :
stigma minimum, concolor. (Alarum longitudo, 2 lin.)

Var. /3. — Abdomen aeneo-cupreum : tibiae pallide rufae, supra viridi-
fuscae, postice nigrae.

136 MONOGRAPIIIA CHALCIDUM.

Mesothorax slightly tinged with aeneous : abdomen cupreous
beneath : antennae long : trochanters and knees red : tips of
the tarsi slightly fuscous.

May; Southampton. August; on grass in woods; near
London. Scotland.

Sp. 50. Callim. Ia2tus. Mas. JEneo-viridis ,' nitens, ahdo-
mine cupreo, pedibus rujis, femoribus externe viridihus,
alts hyaUnis.

Abdominis segmentum primum viride : tarsi flavi, apice fusci, antici
rufi : alae superiores marginem versus anticum flavescentes :
nervus subcostalis nigro-fuscus : stigma concolor. (Alarum longi-
tude, 3— 3| lin.)

Var. ft. — Alae subfuscse : tarsi omnes rufi.
July ; near London.

Sp. 51. Callim. versicolor. Mas. Viridis, nitens, abdomine

cupreo, pe<:^i6w5 fuscis, femoribus viridibus, alis subhy-

alinis.
Oculi ocellique rufi : abdomen basi viride : scapus viridis : tibiis

posticae nigra^, anticse rufae : tarsi basi flavi : nervus subcostalis

fuscus : stigma minimum, concolor. (Alarum longitude, 1| —

2 lin.)
Var. ft. — Thorax postice abdominisque segmentum primum aeneo-

virides, hujus apex cupreus : tibas posticae nigro-fuscag.
Var. y. — Scapus aeneus : femora 4 postica concolores : tarsi omnino

fusci : alae subfuscae, anticae fusco prope stigma maculatae.

Stouter than C. antennatus : antennae thicker: wings
broader: the superior wings have a large fuscous spot, occu-
pying more than half their breadth, and extending along the
nervure from whence it becomes costal, as far as the stigmal
branch : sometimes this spot is indistinct, and the wings are
nearly hyaline. Another and a very elegant variety has the
head and thorax eeneous green ; the raesoscutum green ; the
first abdominal segment bright aeneous green, cupreous toward
the base ; the apex and the second segment dark aeneous, the
others bright cupreous tinged with aeneous ; the coxae and
posterior thighs bluish green ; the tibise and four anterior thighs
aeneous green ; the anterior tarsi pale fuscous ; the four pos-
terior yellow, with the fourth and fifth joints fuscous.

September ; near London. Isle of Wight. North of
England. July; near Clermont, Auvergne.

MONOGRAPIIIA CHALCIDUM. 137

Sp. 52. Callim, fusci-pennis. Mas. JEneo-viridis, abdo-
mine cupreo, antennis apice fuscis, pedibus viridibus, tarsi s
jlav'is, alts fuscis.

Caput viride : oculi ocellique rufi : abdominis margo seneus : an-
tennae crassae : scapus viridis : tarsi apice fusci : alse anticae
ramulum versus stigmaticalem obscuriores : stigma parvum, fus-
cum. (Alarum longitude, 1 j lin.)

The antennae, from the second to the sixth joint, are black,
the following joints fuscous.
July ; near London.

Sp. 5S. Callim. minutus. Mas et fem. Viridis, nitens,
C. mutabili obscurior angustior, maris abdomine cupreo,
oviductu abdomen longitudine <^quante, pedibus Jlavis,
femoribus viridibus, alis hyalinis.

Maris abdominis segmentum primum viridi-asneum : scapus viridis :
tibiae supra pallide fuscae, posticoe et tarsorum apices obscuriores :
nervus subcostalis fulvus : stigma parvum, concolor. (Alarum
longitudo, J — If lin.)

Var. (3. — Mas, abdomen aeneum, basi viride : tibia? 4 anticae
omnino flavas.

Var. y. — Fem. scapus basi et pedes flavi : femora postica basi
virentia : tibiae posticae fusco cingulatae.
July and August ; on grass in woods ; near London. May ;

Southampton.

Sp. 54. Callim. gracilis. Fem. Viridis, nitens, oviductu

abdomine paullb longiore, pedibus jlavis, alis hyalinis

quam in prcecedenti latioribus.
Antennae quam in C. minuto tenuiores : femora postica basi virentia :

tibiae posticae fusco cingulatae. (Alarum longitudo, 1 — 14 lin-)

July ; on grass in fields ; near London.

Sp. 55. Callim. posticus. Fem. Viridis, oviductu abdo^
mine longiore, pedibus fuscis, tarsis jlavis, alis subfuscis.

Oculi ocellique rufi : scapus viridis : femora nigro-fusca : tarsi apice
fusci. (Alarum longitudo, \\ lin.)

Dull green: longer than C. gracilis or minutus : legs more
slender ; wings longer : subcostal nervure and stigma pale
fuscous ; the latter small.

September ; near Keswick, in Cumberland.

NO. II. VOL. I. T

138 MONOGRAl'HIA CIIALCIDUM.

Sp. 56. Callim. exilis. Fern, Viridis, oviductu abdomine
pcmllb longiore, antennls fuscis, pedibus flavis, tibiis pos-
ticis femoribusqiieftisco cingulatis, alls hijalinis.

Scapus flavus, apice fuscus : tarsi concolores : nervus subcostalis
pallide flavus : stigma parvum, concolor. (Alarum longitudo,
f-1 lin.)

Var. /3. — Antennarum articulus secundus niger.
July; in woods; near London.

Sp. 57. Callim. fusci-cornis. Mas et fern. Viridis mas, ai/t
ceneo-viridis fem. abdomine ceneo, oviductu abdomen lon-
giiudine cequante, ant ennis fuscis, pedibus fiavis, femoribus
viridibus, tibiis posticis supra fuscis, alis hyuUnis.

Abdomen basi viride, femince apex lateraque concolores : scapus
aeneus, femince basi flavus : maris antennarum articulus secundus
nigro-viridis : tarsi apice fusci : nervus subcostalis pallide flavus :
stigma parvum, concolor. (Alarum longitudo, I — 1 lin.)

Var. (3. — Fem. femora fusca.
July; on grass in woods; near London.

Sp. 58. Callim. nitidulus. Fem. Viridis, nitens, thorace
antice cyaneo-purpurascente, oviductu corpus longitudine
cequante, antennis fuscis, pedibus flavis, alis hyaVinis.

Abdominis segmentum secundum aeneum : scapus flavus : articulus
secundus nigro-fuscus : femora basi virentia : tibiae posticae fusco
cingulatas : tarsi 4 postici apice fusci : nervus subcostalis pallide
stramineus : stigma parvum, concolor. (Alarum longitudo, li
lin.)

Brilliant green : anterior part of the head blue.
June; on grass in woods; near London.

Sp. 59. Callim. ater. Mas. Ater, tibiis fuscis, tarsis flavis,

alis hyalinis.
Caput et thorax obscuri, punctati : abdomen nitidum, glabrum :

tibiae 4-anticae pallide fusca;, subtus flavas : tarsi 4-postici apice

fusci : nervus subcostalis fuscus : stigma parvum, obscurius.

(Alarum longitudo, H lin.)

May ; near London.

Sp. 60. Callim. pubescens. Fem. Viridis aut (sneo-viridis,
oviductu abdomine pauJlo longiore, pedibus pallide rufls,
femoribus viridi-ccneis, alis subfuscis.

MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDUM. 139

Oculi ocellique rufi : abdomen aeneum, pilosum, basi viride : scapus
pallida rufus : tibiae posticse fuscae : tarsi straminei : alse anticae
prope stigma fusco maculatae. (Alarum longitude, 2^ lin.)

Far. fi. — Scapus aeneo-fuscus : tibiae posticae rufae.

Head green : mesoparaptera asneous : first abdominal seg-
ment green, apex aeneous ; second segment aeneous, base
chalybeous, apex cupreous : second antennary joint aeneous :
subcostal nervures paler toward the base of the wings.

July; on windows; near London. South of France.

This species has the proscutellum more developed than any
of the preceding : the stigma is longer and thicker.

It resembles Diplolepis obsoletus, Fabr.

Sp. 61. Callim. stigma. Fem. Afer, oviductu abdomine

paullb longiore, alisfuscis.
Ichneumon. . . . Fabr. Ent. Si/st. II. 188. 229.
Diploplepis stigma . Fabr. Si/st. Piezat. 152. 21.
Cinips stigma. . . Fonscolombe, Ann. Sci. Nat. 26. 289.

Oculi ocellique rufi : tarsi fusci : alse basi subhyalinae, anticae prope
stigma nigro-fuscae. (Alarum longitudo, 2i lin.)

This 'species resembles the preceding in structure. Mr.
Curtis has reared it, with C. bedeguaris, from the galls of the
dog-rose, in the months of July, August, and September.

Genus V. Ormyrus. Westwood.

Caput magnum : palpi maxillares articulis 1" et 2° brevibus, 3"
medio, 4" crassiore elongato subfusiforrai : mentum ovatum,
postice quadratum : mandibulas arcuatae, tridentatae, dens interna
obtusa : maris antennae clavatae, articulo 1 ° elongato, 2" brevi,
3" et 4° brevissimis, 5° et sequentibus ad 10" cyathiformibus,
tribus ultimis approximatis clavam componentibus oblique trun-
catam ; femince, articulo 2° cyathiformi, 5" et sequentibus ad 10 "™
gradatim brevioribus, tribus ultimis clavam componentibus ovatam
duos praecedentes longitudine aequantem : thorax gibbus ; pro-
thoracis scutellum breve ; mesothoracis scutum magnum, scutellum
gibbum ovatum apice acuminatum, super metathoracis praescutum
extendens ; metascutellum magnum, canaliculatum : maris abdo-
men convexum, elongato ovatum, basi elevatum : femince sub-
compressum : tibiae posticae arcuatae : alae pilosae.

Cinips tubulosa, FonscoJombe, may perhaps belong to this genus.

140 MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDUM.

Sp. 1. Orm. punctiger. Mas et fern. JEneo-viridis, maris

abdomine nigro, pedibus nigro-viridibus , tibiis anticis tar-

sisquefuscis, aUsfuscis.

Ormyrus punctiger. Westwood. Loud. Sf Edhi. Phil. Mag.

8f Journ. of Science, Third Series,

No. II. p. 127.

Mas. Viridis, pilosus : oculi ocellique rufi : thorax postice aeneo-
viridis : abdomen obscurum, segmentum primum nigro - viride,
secundum punctis transverso unifasciatum, tertium et quartum
eodem modo trifasciata : antennse nigrae, apice fuscse : genua
fusca : nervus subcostalis nigro-fuscus : stigma parvum, concolor.

Fern. Viridi-seneus : scutellum cupreo-aeneum : abdominis segmen-
tum secundum et sequentia punctis bifasciata : oviductus subex-
sertus : alas flavo-fuscse : nervus subcostalis fuscus : stigma concolor.
(Alarum longitudo, 1^ — 21 lin.)

Var. /3. — Fern, viridis : abdomen aeneo-viride : tarsi flavi.

Var. y. — Fern, abdomen nigro- aeneum, segmentum primum viride.

June to August; on grass beneath oak trees ; near London.

Sp. 2. Orm. nigro-cyaneus. Mas. Cyaneus, abdomine nigro,
pedibus nigro-viridibus , tibiis anticis tarsisque fiiscis, alis
hyalinis.

Caput viride : oculi ocellique rufi : abdomen praecedenti simile : an-
tennae fuscae, articulis 1" et 2° nigris : nervus subcostalis fuscus :
stigma parvum, concolor. (Alarum longitudo, 1- lin.)

More depressed than the preceding species : antennae and
legs slenderer.

June ; on grass in a wood ; near London.

Genus VI. Perilampus. Lalreille, Dahnan.

Cynips. Fabr. Oliz. Lat.

Diplolepis Fabr. Panz.

Chalcis . Jur. Panz.

Caput maximum : palpi maxillares articulo V medio, 2" 3" que
brevioribus, ultimo elongato, subfusiformi, interne sinuato : men-
tum elongatum, postice conicum : mandibulae arcuatae, \ma biden-
tatae, altera tridentata : labrum minutum, quadratum, antice
spinosum : antennae articulo, 1" elongato, 2° minuto, 3" minutis-
simn, 4" magno, 5" et sequentibus ad decimum, cyathiformibus,
tribus ultimis clavam componentibus ovatam : thorax gibbus,

MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDUM, I4l

profunde punctatus : prothoracis scutellum breve ; mesothoracis
scutum gibbum, scutellum magnum, apice acuminatum, supra
metathoracis prsescutum extendens ; metascutellum bene deter-
minatum, canaliculatum : abdomen subpetiolatum, convexum,
breve, latum, contractum : oviductus absconditus.

Dalman has given an elaborate description of the external
anatomy of this genus, and has added the characters of several
species. He supposes Perilampus micans to be a parasite of
Lyctus canaliculatus and Dendrophilus picipes, particularly
of the latter.

Sp. 1. Peril, pallipes. Curtis. Mas et fern. JEneo-viridis,
obdomine pedihusque cyaneis, antennis fulvis, genubiis
tarsique flavis, alls suhhyallms.

Diplolepis ruficornis. Fabr.? British Entomology . PI. 158.

Perilampus ruficornis. Latr. Fonscolombe. ?

(Ala-

Caput aeneum : antennas articulis primo et secundo nigris.
rum longitude, 4 — 6 lin.)

Taken in July at Dover, and beaten out of the juniper
bushes at Birch Wood, by Mr. Newman and Mr. Davis, in April
and May.

Sp. S. Peril, nigricornis. Newman. Mas et fem. Apneas,
abdomine cyaneo, antennis nigris, pedibus nigro-viridibns,
tarsis jlavis alis hyalinis.

Diplolepis violacea. Fabr. Syst. Pie^^at. 149. 4. &c. ?

Chalcis violacea. Panz. Fann. Germ. 88. p. 15.?

Perilampus violaceus. Dalman. Stock. Trans. 1822. 398. ?

Id. . . Fonscolombe. Ann. Sci. Nat. 26. 300. ?

Oculi ocellique fusci : scapus viridis : tarsi apice genuaque fusci.
(Alarum longitudo, 2 — 3|- lin.)

Var. (d. — Abdomen viridi-cyaneum.
Var. y. — Thorax aeneo-viridis.

Fonscolombe's description of Perilampus violaceus agrees
very well with the above. Dalman says, that the 4 anterior
legs are yellow, the thighs blue. Panzer represents them as
entirely yellow.

Taken by Mr. Newman, in company with the last.

142 MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDUM.

Sp. 3. Peril. Italicus. Mas et fem. Ciiprcus, ahdomine
antennisque nigris, pedihus nigro-viridibus, tarsis jlavis,
alls subhyalinis.

Cynips et Diplolepis Italica. Fabr., &c.

Perilampus Italicus. . . Latr. Fonscolombe, &c.

Caput viridi-aeneum : oculi ocellique fusci : metathorax nigro-
viridis : scapus viridis: tarsi apice genuaque fusca : nervus sub-
costalis fuscus : stigma parvum, concolor. (Alarum longitude,
31 lin.)

It resembles Perilampus splendldus, Dalman, but the
abdomen is quite black. Fonscolombe's description does not
well agree with the specimens that I have seen.

July ; on oak, box, and lime trees ; near London.

Sp. 4. Peril, aureo-viridis. Stephens. Viridi-cenens, ah-
domine aureo nitido, antennis nigris, pedibus piceo-viridi-
bus, geniculis tarsisqne ntfo-jlavis, alis hyalinis.
Rather less than P. nigricornis ; taken near London,in July.

Sp. 5. Peril, auriceps. Stephens. Nigro-ceneus, abdomine
atro nitido, capite viridi-aureo, antennis nigro-piceis, ptedi-
biis rttfo-ochraceis, femoribiis basi viridibus, tibiis posticis
medio fuscis.

Size of No. 4. — This and the following species are narrower
than the others of the genus, and the abdomen is dissimilar in
form, being somewhat lanceolate acute. The size of P. nigri-
cornis.

Found amongst grass near Ripley, in June, 1827.

Sp. 6. Peril, femoralis. Stephens. Viridi-ceneus, ahdomine

atro nitido, antennis piceis, tibiis anticis et intermediis

tarsisque omnibus rnfo-ochraceis.
Perilampus micans. Dalman. Stock. Trans. 1822. var. ?

Rather larger and broader than the last ; taken near Hert-
ford in July.

Mr. Stephens, hearing that I was engaged in describing the
genus Perilampns, most obligingly transmitted me the above
descriptions of the three last species through the hands of
Mr. Newman.

OBSERVATIONS ON BLIGHT. 143

Art. XVI. — Observations on Blight. By Rusticus.
Epistle II.

Sir, — I don't know why our brethren on the other side
the Atlantic are charged with sending us the greatest pest of
our orchards, but so it is. We call an insect the American
blight, which for aught I could ever make out, may have come
from China or Botany Bay. However, a name once in vogue
will have its day ; and one might as well attempt to turn a pig
in an entry as argue against an established belief; so American
blight it shall be. In very hot weather you may now and then
see this blight on the wing ; it has just the look of a bit of
cotton, or a downy seed, floating in the air, and is driven by
every breath of wind quite as readily. If you catch and ex-
amine it, you will find it to be just like the plant-louse which
infests our rose-trees, &c. ; but, unlike all other plant-lice, it is
clothed and muffled up with cotton-wool, in such quantities,
that you would at first have no more idea that the lump con-
tained an insect, than that the mass of clothes on a stage-coach
box in winter, contained a man. Some folks wonder what can
be the use of so much clothing ; I am not much of a theorist,
but I should guess that the vermin came from the torrid zone,
and Nature kindly furnishes this garment to protect them from
the cold of our climate.

These blights wander wherever it pleases the wind to carry
them ; and if bad luck should drive one of them against the
branch of an apple-ti-ee, there it will stick, creep into a crack
in the bark, bring forth its young, and found a colony ; the
white cotton soon appears in large bunches ; branch after
branch becomes infected; the tree grows cankery, pines, and
dies. How this is effected no one knows, though the cause
and effect are too evident to escape the notice of the com-
monest clown. In large orchards it is vain to hope for a
cure, but not so in gardens. Directly you see the least morsel
of cotton, make up your mind to a little trouble and you will
get rid of it. In the first place, get a plasterer's whitewashing-
brush, then get a large pot of double size, make your man
heat it till it is quite liquid, then go with him into the garden
and see that he paints over every patch of white, though not

14'4 OBSERVATIONS ON BLIGHT.

bigger than a sixpence ; the next morning have the size-pot
heated again, and have another hunt ; and keep on doing so every
morning for a fortnight. Your man will tell you it's no use ;
tell him that's your business, not his r, your neighbours will
laugh at you for your pains : do it before they are up. I have
tried it and know it to be effectual. Spirit of tar has been
used with partial effect, so also has resin ; whitewashing has
been often tried, and, as it contains some size, is not entirely
useless, and some horticulturists think it ornamental: I'
do not.

Now for the moth. This is a beautiful little creature, its
wings are studded with silvery shining specks, as though they
were inlaid with precious gems. It is the most beautiful of the
beautiful tribe to which it belongs, yet from its habits not
being known, it is seldom seen in the moth state, and the
apple-grower knows no more than the man in the moon to
what cause he is indebted for his basketsful of worm-eaten
windfalls in the stillest weather. To find the moth in the day-
time, the trunks of the apple-trees should be carefully looked
over ; or if your orchard be surrounded by a wooden fence, it
may frequently be found sitting against it, with its pretty wings
neatly folded round it. Towards evening, in fact, just at sun-
set, it begins to move, and may then be seen hovering about
the little apples, which, by the time the moth leaves the chry-
salis, the middle of June, are well knit, and consequently
fit for the reception of its eggs, which it lays in the eyes, one
only in each, by introducing its long ovipositor between the
leaves of the calyx, which form a tent above it that effectually
shields it from the inclemency of the weather, or any other
casualty. As soon as the egg hatches, the little grub gnaws a
hole in the crown of the apple, and soon buries itself in its
substance ; and it is worthy of remark that the rind of the
apple, as if to afford every facility to the destroyer, is thinner
here than in any other part, and consequently more easily
pierced. The apple most commonly attacked is the codling,
a large early sort, which ripens in July and August.

The grub, controlled by an unvarying instinct, eats into
the apple obliquely downwards, and by thus avoiding the core
and pips in no way hinders its growth : at first it makes but
slow progress, being little bigger than a thread, but after a
fortnight its size and its operations have much increased ; it

OBSERVATIONS ON BLIGHT. 145

has now eaten half way down the apple, and the position of
the hole at the top, if the apple continue upright, or nearly so,
is inconvenient for a purpose it has up to this time been used
for, that is, as a pass to get rid of its little pellets of excre-
ment, which are something like fine sawdust or coarse sand ;
another communication with the outer air is therefore required,
and it must be so constructed as to allow the power of gravity
to assist in keeping it clear ; it is accordingly made directly
downwards towards that part of the apple which is lowest, and
thus the trouble of thrusting the pellets upwards through the
eye of the apple is saved, and a constant admission given to a
supply of air without any labour. The hole now made is not,
however, sufficiently open for an observer to gain by its means
any knowledge of what is going on within ; this is only to be
obtained by cutting open a number of the apples as they gradu-
ally advance towards ripeness ; the hole is, however, very
easily seen, from its always having adhering to it on the out-
side an accumulation of the little grains which have been thrust
through. Having completed this work the grub returns to-
wards the centre of the apple, where he feeds at his ease.
When within a few days of being full fed, he for the first time
enters the core through a round hole gnawed in the hard, horny
substance which always separates the pips from the pulp of the
fruit, and the destroyer now finds himself in that spacious
chamber which codlings in particular always have in their
centre. From this time he eats only the pips, never again
tasting the more common pulp which hitherto had satisfied his
unsophisticated palate : now nothing less than the highly
flavoured, aromatic kernels will suit his tooth, and on these for
a few days he feasts in luxury.

Some how or other, the pips of an apple are connected with
its growth, as the heart of an animal with its life; — injure the
heart, an animal dies : injure the pips, an apple falls. Whether
the fall of his house gives the tenant warning to quit, I cannot
say, but quit he does, and that almost immediately ; he leaves
the core, crawls along his breathing and clearing-out gallery,
the mouth of which, before nearly closed, he now gnaws into
a smooth, round hole, which will permit him free passage with-
out hurting his fat, soft, round body ; then out he comes, and
for the first time in his life finds himself in the open air. He
now wanders about on the ground till he finds the stem of a

NO. II. VOL. I. u

146 OBSERVATIONS ON BLIGHT.

tree : up this he chmbs, and hides himself in some nice Hltle
crack in the bark. I should remark, that the fall of the apple,,
the exit of the grub, and his wandering to this place of security,
usually take place in the night time. In this situation he
remains without stirring for a day or two, as if to rest himself
after the uncommon fatigue of a two yards' march ; he then
gnaws away the bark a little in order to get further in out of
the way of observation; and having made a smooth chamber
big enough for his wants, he spins a beautiful little milk-white
silken case, in which, after a few weeks, he becomes a chry-
salis, and in this state remains throughout the winter and
until the following June, unless some unlucky, blackheaded tit,
running up the trunk, peeping into every cranny, and whistling
out his merry see-saw, happen to spy him, in which case he is
plucked without ceremony from his retreat, and his last mo-
ments are spent in the bird's crop ; but supposing no such ill-
fortune betide him, by the middle of June he is again on the
wing, and hovering round the young apples on a midsummer
evening as before.

By burning weeds in your gardens at this time of year you
will effectually drive away this little moth. If you have trees
the crops of which you value, make a smoking (mind, not a
blazing) fire under each ; it will put you to some inconve-
nience if your garden be near your house, but the apples will
repay you for that.

If you think these observations on the blights of the apple
worth recording, you shall hear from me again, (as I have
made similar notes on the hop-fly, turnip-fly, &c.) I have
sent Mr. Loudon a few notes on birds, which I believe do
not come within the compass of your Mag.

Yours, ike. RusTicus,

Godalmimj, Amj. 14, 1832.

CATALOGUE OF DIPTERA, &C. 147

Art. XVII. — Catalogue of Diptera occurrhuf about Holy-
wood in Downshire. By A. H. Haliday, Esq., M. A.

[to the editor of the entomological magazine.]

Sir, — I send you a list of some Diptera occurring about
Holywood, in the county of Down. Should you think it not
unsuited to the pages of the Entomological Magazine, the
Notes appended will afford the necessary explanations of the
nomenclature adopted, where it differs from that of Meigen or
of the published British Catalogues. As I am aware that a
bai-e local catalogue may not seem of sufficient general interest
to occupy so many pages, I should probably not have thought
of it had time allowed me to offer any contribution of greater
labour and detail. Perhaps, however, as referring to a district
in this respect nearly unexplored, this list may afford some
hints for the advancement of our Insect Geography. I am
sorry therefore to present it in so meagre a form, many of the
most extensive genera being unexamined in detail. These are
indicated by the asterisk prefixed ; and some of them I have
thought it better to pass over entirely. Perhaps, however,
a few facts may be gleaned from it, such as it is. The total
absence of the families of Bomhylii and AsUi is observable ;
and, considered in connexion with the small proportion which
the British species bear to the European in the aggregate,
seems a result partially determining the law of progressive dis-
tribution among these forms. The disappearance or extreme
rarity of the finer genera (the Optimates) among the Tahani,
Stratlomydes, Syrphi, &c. may also be remarked, as well as
the absence of various conspicuous (and in this point of view
more insulated) groups, such as Ctenophora, Aspistes, Pa-
chygasier, Platypeza, Diaphorus, Echinomyia. Gymnosoma^
Micropeza, Platy stoma, &c. On the other hand, the pre-
dominance of particular tribes may afford some indications ;
the Dolichojn, as a family, are pretty full (so also the minuter
Tipulidce, though not appearing from this catalogue) ; the
Muscidce, of less typical structure (all the genera after Cceno-
sia, or perhaps Scatojjhaga ?) are by no means scanty. A few
groups seem to approach their culminant point ; Ccelopa, a
genus unknown to the shores of the continent, and even on
the Scanic peninsula confined to one described species, here

148

CATALOGUE OF DIPTF.RA

numbers five or six, all rich in individuals, and exercising no
unimportant functions in the economy of nature. Tacliype^a
arenaria, which sometimes swarms upon our coasts, has many-
analogies of structure with its companions, the swift-footed but
heavy-winged Onjgmce and Coilopce, and like them is pro-
bably confined to a northern range. Not to detain you further
with remarks that may appear obvious or trivial, I will only
add my best wishes for the success of your undertaking ; and
am, Your very obedient, &c.

Alex. Henry Haliday.

Crifden,7iear Holywood, Oct. \Oth, 1832.

Culex

Limnobia *

Tricliocera

Scatopse *

anniilatus

E. foscipennis

hyemalig

nigra

cautans

nitidicollia

fuacata

B minnta

neiiioroaus

F. nemoralis

annulata

infumata, N.s.

detritus, N.s.

F.a. senilis, N.a.

regelationis

Dll..plius

pipiens

G. ferruginea

Dixa

vulgaris

Anopheles

H. littoralis

nebulosa

femorata

maculipennis

0. albifrona

maculata

Bibio

bifureatna

tripunctata

aprilina

Marci

plumbeus

nubeculosa

aestivalis

leucopterus

Corethra •

pabulina
P. Xanthoplera

serotina?

PomonK

ciiliciforrais

Macrocera

Jobannis

Tanjpus*

quadriiiotata

lutea

nigriventria, N.s.

Chironomus*

R. tenella

phalerata

lanigerus, m. 1
vernalis, f. i

virescens'?

U. immaculata

fasciata

Culicoides*

V.a.demissa, .N.s.

Bolitophila

clavipes

paliistris

V.b.pavida, n.s.

fusca

Sitnnlia*

scutellatus

UlCRANOMYIA,5<.

Platyura *

sericea & 3

pulicariug

niodesta

Sciopliila

Rhypliu.s

obsoletus

chorea

mareinata

punclatus

nubeculosus

lutea

rufa

fenestralis

snbsultans

miisia

Lei a *

ochraceus, Curtii

Ceratopbogon

oscillanis, N.s.

fnscipennis

Beris

stiKtna

Gloruina, Meig

bi.naculata

geniciilata, b.e.

albicoriiis

[VL?

Winthemi

chalybeala

oinatiis

leiicocephala

Cordyla

vallata

animlipes

dumetoruin

Crassicornis

clavipes

. distiiictus, N.s.

Geranomyia, n.g.

fusca

Haeraatopota

. brachialis, N.s.

unicnl.'.r, n.s.

fasciata

pluvialis

. gracilis, n.s.

Rhaniphidia

Mycetophila *

ocellata

flavipea

loHHirostris

limata, Meig.

Chrysops

rnlipcs

Symplecta *

arcuata

viduatus

ferriiginea

stictica

cingulum

Spania

Sphseroniyas

Rhipidia

lineola

Fallenii, N..-.

concinnns. Meig.

maculata

lunata, Fabr.

Rhagio

varipcs. St.

Pedicia

nigra

scolopacens

annnlitarsis.S/.

rivosa

Sciara *

trlngarius?
vanellus J

Serromyia

Dolichopeza

Thcmse

femorala

sylvicola

morlo

lineola

rnorio

Ptyclioplera

flavipes

Leptis

Psychoda »

alblm:,na

Orphnephila

aurata

phalaenoirtes

scutellarls

rtevia, z.j.

TI.ereva

nervosa

pahidosa

Anarh.te, n.g.

cincta

fiiliginosa

lacustris

candidata, n.s.?

Hybos

paliistiis

Tipula*

Lest re mi a

funebris

ocellaris

gigantea

kucophaea

vitripennis

Erioptera *

lutescens?

Catocha, n.g.

Cvrtonia

niaculata

oaliidosa

latipes, N.s.

nigra?

varia

oleracea

Canipylomyza*

atra

aira

dispar, N s

atra

melapna, n.s.

Vh^, N.o.

hiteipennis?

Cocidoiiiyia *

OcyilroiTiia

mol!iss.iiTia, fj.s.

flavnlineata

piclipcnnis

siutellata

Limnobia •

nubeculosa? & C

annulipes

glabrieuia

C. fasciata

Aa.anniilicornis

Lasioptcra *

rufipes

marinorata

B. crocata

Scalopse *

Trichina

rici-ora, N.s.

cornicina

A. piinclata

clavipes

OCCURRING ABOUT HOLYWOOD.

149

Trichina

elongata, N.s.

Rhamphoniyia *
sulcata
lephiea
ciiierascens
nigripes
teniiirostris

flava

longipes & 6
Empis

teasejiata

pennipes

peiinaria

chioptera

pilipes

livida

stercorea

testacea
I'achymeria, St.

nil alls
Hilara*

globiilipes

cborica

clypeata

nigrina

litorea

tnodesta

A. Monostignia
pr«catoria
melanocephala
albicornis

B. supplicatoria

HELEODItOMlA, N.C.

A. iinmaciilata, n.s.

J}.bipunctata,N.s.

stagnalis, n.s.

fontinalis, n.s.

Leptosckles, n.g.

irroratus

exoleliis, N.s.

girtlalus
TvcHYPEZA, Meig.
[VI. 341

arrogans

ciiiiicoiiles

umbraruni, n.s.

truncornm

arenaria, n.s.
Tachydrouiia

flavipes

fasciata

aonulipes

albocapillata

aibiseta

iiigritarsia

minuia

aniialata
Drapetis

aterrima, b.e.
Opetia

nigra

lonchopteroides,

[N.S.?

Callomyia

antennata

leptilonnis
Pipnnculus
A.cainpestris, /. 7

ater, m. J

varipes

(iavipea
B.aactus

C. spiirius
exigUDs, N.S.

Medeteras
rcgius

INfedeteius

iiotatus

viridis

conspersiis, z.J.

bipnnctatus

balticii9

praecox

scambus

curvipps

loripes, z.J.

prodioraus, z.J.

trniicornm

mural is

tenellus
Cbrysotus *

IcesHS

copiosus

neglectus

femoralis

nigripes
Psilopus

platypterus
Machaerium

Maritiinae, z.j.
Rhapliium

macrocerum
, caliginosuHX
Porphyrops
B.decoralns, z J.
pallipts

N.s.t

puniilus

N.S.t

insnisus, z.J.

riparins

rutipesi 1

riparius, z.J. m. J

obscuratus

llavicollis
A.diaphanus

leucocephalns \
fnlyens. z.J. J
argyrens
argentinus
vestitus
aulicus
C.annulipes
flaviventris

N.S.

Dolichopus
A.nitidus
jucundus, N.S.?
feslivus, z.J.
Diadema, z.J.
popularis
pennatus
urbanus
peniiitarsis
Ihalassinus, z J.

tnvialis, z.J.

actaPDS, z.J.

vitripeniiis

fuscipes. z.J.

clavipes, z.J.
A.a.litoieus

pitimipcs, z.J.
B.planitarsis

fastiiosus, z.J.

brevipiiiiiis

eqntplris, z.J.

ungnlatus

campesiiis
iJ.b.cupreus

zerosns

sarus, z.J.

nigi ipennis

HiipophyUus, H.Z.J.

obscnrelUis
Sceiiopinus

niger
Saigiis

p<iliiu.s

flavicornis

forniosus

flavipes

cuprarius
Neiiiotelus

nigrinns
Oxycera

trilineata
Odontoinyia

Hydroleon
Siratiomys

furcata
Chrysoloxntn

bicinctum
Paragus

femcratus
Ascia

podagrica

floralis

dispar
Baccha

iiigripenais

elougata

scutellata
Xylota

pipiens

segnis

syl varum
Pipiza

mictiliica

signala

vitrea

I'uneliris

virens
Rhingia

roslrata

campestris
Chrysogaster *
Cheilosia, * Meig.

oestracea [olim.

variabilis

flavicornis
Syrpbus *

Pyrastri

Ribesii

Corollae

albostriatus

bil'asciatus

tricinctus

nectareus

sculatus
peltatua
clypeatus
inanicatus
Ocymi,/. I
lobatus, m. i

Si/rp/ius, p.
Menthastri
Mtlissae
scriptus
taeniatus

Sericomyia
borealis

Helophilns
pendulus
triviltatiis
lineaius

Eristalis *
fioreus

Eiistalis *

sepulcliralis

tenax

inti icariiis

similis
Viducella

boinbylaiis

mystacea

pellucens
Myopa

aira

testacea
Siphona 1

cinerea

tachiiiaria
.Stomiixys

calcitraiis

stimulans
Tachina & 6. *
Mesembrina

meridiaua
Sarcophaga *

carnaria
Dexia *

canina
Musca
A.Caesar

regalis

Chloris, N.s.
B.Vomitoria

erythrocephala

rudis

degener, n.s.

macellaria, N.s.

domestica

.stahulans

hoitonim

cyanella

maculata

nieditabunda
Anthomyia *

lardaria

assimilis

notata

dentimana

erratica

pagana

Angelicas

impuncta

strigosa

manicata

canicularis

dentipes

ciliata

triquetra

diaphana

inanis
Drymeia

obscura
Lispe

tentacnlata

litorea

? adscita, n.s.
Coenosia *

verna

tigrina

pedella
Schcetiomyzd, n.g.
S fasciata

( Sciomiiza fasciata \
< litorella [Meig. \
\ Ochtliiphila liio- 1
Conlylura [rclla.M.]

pu<lica

albipcs

spininjaua

punctipes

obscura

hydromyzina

150

CATALOGUE OF DIPTERA

Scatophajia
scybalaria
Htercoraria
merdaria
analis
lutaria
spurca
inquiiiata
exiniia, b.e.
Ostiorum, b.e.
sqtialida
rufipes
ruflis, B.E.
litoiea

decipien3, B.E.
Dryomyza
flaveola
mollis, N.S.?
prseusta
Caelopa
frigida
gravis, N.s.
simplex, N.s.
parvula, n.s.
sciomyzina, N.
Orygma

luctuosa
Actora

buccata. Fall.
Helomyza
A- pallida
pra^iista
tigrina
riifa
B.ustulata?
serrata
inscripta
Heteromyza
oculat.i
atricornis
Sciomyza *
A.nigrimana
griseola
albocostatd
B.monilis
cinerella
nana
Tetanocera
marginata
rufifrons
obliterata
Hiei-acii
Umbrarum
arrogails
elata
media
sylvatica
vittata, N.s.
aratoria
dorsalis
lineata
Sepcdon
sphet,eu8
Haeffueii

Piophila
Inteata, n.s.
atraia
Oasei
nigriceps

Pandora, n.g.

sciitellaris. Fall.

basalis, n.s.
Sepsis
A.Puncliim

liilaris

cyuipsea
B.cylindrica

aniiiilipes

Leachii

putris

superba, n.s.

minor, N.s.
Ortalis

pulcliella

crassipennis

Cerasi

vibrans
Tephritis

continiia

cognata
Onopordinis \

CeniaitrecB J

Arctii

marginata

cuspidata

Arnica;

Plantaginis, N.s.

flavicauda

Leositodontis

radiata

Sonclii
Lonchsea

chorea
Lanxania

a^nea

arnica, n.s.

sordida, N.s.

lupnlina
Sapromyza, p.

pallidiventris

triniacula

ustulata

umbellatarum

arcuata

10-punctata
Sapromyza, sicut St.

flava

praeiista

rorida

pallida
Palloptera, Fall.

unicolor
Heteroneura

albimana

? spurca, N.s.
Psila

pallida

Rosae

nigricornii?
Calubata

petronella
Loxocera

elongata

iclincnmonea
Slegana

annnlata, n.s.
Ocliihiphila

aridella

Oclitliiphila
polystignia

Leiicopis
pnncticornis
obsciira, n.s

Agromyza *
nigripes
mobilis
bimaculata
antbraciiia
acuUcornis }
denticornis )
variegata
luctuosa
aenea
strigata
Orbona

Pliytomyia *
(estiva
lateralis

flaviconiis
Ochthera

Mantis
Ephydra

glabricula

aquila

coarctata

litoralis

I'ossarum, N.s.

Iiecate, n.s.

spilota, b.e.

curvicauda

albula?

riparia

micans, N.s.

pygmaea, n.s.

. sibilans, N.s.

leucostoma

sestuans, N.s.

stagnalis

paludnm

lutosa, N.s.

compta, N.s.

noctula

Graminum, n.s ?

quadrata

defecta, n.s.

picta

interrupta, n.s.

interstincta

flavipes

posticata

Notiphila ♦
cinerea
leucostoma
griseola
cbrysosloma
erylhrostoma
albiceps
albilabris
flavivenlris
madizans. Fall.

Drosophila
(lava
graminum

Drosopliila

tristis >

cellar is L.? \

mclaniigaster

icgrata, n.s.

virginea?

phaleraia

transversa

camerari^, n.s.

fenestrarum

funebris
Diastata

obscuripennis

punctum

obscurella
Opomyza

Gerniinationis

florum

var. puitctafa

rombinata

tripunctata

tremula, n.s.

asteia, n.s.
Asieia

ainitna
Gymnopa

glabra
Ch.lorops *
A. lateralis, ns.

fnlvifrons, N. s.

Cereris

agnata, n.s.

messoria

tieniopus

glabra

lineata?

hypostigma
B.brevipennis

cornuta

albiseta

niaura, &c.
Meromyza

variegata

saltatrix

pratorum
Borborus ♦

subsultans

denticnlatus

hamatus, N.s.?

equinus

sylvaticns

limosus

clunipes

ochripes

nivalis, N.s.

nigerrimus, N.s.
Phora *
A.incrassata
B.thorac'.ca

bicolor

nigra

flava

lutea
C.crassicornis

abdoniinalis, Fall.
E.debilis, N.s.
G.Dauci,/. [Meiff J

Conicera a'.ra, m. J

siiiiilis, N.s.
F.alerriiua

galeata, N.s.

Taken at Tulhjmore Park, and on the Mountains of Mourne.

Orplmephila devia
Sciara bicolor
Dicranomyia oscillans
Iiimnobia 4 notata
Tachydroniia gilvipes

Callomyia elegans,/.
Pipiza interrupta, n.s.
Sphegina clunipes
Medeterns alpinus, N.s
Dulicliopus paiellatus
atralus

Dolicliopns rupestris, N.s.
Conops 4-t.isciata
Sapromyza inusta
Pliyllomyza litura, ?

Sapromyza lilura, Mcig. J

OCCURRING ABOUT HOLYWOOD.

151

Among the Sandhills, Dundriim Bay.

Tlieieva annulata

Myopa feiriifinea
Stoiiioxys Sibtrita

Meiomyza viridiila,

County Wicldow, Vale of Clam ; Avondale, and the Seven Churches.

Orplinephila devia

Limiiobia picta

Dolichopeza sylvicola

Bibio dorsalis

Asllus epstivus

Bombylius minor

Hilaia iiiatrona, N.s.

Tacliydromia liitea

pectoralis
cursitans

Orphnepbila devia

Ceratopogoii pictus
Sciopliila pictipeniiis
Bibio fulviveiiiris

leucopteius

albipemiis

varipes

. hybridns, N.s.

Trichina clavipes
Medelerus alpiiiiis
Diapliorns Wiiitlicmi
Porpliyrops crasfipos
DolicliopQS pliiniipcs

cyar.eHs
patellatiis
iirbanus
Spliegina clunipes

T71 the County Galway.

Caliomyia antennata
leptiformis

Dryomyza anilis
Sepsis superba
Ortalls Syngenesise
Tepliritis Florescentiap
Lauxania cylindricoriies
Ochlliera Mantis
Agromyza seciiricornis

flavo-notata, N.s.

Sapioiiiyza femorella. Fall.

Tahen in different parts of England.

Dioctiia Baiimhaiieri
Tachypeza Grarainuiii
Myopa pusilla
occulta
Pipunculiis mo:iestns, n.s.
Cordylura apicalis
Lauxania longipennis

Doiycera Gr
Tetanucera cucularia

var. )3. 7.
Enrina lurida
Camarota aiirifrons, N.
Borborus pedeslris

On the Sands of Portmarnock, near Dxd)lin.

ripiinculiis sylvaticus
Tliereva anniilata
Scatopiiaga decipiena

Lnrina fasciata.
Psila atra
Chlorops fulvlfrons,

Epiiydra puncto-nervosa

.ABBREVIATIONS.

B. E. Curtis' British Entoniolojiy.

St. Stepliens' Systematic Catalogue.

Z.J. Zoological Journal, No. XIX.

The remaining synonyms are from Meigen, unless otherwise expressed.

NOTES.

Culex detritus. Nigro-fii,scus, ahdomine pallido-anniilato,
ventre trifariam J usco-pimctalo , femoribusque hasi lutc'ts.

Size of C. pipiens. Palpi of male rather thick, as long as the
proboscis. Wings thickly clothed with dusky black scales : disk
of the thorax nearly naked.

In multitudes during the day among hedges on the sea-
coast : in the evening, in columns about the tops of trees,
appearing like smoke at the distance of a furlong.
Anopheles plumbeus.
Probably a small variety of J. bifurcaUis, but my original specimens

have fallen a i)rey tu Pfe;oci.

152 CATALOGUE OF DIPTERA

Chironomus virescens.

This little fly caused no little alarm this summer : its appear-
ance in swarms being adjudged by vulgar rumour a precursor
of cholera. In some places they appeared in such numbers,
tljat the inhabitants had some trouble in shovelling them out
of their houses (in my informant's words). At Donaghadee,
clouds (of this species) were observed coming from seaward.
To prevent any error about the species, I add a description of
mine : —

Length .08 :" colour light yellow, with three faint reddish stripes on
the thorax, the middle one not extending as far as the scutel :
abdomen greenish yellow : antennae and ends of feet darker :
poisers pale : wings naked, hyaline, with pale nervures.

Ceratopogon distinctus. Flavus ; capite, antennis bast,
thoracis dorso, metathorace genubusque nigris.

Size of C. ornatus. Antennae dusky yellow : thorax shining, scutel
yellow : hind shanks dusky : wings hyaline : poisers milk white :
fore thighs thick spinous.

C. brachialis. Niger, nitidus, abdominis basi,pedibus anterio-
ribus et femoribus posticis luteis, geniculis nigris.

Form of the lust : hind shanks black, rufescent at both ends : hind
feet yellowish at the base : wings hyaline, with thick nervures :
poisers black : antennaj dusky yellow, the root black.

C. gracilis. Flavus; vertice, thoracis dorso, abdomineque

nigris, nitidis.
All the thighs slender, fore pair bristly beneath the tip, hind thighs

and shanks dusky : wings hyaline, with distinct nervures,

smaller, and more slender than the preceding.

Sphaeromyas concinnus. Abdoinine albo,postice fasciis Iribiis

nigris.
Cer. concinnus. Meig. 1.
Resembles S. varipes in almost every respect, but the black bands

of the abdomen are constant.

It is very abundant about Lough Neagh, less so at Holy-
wood.

Sph. vai'ipes.

Male scarcely half as large, pencil of antennas glossy white.
3 The measurements are all in decimal parts of an English inch.

OCCURRING ABOUT HOLYWOOD. 153

Ula. (e Tipularits rostratis. Meig.J

Antennae porrectas ; IT-articulatse ; articulis 2 baseos brevibus
crassis, reliquis oblongis, subsequalibus : palpi incurvi quadri-articu-
lati, articulo ultimo longiore : alae incumbentes pubescentes.

U. mollissima.

Head cinerous yellow : 2d joint of antennse yellow, the following 15
brown, pubescent, with a long hair about the middle of each:
palpi long, pubescent : 2d joint thickest, the rest increasing in
length and diminishing in thickness, the last as long as the 2 pre-
ceding : thorax dull yellow, clothed with loose scattered hairs :
poisers pale brown : abdomen and feet brown, pubescent : base of
thighs yellowish : wings brownish cinereous, with a faint purple
line dividing the anterior long cell of the disk, the 'whole surface
thickly clothed with fine hairs : nervures disposed like those of
Limnohia immaculata, but the two forked ones of the margin are
here replaced by three simple nervures, proceeding from a small
middle cell as in L. pictipennis. (Length .23; antennae .1;
exp. .58.)

A single male taken in a shady spot by a rivulet the begin-
ning of October.

Limnobia decora. Cinerea ; thorace fusco lineato, ahdomine
silaceo, alls antice testaceis macula punctisque costce hya-
linis.

Belongs to division C. resembling L.fasciata, but the ground colour
of the wings is pale brown, only the costal spots being whitish
hyaline, the nervures of the posterior portion are bordered with
testaceous. The general disposition of the markings may be
derived from that of L.fasciata, supposing the testaceous colour
diffused along the anterior half, and the spots on the nervures of
the rest to become irregularly confluent.

L. senilis. Lurida : ahdomine, antennis, pedibusque fuscis,
alls obscuris. (Long. .-S ; dilat. .46.)

The neuration nearly as in division F. (Z. nemoralis, ^c.) but the
middle cell is smaller, producing both the anterior nervures from
its anterior angle, and the fork of the first is nearer to the margin.
Resembles Ula mollissima in general character, but the short
antennae and palpi are like others of the Limnobiae. Colour of
the wings as in that species, and their surface pubescent : base
of the thighs yellowish.
Common in shady spots in autumn.

NO. IT. VOL. I. X

154 CATALOGUE OF DIPTERA

L. demissa. Fusco-cinerea ; thorace trivittato, alls stigmate
fusco. (Long. .3; dilat. .7; antennae, 3'. 12.)

Wings as in division U. (Z. immaculata) but the subcostal nervure
is connected with the 1st of the apex by two transverse nervures,
and the first branched one of the margin has a shorter fork : an-
tennae of 13 joints longer than in L. immaculata: in the male
the antennae are tv?ice as long, with very distinct oblong
compressed joints : the antennas, feet, and abdomen are dusky :
legs longer than in L. immaculata.

L. pavida. Obscure fiavida : thorace trivittato, anfennisfuscis,
alls ht/alinis, stigmate pallido. (Long. .26 ; dilat. .6.)

Wings as in the last ; but the first of the two nervures that are
forked in that, is in this unbranched ; the nervures are delicately
pubescent : the wings hyaline, with a very pale brown stigma :
the form slender, as in Z. tenella : the legs long and slender : the
borer of the female reddish.

Dicranomyia oscillans. Flavido-cinerea ; dorso obscuriiis, alts
cerulescentibus, nervis fusco limbatis, maculls tribus costts
distinctioribus. (Long. .28 ; dilat. .68.)

First joint of the antennaa, and the legs, are pale yellow, the ends
of the thighs and shanks dusky : the back of the pro thorax and
of each humeral lobe brownish : wings bluish hyaline : the
nervures, as in D. chorea; but the 1st longitudinal springs nearer
the base, all are very delicately pubescent ; those of the margin,
the transverse, and the 3d longitudinal, are bordered with brown :
the stigma diffused brown, produced backwards, as in D. chorea^
another spot surrounds the origin of the 1st longitudinal nervure,
and a third is placed at an equal interval along the subcostal
nervure, the portion of which within the spots are nearly black.

I found this species abundantly on the ascent of Sliebh
Donard, resting on the underside of rocky masses in the shade,
swinging itself constantly on its long legs as a carriage on its
springs. It has also occurred at Holywood.

Geranomyia. {e Tipulariis rostratis. Meig.)

Antennae 14-articulatae : articulo 1° cylindrico, 2° cyathiformi,

reliquis globosis decrescentibus : proboscis porrecta, rigida,

longitudine thoracis, ante medium palpigera : palpi brevissimi

exarticulati : alaj incumbentes parallelae : oculi subtus contigui.

OCCURRING ABOUT HOLYWOOD. 155

G. unicoloiv

Resembles a Dicranomyia in figure : the cylindrical rostrum is
longer than the head ; the palpi are inserted under its lateral
margins, consisting of one minute ovate-conic joint : the tongue
and lip are elongated into a rigid slender proboscis, twice as long
as the rostrum : the lip terminates in two slender flattened lobes
applied to each other, and containing between them the tongue, as
fine as a bristle, and admitting of being pushed out a little. (The
•whole apparatus has a very blood-sucking appearance.) The eyes
are separate on the upper side of the head : the thorax is glossy
brown, immaculate, with very deep sutures : the incisures of the
abdomen darker, borer reddish : poisers, legs, and proboscis, pale
yellowish : antennae and rostrum dusky : wings bluish : the
nervures finely pubescent, disposed as in D. chorea : subcostal
pale yellow, with two short dusky lines, placed as those included
in the costal spots of D. oscillans. (Length from tip of proboscis,
.32 ; expans. .66.)

Taken among the rocks near the harbour of Donaghadee;
middleof July, 1832.

Trichocera fuscata.

Was produced from putrescent fungi. October.

Tipula gigantea.

Some years back was common here, but has now disap-
peared.

Tipula dispar. Cinerea ; antemiis pedibusqiie nigris, pedicello
et coxis luteis, alls obscuris immaculatis. Mas. Thorace
bivittato, Fem. Alls thoracis longitudine. (Long. .5±_.)

Antennae of the male longer than in T. oleraeea ; the second joint
yellowish : rostrum and palpi shorter : legs slender, the feet
longer than the shanks, extreme base of thighs yellowish : poisers
bright reddish ferruginous : wings without a stigma, nervures
dusky, at the base yellowish, the second entering the middle cell
a little behind its central line : the female has short and thick
antennae and legs : wings contracted, very short, but with distinct
nervures : poisers darker : thorax dusky on the back : borer
yellowish ferruginous, rather thick and bent.

Appears after the autumnal equinox; the female generally
on the short grass in plantations.

156 CATALOGUE OF DIPTERA

Sciophila pictipennis. Ferruginea : ahdomine postice nigro-
fasciato, alls 1iyalmis,fasc'iis, duohiis sinuatis fuscis.

(Belongs to division B.) Smaller than Leja Winthemi : the 3d and
4th segments of the abdomen dusky at the base, the 3th and 6th
nearly black: spines of the legs very delicate: 1st band of the
v/ings comprehending the areolet, and diffused along the thinner
margin, 2d before the apex, scarcely reaching to the margin.
Taken in Devonshire.

Mycetophila lunata, M.

The larvae gregarious in the growing stems of hollow stalked agarics,

spin for their transformation a long pouch of white silk with a flat

circular lid.

Myc. lunata, F.

Differs much from the lunata of Meigen : is more like his M. distigma,

but wants the black bands of the thorax.

Is not common here.

Orphnephila devia.

At all seasons of the year about shaded brooks. A dull
timid creature, vei-y unlike the active insects belonging to the
section fungicolce.

Anarete. (e Tipulariis Gallicolis, M. ?)

Antennae breves, 9-articulatae, articulis 2 baseos majoribus : oculi
emarginati : ocelli tres : alas incumbentes nudse : nervus furcatus
costse mediae insertus : tibiae ecalcaratae.

A. candidata. Tipula Pint. De Geer ?

Glossy black : the wings pure white : legs pale, hind shanks and feet
white ; legs of the male much longer : nervures colourless, except
the 2 subcostal, which are rosy, in newly disclosed specimens :
nearly as large as Lestremia leucophea, from which it differs princi-
pally by the antennae : the wings are alike in neuration.

Catocha. (e Tipulariis Gallicolis, M.J
Antennae porrectae, articulis 2 baseos crassioribus, raam 16-articulatae
articulis globosis remotis plosis, femince breviores lO-articulatae :
ocelli tres : alae incumbentes pilosae : nervus furcatus prope basin,
costae insertus.

C. latipes.

Glossy black, with dusky yellow legs, and darker tarsi : the fore pair

OCCURRING ABOUT HOLYWOOD. 157

in the female have the last 4 joints dilated ovate, successively
diminishing : wings greyish, hyaline : resembles a Campylomyza :
the wings are of the same form, and the subcostal nervures even
so disposed, but the inner is curved backwards at the transverse
nervure, and emits a forked one to the margin, and the hind forked
one of Campylomyza is replaced by two separate simple ones.

Cecidomyia annulipes.

Meigen's description must have been made from a rubbed specimen.
In mine the wings are bluish, with annular rosy spots, appearing
in oblique lights, the whole disk clothed with grey down : the tip
of the wing has a small velvety spot of a cream colour.

SCATOPSE B.
Metatarsus posticus maris hand abbreviatus, antennarum articuli tres
apicales arete connati.

S. infumata. Nigra, holosericea, alls fuliginosis, halteribus
nigris, tibiis antice albis. (Long. .075.)

Bibio leucopterus.

Female glabrous black, with slender legs, otherwise like the female

of B. Marci.

Occurs at Coombe Wood: also about Holywood.

B. nigriventris. Fem. Nigra; pedibus rvfis, alls fusco-nervosiSf
stigmate nigro. (Long. .26.)

The male being unknovra, the specific character cannot be fully
drawn up. It most resembles B. fuhiventris, with which it
agrees in the length of the legs, the distinct nervures, and black
stigma : it is smaller, with black body and rufous legs : it appears
about a fortnight later than B, Johannis^ for which it seems to be
commonly mistaken.

B. hybridus.

Half the size of B. lanigerus $ , with which it agrees in general
character, wings, and colour ; but the pubescence is more scanty
and black, except on the abdomen, where it is somewhat pale :
that of the thighs is yellow, in B. lanigerus : from B. ferruginatus
$ , it differs by the finer pubescence, more obsolete stigma, rather
shorter tarsi, and ferruginous tibiae.

B. varipes $ .

Taken at Bexley in the summer, when most of tlie other
species had long disappeared.

158 CATALOGUE OP DIPTERA

B. clavipes.

Is abundant in the autumn throughout Ireland. All the
females I have taken have the legs more or less red or pale ;
a character unnoticed by Meigen.

Cyrtoma.

This genus should come next to Ocydromia, from which it differs
little in the trophi, &c.

Cyrtoma melaena. Nigra, alls hyalinisy tibiis posticis graci-
libus.

Size of C. atra and nigra : the hind shanks longer than in either,

and very slender : the wings whitish hyaline ? .

Rare about Holy wood.
Trichina clavipes.

Rare about Holywood ; common in Wicklow.

T. elongata. Gracilis, nigra, nitida, pedibus fuscis.

Half the size of T. clavipes, but as long, the abdomen of the female
being very much produced and pointed : legs slender : in the male
the hind shanks are somewhat clavate : in the female the fore
thighs are pale, as well as the base of the others and of the shanks :
vidngs vnth a light brown stigma : thorax of the male bronzed.
Rare ; generally on larches.

Hilara matrona. Nigricans ; alisfumatis, halteribus etfemo-
ribus luteis, metatarso antico maris dilatato elliptico, mar-
gine ciliato. (Long. .22 ; dilat. .53.)

Larger than H. cilipes : fore legs of similar structure: coxae, thighs,
and half of fore shanks, as well as the base of the rest, dirty
yellow : wings with an oblong costal spot of deeper colour.
Taken beside a mountain torrent, flowing to the upper lake

of the Churches.

Hemerodromia.
A: Alts nervo transversa apicis : seta antennarum brevissima.

H. melanocephala. Flava : antennis palpisque concoloribus,
capite griseo, abdominis dorso fusco, alis immaculatis,
nervis disci transversis tribus. (Long. .15.)

Empis melanocephala. Fabr. E. S.

The size of H. monostigma : the wings as in it, except that the second
nervure is not rounded at its termination, and does not include any

OCCURRING ABOUT HOLYWOOD. 159

Stigma: face white: thorax with a light ferruginous line down
each side : tip of the abdomen, and the whole under side, pale
yellow.

A rare species, inhabiting woods. Holywood, and the vale
of Clara.

Heleodromia. (e Fam. Tachydromiarum^ M.)

Caput orbiculatum transversum, fronte lata, hypostomate lineari :
antennas porrectae, articulo primo minuto 2" glohoso, tertio infun-
dibuliformi seta apicali : pedes graciles : coxis anticis elongatis :
alse incumbentes parallelae, areola media completa.

A. Proboscis perpendicularis, capite longior, palpis hrevihus incum-
bentibus,

H. immaculata. Cinerea: antennis pedibusque nigris, alls
ferrugineis immaculatis. (Long. .1.)

Wings as in H. Upunctata, but without the oblique apical nervure :
hypostoma narrow silvery: front and thorax inclining to ferru-

■ ginous : poisers yellow, the tip dusky : hypopygium of $ reflected
ventricose.
In woods ; rare.

B. Proboscis brevis crassa subexserta : alee nervo obliqiio apicis.

H. bipunctata. Cinerea : vitta dorsalifusca, pedibus testaceis,
tilis stigmate fusco. (Long. .12.)

Wings narrower than in the next, the oblique apical nervure longer,
and the middle cell narrower, and nearer the base : obscure, vsdth a
brown dot beyond the middle of the rib : hypostoma narrow
silvery : antennae black, thorax with a dusky stripe down the
middle, sides pearly grey : poisers dusky.

About ditches in summer ; very rare.

H. stagnalis. Olivacea, subtus scMstacea, genuhus rujis,
alarum nervis transversis infuscatis. (Long. .16.)

Hypostoma silvery : antennae black : front and thorax olive : back
of the abdomen blackish, indented at the sides by grey spots :
underside slate colour, the thighs glossed with the same : nervures
of the wings as in Brachystoma, Meig. Br achy stoma longicornis
also resembles the present genus in its elongate fore-coxas, but by
its antennae it belongs properly to the preceding family (Empidce).

160 CATALOGUE OF DIPTERA

Inhabits duck-meat {Lenma) on the surface of ponds early in
the spring, skipping very actively in small troops, and scarcely
to be taken without sweeping up the surface of the water.

H. fontinalis. Olivacea, subtus schistacea, thorace vittato^
pedibus luridis, alls obscuris maculis trtbus testaceis.

Size of the last, which it greatly resembles : hypostoma silvery :
antennae black : legs dark red : fore thighs at the base dusky,
glossed -mih. grey : beneath their apex in the male is a tuft of
hairs : front and thorax deep olive, the last with two chesnut
stripes, divided by a pale line : underside slate grey : the blackish
indented band down the back of the abdomen is narrower than in
the preceding : hypopygium as in the last reflected forcipate, with
a long bristle rolled up spirally at the end : wings dusky, the rib
and nervures of the tip bordered with a deep tinge : the small
transverse nervures of the base bordered with deep brown : another
spot surrounds the fork of the apical nervure, and a third includes
the ordinary transverse nervure : these markings are rather diffused
and cloud-hke, but deeply coloured.
Inhabits the shady beds of small rivulets in summer, but is

rare.

Leptosceles. {Genus Heleodromice proximum.)
Caput nutans, ellipticum : oculis magnis, ovatis, approximatis : hypo-
stoma lineare attenuatum : proboscis brevis crassa palpis incum-
bentibus : antennae articulo primo minuto, tertio ovato compresso :
apice seta longissima : pedes graciles : coxis anticis elongatis : alae
incumbentes areola media completa.

L. guttata. Nigra, nitida, linea dorsali albomicante, alls
fuscis, 2)ostice albo guttatis ; pedibus testaceis.

Hemerodromia irrorata. Meig. III. T. 23. Fig. 11. ala.

Face silvery : thorax brassy, with a glossy white line down the
middle, and other markings at the sides and in front : nervures of
the wings nearly as in Heleodromia stagnalis ; but the oblique
apical nervure is connected with the preceding by a small trans-
verse one, and the wings are narrower at the base ; their colour
varies from dusky cinerous to deep ferruginous : the costal margin
has no spots : between the forks of the apical nervure is a round
white spot, two more between the 3d and 4th longitudinal, and
one between the 4th and 5th near the margin ; these 4 are placed
in a lozenge form : the remaining spots of the hinder area are less
conspicuous. (Length .12.)

OCCURRING ABOUT HOLYWOOD.

161

This little insect is to be found on grass throughout the

summer ; but is difficult to capture, flying off as soon as it is in

the net.

L. irrorata. Nigra, niiida, thorace olivaceo-jjruinoso, linea
dorsall albomicante, alls fuscis, alio guttatis et tesselatis^^
nervuris undulatis, pedibus testaceis.

Tachydromia irrorata. Fall. Empid. 13, 17.?

Size of the last, inhabiting the same situations, but more common :
the thorax is opaque, with more evident white markings : wings
dark ferruginous, the base yellowish, the intervals between the
1st, 2d, and 3d nervures, and the oblique one of the tip, are
chequered with large white spots : the rest of the wings, except
the portion of the disk between the 3d and 4th, more faintly
marked with small irregular dots.

L. exoleta. Nigra, niiida, alis cinereis.

This may be a variety of L. irrorata, as the wings in some lights
appear very faintly spotted : the nervures are not undulate : the
thorax is opaque black, without apparent markings (probably
discoloured) : a single male with the others.

Tachypeza umbrarum. Nigra, nitida, antennis pallidis, alis
fasciis 2 fuscis, aniice suhconnexis.

The bands of the wings are connected by a very narrow line along
the costa : the joints of the legs are pale, the middle shanks end
in a produced sharp tooth.

T. arenaria. Nigro-fusca, opaca, alis abhreviatis, fuscis^
pedibus brevibus, rufo piceis.

A singular insect, not arranging well either with this genus or with
Drapetes : the body is coriaceous and opaque, the wings not longer
than the abdomen, but with distinct nervures, nearly as in Dra-
petes : the costa thick ; they are useless for flight : abdomen of 8
segments : feet very short for this family, coriaceous, unarmed,
fore thighs thick, ovate, fore shanks clavate : proboscis thick,
conical, inflected to the breast : antennae with the second joint
compressed, orbicular, much larger than the third : seta 2-jointed
pubescent.
Inhabits sandy coasts under marine rejectamenta, running

with extraordinary swiftness. Taken at Midsummer; did not

occur late in autumn.

T. graminum.
This is probably congenerous with the last, which it resembles in the

NO. II. VOL. I. Y

163 CATALOGUE OF DIPTERA

short body, thick legs, wings unfit for flying, &c. : the antennae
have the first joint so minute as not to appear ; the second very
large, orbicular, with a bristly top : obliquely on its outer side is
inserted the very minute third joint, terminating in a long seta,
reflected towards the sides of the breast.
Taken in swampy spots about Bexley.

Opitia nigra.

The mules are common in September ; the females rare.

O. lonchopteroides.

The specimen not being before me, I defer the description
of it.

Pipunculus modestus. Ater opacus, abdominis macnlis, later-
alibus cifiereis, antennis acuminatis. Fern.

Front silvery, above glossed with black : antennas black : knees and
base of fore feet yellowish : hypopygium of $ short, globular, with
a blackish spine : spots of the abdomen triangular, almost meet-
ing in the middle : half as large as P. campestris. (Belongs to
division A.)
Taken in Kent.

P. exiguus. Cinereus, alls hyaUnis, pedibus fusco-pallidis,
halteribus albis.

(To division C.) One half smaller than P. spurhis (of which it may
be the female, as I have only males of that species, and the colour
and wings of the sexes differ greatly in this genus) : obscure
cinerous, with pale poisers : wings hyaline, with a faint brown
costal spot : legs dusky yellow, thighs and middle of hind shanks
brown.

Spania Fallenii. Nigra, alis denigratis, antennariim articulo
tertio Uneari elongato. (Long. . 12.)

Agrees with the description of S. nigra, except in the antennas, which
are entirely different : the third joint is longer than the head,
elongate linear : the base a little thicker : the remaining portion
flattened and curved outwards, the tip suddenly and obliquely
attenuate, probably the insertion of a small style (but if so, it is
concealed by the close pubescence, as well as the articulations of
the flagellum, if any). The place of this genus is undoubtedly
wrong in Meigen's work ; but whether it belongs to the Rhagio-
nidce, or rather to some of the neighbouring families, I cannot

OCCURRING ABOUT IIOLYWOOD. 163

positively say, without a more detailed examination than I have
materials for, possessing only a pair, and the fragments of a third
wanting the head. These were all taken at Holywood, about
eight years since. The trophi are prominent, with fleshy lips, and
long exserted linear palpi. A single Spania occurred this summer
near the waterfall in the Devil's Glen, but as it escaped from me,
I cannot identify the species.

Medeterus alpinus. Nigro-ceneus,2)edibusferrvgineis, alisfuU-
ginosis jilcigU' hyalina, hypostomate argenteo. Mas. Oculis
conjluentibus, alts intus angustatis.

(To division B.) A minute species, half the size of M. curvipes :
mouth prominent, silvery: eyes of the male contiguous, of the
female divided by a very narrow line : front steel blue : body
metallic, greenish black : legs ferruginous, thighs above with a
dusky line, feet brown : wings dusky black, the disk whitish
hyaline, transverse nervure and a dot on the 4th dusky. In the
male the wings are much narrowed from the 5th nervure to the
base, the tip is more determinately coloured, and the nervures
suiFused with black.
Near the summit of Sliebh Donard, upon spots of black

springy peat; elevation nearly 3000 feet. In moory uplands

of Wicklow.

Porphyrops riparius.

The male, described under this name in the 19th number of the Zoo-
logical Journal, is the other sex of P. rufipes there mentioned as a
native ; but as it does not exactly accord with Meigen's description
of the male of that species, the synonym may be doubtful.

P. pumilus.

The males of this and some cognate species, have no spine on the
hind metatarsus : my divisions A and B, should be re-united as they
stand in Meigen, (and probably the genus Rhaphium reduced to
the same ;) but P. flavicollis seems to differ from the rest by its
reflected hairy palpi, &c.

Dolichopus jucundus. Viridi-ceiieus, incisuris nigris, antennis
bast riifis, coxis anticis pedibusque jmllidis, tarsis apice
nigris, alarum nervo quarto rectangulatim fracto. Mas.
Femorihiis iruberbibus, larnellis longius ciliatis.

Resembles D. nitidus (Fallen), but the third joint of the antennae
is shorter and blunt, black at the end, the rest ferruginous with a

IGl CATALOGUE OF DIPTERA

dark line above : face silvery : wings broad, in the male more

hyaline, with a minute costal line as in that species : the hind

tarsi are pale at the base : the lamellae are fringed with longer

hairs.

Inhabits marshes near Holywood. August.

D. linearis S .

Resembles D. acuticornis, in the form of the wings and all other cha-
racters, except the short antennee : very rare.

D. plumipes. Thorace ferruginoso, antennis rufis, ap'ice
nigris, tibiis et metatarsis ajiteriorihus riifis, alls inincto
nervoque transverso fuscis. Mas. ArticiiUs 4 nltimis
tarsornm articorum hrevihus lat'isshnis nigris, candido
inicaniibiis.

D. htoreus. Thorace ferruginoso, a?iten?iis hasi stibtus,
tihiisque riifis, alis puncto nervoque transverso fuscis.
Mas. Articulis quatuor nliitnis tarsorum a7iticorum crassi-
orihus ultimo albo micante.

D. plumipes. H. in Zool. J.

These two species agree in all particulars but the following ; the 4th
longitudinal nervure is slightly bent at the dusky spot, and the
transverse sinuate in the first, which has also the antennae, and
shanks of a brighter red : the fore metatarsus of the male is long and
rufous, the following joints very broad, the end of the shanks and
all the joints of the feet glossed with pure white : in the other the
fore metatarsus is black, rather short, and incrassate at the end, the
remaining joints are not nearly so broad as in D.plimipes, the last
only with a dull whitish gloss : the antennae have only a very
obscure red spot on the underside of the first joint; and the red
colour extends over a smaller portion of the thighs.
D. litoreus is not rare on the sea-coast ; D. plumipes in the

moory uplands of Wicklow.

D. rupestris. Obscure ceneus, femoribus posteriorihus, tibiis-
que ferrugineis, alis intus subrotundatis obscuris. Mas.
Femoribus imberbibus, tibiis posticis medio constrictis.
(Long. .16.)

Colour darker than in D. campestris : face obscure sulphureous ; in
the female almost grey : whitish above the mouth : coxos black :
thighs ferruginous, fore pair almost to the tip, hind only at the
ends, dusky : tips of hindshanks and the feet black, the shanks

OCCURRING ABOUT HOLYWOOD. 165

thicker before the middle in the male, but less conspicuously than
in D. pennatus : wings as in D. fuscipes, but the 4th nervxire is
less curved ; the 1st terminates in a black costal dot in the male.

D. campestris. Mas. Femoribus posiicis, nigro-pubescenti-
bus, lamellis fusds.

Face sulphureous : lamellae, below fringed with whitish down, and
long black hairs at the tijD : the rib of the wing has no incrassate
line or dot : the hairs on the hind thighs are very short.

D. patellatus. Mas. Femoribus ifnberbibus.
Very rare ; no females taken.

D. urbanus.

The dusky wings are a character of the species.

Pipiza interrupta. Obscure ^nea, antennis capite longioribus,
genubusferrugitieis, alts hyal'mis, nervura tra?isversd apicis
abruptd.

Half the size of the small variety of P. virens which it resembles,
but the body is much less pubescent, and the front and face have
only a few very inconspicuous greyish hairs : third joint of the
antennae more oblong than in that species.
Taken at Tullymore Park in August 1831. (To division B.)

Musca Chloris. Viridi-csnea, frontis vitta nigra, palpis
nigris, hypostomate et antennis albidis. (Long. .27.)

(To the division Nobiles.) Smaller than M. Ccesar, the angle of the
fourth nervure less acute : the cheeks are darker than the rest of
the body : the front is tolerably broad in the male, much broader
in the female, with a deep black stripe, coppery, round the eyelets :
the front is clothed with soft hair and not with bristles : the 3d
joint of the antennae is glossed with dull white : this is with us the
most common of the Muscce nobiles, but seems to be undescribed.

Musca degener. Nigricans, abdomine cinereo tesselato, palpis
nigris, antennis basi rujis. (Long. .3.)

Resembles M. rudis, but is smaller, and the thorax without ferrugi-
nous scales : the antennae always ferruginous or reddish at the
base.
Common in Autumn.

M. macellaria. Nigricans, palpis ferrugineis, abdomine oli-
caceo. (Long. .26.)

1G6 CATALOGUE OF DIPTERA

Wings, as in M. rtides : head grey, with a broad black frontal
stripe : antennae black : thorax in front with greyish reflec-
tions, but not in distinct lines : abdomen brassy olive, with
greyish reflections in the usual place.

Lispe litorea.

More common on the sea-coast than L. tentaculata ; the middle
feet of the male are very short.

L. adscita. Cinerea, tJiorace vittis, abdomine maculis nigri-
cmitibus, f route aterrimd macula acuminata Candida.

Differs from the characters of the genus by the naked seta, and the
linear palpi scarcely thicker at the end : the face is most brilliant
silvery white : the antennae in the male as long as the face : the
whitish triangle of the vertex is produced to the base of the
antennae, and in front is silvery white : thorax blackish, with
very obscure cinereous lines : the sides slate colour : the abdomen
is flat ovate, with a blackish triangular spot on each side of the
second and third segments, leaving a grey line dowTi the middle :
the fourth segment is grey, with a blackish spot : legs black,
with long slender tarsi, the middle pair very long : wings
hyaline : the transverse nervure straight and perpendicular.
(Length .22; exp. .41.)

In the female, the antennas are shorter than the face, with the third
joint obliquely attenuate : the triangle of the vertex is dull white,
not reaching to the antennae : the black front is bordered along
the eyes with straw colour : the thorax is cinereous, with three
broad and very conspicuous blackish stripes : the scutel blackish
at the sides : abdomen as in the male ; the last segment has only
a narrow black line : legs scarcely shorter than in the male.
(Length ,26.)
Though not perfectly agreeing with Lispe, this species has

more similarity in general form and character to this than any

other genus. The hypopygium of the male is more thickened;

but not inflated as in Ccenosia.

SCHOENOMYZA.

Os mystacinum : oculi aequaliter remoti : antennae basi approxi-
matae, apice devaricatae, subdeflexae, articulo tertio oblongo obtuso,
basi seta dorsali nuda : abdomen quadriannulatum, pilosum :
aloe incumbentes parallelae, nervo transverso apicis nullo.
Tliis genus may be known from Cocnosia, which it most

resembles, by the incumbent antennae and inflated hypopygium

OCCURRING ABOUT HOLYWOOD. 167

of the latter. The two species referred to it are minute, and
have been placed by Miegen far apart, in two genera to which
they have little affinity. Both occur on the sea-coast at Holy-
wood, but are not common.

Dryomyza mollis. Pallide ferruginea, iomentosa, anlentiis

apice tarsisquefuscis, alls hyalinis. (Long. .36.)
Probably an immature variety oi D. Jlaveola.

COELOPA.

A. — Thorax depressed, coriaceous, with three impressed lines.
C. frigida.
Fore metatarsus of $ toothed at the tip, below as in all the rest :

the face and legs are clothed with soft dense fur without any

bristles.

C. gravis. Fusca, antennis ore pedihiisque ferrugmeis. Mas.

Tibiis et tnetatarsis intermediis niqro villosis. (Long.

$ .3, ? .25.)
Front face and legs bristly : middle metatarsus concave, and as

well as the shank, clothed with very long woolly black hair:

fore metatarsus ending below in a blunt tooth. Female half as

large : legs less bristly.

Abundant with the last on marine rejectamenta, upon sandy
coasts, and equally so in the flowers of orchards.

C. simplex. Fusca, antennis ore pedihiisque ferrugmeis. Mas.

Tibiis et metatarsis intermediis subnudis. (Long. $ .25.)

Female smaller.
In the same situations with the last, and like it in other respects, but

the characters of the male seem constant : the legs are less bristly :

the metatarsus of the middle pair not arched, &c.

C. parvula. Nigra, antennis basi ferrugineis, pedibus piceis.

(Long. .17.)
Thorax not so opaque as in the two preceding, the impressed lines
very faint : legs less bristly.
Inhabits rocky coasts.

B. — Thorax convex, soft, pubescent, without impressed lines.
C. sciomyzina. Pallida, tomentosa, vertice et thorace cinereis.

(Long. .17.)

1G8 CATALOGUE OF DIPTERA

Pubescence very thick and soft on the abdomen and legs : the middle
shanks and metatarsi in the male, within, clothed with longer black
hairs ; and the fore metatarsus terminates in a smaller tooth than
in the others : tips of fore shanks and the feet dusky : wings
hyaline with yellowish nervures.

Var. /3. — Smaller : the back of the abdomen dusky : the anus pale :
legs clouded with brown : middle shanks and metatarsi of male
scarcely bearded : pubescence not so dense. Probably a distinct
species.
Inhabits marine rejectamenta.

Actora buccata.

Heteromyza buccata, Fallen ; but does not agree with that genus,
the mouth and legs being without bristles, and thickly clothed with
soft furry down as in Actora /Estuum. ( Helcomyza ustulata,
B. E. GS.) From that species it differs in having the face rather
less perpendicular, the 2d joint of the abdomen proportionally
shorter, and the rib of the wing destitute of bristles, characters, I
think, quite insufficient to separate generally two species so allied
in habit.

Heteromyza oculata. Fall.

Male, eyes large, approximate, fiery : front linear rufous : face pale
rufous : antennae black : thorax dull black, beneath grey : abdo-
men linear, rufous, villous : legs long, rufous : fore thighs dusky :
wings blackish, the interval between the 1st and 2d costal nervures
yellowish : about the middle of the rib are a few minute bristles.

Female, front of the usual breadth, rufous : occiput and margin of the
eyes csesious : thorax behind light grey, before blackish (disco-
loured ?) : abdomen rufous, not villous : wings as in the male,
but without the yellowish space at the rib : legs not so long.
(Length .26.)

Helomyza ustulata ?

Female, ferruginous : abdomen, with a hoary tinge, and narrow
blackish incisures : transverse nervures, and three spots at the clip
of the wings, dusky ; these spots are not produced into the disk or
connected as in H. ustulata : third joint of the antennae elliptic,
with the seta delicately pubescent (Length .26.)

Tetanocera vittata. Ferruginea, vittis, frontis luteis, thoracis

canis, alts fusco-cancellatis. (Long. .19.)
(To division A. h.) Front not much produced, orange, with the

margin of the eye and the glossy middle stripe ferruginous : occiput

OCCURRING ABOUT HOLYWOOD. 169

with two glossy white spots : antennae short, ferruginous ; third
joint obtuse, black : seta black, feathered with long hair : face pale
yellow : thorax glossy ferruginous, with three pearl grey lines down
the back, separated by two of a deep chesnut ; down each side a
less distinct grey band : scutel dark in the middle : abdomen
darker above except at the tip : legs yellow, ferruginous : fore pair
brown, except the base of the thighs and shanks : wings obscure
iridescent, yellowish at the base : the transverse nervure straight
and perpendicular, and all the nervures bordered with deep brown.

Tetanocera cucularia, /3.

The front has no black spots ; on the back of the head is one dark,
one bordered with white : the thorax is not grey, but yellowish
ferruginous, with four deeper bands : wings yellowish, with mark-
ings deeper than in Var. a, but similar in disposition.

Var. y. — Colour of the body as in Var. /3 ; the wings hyaline with
very faint markings-

Piophila luteata. Nigra, nitida, capite pleuris pectore pedi-
busque poslerioribus luteis.

More robust than P. Casei ; the legs shorter and thicker : back of
the thorax, scutel, and the entire abdomen, shining greenish black :
fore legs blackish, with the knees and base of the shanks yellowish :
hind thighs and shanks with brown rings, tips of the feet dusky :
wings shorter than in P. Casei, yellowish, with thick vellow
nervures.

Pandora.

Antennas incumbentes, articulo tertio elliptico, compresso ; seta dorsali
nuda : hypostoma subdescendens foveolatum mystacinum : oculi
rotundi remoti : frons lata glabra setosa : abdomen oblongum,
depressum, glabrum, 5-annulatum : alse incumbentes (erectae
vibrantes.)

The wings differ much from Piophila, are small and narrowed to the
tip, with the 3d and 4th longitudinal nervures there approaching ;
the 4th is not continued quite to the root of the wing, but curved
to meet the 5th ; the first is double, with the branches entirely
separated, as in Ortalis, and neither merging in the costa as in
Piophila : the face is more convex, the antennae reposed in deep
foveolae : the legs long and thicker than in Piophila.

P. scutellaris. Piophila Scutellaria. Fall.

P. basalis. Nigra, nitida, hypostomatc, antennis basique
pedum luteis.
NO. II. VOL. I. z

170 CATALOGUE OF DIPTERA

Half the size of the preceding : glossy black : wings hyaline, ner-
vures light brown, yellowish at the base : the long fore coxae, all
the trochanters, and the base of the hinder thighs yellow : face,
mouth, and antennae yellow-ferruginous, tip of the last brown.

Sepsis. B.

S. putris. Nigra, nitida, pedibus concoloribus. Mas. Meta-
tarso antico brcvi incrassato, hypopygio breviiis setoso.

Fore thighs with a strong tooth and spines beneath, the middle of the
fore shanks within emarginate, with a flattened brown tubercle :
the tufts of curled hairs on each side of the hypopygium are not
half as long as the abdomen.

S. superba. Nigra, nitida, pedibus coticoloribus. Mas. Meta-
tarso antico longissimo, hypopygio longius setoso. (Long.

.125.)
Half as large as the preceding, and very like it : the fore thighs are
twisted and armed below with four spinous teeth in a cluster : the
fore shanks are deeply notched, with a strong tooth on the inner
side ; above this a spine, a small tooth nearer the base ; before the
tip on the outer side is a long spine : the fore metatarsus is very
long and straight, the next joint is the shortest : the tuft of hairs
on each side of the hypopygium is as long as the abdomen.

The male of this very distinct species was taken near Holy-
wood, and again in Wicklow.

S. minor. Nigra, nitida, pedibus concoloribus. Mas. Tarsis
simpUcibus, hypopygio nudo.

Varies from one-half to one-fifth of the size of S. putris : fore thighs
of the male have a few bristles below : the fore shanks have a
bifid spine about the middle.
Occurs in company with aS*. putris, and is often almost as

common.

Tephritis Plantaginis. Flavido-cinerea, capite, sctiiello, pte-
dibusque, fnlvisy alts ferrugineo-reticulatis macula costali
geminatd nigra. (Long. ,22.)

Borer of the female black-brown: wings reticulate with ferruginous,
outwardly the ground colour is ferruginous, with circular white
spots ; about the middle of the rib two black spots divided by a
white one : the transverse nervures are approximate in three
portions of the wing, the proportion of the dark colour is greatest.

OCCURRING ABOUT IIOLYWOOD. 171

•sometimes appearing as three tolerably defined spots ; the double
costal spot forms the nucleus of one, another larger embracino- the
whole tip of the wing, the third surrounding the ordinary trans-
verse nervure.

This species occurs on the sea-coast, in spots overgrown
with Plcmtago maritima.

T. Centaurea and T. Onopordinis are one species, all interme-
diate varieties occurring.

Lauxania arnica. Nigra, subcenea, vitta frontali cuprea,
genubus tarsisque posticis fuscis , alls subhyalinis. (Long.

.14.)
Smaller than L. cylindricornis, with ferruginous antennae (short as
in L. longipennis), the seta scarcely pubescent : face glossed with
dull white : above the base of the antennae is a transverse line,
coppery or reddish : the wings are entirely obscure hyaline, or
with a very faint yellowish tinge.

L. longipennis, Meig. L. basalis, Stcph. ?

L. sordida. Ferruginea, nitida, anticis Jhiioribus apice tar-
sisque fuscis, alis luteis. (Long. .2.)

Antennae short as in L. longipennis, but the seta scarcely pubescent
abdomen short, broad, and rounded, with scattered black hairs.

Phyllomyza.

Antennae deflexae, articulo ultimo oblongo compresso, apice obtuso,
basi seta, dorsali pubescente : hypostoma subdescendens planum
nudum : oculi distantes rotundi : abdomen ovatum quinque-annu-
latum : alae deflexae nervo longitudinali primo duplicato.

L Ph. litura. Sapromyza litura. Meig.
Inhabits oak trees ; Tullymore park.

Heteroneura spurca. Ferruginea, nitida, occipite bimaculato,
alis apice nervoque transversa late infuscatis. (Long.

.17+.)
This species differs from the others in having the transverse nervures
rather distant, the double subcostal nervure more obviously divided,
and the face is a little more inclined inwards ; but there is no
other genus with which it can be so well placed : the third joint
of the antennae has a dusky spot above, the back of the head two
large brown spots : the abdomen in the female ends in an arti-

172 CATALOGUE OF DIPTERA

culated style : the segments are darker in the middle : face and
legs paler : wings yello^vish, the tip and transverse nervure
surrounded with brown.
The first longitudinal nervure in this genus is distinctly doubled,
though the branches are generally very near each other : in general
character it seems rather related to Psila or to Palloptera than to
any of the genera near which it stands in Meigen.

Stegana annulata. Nigra, nitida, alis faUginosis, hyposto-
mate pectore pedihusque pallidis, horiim anmilo lugro.

(Long .14.)
The tips of all the thighs and the base of the hinder shanks black.

Camarota aurifrons. Nigra, pedibus luridis, tJtorace opaco
punctato,fronte glabra luiea. (Long. .L)

Face pale yellow : antennae black, the base ferruginous : front
shining glabrous, except a single series of very fine hairs near the
margin of each eye, the raised triangle is golden, the rest of the
front deep orange : poisers dusky : wings brown : the fore legs,
the ends of the shanks, and the feet, are lighter coloured than
the rest.
Taken in oak copses near Bexley.

Meromyza viridula. Elongata, dilute prasina ; vittis thoracis
tribus discretis, scutelli et abdominis unica nigris. (Long.
.22 ; dilat. .35.)

Elongate, the front more produced than in the rest (approaching to
the genus Eurina in this respect), palpi immaculate, a black dot
on the vertex : back of the head immaculate, or with two small
reddish lines: stripes of the thorax separate, the middle one con-
tinued over the scutel, all with a greyish shade : dorsal line of the
abdomen not extending to the base, a dot on each side of the
same colour : breast with two pale ferruginous spots : legs imma-
culate green : wings hyaline, with green nervures.

M. variegata.

In the pair of this species which I possess, tlie ground colour is tawny
yellow without any greenish tinge : the bands of the thorax are
ferruginous, the metathorax and markings of the vertex and
abdomen black : the front less produced than in any of the others.

Chlorops lateralis. Straminea, triangido jrontali atro, thoracis
abdominisque dorso antennisque nigris, pectore maculate.
(Long. .16.)

OCCURRING ABOUT HOLYWOOD. 173

Head shaped as in the genus Ther'ina, the face being concave, and
the margin of the mouth sharply projecting ; but the front and
mouth are naked : head yellow, front more orange, triangle of the
vertex very large, not touching the eyes, in front with a produced
point almost reaching to the antennae : disk of the thorax, scutel,
and abdomen above greenish black not shining : the breast has two
large black spots, and above these a chain of smaller ones running
from the neck to the base of the hind coxae : legs yellow, mottled
with ferruginous : the thighs generally with an oblong spot, blacker
in the fore pair ; a faint ring round the hind shanks, and the tips
of the feet dusky : poisers milk-white : wings hyaline with blackish
nervures. (To division A.)

C. fulvifrons. Nigra, nitida, pubescetis, fronte et atitennis
Jerrugineis, tibiis tarsisque fuscis. (Long. .1.)

(To division A.) Size of C. maura : face a little impressed : triangle
of the vertex extending to the middle of the front, black behind,
in front passing into ferruginous : seta of antennae pale, the base
dusky : wings obscure hyaline, nervures yellowish brown, colour-
less towards the tip : poisers milk-white.

C. agnata. Nigra, nitida, antennis pectore pedibusque ferrn-
gineis fitsco-variis, scutello jlavo. (Long. .12.)

Resembles C. Cereris, is smaller : the hypopygium is not inflated nor
ferruginous : the base of all the thighs and a band round the
liind shanks black, fore shanks at the tip, fore feet entirely, and the
end of the rest dusky : the breast is more spotted and the front
darker : the antennas dusky at the tip. (To division A.)

Agromyza flavo-notata. Nigra, scutello jlavo.

(To division C. a.) Perhaps a variety of A. scutellata.

Leucopis obscura. Canescens, thorace immaculato, antennis
pedibusque nigris, metaf arsis posticis litteis. (Long. .08.)

Half the size of L. 'puncticornis, colour dark grey : poisers cream-
colour : on the vertex are a few bristles.

Notiphila madizans. Fall. ? Obscure cenea, abdomine opaco
piano, antennis basi femoribus anticis pedibusque poste-
rioribusferrugineis. (Long. .11; dilat. .18.)

Abdomen oblong and flattened, rugulose, first segment very short,
almost concealed, 4th large, 5th minute : wings not longer than
the abdomen, obscure, with the transverse nervure dusky : face
whitish : fore shanks and feet black.
Not uncommon on grass.

174 CATALOGUE OF DIPTERA

Drosophila tristis. Fall.

The two first joints of the fore feet in the male are short and broad,
with a black edge ; the colour called by Meigen " testaceous"
appears from many instances to be a different shade from that
usually so named with us : in this insect it is almost a dull black :
the brown tinge at the tip of the wing is not very remarkable : the
eyes are fiery red : the abdomen, at least behind, is glossy black ;
but in all the females very soon after their appearance it becomes
from distention black, with a pale band at the base of each seg-
ment, and I doubt not that the Musea cellaris of Linne, is the
same, as his description agrees very tolerably with the female,
while no one could call the tinge of D. funehris, black.

The present species is exceedingly abundant in autumn,
and not uncommon throughout the whole winter and early
spring.

D. ingrata.

Distinguished from the last by the broad and short hind shanks and

feet.

Only one female taken.

D. melanogaster.

Fore feet of the male have the 1st and 2d joint dilated,

D. cameraria. Thorace testaceo opaco vittdfnsca, abdomine
rufo, incisurisfuscis.

Resembles D. fenestrarum, but the opaque and more hairy head and
thorax at once distinguish it.
In windows in autumn. Bred from Boleti.

Ephydra defecta. Nigro-cenea, scutello violaceo nitido, alis
obscur'is hyalino-gvUatis, anienms stibtus luteis. (Long. .08.)

(To division B.) Seta of antennae pectinate : face silvery : semicircle
of the vertex steel blue: markings of the wings nearly as in
E. noctula : base of the metatarsi obscure yellow.

E. pygmaea. Glauca, capite dor so prothorac'is et scutello
c'mereis, anteiinis et tarsis ferrugmeis. (Long. .05.)

The face is not convex, but rather like a Notiphila ; but the massive
mouth and general character are more like Ephydra : antennae with
a dusky line above, third joint orbicular, seta short and pectinate :

OCCURRING ABOUT HOLYWOOD. 175

poisers milk-white : feet dull yellow : wings obscure, the transverse
nervure darker. (To division B.)
On the sea-coast.

E. fossarura. Fusco-eenea, hypostomate <sneo, pedihus nigris,
alls fuscanis, nervis transvcrsis obscuris. (Long. .11;
dilat. .^6.)

(To division C. b.) Resembles E. coarctata ; but the second longi-
tudinal nervure has not the little branch : seta of antennae
pubescent : abdomen brassy green.
A very abundant species.

E. hecate. Nigi'o-cenea, aUsfuUginosis, nervis trans versis
obscuris utrinque hyalino guttatis. (Long. .11; dilat. .22.)

(To division C. b.) Resembles the last ; but the wings are much
shorter and darker, at the end of the second nervure a dusky spot,
and a distinct white one above and below each transverse
nervure : the nervures of the tip bordered with brown : hind feet
brown.

E. infecta. Nigro-cBnea, pedihus nigris, scutello chalybeo,
alts obscuris, nervis transversis fuscis. (Long. .08.)

(To division C. b. but the termination of the 2d longitudinal nervure
is farther from the tip) : wings greyish, transverse nervures clouded
with brown, a hyaline spot above and below the inner : face
cinereous : seta pubescent.

E. micans. Obsctire viridis,Jronfe violacea, antennarum seta
subnuda, hypostomate camiido. Mas. Aid Jlavescente.
Fem.

Size of E. riparia ; but distinguished by the nearly naked seta and
intense colour : face below the antennag violet : thorax dark green
with violet lines : abdomen of the male hoary green, of the female
intense green with depressed tawny incisures.

E. sibilans. Cinerea aut oUvacea, capite thoraceque ferru-
ginosis, hypostomate luteo, alis obscuris. (Long. .11.)

(To division C. b.) Face convex, orange : antennae black : seta finely
pubescent : head and thorax with a ferruginous tinge, sides pearly
grey : abdomen brassy olive : eyes brilliant green and coppery :
legs black : transverse nervures darker : like E. leucostoma, but
twice the size.
Early in the spring and summer, on the sea-coast. The

other EphydrcB, except E. curvicauda, appear later.

176 CATALOGUE OF DIPTERA

E. aestuans. Cinerea, capite thoracisque dorso femiginosis,
hypostomate luteo, alts cinereis (vel ferrugineis ) macula
punctisque alhis. (Long. .11; dilat. .3.)

(To division C. b.) Head very large, face convex, tawny yellow
front ferruginous, generally paler in the middle : thorax opaque
ferruginous above, generally with grey lines and spots, sides
extending above the wings : scutel, metathorax and abdomen opaque
grey : poisers yellow : seta of antennae pubescent : markings of
the wings placed as in E. stagnalis, but more conspicuous, and the
spot between the 2d and 3d nervures is very large and square.
On marine rejectamenta ; common in autumn.

E. paludum.

None of the species with similar markings have the wings so ample
as the present.

F. lutosa. Cinerea, capite thoraceque ferruginosis opacis,
alis cinereis, guttis 5 hyalinis. (Long. .09.)

Half as large as E. stagnalis, and constantly distinct : the thorax has
no gloss or markings : the wings are lighter grey or ferruginous,
the spots less evident : face yellowish.
I have seen yet another species with the wings similarly

marked, but it does not occur about Holy wood.

E. graminum. Thorace cinereo punctis quinque pallidis,
abdomine pedibiisqne nigris, tarsis fiavis, alis cinereo-
maculatis. (Long. .08.)

Marking of the wings nearly as in E. quadrata, of which it may be a
variety.

E. compta. Nigro-cenea, abdomine pedibusque nigris, alis
cinereis, albo gtittatis, seta antennarum villosa. (Long. .08.)

Markings of the wings as in E. noctula, and it may possibly not be
distinct.

E. interrupta. Thorace oUvaceo fusco, vittato, abdomine
postice nigro-nltido, hypostomate antennis tarsisque jlavis,
alis fuscis, disco hyalinis, nervis iransversis infuscatis.

(Long. .1.)
(To division C. c.) Larger than E. stictica, which it resembles ; the
transverse nervures are much more approximate, and the dusky
tip of the wings includes two deeper spots placed nearly as in
E. stictica.

OCCURRING ABOUT IIOLYWOOD. 177

E. cesta. Nigro-esnea, nitidissima, abdovnne magno jmncta-
tissimo pubescente cyaneo. (Long. .07.)

Head and thorax formed as in E. rufipes : seta villose above :
abdomen very large and rather convex, 1st segment evanescent,
4th comprehending half of the entire, 5th minute deflected ; the
whole surface except the incisures deeply and coarsely punctured
and pubescent : wings rather small, hyaline, nervure as in
E. rufipes.

Neither this species nor E. rufipes agree well with the
present genus ; in some characters they rather approach Noti-
phila madezans. Fall.

Opomyza florum. Var.

Along the third nervure, between the transverse one and the tip, are
from 4 to 7 dusky dots : the body is lighter coloured than in the
common variety, and also smaller.

O. tremula. Castanea, Jujpostomate antennis pedibusque
flavis, thoracis dorso cinereo, abdomine nigra, alis basi
apice nervoque transversa fuscis. (Long. .15.)

More robust than O. tripunctata, the wings narrow and more pointed,
the spots as in 0. bipunctata : a spot on the hind thighs, and the
base of the tibiae are deep brown.

O. asteia. Nigra, nitida, vertice concalare, capite abdaminis

basi pedibusque flavis, alis hyalinis. (Long. .1.)
Form of 0. gracilis : front face and antennae feiTuginous : seta naked :

poisers pale yellow : thorax glossy greenish black.

Inhabits larch trees in autumn ; rare.
Borborus pedestris.

Taken at mid-winter, on the banks of the Wandle, near
London.

B. hamatus. Nigra-ceneus, nitidus, hypastamate nigra, alis
ferrugineis, halteribus albidis. (Long. .2+.)

(To division C.) Segments of the abdomen of nearly equal length :
hind feet clothed with glossy yellow hair : 1st joint in the female
shorter and dilated, 2d scarcely dilated ; both in the male much
broader, and the hind thighs at the base armed with a strong
hooked tooth.
In woods ; not common.
Division e. may be subdivided thus

•f Dish of the scutel glabrous, sides bristly.
NO. II. VOL. 1. A A

178 CATALOGUE OF DIPTERA

f-j- Dish of the sciitel pubescent or bristly.
To C. f belong B. sylvaticus—limosus—fenestralis?—clunipes —

ochripes—zosterce— nivalis ; and many more which it is difficult

to distinguish.
To C. ff B. fuseipennis — vagans, ^c.

B. nivalis. Niger, hypostomate ferrugineo, alls ahbreviatis.

(Long. .08.)
Dull black : face rusty yellow : legs rufescent : thighs and hind
shanks dusky : 2d joint of hind feet twice as long as 1st, scarcely
thickened : wings shorter than the abdomen.
About the roots of trees during the winter ; leaping far.

B. Zosterae. Niger, tarsis liiteis, alis denigratis, thorace
scutelloque ojjacis planis, antennanim seta alhida. (Long.
.06.)

Thorax with an obsolete depressed line down the back : scutel with
only about two pair of bristles at the sides and tip : feet short,
yellowish, 2d joint of the hind pair somewhat thickened : wings
of an uniform opaque smoky tint: knob of the poisers deep brown.
Common upon Zostera, drying on the shore.

B. fuseipennis. Niger, pedibus piceis, thorace scutelloque
ferruginosis setosis, alis fuscis, halteribus luteis. (Long.
.09.)

Resembles B. limosus, but is smaller, and the wings darker : the
disk of the scutel, as well as the thorax, set with bristles ; both have
a very dull ferruginous tinge: 1st joint of hind feet very broad,
2d twice as long, scarcely at all thickened : seta of antennae black.

Common on marine rejectamenta.
B. vagans. Niger, opacus, scutello pubescenie, alis denigratis,

halteribus luteis. (Long. .06.)
Resembles B. Zosterce, but the disk of the scutel is pubescent and

not so flat : feet short, fore pair a little dilated.
( Division F.) Transverse nervures approximate, 4th and r)th

longitudinal not approaching each other, 3d curved to the rib

beyond the middle.

Borborus aterrimus. Ater, holosericeus, alis albis, seta anten-

narum albida. (Long. .04.)
Feet short, fore pair a little dilated : seta pubescent whitish : wings

opaque, milk-white : rib blackish, the other nervures inconspicuous.

OCCURRING ABOUT IIOLYNVOOD. 179

Phora abdominalis. Fall.

(To division C.) The termination of the 2d subcostal nervure
forked : larger than P. thoracica ; a female taken but once.

P. debilis. Fuscus, thorace cano-lineato, alls et pedibus
inermibus testaceis.

(To division E.) Wings deep brown, with darker nervures and
hyaline streaks between.

P. Dauci. Meig.

This is the female of Conicera atra.
P. simiUs. Nigra, tibiis et tarsis anticis testaceis, alis sub-

hyalinis. Mas. Antennis conicis ascendentibus.

(To division F.) Half the size of P. Dauci, (Conicera atra), the
antennas shorter : wings more obscurely hyaline, with conspicuous
nervures, those of the rib thick and bristly.

P. galeata. Nigro-fusca, thorace compresso, pedibus iner-
mibus.

(To division G.) Head compressed, with the dilated front over-
hanging the eyes : seta of antennas ascending, feathered, thickened
at the root : palpi prominent divaricate, pale : thorax entirely
compressed : wings hyaline, rib pubescent : abdomen depressed
very broad behind.
This insect is very unlike the rest of the genus, and is still

more active than any of them. It occurs on umbelhferae in

autumn, but is not common.

P. aterrima.

In all my specimens the fore shanks and feet only are testaceous,
but the difference is too slight to indicate another species, as the
like is not uncommon in other species of the genus.

Bibio lanigerus.

The first time I met with this species was in the beginning
of April, some years back : walking one sunny morning on a
low sandy spit, that runs into the bay at Holywood, and is
used for grazing cattle, I was struck by an appearance of in-
numerable sparkles of light over the short herbage, as far as I
could see, resembling the reflections of the sun on a gentle
ripple. On looking for the cause, I found the sward covered
with this species, principally males, who were in busy move-
ment, exploring and quartering their ground with the skill of a
trained setter. The evident object of their search was the

180 ENTOMOLOGICAL TOUR.

females, who in the proportion of about one to fifty of their
partners, were sitting sluggishly on the stems of the grass. I
continued my walk for about three hundred yards, without
perceiving any diminution of numbers. I then measured off a
square foot, and counted within that space thirty-seven ; and
they did not appear thicker in that spot than in others. Though
the species is still abundant in the season, I have never since
witnessed an assemblage like this. About noon, they may be
seen in sunny gravel-pits, the males soaring about in hawk-
like circles ; and when they alight, resting with the wings
expanded, and ready to take flight on the least shadow ap-
proaching. I know of no species in which the disparity of
numbers is so great as in the present. In this respect, B.
Johamiis perhaps come next. In B. Marci and B. clovipes,
the difference is still less, and I believe scarcely exists in
B. hortidanus. This difference of numbers in the sexes is a
remarkable point, and must be connected with something in
the economy of the species which exhibit it. To mention
another instance, I have seen hundreds of Pezomachits fas-
ciatus 5 , yet never met with a male, nor has any collector of
my acquaintance one of that sex. This circumstance might
seem to give support to Geoffroy's opinion, that the males of
the Pezomachi are winged, in which case it would be more
easily overlooked, were there any of our common - winged
male Crypti at all resembling it, and did we not know the
males of several closely allied species to be like their partners.
For other instances of the males being quite unknown, I may
mention Megaspilus riibi (Microps Ruhi mlhi), Ceraphron
melanocephalus, Cryptus sticticus, F. Sec. ^

Art. XVIII. — Entomological Tour in So?ith Devon. By
Messrs. Chant and Bentley.

Sir, — If you consider the following remarks worthy a place
in your Magazine, they are quite at your service. We thought
they might in some degree amuse the general reader, and also

•* We regret to see no reference in this valuable paper to Macquart's " Inscctes
Dipleres du Nord de la France," a work in which so many new species of Diptera
have been described, that we fear tliei-c is a probability of some confusion as t»
names. — Ed.

ENTOMOLOGICAL TOUR. ]81

furnish some useful hints to the practical entomologist, who
may be disposed to visit that part of the country.

We arrived at Exeter in the evening of the 28th of May ;
but as we had been travelling twenty-eight hours, and had
experienced both wet and cold during the journey, we did not
feel disposed to commence operations that evening.

May 29th. Fine morning ; reconnoitred the ground to the
left of the city, in a lane near the Plymouth road : took Ortho-
tcenia Hastiana and Adela cuprella in the afternoon ; went
to Haldon Hill, to the right of the city ; Brachinus crepitans,
and a few species of Harpalus taken: a fine view of the
city.

oOth. Walked on the banks of the river Exe : fished for
Dyticidce : Hydroporus depressus and Colymbeies maculatus
taken ; in the marsh near the river took Saperda cylindrica.
On our return near the canal, Peryphus ogilis and Tachyjius
striatus were also taken ; we could find no good entomological
ground about Exeter ; therefore we left in the afternoon for
Ashburton, a fine ride through Chudleigh, to the right of which
place you see the Hayter rocks, that supplied a great por-
tion of the granite for the erection of new London Bridge.
Ashburton is about twenty miles from Exeter, pleasantly
situate amongst hills, of which the Buckland Beacon and the
Hazel Rock are the most conspicuous.

31st. Collected about the Hazel Rocks: they are situated
near two miles to the right of Ashburton, upon an ascent ; the
whole of the way from the summit of which, we had one of the
finest prospects in Devon : there is a fir plantation ; also a
small copse near the rocks, where, from the appearance of the
place, we anticipated much success : took a new Tortrix, for
which we propose the name Myrtillana ; we beat it out of the
Vaccinium myrtillus, which was growing in abundance. In
returning to Ashburton, from under stones in a running brook,
Colymhetes gidtatiis was taken. In the afternoon went to the
Old Bridge : collected about the banks of the Dart ; several
species of Bemhidiidce taken.

June 1st. Fine morning; in the fields near the town, from
umbelliferous plants, took many Hymenopterous insects.

2d. The morning rather showery : paid another visit to
the Hazel and the Buckland Beacon ; from the former place
we captured Ptychopoda fumata, rare, and some more

182 ENTOMOLOGICAL TOUR.

Tortrices from the Vaccinimn; and from under stones, at the
latter place, Elater cupretis.

3d. Cold and dull : collected on the banks of the Dart,
about two miles from Ashburton : took more Peryphus agilis
and Tachypus striatus : wet night.

4th. The weather still unfavourable : left Ashburton for
Totness, where we arrived about 12 o'clock ; and by the pas-
sage-boat sailed to Dartmouth, a delightful sail down the river
Dart, which place we reached at 3 o'clock.

5th. This morning went to Blackwell Sands : collected
about the beach ; Pkycita nebulella, angustella and Gemina
taken ; also Cramhus pygmceus and auriferellus ; both rare :
returned to Dartmouth : wet evening.

6th. The morning showery, with cold winds : crossed the
ferry to King's Wear ; from thence to Brixham and Torbay ;
near the latter place we found Harpalus annulicornis and
ignavus : returned to Dartmouth. In the evening mothed
near the castle : Miselia compta and Lobophora varietal a
taken.

7th. This morning visited Slapton Lea, a fresh water lake
below Blackwell Sands : it is about one mile in length, and
parallel with, and in some places not more than forty yards
distance from the sea : it abounds with fresh- water fish and sea
fowl : from the margins of which we took Blethisa muUipunc-
tata ; and from the sands, Dromius quadrillum, rare : we also
found Malachius marginellus, and Dasytes viridis in profu-
sion, in flowers growing on the sands.

8th. Fine morning : not out entomologizing this day :
walked to the hill at the top of the town, and to the castle hill
in the evening: a fine promenade for the towns-people, and
from which place we had a fine view of the sea and harbour.

9th. Again visited the sands : took more Pkycita ; also
Orthotcenia politana and Argyrolepia luteloana, rare.

10th. The morning very hot : walked again to Blackwell
Sands : collected more Lepidopterous insects, likewise Mor-
della ventralis and acideata : in the evening, mothed behind
the castle : DeilepJiila Elpenor taken.

11th. The weather still fine, we again collected upon the
sands : found Opatrum sabulosum and Lixus sulcirostris in
profusion ; Lygceus Apterus and micropterus also taken.
This evening we engaged beds at the Star Inn on the beach.

ENTOMOLOGICAL TOUR. 183

for the purpose of mothing, as there was growing on the sands
a number of plants ; we thought it would be worth a trial ;
but to our surprise not an insect was seen.

12th. Fine morning : collected about the lake : the waters
of which we observed had greatly decreased by evaporation ;
from the parts that were still damp we took Peryphus atro-
cceruleus, and Notaphus ohliquiis in great abundance : we also
took from the roots of grass, Elater ^-pustulatiis, Anchomemis
oblongus, Pccderns Uttoralis and fuscipes. After dinner
returned to Dartmouth : in the evening, Harpalyce Galiata
taken.

13th. This morning returned again to Slapton, and from
the lake we had the pleasure of fishing five specimens of
Gyrinus Uneatus, a new species, and Gyrinus Villosus : near
the lake, Cassida splendidula, Galeruca Sagittarics and
lineola were likewise taken : lodged at the Star Inn this night.

14th. Walked to Tor Cross on the sands : took Ocys tem-
jjestivus, and more Dasytes viridis from Statice Armeria.
In the evening we proposed trying once more our success in
mothing at the lake, but were compelled to make a precipitate
retreat in consequence of a tremendous storm of thunder and
rain. Stormy all night : the sea very rough.

15th. Dull morning : walked towards King's Bridge : saw
the old tower at Slapton ; a very ancient ruin, belonging to

the Rev. Page. The sea still very rough, although the

wind had abated many hours : wet night.

16th. The morning more fine: beat Donacia simplex from
reeds growing in the lake ; also a Tortrix, that does not appear
to be described. After dinner we left Slapton for Dartmouth.

17th. The morning stormy : left Dartmouth in the passage-
boat for Totness, where we arrived in three hours, after expe-
riencing one of the most dreadful storms of thunder and rain
that we ever witnessed : after a good dinner, and getting our-
selves somewhat dry, which we were enabled to do at the
Town Arms Inn, we proceeded on to Ashburton, where we
arrived at 5 o'clock : it rained in torrents all night.

18th. Notwithstanding the wet, we walked to Holne,
Spitchwick and Buckland, a delightful walk along the banks
of the Dart : woody for two miles. Notiophilus rufipes, and
4^]mnctatus, Odontonyx rotimdatus, Symwhus vivalis, Cala-
thiis piceus, Margaritia longalis, Cordulegaster Annulatus,

184 ENTOMOLOGICAL TOUR.

and Libellula Donovani taken : in the evening, Thyatira
Batis taken.

19th. Wet morning: not out till after dinner: paid another
visit to Spitchwick and Buckland : captured Erastria fus-
cula, Electra jiopulata, rare ; a new Eupithecia, which we
have named nigro-punctata ^ Ptycliopodafumata, and Hypena
crassalis ; of the last species there were only three specimens
known, and they were all females, taken at Westerham, in
Kent, about thirty years since ; two by the late Mr. Plastead,
and the other by Mr. Haworth : we found both sexes, but the
males were considerably the rarest, and are much darker than
the female.

20th. Dull morning : went again to Buckland : took more
Hypena crassalis; also Eudorea subfusca, and Chrysomela
varians, &c.

21st. Again wet and dull : went to Holne Chace, the seat
of Sir Boucher Wray ; from thence to Spitchwick park, the
late residence of that eminent entomologist. Dr. Leach : re-
turned to Ashburton through Buckland ; Cychrus rostratus,
Argyrolepia tesserana and decimana, and a new Cnephasiay
also Quedius lateralis, rare, taken in Spitchwick park. Near
Buckland, we observed Thecla riibi in the greatest profusion,
hovering over a bank where a species of Thymus was in
bloom: the bank was sheltered from the wind, which was
blowing rather strong at the time : this, together with the at-
tractive scent of the thyme, was sufficient to account for their
congregating together in such prodigious numbers.

22d. More wet with thunder : not out till after dinner ;
then started for Spitchwick, where we lodged that night at the
Tavistock Inn : the evening fair but windy.

23d. Fine morning : walked across Dartmore Forest to
Tavistock, a distance of eighteen miles, over hills of an im-
mense altitude, composed of granite, sterile and uninviting;
not a tree or bush to be seen, excepting a few willows at Two

a Eupithecia nigro-punctata, Chant. Alee Icete virentes strigd media tramversa
undulatd macularum nigrarum, intus quam anteriores maculas 6 aut 7 iiigras
habent.

Alarum dilatio, 9 — 10 lin.

Eup. V-ataesimillima at satis distincta, paullo major et striga numquam con-
tinua sed macularum nigrarum confecta.

Habitat apud Spitchwick in Devon, imago diebus Junii baud infrequens.

ENTOMOLOGICAL TOUR. 185

Bridges ; near which place we saw Siljjha nigrita in abun-
dance ; but on our return, two days after, scarcely one was
found ; Carabus arvensis, Blemus paludosus, Silpha opaca
and irisfis, Byrrhiis oblongus, and several specimens of Pce-
cillus versicolor, the whole of them entirely black, and on
Tavistock Bridge, a specimen oi Atherix Ibis, were taken.

24th. Fine morning : we were determined, if possible, on
finding the locality of Carabus inlricatiis : after several hours
perseverance and toil, we found ourselves in the little wood on
the banks of the Tavey, opposite the Virtuous Lady Copper
Mine, the identical place where Dr. Leach discovered the first
specimen that was taken in Britain : but our search was in
vain ; we could find no Carabus, but catenalatus. On our
return to Tavistock, we took Bombylius minor, Elater cupreus
and ceneus, Geotrupes vernalis and Icevis. In the evening
walked to Prince Town, where we lodged that night.

25th. After breakfast we returned to Spitchwick: in the
evening mothed in the park. Pedicia rivosa, and Dolicho-
pe&a sylvicola taken.

26th. The weather still fine, collected at Spitchwick and
Buckland on our return to Ashburton ; and in the evening
mothed in the fir plantation, near the Hazel Rocks : nothing
new taken.

27th. Very fine and hot weather ; packed up and left Ash-
burton at noon for Exeter, from thence to London, where we
arrived at 5 o'clock in the afternoon of the following day.

In taking leave of this interesting county, we must acknow-
ledge that we were rather disappointed in not meeting with
more rarities than we did, particularly as the county had
been cried up for producing so many ; but as we were entire
strangers to the place, it may account for it in some measure ;
taking into the account also that the weather was generally
unfavourable for entomologizing.

NO. IL VOL. I.

186 CHARACTERS OF SOME UNDESCRIBED

Art. XIX. — Characters of some tmdescribed Genera and

Species, indicated in the " Guide to an Arrangement of

British Insects" By John Curtis, Esq. F. L. S.

Order. — Coleoptera.

Fam. — Corticarid^. Curt.

Gen. 239.* — Holoparamecus. Curt.

Oblong, depressed : head rounded, eyes small and lateral : thorax
obcordate, quadrate, broader than the head : scutellum con-
cealed : elytra elliptical : antennae capitate, nearly as long as the
thorax, inserted close before the eyes, 9-jointed, basal joint
sub-globose, 2d and 3d long, 4 following sub-globose, the
remainder forming a compressed club, the 8th joint semiovate,
9th somewhat ovate, the apex internally angulated : thighs incras-
sated: tibiae simple, compressed: tarsi triarticulate ? basal joints
short, terminal one long and clavate, claws minute.

1. Depressus. Curt.

Testaceous, shining, sparingly punctured : eyes black, granulated :
thorax with a transverse suture behind, the margins of the poste-
rior angles a little raised, with a deep abbreviated longitudinal
channel on each side at tlie base : elytra with a channel down each
side the suture (Length | a line.)

This insect appears to connect Scydmeenus, and the group
I have called Corticaridse, which has hitherto been included in
the family of Engidse. I took a single specimen in Norfolk
many years since, and believe it is granivorous.

Gen. 241. — Paramecosoma. Curt.
Elongate-ovate, sub-depressed : antennas longer than the thorax,
capitate pilose : 11-jointed, first 8 joints gradually diminishing in
length, the 1st and 2d robust, especially the former, the latter
ovate, the 9th, and following, forming a compressed club, 9th
joint obtrigonate, 10th subturbinate, 11th orbicular, the apex pro-
duced internally : head trigonate, eyes lateral : thorax slightly
transverse -quadrate, the sides a little convex : scutellum trans-
verse-ovate : elytra elliptical : thighs and tibiae simple : tarsi
5-jointed, 4th joint minute, 5th the longest : claws slender.

1. Bicolor. Curt.

Shining, ferruginous, clothed with short ochreous pubescence : head,
eyes, thorax, and scutellum black, strongly and thickly punctured,
* The numbers throughout refer to the " Guide."

GENERA AND SPECIES. 187

the thorax, con vex, with a small fovea on each side at the base,
near the posterior angles : elytra vv^ith strong lines of punctures
very close together. (Length f of a line.)
My specimen was taken at Southgate, and presented to me
by Mr. F. Walker.

Gen. 245." — Lissodema. Curt.

Elliptical, convex : antennae inserted in cavities close to and before
the eyes as long as the thorax, clavate, pubescent, and 11-jointed,
the first 8 joints short, the 1st and 2d but slightly larger than
the 3d, the following gently increasing in stoutness, the 3 terminal
forming a long robust club, the 9th and 10th joints cup-shaped,
the 11th longer and ovate-conic: head trigonate, eyes lateral;
thorax orbicular, the sides dentated : scutellum triangular : elytra
very long and elliptic : legs short : thighs and tibiae simple : tarsi
5-jointed ; posterior pair 4-jointed ? the basal joint being as long
as the terminal one : claws slender.

1. Heyana. Curt.

Pitchy chesnut, shining, strongly and rather regularly punctured : tho-
rax with 4 or 5 denticulations on each side, and a fovea near each
posterior angle : elytra with numerous irregular lines of punctures :
mouth, antennas, and legs, pale castaneous. (Length 1^ line.)
Taken by the Rev. Samuel Hey, of Ockbrook, after whom

I have the pleasure of naming this curious beetle ; it has the

habit of a Rhyzophagus, but the antennae are different ; and,

if I mistake not, the tarsi are heteromerous.

Order. — Hymenoptera.

Fam. — Ichneumonid^.

Gen. 546. — Macrocentrus. Curt.

Mandibles notched at the apex : maxillary palpi very slender, and
as long as the thorax, 5 ?-jointed, basal joint short, terminal ones
nearly of equal size and length : labial palpi tri ? -articulate, basal
joint the shortest, terminal one the longest : antennae longer than
the body, slender, filiform, basal joint robust and ovate : head
transverse : thorax elongate-ovate : abdomen, subsessile, fusiform,
or clavate : ovipositor as long as the antennae : superior wings,
with the marginal cell nearly reaching the apex, 3 sub-marginal
cells, the central one oblong ; 2 discordal cells, the superior one
large : inferior wings, with distinct nervures.

188 CHARACTERS OF SOME UNDESCRIBED

1. Bicolor. Curt.

Piceous, shining, pubescent : mouth and thorax orange-ochre : post-
scutellum rugose, stigma ochreous, nervures pale brown : base
of abdomen subcastaneous, the back, excepting at the apex, finely-
sculptured in vermiculated striae : oviduct ferruginous : legs pale
ochreous, tips of posterior tibiae and tarsi fuscous. (Length 3
lines, ovipositor 4^ lines.)

Gen. 548. — Plancus. Curt.

Antenna? filiform : not so long as the body, composed of 13 joints,
basal joint rathe: the stoutest, and chalice-shaped, 2d globose,
3d long, the remainder decreasing in length : palpi minute : head
transverse : eyes large : ocelli 3, very large : thorax small and
globose : abdomen long and clavate : ovipositor shorter than the
groove that receives it : superior wrings, with a long narrow stigma
placed in the marginal cell, which is of the same form : sub-mar-
ginal cell 1, arising at the angle of the marginal one, and extend-
ing to the posterior margin ; discoidal cells 2, the superior one
reaching the stigma : inferior wings, with 2 longitudinal and a
transverse nervure : posterior legs rather long : coxae and thighs
slender : tibiae rather clavate, tarsi thicker than the thighs, the
basal joint longest, very long in the 1st and 2d pair.

1. Apicalis. Curt.

Ochreous, shining : antennae, excepting the 2 basal joints, and head
excepting the mouth, blackish : back of thorax and apex of
abdomen black, the base and middle of the latter fuscous : stigma
and nervures brown : legs pale ochre, posterior pair testaceous.
(Length 1 \ line.)
Of this remarkable insect, I have seen only the female in

my cabinet, which I believe I took in the neighboiu'hood of

London.

Order. — Trichoptera.
Gen. 757.— Silo. Curt.

Palpi pubescent only, maxillary the longest, the 3 terminal joints of
equal length : antennae not longer than the wings, inserted in
front of the head, setaceous : basal joints porrected and parallel,
long, stout, cylindric, and hairy, the remainder very short : head
small, transverse, very hairy on the crown : eyes lateral and pro-
minent, abdomen short : wings nearly twice as long as the body,
rather obtuse-lanceolate : superior, with 2 costal nervures, and
below them 3 furcate ones, and 3 others united near the disk,

VT

GENERA AND SPECIES. 189

with a curved one near the posterior angle : inferior wings
rather small, with 4 furcate, and several other nervures, cilia
short : intermediate and posterior tibiae spurred at the apex,
with a pair of spurs also below the middle.

4. Flavipes. Curt.

Rather silky ochreous : thorax and abdomen piceous, inferior wings,

and under side, also the coxas and thighs, fuscous. (Length 3,

breadth 11 lines.)

The Phryganea atrata of Fabricius, which I did not possess
at the time the Guide was pubhshed, does not belong to this
genus, but his P. palhpes, I think, may be considered the
type of it.

Order.-pLepidoptera* -

'■■ ^' --^ A\ ]

Gen. 846. — Rhizolitha. Curt.

Palpi hairy, not projecting beyond the head, porrected horizontally :
antenna? rather long and stout, slightly ciliated beneath : head
with a conical brush of hair projecting over the face : thorax
crested : abdomen subdepressed, truncated, and tufted at the
apex : wings incumbent when at rest, superior, long, and narrow,
with a bifid line at the base, posterior margin rounded, and
slightly dentated : inferior wings, with the margin undulated.
I am totally averse to changing names, especially generic :
I therefore think the practice a very bad one, of raising a
specific name to designate a genus, by which both are dis-
turbed, except as in the present case, where the name is
merely a synonym, the type being the Noctua Lambda of
Haworth's Lep. Brit.

Gen. 867. — Lampetia. Curt.

Palpi densely clothed with short scales, forming a beak : maxillae
shorter than the antennae, which are long: thorax with a sub-
conic crest on the back : abdomen very flat on the back in the
males, and rounded at the apex : wings decumbent when at rest ;
superior rounded at the shoulder, truncated at the apex, which
is acute : inferior slightly scalloped : thighs and tibite broad and
compressed.
I do not know a better characterized form amongst this

difficult family, than the Noctua croceago of Fab. the type of

190 CHARACTERS OE SOME UNDESCRIBED

our genus ; and am surprised that neither Duponchel nor
Stephens has made a genus of it.

Fam. — PYRALID.E, or Crambid^.

Gen. 992. — Homceosoma. Curt.

Labial palpi porrected horizontally considerably beyond the head?
slender and tapering : maxillae much shorter than the antennae,
which are simple and setaceous, the palpi minute : abdomen ter-
minated by a pencil of scales : wings convoluted, I believe, when
at rest ; superior narrow, sublanceolate, and rather obtuse ; in-
ferior ample.

1. Gemina. Haw. Lep. Brit.

Dirty ochre, shining : superior wings with an irregular fuscous bar
at the middle, another, forming a fimbria, and a 3d between
them ; inferior wings fuscous. (Length 3^, breadth 9 lines.)
This insect is distinguished from Crambus by the short-
ness of the labial palpi, and from Phycita by their straightness.
Mr. Stephens has included it with the Phycitae.

Fam. — TiNEiDvE.

Gen. 998. — Dasystoma. Curt.

Male, rough, hairy : palpi forming 2 hairy brushes : antennae rather
long, distinctly ciliated : head broad and hairy : abdomen rarther
short and stout : superior wings lanceolate, the costa arched, 2
nervures at the base, and a transverse one beyond the middle
elevated : legs rather robust, the spurs stout,

L Salicella, Hub. Tin. PI. 2, Fig. 9. a dark variety of the

male : incompletaria, Haw. Lep. Brit. ? .

Our British specimens are generally rosy in colour ; this
insect approaches nearest to Tinea Phryganella, Hub. ; but is
distinguished from it by the obtuse hairy palpi.

Gen. 1000. — Cheimaphasia. Curt.

Male, smooth, shining : palpi very minute, slightly hairy : antenna
short, slightly pubescent beneath : head small, pubescent on the
crown : abdomen rather slender : superior wings sublanceolate,
very much narrowed towards the base : legs slender, the spurs
small and acute. Wings of the female lanceolate, hairy, shorter
than the body.

GENERA AND SPECIES. 191

1. Gelatella, Lin. Faun. Suec. 1450. Hub. Tort. PI. 42, Fig.

Both the above insects are included under the same head,
by Mr. Stephens.

Gen. 1027.— Ederesa. Curt.

Palpi slender and drooping, longer than the head, the crown of which
is clothed with a tuft of hairs : superior wings linear-lanceolate, the
costa arched, with a pale or white interior margin, interrupted by
a dark oblique fascia.

8. Semitestacella. Curt.

Testaceous, shining : palpi, crown of head, and antennte white ; the
latter beautifully spotted with black : superior wings, with a white
flame-shaped stripe on the inferior margin, and 2 pale spots on
the costa towards the apex : inferior wings gray, cilia fuscous :
tibiae and tarsi spotted above with black. (Length 2, breadth
7 lines.)

The type of this genus is the Tin. pruniella, Linn. : the form
of the superior wings, and their pale inferior margin, will
distinguish this group from my Argyromiges, as well as from
Argyrosetia. Tin. semitestacella was taken in the New Forest
by Mr. Lyell ; and it is possible that my E. semipurpurella
may only be a dark variety of the same.

Gen. 1039. — Chrysocorys. Curt.
Palpi slightly curved, slender, and attenuated, longer than the head,
composed of 3 joints, apparently of nearly equal length : antennae
rather short, and serrated with whorls of short scales : head and
thorax clothed with metallic scales lying close to the surface :
abdomen short and slender : wings narrow and lanceolate :
superior long, and slightly disposed to be falcated : cilia long :
spurs to hinder tibiae exceedingly long and slender.

1. Angustipenella, Guide. Scisscella, Haw. Lep. Brit.

580, 69.

I think there is little doubt but this pretty and curious little
moth is the Tin. Festaliella, Hubner, PI. 67, 449 ; but I am
doubtful if it be his Tin. scissella, PI. 39, 270, the wings being
of a different shape.

Order. — Homoptera.

Fam. — Tettigonid^. Curt.

y^

19!^ CHARACTERS OF SOME UNDESCRIBED

Gen. 1053. — Euptervx. Curt.

Face subtrigonate, the head appearing crescent-shaped above ;
rostrum short and lanceolate : antennae inserted in a cavity under
each eye, triarticulate, 1st and 2d joints stout, the former sub-
globose, the latter oblong, 3d very slender, and terminated by a
fine long seta : ocelli none : thorax small, transverse, scutellum
triangular : superior wings narrowed and rounded, with a few
indistinct nervures ; inferior transparent with a few nervures :
legs rather slender, posterior long ; the tibiae clothed with spiny
bristles from the base to the apex outside ; pectinated with spines
on the inside, except at the base : tarsi triarticulate, elongated in
the hinder pair, the basal joint being the longest, the terminal
one the shortest.

7. Hortensis. Curt.

Greenish sulphur : sides of face, 2 minute dots in front, and 2 spots
on the crown black : thorax with 8 black spots, scutellum with 2
at the base, the former with a double fuscous line down the back :
abdomen black : superior wings with many brownish spots be-
tween the nervures, leaving 2 yellow oval ones on the costa, and
a minute one towards the apex : posterior thighs spotted with
fuscous, their tibise black, except at the base, the tarsi white
tipped with fuscous. (Length I3 line.)
I found several of these insects in a garden in the Isle of

Wight, the middle of October ; it is distinguished at once from

the type of our genus '(C. picta, Fab.) by its black posterior

tibiae.

^ Gen. 1054. — Amblycephalus. Curt.

Face elongate-trigonate including the clypeus : head viewed above,
limate : ocelli 2 on the crown : eyes prominent : rostrum short,
stout, and cylindrical : antennae inserted before the eyes in a cavity,
triarticulate, basal joint the stoutest, chalice-shaped, 2d shorter ovate,
3d a bristle as long as the head : thorax narrower than the head,
transverse ovate : scutellum triangular : abdomen rather long and
conical in the female : superior wings a little longer than the
body, subovate, the inferior margin nearly straight, inferior wings
rounded, all with many distinct nervures : posterior tibije long,
thin, and slightly curved, clothed irregularly with spines exter-
nally, pectinated internally, except at the base : tarsi triarticulate,
basal joint the longest in the posterior pair.
^3. Germari. Curt.

Dull ochreous white, finely pubescent : head piceous, round the eyes

GENERA AND SPECIES. 193

and a transverse spot on the forehead ochreous : thorax and
scutellum piceous, the former with 2 ferruginous spots at the base :
abdomen variegated with fuscous : superior wings fuscous between
the nervures, especially towards the apex, leaving 2 large pearly
spots on the costa, (Length 2^ lines.)

The type of our genus is th^ Cicada viridis, Linn. The
above species (which I have named in honour of the learned
Professor Germar,) as well as tire C. interruptus, differ in
some measure, in having the crown of the head slightly ex-
cavated.

'^ Gen. 1055. — Agallia. Curt.

Rather short and ovate : face ovate-trigonate : clypeus narrow :
head from above forming a very narrow lunule : ocelli 2 in the fore-
head : antennae triarticulate setiform : rostrum neither short nor
stout, attenuated : thorax narrower than the head, transverse-
ovate : scutellum triangular ; wings very much deflexed, superior,
with the costa considerably rounded, the interior margin nearly
straight, the nervures reticulated towards the apex : anterior legs
short, posterior the longest ; the tibiae spined externally, pecti-
nated internally : tarsi triarticulate, basal joint long in the hinder
pair.

^ 2. Consobrina. Curt.

Pale testaceous : head prettily pencilled with ferruginous, with 2
remote black spots at the base : thorax with 4 black dots in a
transverse line before, a ferruginous lanceolate line down the
centre, and a triangular one on each side : scutellum with 2 trian-
gular black spots at the base, and 2 dots in the middle : nervures,
and 2 spots on the internal margin brown, the former more or
less suffused : posterior tibiae with a line of black dots down the
outside. (Length 1| line.)
The form of the head and the situation of the ocelli, well

distinguish this from the foregoing genera.

I/O Gen. 1057. — Megophthalmus. Curt.

Somewhat ovate : antennae inserted on each side the middle of the
face, as long as the thorax, 1 st and 2d joints stout and ovate, 3d
setiform : head, viewed from above, forming a very narrow lunule
vnth the anterior edge, forming an elevated margin : face ovate-
trigonate, with two elevated oblique lines at the top, forming a
transverse X with the margin of the forehead : rostrum rather
long, and tongue-shaped : eyes projecting beyond the thorax :

NO. II. VOL. I. C C

194 CHARACTERS OF SOME UNDESCRIBED

ocelli 2, placed in the angles of the cavities formed by the X :
thorax transverse, anterior margin convex, posterior slightly con-
cave, the angles truncated : scutellum trigonate, slightly cuspi-
date : superior wings very much deflexed, the costa very convex,
the suture straight, nervures raised : inferior wings very small :
posterior tibiae with a few external spines, ciliated internally
towards the apex.

•^ '1. Bipunctatus. Curt.

Dirty ochre, face and thorax spotted with pale brown, 2 blackish spots
on the crown of the head : scutellum with 2 spots at the base, the
tip, and a sub-rhomboidal one in the centre, black: superior wings
variegated with brown, the spots largest and darkest on the disc,
with 2 on the suture: thighs spotted with brown. (Length \\
line.) .^

This genus most resembles Fallen's Ulopa ; but it is totally
difFei-ent/to any other group ; it is not improbable that Fa-
bricius s^C. reticulatus, belongs to this genus. I found the
specimens under stones in the Isle of Portland, in June ; and
if I be not mistaken, they w^ere much handsomer when alive.

^ Gen. 1058. — Phrynomorphus. Curt.

Oblong, smooth and shining ; head crescent-shaped above, the fore-
head slightly angulated, face very broad, subcordate or scutiform :
antennae short, inserted in a cavity before the eyes, triarticulate,
2 first joints sub-ovate, 3d forming rather a short and stout seta :
eyes projecting, subconical : ocelli 2, very remote and minute,
placed on the margin of the forehead : thorax transverse : scu-
tellum rather small and trigonate : superior wings obtusely
rounded, the nervures very obscure ; inferior ample : abdomen
short : hinder legs very long, especially the tibiae, which are com-
pressed, and slightly curved, thickly set with spines externally,
and ciliated internally.

% 1. Nitidus. Curt.

Black, shining, head with three ochreous spots at the base, edge
of the clypeus, 2 lines at the apex, one under each eye, and
a dot above the antennae ochreous, centre of the face transversely
striped with the same colour : thorax and scutellum variegated
with ochre, the superior wings fuscous, freckled with ochre : thighs,
and spines of tibiae, variegated with ochre, (Length U line.
I have seen but one specimen of this distinct insect, which

I took many years back, I believe, in Norfolk.

GENERA AND SPECIES. 195

^ Gen. 1059. — Aphrodes. Curt.

Suboval : head flat or hollowed above, subtrigonate-lunate, wedge-
shaped in profile, face suborbicular, clypeus slightly emarginate
on each side : antennae inserted in cavities under the forehead,
small, triarticulate, 2 first joints very short, 3d slender and seti-
form : rostrum short and cylindric : eyes ovate, scarcely pro-
jecting beyond the thorax : ocelli very minute, remote, and placed
above the margin of the forehead : thorax transverse ovate-lunate ;
scutellum trigonate, cuspidate : superior wings convex -deflexed,
not longer than the body : posterior tibiae very long, broad and
curved, with series of long spines on the margins.

9. Testudo. Curt.

Shining, pale dirty ochre, an interrupted brown band across the
middle of the wings, and another near the apex : tips of tibiae and
tarsi piceous, hinder legs, with the tips of the thighs, the tibiae,
and tarsi, excepting the base, of the same colour. (Length If
line.)

I have a single specimeji of this insect, and have scarcely
any doubt that Linnaeus's Cicada bifasciata belongs to this
genus, which, as well as the others above described, are at once
distinguished from Tettigonia by their long spined posterior
tibi^, as well as by their shorter rostrums.

Fcmi. FULGORID^.

'^' Gen. 1066. — Criomorphus. Curt.

Cylindric-ovate : head narrow, semicircular, face trigonate with lon-
gitudinal carinae, eyes large and not very remote, with a notch
beneath, and a large groove to receive the antennae, which are tri-
articulate, 1st and 2d joints large, the latter ovate and tubercu-
lated, the 3d a very fine long hair : rostrum rather long and
linear : thorax very short and broad, overlapped by the eyes :
scutellum broad, cuspidate-trigonate : superior wings very short,
subquadrate or ovate, with a few longitudinal nervures : inferior
none : abdomen extending far beyond the wings, conical : posterior
legs a little the longest, their tibiae subeylindric, dilated towards
the apex, where there are several small and one large serrated
spine : tarsi triarticulate, terminal joint the longest, except in the
posterior pair in which the basal one is elongated.

S. Albomarginatus. Curt.

Subochraceus : antennae, head, thorax, and abdomen piceous, the
1st with the tips of the joints feiTuginous, the 2d with the carina;

196 CHARACTERS OF SOME UNDESCRIBED

ochreous, the margins of the thorax and scutellum, and a line
down the middle, ochreous : segments of the abdomen margined
with white, and a line down each side of the same colour.
(Length Ij line.)

The shortness of the basal joint of the antennae will distin-
guish this group from^Asiraca, and the abbreviated elytra from
O Delphax.

Order. — Hemiptera.

Fam. CiMiciD^.

Gen. 1085. — Galeatus. Curt.

Rostrum long and slender, received into a groove under the head and
between the coxae : head bidentate, the clypeus emarginate :
antennae slender, hirsute, and 4-jointed ; 2 first joints short, 3d
long and slender, 4th elongate-ovate : thorax with the sides
dilated, the anterior angles lobed, the centre forming a hood over
the head, carinated behind, and assuming the figure of an acute
triangular scutellum : superior wings slightly overlapping at the
apex, orbicular ovate, beautifully reticulated with raised nervures,
with the part over the margin of the abdomen elevated.

1. Spinifrons. Fall.

The form of the antennae and the size of the hood distinguish
this genus from Dictyonota of Curtis' s Brit. Ent. PI. 154.

Gen. 1089. Curt.

Head small, and produced over the rostrum, which is long and
slender : antennae approximating, inserted in front of the head,
clavate and 4-jointed, basal and 2d joints short, subovate, 3d
very long and slender, 4 th elongate clavate, hirsute : thorax
rhombiform, being scutelliform behind, with a carina down the
back, the sides thickened : superior wings ovate, with two elevated
lines, forming a loop on each.

]. Humih. Fab.

I indicated this insect as a genus in my Guide, but I think
it quite unnecessary to sepai'ate it from Tingis.

Gen. 1090. — Aspidotoma. Curt.

Subelliptical, depressed : head rather broad, with a spine before
each eye, and two conniving ones over the clypeus : eyes promi-
nent : ocelli 2 at the base of the head : antennae inserted in a
notch on each side the head before the eyes, 1st and 2d joints

GENERA AND SPECIES. 197

small, 3d long and slender, 4th stouter and ovate : thorax sub-
quadrate, the angles rounded convex, the anterior margin thin,
the sides slightly emarginate : scutellum trigonate minute : supe-
rior wings elongate-ovate, with 2 elevated nervures forming a loop
on each.

1. Capitata. Wolf.

This genus is at once distinguished from the other Tingidae
by its thorax being truncated behind, and the scutellum being
visible.

Fam. CoREiD^.

Gen. 1104. — Pantilius. Curt.

Elliptical, -depressed : head small, subtrigonate : eyes very promi-
nent : rostrum not long, but very slender : antennae inserted
before the eyes, almost as long as the body, subsetaceous and
geniculated, 4-jointed, basal joint rather long, robust, and cylin-
dric, 2d thrice as long and slenderer, 3d not so long as the 1st,
and more slender, 4th the shortest, somewhat tongue-shaped :
thorax trapezoid : scutellum triangular : vdngs considerably longer
than the body, superior very long and linear, a little dilated and
rounded at the apex, with 2 strong nervures forming a loop on
the membranous part : inferior wings ample : legs nearly of equal
length, the posterior tibiae rather the longest, and not bristly :
tarsi very short, basal joints minute.

1. Tunicatus. Fab.

This genus is identified by the shortness of the terminal
joints of the antennae, by its smooth and comparatively short
hinder tibiae, and the short tarsi.

Gen. 1114. — Loricula. Curt.

FoUiform :b head elongated, cylindric, the nasus produced : antennae
attached to 2 scapes before the eyes, which are lateral, but not
very prominent, shorter than the body, slightly clavate, and
4-jointed, basal joint short and subovate, 2d the longest, sub-
clavate, the others nearly of equal length, the terminal joint
rather stouter, and ovate at the apex : rostrum long and atte-
nuated : thorax considerably broader than the head, subtrapezoid,
anterior margin concave, posterior nearly straight : scutellum
rather large and triangular : superior wings ovate-trigonate, very

^ As this is a term not mentioned by Mr. Kirby, it may be as well to state that
it signifies, of the shape of bellows; viz. pear-shaped, but depressed.

198 CHARACTERS OF SOME UNDESCRIBED

short, not covering more than half the abdomen, which is nearly
orbicular, and a little acuminated at the apex : posterior legs a
little the longest.

1. Pselaphiformis. Curt.

Black, shining : head ferruginous, red at the base : 2d joint of
antennas ochreous at the middle : thorax, scutellum, and elytra
dull, sparingly clothed with short yellowish pubescence, the latter
with the margins suffused, dirty testaceous : legs ochreous, thighs
black, except at the tips. (Length f of a line.)

Taken by Mr. Booth, near Halifax, Yorkshire, and pre-
sented to me by Mr. A. H. Davis.

Gen. 1120. — Chlamydatus. Curt.

Subovate : head rather large and trigonate : eyes projecting beyond
the thorax : antennae inserted before the eyes, shorter than the
body, filiform and 4-jointed, basal joint the shortest, and a little
the stoutest, 2d the longest, 3d and 4th a little shorter and slen-
derer, of equal length : rostrum nearly as long as the antennae,
and very slender : thorax nearly semiorbicular : scutellum trian-
gular : abdomen large, flat, and ovate : the superior wings not
covering much more than half, ovate, and not lapping over at the
apex : posterior legs long, the thighs incrassated, tibiae very long,
tarsi long and thin, triarticulate, basal joint short, truncated
obliquely, 2d and 3d nearly of equal length.

1. Marginatus. Curt. Grylloides. Guide.

Pitchy, sprinkled with yellowish pubescence : posterior margin of
head and eyes ferruginous : superior wings ochreous, with a large
patch of piceous in the centre, leaving a sinuated pale margin all
round, broadest at the base : legs dull ferruginous, thighs black,
except at the tips. (Length 1 line.)

Gen. 1123.— Hebrus. Curt.

Somewhat elliptical : head oblong, the nasus produced and qua-
drate : eyes not very prominent : antennae shorter than the body,
subfiliform : inserted near the apex of the head, 5-jointed, basal
joint the stoutest, and as long as the 3d and 5th ; the 2d and
4th rather shorter, terminal joint subfusiform : rostrum as long as
the thorax, attenuated and acute : thorax somewhat trapezoid,
gibbose, concave before, very much rounded behind, forming 2
large obtuse angles : scutellum triangular obtuse : abdomen semi-
elliptical : superior wings somewhat elongate-spatulate, with a

NOTICE OF THE HABITS OF CHAR^AS GRAMINIS. 199

very thick abbreviated costal nervure, and another beneath it :
inferior wings membranous : posterior legs the longest, thighs
thickened, posterior a little thinner and bent : tarsi triarticulate,
2 basal joints minute, 3d rather large : claws only one to each
tarsus.

1. Pusilla. Fall. Walkeri. Curt.

Black, head shining, with a channel on the crown, the base and eyes
subferruginous : thorax velvety, with aureous pile, the angles on
the side gibbose, a large channel down the middle, and a smaller
one on each side : scutellum with 2 large excavations, leaving a
ridge down the middle : superior wings, when folded, with a
pearly white spot on each side the scutellum, and three on the
membranous apex in triangle : 1st joint of antennae and base of
2d joint ferruginous, legs of the same colour, tips of tarsi black.
(Nearly 1 line long.)
This remarkable and pretty little insect was first discovered

at Southgate, by F. Walker, Esq. ; and afterwards in the west

of England, by J. C. Dale, Esq. It inhabits ponds, where it

is found on duckweed.

Art. XX. — Notice of the Habits of Charceas Graminis,
8[c. By George Wailes, Esq.

[to the editor of the entomological magazine.]

Sir, — I beg you will correct an error in my list of Castle
Eden insects, published at page 41, by substituting Emmelesia
toeniata for E. ericetata. Upon a re-examination of my captures
at that place in 1831, I have detected another specimen of the
above moth, though, from the injury it received in the capture,
I was unable to ascertain its name at the time. I met with it
near the top of the north branch of the Dean, where the yews
almost totally exclude the rays of the sun. On a trip to the
Dean in August last, in company with my friend, the Rev.
G. T. Rudd, I took a remarkably small specimen of H. Blan-
dina, measuring only one inch five lines from tip to tip. It
was quite perfect, and had just quitted the pupa state. I
mention the circumstance, because it has been reported that

200 NOTICE OF THE HABITS

H. Cassiope had been taken at Castle Eden in company with
H. Blandina; and most probably that report originated in the
capture of a similar dwarf specimen, which, to an unexperi-
enced eye, would not appear to differ very perceptibly from
some females of H. Cassiope.

The following notice of the habits of Charceas graminis
may not be unacceptable.

Though the devastations committed by the larvae of this
moth in our island do not in general appear to bear any com-
parison M^th its ravages in the Swedish pastures, yet when,
from the failure of some of the checks appointed for keeping
it within proper bounds, the species is left to increase unmo-
lested, its effects are very apparent, as the following instance
will shew. Some years ago (in 1824, I believe), during the
spring and early summer, the herbage of a large portion of the
level part of the mountain of Skiddaw, near the well which
most tourists visit on the ascent, previous to climbing to the
summit of the first Man, comprising at least fifty acres, and
extending some distance down the western side of the moun-
tain, was observed, even from the town of Keswick, to assume
a dry and parched appearance ; and so marked was the line,
that the progress made by the larvae down the mountain could
be distinctly noted. Nor was the change of colour of the
herbage the only thing that attracted the attention of the good
folks of Keswick ; large flocks of rooks, attracted, no doubt,
by the abundance of food which these larvae afforded them,
were every morning seen wending their way to the spot, both
from the rookeries at Lord's Island, and other places in the
Vale of Keswick, and also from those of distant ultramontane
parts of the neighbourhood, and, after spending the day in
preying upon the unfortunate caterpillars, on the approach of
night, rising in one dense cloud, and dispersing to their respec-
tive homes. Though their numbers must have been in this
manner greatly reduced, yet I was informed, by a very intelli-
gent friend residing at the foot of the mountain, that in August
the moths literally swarmed throughout the neighbourhood.
So completely was vegetation destroyed, that, on a visit to the
spot in 1830, the extent of their ravages was distinctly visible,
being very similar to the effect produced by the burning of
heath, which is so much practised on all our hills. Of course
the quality of the newly grown herbage was materially improved ;

OF CHAR.EAS GRAMINIS. 201

thus affording another instance of indirect advantages derived
from insects.

Another very remarkable fact, illustrative of the natural
habits of this moth, fell beneath my observation in the begin-
ning of August, 1831. I was staying at Meldon Park, on an
entomological excursion, and, by chance, one morning visited
some old pastures about a mile from that place ; this was
about eight o'clock ; and my astonishment was very great to
find the fields swarming with moths upon the wing, I managed
to capture one with my hat, having neglected to take out my net,
and was delighted to find it was the above Noctua, of which I
had only captured an occasional specimen or two, flying amongst
thistles in the middle of the day. I returned to breakfast,
fully calculating on getting an ample supply during the fore-
noon. Accordingly, big with expectation, and completely
prepared for the onslaught, I reached the spot about ten
o'clock; and if my first surprise on beholding the countless
myriads on my morning walk was great, it was not less so on
my return, to find that in the same place where, not three
hours before, I could scarce step without treading on them, a
single specimen was all that rewarded my incessant search for
some hours, over the space of at least one hundred and fifty
acres. Chagrined at my ill-luck, I determined that the peep
of the morrow's dawn should find me prepared to profit by the
experience of that day ; and accordingly, taking an assistant
with me, we reached the place early ; but not a moth was to
be seen. The wind had changed to the east, and the drifting
mist threatened to end in rain ; and having fixed that day for
my return to Newcastle, I felt somewhat disappointed, and
wandered over the ground in the hopes that some single speci-
men might venture forth, but in vain ; not a solitary moth was
to be seen. Despairing of success, and wet and uncomfort-
able, from the heavy dew on the grass and moist fog over
head, about half-after seven I was about to return, when sud-
denly the whole field, as far as the eye could reach, was once
more the scene of their gambols. Struck with the suddenness
of their reappearance, and rejoicing at their unexpected return,
I put Horace's truly entomological recommendation —

" Carpe diem, quam minimum credula postero" —

into force. And now the difficulty was, not where to find a

NO. II. VOL. I. D D

202 MONOGRAPHIA NOTIOPHILON ANGLIC,

moth, but wliich one of the numberless thousands on the wing
to select for an object of capture, as their flight was so rapid
and irregular, that the eye became bewildered with their
motions, and, like the Gyrini, they were lost in the mazes of
their evolutions. After securing what specimens I wanted, I
could not help watching the scene before me ; and, as in the
study of all nature's works, the trouble, or rather the time
spent, was more than amply repaid ; for sudden as their
appearance had been, their disappearance was equally so,
when, as with one general consent, about half-after eight,
they again settled ; and their flight for the morning being over,
scarce a solitary specimen w^as anywhere to be seen. The
moths flew about three or four inches from the ground, and
apparently very seldom alighted, but thi-eaded their way most
dexterously amongst the long culms of the grasses. I reached
home, not only pleased with my capture, but infinitely more so
with the interesting habits of this insect ; and I regret that I
have not had an opportunity of again witnessing them. The
species, though common hereabouts, has been considered rare
in the south of England, probably from our being ignorant of
its habits.

George Wailes.

Art, XXI. — Monographia Notiophilon Anglice. — By George
R. Waterhouse, Esq.

Genus. — Notiophilus. — Dumeril.

Cicindela, Linne. Elaphrus, Fahricius.

Head deeply sulcated between the eyes : palpi, with the terminal joint
moderate, subovate, trmicate : labrum entire, rounded, and nearly
covering the mandibles : mandibles slightly dentate interiorly :
mentum with the central lobe bifid : antennae as long as the head
and thorax, and thickening towards the extremity : eyes large :
thorax as broad as the head : elytra depressed, elongate, and
nearly parallel : tarsi the same in both sexes.

A. Elytris concolorihus,

Sp. 1. Not. aquaticus. j^neus, nitidus, capite ongiisiiore,
frotUe striata : elytris ptwctato-striatis, interstitiis striariim

MONOGRAPIIIA NOTIOPHILON ANGLIC. 203

tertio quartoque angustioribus : i)cdibus n'lgris. (Long.
Corp. n—'Z%.)

Cicindela aquatica. Lin. Syst. Nat. II. 658.

Above of a brassy hue : beneath bronze black : head about the same
width as the thorax, with seven parallel furrows on the forehead,
the two outer ones larger and deeper than the rest, leaving a broad
ridge next the eye with a deep puncture in the ridge : thorax
narrowed posteriorly, the margins coarsely punctured, disk smooth,
the dorsal channel rather deep, wrinkled transversely, and curved
at the base, so as to join the lateral fovese, which are rather
deep : elytra elongate, with seven punctate striae on each, the first
next the suture, the six following close together and parallel with,
but leaving abroad smooth surface between them and the first, and
also next the outer margin : the striae vanish towards the apex,
except that near the suture and the seventh, which meet at the
apex : between the seventh stria and the outer margin, at the apex
of the elytra, is a short deep furrow : the space between the third
and fourth stria is broader than the following, and has a deep
impression, about one third of the distance from the base to the
apex of the elytra : legs, antennae, and palpi, entirely bronze black.

Var. /J.— Totally black.

Common in damp situations throughout Britain.

Sp. S. Not. metallicus. jJLneo-cujyretis, clnngatus, nitldus,
capite thorace augustiori, fronte profimde striata, iJiorace
longiori, j^ostice angustato, elyiris elongatis punctato-
striatis. (Long. corp. 2|.)

Of a rich brassy copper above, beneath brassy black : head rather
narrower than in N. aquaticus, the frontal sulci close together :
the thorax is longer and more attenuated posteriorly, the punc-
turing finer, but less close together : elytra more elongate and
narrower, the strias not so deeply punctured : legs, antennas, and
palpi, totally black.
I have one specimen of this insect, but am ignorant of its

locahty.

Sp. o. Not. nitidulus. JEneo-niger: capite ceneo-cujrreo; thorace
elytrisque cwruleo-nigris marginibus ceneis ; capite tho-
raceque ejusdem latitudirm, sulcis frontalibus parallelis
thorace cnnvexo, postict attenuato ; marginibus anticis
posticisfpie dense punctatis ; disco fovea utrinque im-
prcsso ; elytris paulb convexis, elongatis, ovatis, punc-

204 MONOGRAPIIIA NOTIOPHILON ANGLI.E.

tato-striatis, striis cequklistantibus, Icevihiis, ad apicem
evaiwscentihiis, inter strias, tertiam et quartam, punclato-
impressls : antennis, articidis qtiotuor basaUhus rufo-tes-
taceis ; pa/pis articido basal'i riifescente ; tibiis ad medium
pic^o-testaceis. (Long. corp. 21 lin.)

Head brassy copper : thorax and elytra of a rich blue black, the
margins rather brassy : head about the same width as the thorax,
with the frontal sulci parallel : thorax convex, narrowed behind,
the anterior and posterior margins thickly punctured, the lateral
margins less so : a small fovea about the centre of each half of the
thorax : elytra rather convex, elongate, slightly ovate, punctate,
striated : the strioe equidistant, not very deep, and vanishing before
the apex : a small impression between the third and fourth strife
on the disk : antennas black, with the four basal joints nifo-testa-
ceous : palpi black, with the basal joints rufous : legs black, the
tibiae testaceous in the middle. Allied to N. aquaticus, but may
be distinguished by its greater size and convexity : the head is
larger in proportion : the dorsal channel of the thorax is not so
deep, and the margins are not so broadly punctured : the striae of
the elytra are less deeply impressed. In N. Newmanni (which is
a smaller insect) the head is broader in proportion : the thorax
more attenuated posteriorly. From N. parallelus, which is about
the same size, nitidulus differs in being much more convex : the
head is broader : the thorax rather longer, and not so broadly, but
more coarsely punctured : the elytra are laot so long, and more
ovate : the striae more remote.

Halifax. A. H. Davis, Esq.

Sp. 4. Not. parallelus. jS^neus, nitidissimus, parallelus ;
capite thorace a?igusiior}, f route sulcis parallelis striata ;
tliorace lateribus rectis, postice leviier angustato, margi-
nibus dense punctatis, sulco dorsali leviter impresso;
elytris longis, lateribus parallelis, 2)unctat6-striatis, striis
ad apicem evanesce?iiibus ; disco elytrorum puncio im-
presso ; pedibus nigris, tibiis piceo-tcstaceis ; antennis
nigris, basi jjiceo-ruhro. (Long. corp. 2|.)

J^^neous, very glossy, long, and parallel : head narrower than the
thorax, the frontal sulci parallel : thorax broad, slightly attenu-
ated posteriorly, the margins thickly punctured, dorsal channel
slightly impressed : elytra long, the sides parallel, punctate
striated, the striae vanishing before the apex, with an impressed

MONOGRAPHIA NOTIOPHILON ANGLI.E. 205

point on the disk : legs black, tibias pitchy- testaceous : antennae

black, with the base pitchy-red.
Allied to aquaticus, but may be distinguished by the elongate

parallel form, and pale tibise. It is also more elongate than

tibialis ; the head is narrower, and the thorax is less attenuated

posteriorly.

I have seen but one specimen of this, sufficiently distinct,
species, which belongs to E. Newman, Esq. ; and was taken
on Snowdon.

Sp. 5. Not. Davisii. N. parallelo sin/ilis etforsan ejus speciei
varietas ; differt in colore iiigro, in thorace postice angus-
tiori, in elytris minus profunda striatis, et apicem versus
clytrorum ducto utrinque piceo ; tibiis, antennarumque tres
vel quatuor articulis jiiceo-riihris.

Similar to, and may be a variety of N. parallelus, differing in being
quite black : the thorax also is a little more narrowed behind, and
the elytra are less deeply punctate-striated, with a pitchy dash on
each side near the apex : the tibiae and three or four basal joints
of the antennae are pitchy-red.
Snowdon. A. H. Davis, Esq.

Sp. 6. Not. Newmanni. ^neus, longior ; capite thorace
longiore, fronte striata, striis ah medio divaricantibus ;
thorace jjostice valde attenuato marginibus punctatis, siilco
dorsali levissime ^;;<wcto/o,- elytris amplis, punctaio-
striatis, striis ad apicem evanescentibus ; plagd discoidali
aiigustiore ; tibiis et antennarum basi piceo-rubris. (Long.
Corp. 2|.)

N. tibiali similis, at multo major; capite latiore, siilcis
frontalihus hand parallelis, thorace longiori, et postice
angustiori.

^neous, long : head broader than the thorax, forehead striated, the
striae diverging from the middle : thorax very much narrowed
posteriorly, the margins coarsely punctured : elytra ample, punc-
tate striated, the strias vanishing before the apex, the discoidal
space rather narrow. Allied to tibialis, but much larger: the
head is broader: the frontal sulci are not parallel : the thorax is
longer and more attenuated posteriorly: tibias and base of the
antennas pitchy-red.
I have seen but three specimens of this insect, which belong

to Mr. Newman : they came from Snowdon. , (3-^ ^^.^^•^/'.^^^y

S:UO MONOGRAPHIA NOTIOPHILON ANGLI.E.

Sp. 7. Not. tibialis, j^neus, iiitidtis, fronte striata, elytris

pmictato-striatis, tibiis testaceis. (Long. corp. ^\.)
N. aquatico similis, atferme minor ; capite paulo latiori.

Not. tibialis. Stephens MSS.

Above brassy: head a little wider than the thorax, the frontal sulci
as in N. aquaticus : thorax attenuated posteriorly, the margins
thickly punctured, the dorsal channel rather rugose : elytra mode-
rately long, punctate-striated, the striae equidistant, vanishing
towards the apex : legs black, tibiae seneo-testaceous, the three
basal joints of the antennae pitchy-testaceous, the rest pitchy-
black, basal joint of the palpi red.
Allied to N. aquaticus, but generally, smaller and shorter,

the head rather broader. It may also be distinguished from

that species by the pale tibiae.

Sp.8. Not. brevis. Nigro-ceneus, brevis, fiitidus ; capite latiorit
fronte profundi striata; thorace brevi, rnarginibus valde
rugosis, jjostice angustiori ; elytris hrecibus, leviter ovatis,
profunde fiunctato-striatis , striis seorsum rsquidistanlibus,
disco elytrorum inter strias tertiam et quartam a sutura
piincto inijjresso, punctoque indistincto ad ajncem; tibiis
testaceis. (Long. corp. 2| — 2g.)
Brassy black, very glossy : head broader than the thorax, very short,
with seven irregular furrows between the eyes, the two outer ones
very broad and deep : thorax rather short, much narrowed behind,
the posterior angles slightly curved outwards, the margins, toge-
ther with the base and apex of the dorsal furrow, are very coarsely
punctured, the disk smooth and very convex : elytra short, slightly
ovate, punctate-striated, the punctures large, not confluent, the
striae rather wide apart and equidistant, an impression between
the third and fourth striae from the suture on the disk, and another
less distinct at the apex of the elytra ; the space between the first
and second striae is narrower towards the apex of the elytra than
at the shoulders : legs black, tibiae pitchy-red in the middle :
antennae black, with the base pitchy-red : palpi black, basal joint
testaceous.

Shorter than N, aquadcus, and also differs in having an
impressed point on each side at the apex of the elytra: — the
head is broader, thorax more narrowed behind, the six lateral
striae of the elytra are equidistant, the punctures deeper, but
not so close together : the tibiae are pale.

MONOGRAPHIA NOTIOPHILON ANGLL«. 20^

Taken near London. Newcastle upon Tyne ; by G. Wailes,
Esq. Inverness ; H. Smith, Esq."

Sp. 9. Not. latior. ^neus, nitidus, latus ; capite thorace
latiori, f route striata elytris punctato-striatis ; tibiis testa-
ceis. (Long. corp. 2\ — 2|.)
Brassy, beneath black : head rather broader than the thorax, very
short, the frontal sulci as in aquaticus : thorax broad, attenuated
posteriorly, the margins and dorsal channel thickly punctured :
elytra punctate-striated, the striae deeply impressed towards the
base, the fourth and fifth approximating and continuing indis-
tinctly to the apex of the elytra : an impression between the third
and fourth strias on the disk : tibise and base of the antennae rufo-
testaceous : palpi testaceous, with the terminal joint black.
Allied to tibialis, but is larger and broader ; the elytra are
more rounded at the sides ; the space between the first and
second striae is narrower in proportion.

I have two specimens of this species, taken in the neighbour-
hood of London.

Sp. 10. Not. pusillus. Supra ceneus ; f route striata, elytris
augustioribus, punctato-striatis, p>lagd longitiidinali ad
suluram nitidissima, disco ehjtrorum punclo impressb, punc-
toque ad apicem ; antennis pedibusque nigris : palpis
nigris, basi pallide testaceis. (Long. corp. 2|.)

Above brassy, beneath black : head about the same width as the
thorax, irregularly striated between the eyes : thorax short, and
rather broad, attenuated posteriorly, the hinder angles slightly
curved outwards, the margins coarsely punctured : the fovese, on
each side in the hinder angles, rather deep, the dorsal channel
transversely wrinkled: elytra narrow, the sides very straight,
punctate-striated, the strias continuing indistinctly to the apex of
the elytra ; the second and third are wider apart than the follow-
ing, in which the punctures are confluent: an impressed point
between the third and fourth striae on the disk, and another at the
apex of the elytra : antennae and legs totally black : palpi black,
with the basal joint pale testaceous.

This species may readily be distinguished from all the fore-
going, by its minute size and narrow form, together with the
pale basal joint of the palpi, combined with the black legs and
antennae. I am indebted to Mr. Bentley for the loan of th^'e only

208 MONOGRAPHIA NOTIOPHILON ANGLLE.

specimen of this insect which I have seen, and from which the
above description was taken : its locahty is unknown.

Sp. 11. Not. parvulus. ^neus, 7iilidiis, anguslattis, fronte
prqfiinde striata ; thorace angustato, ad partem posturiorem
vakU attenuato, lateribus rectis ; elytris punctato-striatis,
striis secundu, tertid, qiiartaque ccquidistant'ihus, imncto
impress} s ; antennis, pedibus, palpisque nigris. (Long-
Corp. 2|.)
The same size as N. pusillus : the head is longer, the frontal sulci
are deeper and more regular : the thorax is much narrower, parti-
cularly behind, and the sides are straight : the elytra are less
deeply striated, the strise vanishing before the apex, which is
without the impressed point : the second, third, and fourth strife
are equidistant, the following are very close together : the usual
impressions between the third and fourth striae on the disk are very
deep : legs, antennae, and palpi, totally black.
I have a single specimen of this species, which is very
distinct from all the foregoing, and am sorry its locahty is un-
known to me.

B. Elytris ad apicem piceis aut Jlavescentihus.

Sp. 12. Not. rufipes. JEneo-cupreus, capite latissimo, fronte
profunde striata ; thorace ad partem posteriorem valde an-
gustato ; elytris punctato-striatis, plagd nitia'd et latissimd
ad suturam, puncto impressis, apicibus piceis ; ardennis
pedibusque rujis. (Long. corp. 2|— 2|.)

Not. rufipes. Heyshams MSS. Curtis B. E. 254.

Above brassy-copper, very glossy : head very broad, the usual frontal
sulci irregular : thorax very much narrowed posteriorly, with the
hinder angles slightly curved outwards, the dorsal channel and the
margin broadly and very thickly punctured, the disk slightly rugose :
elytra moderately long, rather ovate, deeply punctate-striated, the
punctures confluent, and the striae very close together, continuing
to the apex, which is rather pitchy, and has a shallow impression
on each side ; the six lateral striae are not parallel with the suture,
but slightly curved outwards in the middle, in which respect this
species differs from all the foregoing : legs testaceous red : femora
pitchy red : antennae testaceous, the terminal joint fuscous : palpi
fuscous with the basal joint testaceous.

MONOGRAPHIA NOTIOPHILON ANGLIA^.. 209

This species may be distinguished from the foregoing by the
pale hue of the legs and antenna, also by the form of the
thorax, which is more attenuated posteriorly, and more thickly
punctured ; the elytra are more rounded at the sides, the strias
are closer together ; the polished surface between the first and
second striae is broader than in any of the foregoing.

Sp. 13. Not. striatus. ^^neo-tiiger, supra csneo-ctqneus^
nitidus ; capite tliorace latiori, fronte striata ; thorace
valde rugoso, jjostice levitei attenuato; eli/tris profunde
punctato-striatis, interstitiis angustissimis, plaga longitu-
dinali nitidissima ad suluram^ apice flavescente, pimctis
duohus impressis ; tibtis antennarumque basi rufo-testaceis ,
(Long. corp. 2f .)

Broad : above brassy-copper, beneath brassy-black : head broader
than the thorax, striated between the eyes : thorax short, very
slightly attenuated posteriorly, sides rather straight, very coarsely
punctured, disk sometimes nearly smooth : elytra deeply punctate
striated, the strias very close together and continuing to the apex,
which is pitchy testaceous, and has a small puncture on each side ;
a deep puncture also on the disk, between the third and fourth
striae : legs black, tibijE bright rufo-testaceous : antennae black,
basal joints red.
I believe this species to be common throughout Britain,

having ^een many specimens from various parts. Common at

Inverness; H. Smith, Esq. Newcastle upon Tyne ; G. Wailes,

Esq. Cambridge ; Alex. Griesbach, Esq.

Sp. 14. Not. latus. JEneo-mger, supra ceneo-cupreus, latus,
capite profunde siriato; thorace hrevi, sulco dorsali, margi-
nibusque valde rugosis ; elytris profundi punctato-striatis,
interstitiis angustissimis, plaga longitudinali ad medium
lata ; tibiis rufis. (Long. corp. 2|.)

Very broad : above brassy-copper, beneath brassy-black : head
rather broader than the thorax, deeply striated between the eyes :
thorax short, attenuated posteriorly, the margins and dorsal
channel rugosely punctured : elytra deeply punctate-striated, the
striae close together and continuing to the apex, which is pitchy"
testaceous, and has an impressed point on each side ; the longi-
tudinal space is rather broad in the middle : tibiae and base of the
antennae rufo-testaceous.
Allied to N. striatus, but is much broader, the longitudinal

NO. II. VOL. I. E E

;210 MONOGRAPHIA NOTIOPHILON ANGLIiE.

smooth space on the elytra is broader in proportion, particularly

in the middle. The only specimen 1 have seen of this insect

was captured at Inverness, by Henry Smith, Esq.

Sp. 15. Not. nitidus. JFjtieo-mger, supra (syieo-cuprens,

angust/or, fronte striata, thoracis lined dorsali, margi-

nibusque ptmctatissiniis ; elytris profundius punctato-stria-

tis, interstitiis angusiioribus, apice jlavescentiy imnctisqtie

duobus inipressis, tibiis antennarumque basi rvfo-testaceis.

(Long. corp. 2^.)

Narrow seneo-piceus above, beneath brassy-black : head a little

wider than the thorax, the forehead deeply striated : thorax

short, attenuated posteriorly, the lateral margins slightly waved,

the dorsal channel and margins coarsely punctured, the disk

smooth, and rather convex; thefoveae, in the hinder angles, rather

deep : elytra punctate-striated ; the strise are close together and

continue to the apex, which is pitchy testaceous, and has an

indistinctly impressed point on each side, another on the disk of

the elytra between the third and fourth striaj : tibiae and base of

the antennae testaceous.

Allied to A^. striatus, but not more than half the size, and
much narrower in proportion, tlie disk of the thorax is per-
fectly smooth. I have seen but one specimen of this insect,
which was taken by myself in the neighbourhood of London.

Sp. 16. Not. biguttatus. Mneo-niger,suprdce,yieus,capite
thorace angustiori, fronte striata, thorace brevi, punctatis-
simo ; elytis Icevissimt punctata- striatis, interstitiis stria-
rum secu?ido, tertio, quartoque latioribus; puncto impresso ;
apice jiavescenti,antennarum basi rufo-piceo-pedibns nigris.
(Long. Corp. 21— 2^.)

Elaphrus biguttatus. Fab. E. i. 247.
Above aeneous, beneath brassy-black : head narrower than the thorax,
striated between the eyes : thorax broad, slightly narrowed poste-
riorly, the margins and dorsal channel rugosely-punctured, the disk
very finely punctured, the foveas on the hinder angles not very deep :
elytra delicately punctate-striated, the third and fourth striae wider-
apart than the following : an impressed point between the third
and fourth, on the disk, and another less distinct at the apex
which is flavescent : legs and antennae black, the base of the latter
pitchy testaceous.
In this species the head is narrower than in its allies ; the

VARIETIES. 211

elytra are very delicately striated ; the space between the se-
cond, third, and fourth striae is wider than in the following.

Common in the neighbourhood of London. I have also
received it from Inverness, where it appears to be rare.

Sp. 17. Not. substriatus. Angustior ,ceneo-7iiger : fronte striata,
thorace longiori, postice valdt attenuato, dense, et Icevis-
simepunctato, disco Icsvi, stilco dorsali transverse rugato :
elytris, striis quinque Icevissime punctatis, aplcibus pallidis,
tibiis antennarumque basi rufo-jjiceis. (Long. corp. 2g.)

Narrow brassy black : head as wide as the thorax, the frontal sulci
not very deep : thorax rather long, considerably narrowed behind,
the margins very delicately, but thickly punctured, the disk indis-
tinctly wrinkled : elytra with six very delicately impressed punc-
tate striee, one next the suture, and five on the disk, of which the
third and fourth are close together : apex pale, pitchy-testaceous :
base of the tibia; and antennae the same.

Allied to higuttatus, but rather smaller, and more elongate ;
the thorax is narrower and more attenuated behind ; the elytra
are more delicately striated.

Halifax ; A. H. Davis, Esq.

Sp. 18. Not. Quadripunctatus. Supra ceneus, nitidus ; fronte

profundi striata ; elytris profunde punctato-striatis, plagd

longitudinali nitidissima ad stituram, apice flavescentibus,

punctisque duobus impressis. (Long. corp. 2 — 2^.)

Not. Quadripunctatus, De Jean. Sp. Col. 2. 280. 3.

Very much resembles N. higuttatus, but differs in having

two rather deep punctures between the third and fourth

striag, and a little above the middle of the elytra, higuttatus

having only one. — ( Translated from De Jean s Description. )

Art. XX IL — Varieties.

(Co7iii7medfromp.93.)

14. Insensibility in Insects. — Sir, In 1828, I reared seve-
ral Gypsy moths from the caterpillars : as fast as the moths
appeared, I pinned them on a setting -board: some of the
males however got loose with the pins still in them, and joined

212 VARIETIES.

the females. In due time the females laid their eggs, from
which I succeeded in rearing caterpillars. I beg to instance this
fact, in support of the ai-gument against insects having the
same feeling as warm-blooded animals, which is given in the
very interesting article, called CoUoquia Entomologlca, in
your last number. William Bond.

15. Capture of Lej)tura scutellata. — Sir, This insect may
be taken in Hainault Forest, from the middle of June to the
end of July, on and in the decayed stems of the hornbeam.
In 1829, another collector and myself took upwards of a
hundred, besides a great many caterpillars and chrysalides ;
both these are white : the latter as they come to maturity
growing darker, particularly about the legs and antennae.

William Bond.

16. Locality and habit of Clytus arcuatus. — Sir, These
insects are also taken in Hainault Forest in June, on the
trunks of felled oak-trees, particularly those which are not
stripped of their bark : they run very quick, and are difficult
to capture, concealing themselves in the chinks of the bark, or
dropping down into the grass as soon as they perceive your
approach. They only appear when the sun is very hot: the
males are great combatants, frequently fighting until one or
both have lost parts of their antennae and legs.

William Bond.

17. Capture of Platypus cylindrus. — Sir, These insects
were taken by my old friend and instructor in entomology, Mr.
Bydder, out of the stumps of newly felled beech-trees in the
New Forest, Hampshire. In these they bore round holes,
from which it is very difficult to extract them : after trying the
smoke of tobacco and several other modes, he thought of
pouring water on the stumps, at which they came running out
in droves, and he took upwards of two hundred of them.

William Bond.

18. Monument to Cuvier. — All our readers are aware of the
death of this great man : in him naturalists lost the great pre-
ceptor, whose extraordinary talent and unrivalled research have
made them, in some degree, acquainted with the wonderful

VARIETIES. 213

works of a Creator, who has made nothing in vain, and
therefore nothing beneath our notice, and who has Himself
pronounced his creatures to be good. The loss of this philoso-
pher will long be felt. It requires ages to produce a Homer
or a Shakspeare ; and ages elapse between the lives of an
Aristotle and a Cuvier. We feel that we should be rendering
an acceptable service to our readers, by giving some account
of the life of this great man :. our limits preclude it. His coun-
trymen, with that fine taste for which they are so remarkable,
have planned a monument to his memory, the expense of which
is to be defrayed by the sale of works on any branch of natural
history, which their respective authors are invited to transmit
to agents appointed to receive them ; first, however, writing
their own names in each, and some short observation, demon-
strative of their respect for the deceased. We call on our
countrymen to assist in such an undertaking ; let not Britain be
behind other nations in demonstrating esteem for sterling
merit. M. Bailliere, 219, Regent street, is appointed one of
the agents to receive and transmit such works. — Ed.

19. Capture of Polypogon derivalis. — Sir, I perceive it is
your intention to devote a page or two of your magazine, to
record the capture, &c, of rare insects: I therefore transmit
to you the following account of the capture of that scarce
Lepidopterous insect — Polypogon derivalis. On the 9th of
last August, I took one specimen in Collyer's Wood, Green
Hithe, Kent; I believe it is only the second specimen that has
been taken for nearly thirty years : the other was taken at
Birch Wood, about three years since, and is now in the cabi-
net of Mr. Bentley. J. Chant.

20. Cause of Sound emitted by Cychrus rostratus. — Sir,
Among the comparatively small number of insects which have
the power of emitting voluntary sounds, Cychrus rostratus has
long been known ; but I am not aware that the manner in which
it produces its sound, has ever been correctly described.
Neither Curtis nor Stephens allude to it at all. Mr. Kirby
says, " Two other Coleopterous genera, Cychrus and Clytus,
make their cry of noli me langere, by rubbing their thorax
against the base of the elytra ; " and the form of these parts, in
Cychrus, seems such as might justify the opinion. An addition

214 VARIETIES.

may sometimes be thus made to the noise ; but the principal
effect is otherwise caused. The insect, when disturbed or
alarmed, utters a low, angry, hissing sound, distinctly au-
dible at some distance. On the inner edges of the inflexed
margins of the elytra, are two small grooves, extending from
near the base, to within a line or two of the apex, where they
rather suddenly expand. The lateral edges of the plates
which cover the under side of the abdomen, are, when at rest,
lodged in these grooves ; and it is by their friction, (particularly
of the last segment but one, which works in the widest part of
the grooves) that the sound is produced. An imitation of it
may be made, by rubbing the edge of a piece of stiff paper in
the channel. Yours, &c.

Bridgnorth, Nov. 22, 1832. ThOMAS MARSHALL.

2\. Capture of the LarvcB of Deilephila Elpenor. — During
a visit to Chelmsford in August last, I was fortunate enough
to meet with twelve larvae of Deilephila Elpenor, feeding on
Galium palustre, among the flags and rushes by the river
side.

They varied greatly in size as well as colour, some being
dark brown, marked with black streaks and ocelli on each
side of the thorax, and others of a beautiful green with similar
markings. This difference in colour I since find is considered
by some authors as showing the distinction in sex. On bring-
ing them home, I was unable to procure Galium palustre,
and therefore tried them with Epilohium angustifoliiim, and
other plants, on which they commonly feed on the continent.
In place of one of these, Impatiens noli tangere, I offered them
the American Impatiens bijlora, on which they fed voraciously,
and soon attained their full size.

Understanding from my friend, Mr. Newman, that the larv^
of some species of Deilephila change under dead leaves, &c.
on the surface of the earth, I placed some thin pieces of turf in
the cage, under which they immediately crept, and completed
their metamorphosis. The larvse of Deilephila Elpenor are
remarkable when feeding, for the extraordinary elongation of
the head, resembling a snout, a character I understand peculiar
to some individuals of this genus, of which this is the only
species I have seen in the larva state.

Shortly after the discovery of these larvse, 1 had a very fine

VARIETIES. 215

one of Achero7it'ia atropos, brought me by a green-grocer's
boy in the neighbourhood.

Wm. Christy, Jun.

Clapham road, Nov. 1, 1832.

22. On the different appearance of Insects in different
localities and Seasons. — Sir, I feel some hesitation in re-
questing the favour of your inserting the following, as I cannot
even call myself an entomologist, and am about to ask for, not
give, information. I am, however, somewhat encouraged to do
so, when I see your first number is not entirely devoted to
Latin monographs and reviews of entomological works; but
contains some papers, which will be read with pleasure by
many as unentomological as myself, and indeed, I think, by
most interested in the study of natural history.

I have often observed a difference in the insect inhabitants
of our counties, and v/ished to ascertain its cause, without
being able to do so : I allude more particularly to butterflies,
and some other kinds most likely to attract the notice of a
casual observer ; some of which are comparatively common in
one district, being never or but seldom met with in another.
I could not attribute it to the slight difference of temperature,
produced by variety of elevation or soil, even in the instance
of those warmth-loving ci'eatures, butterflies. Some remarks
of one of your correspondents, G. Wailes, Esq. of Newcastle,
show, however, I think, that the fact has not escaped the notice
of entomologists. Mr. W. indeed, seems to assign a very
probable reason for it : after observing, *' he is persuaded the
connexion between geology, entomology, and botany, espe-
cially the two former, has not been sufficiently attended to ;"
he adds, " a good idea may be formed of the insects likely to
be found in any district, if its geological features are taken into
consideration." I cannot but think this is likely to be the
case. The intimate connexion between the strata and vegeta-
tion of a country is well known ; the nature of the soil exerts
an influence in our hedge-row flowers, as well as on our forest
trees. From the great variety of the soil of our island, we
naturally expect to find, what in each we do observe, a variety
in lis flora : and since many, perhaps it is not too much to say
all plants have their peculiar insect inhabitants, we may pro-
bably, as the same writer says, from attention to the prevailing

2\6 VARIETIES.

strata, form a good idea of the insects most likely to occur in
any district.

Perhaps you or some of your correspondents may also be
able to inform me the cause of the difference which in different
years is observable in the brightness of colour and size of in-
sects of the same species ; most must have noticed how^ much
finer and more beautiful butterflies are some summers than in
others, — can this be at all owing to the nature of their food
when in the caterpillar state? As the wet or drought of
various seasons so much affects vegetation, bringing plants to
perfection or stunting their growth, it may perhaps render them
more or less nutritious to the insect tribes to which they afford
sustenance. It is supposed, and perhaps with reason, that the
nature of their food exerts a decided influence on the colour
and size of the higher animals ; — why may it not affect in the
same way creatures so much more frailly-formed ?

Any information in a future number on these subjects, which
are probably well understood by the initiated in your pleasing
science, would, I believe, be interesting to many of your readers
besides myself.

And oblige yours, &c. Y.

Ludlow, Nov. 10, 1832.

23. Ignis Fatuus. — '* This appearance has been strongly surmised
to be a luminous insect. It is many years since the similarity of its
motion was observed to that of an insect avoiding pursuit. A sub-
sequent examiner has stated, that he approached one near enough to
see distinctly the form of an insect, with wings like a dragon fly.
Two or three years ago, an anonymous article in a country paper
announced, that some person, in digging up the mud of an old pond,
had discovered two creatures, which he surmised to be the insects in
question, and which he described as looking like cray-fish with
wings. The Entomologist, who can ascertain the fact, by securing
an Ignis Fatuus in a bottle, will have drawn a tooth from the jaws of
superstition and human suffering." — From the Westminster Review
for October, 1832.

We shall feel much obliged by any information our corre-
spondents may be able to furnish us with on this subject. Is
the insect in question the mole-cricket ? Our readers will bear
in mind that we want facts only ; we have theories on the sub-
ject in abundance. — Ed.

ENTOMOLOGICAL MAGAZINE.

APRIL, 1833.

Art. XXIII. Observations on Blight. By Rusticus.

Sir, — I have another Uttle rascal that eats my apples and
pears ; but, as I have not made myself master of his history, I
will leave him over for another summer for examination ; he
eats down the stalks of the pears, particularly when they are
about the size of gooseberries, and causes them to tumble
down by hundreds : I dare say I shall find him out by and by,
and in the meantime, I will give some account of the regular
blight — the true blight — the only insect which I will acknow-
ledge to be blight.

The true blight, or Aphis, is a quiet, dull, stupid looking
insect, mostly without wings, but sometimes it has four, two of
which are much larger and longer than the other two, and
fold over and hide them, reaching beyond the body and
meeting together behind it ; these wings are generally as clear
as crystal, with a few veins in them, yet if you hold the
insect in the sunshine, and examine him through a glass, you
will find they take all the colours of the rainbow; you will
also find he has a long trunk or sucker, which is used as a
pump or syphon, through which the sap of plants is drawn. I
have sometimes seen this sucker so long as to pass under the
breast and legs, and reach a considerable distance behind the
body, but it is not generally so. All blights infest the young
and juicy shoots, and leaves of plants, for the purpose of
sap-sucking; and the plants honoured by their operations

NO. III. VOL, L F F

218 OBSERVATIONS ON lU.ICllT.

tbrthwith play the most amusing and incredible vagaries ;
bearing blossoms instead of leaves, leaves instead of blos-
soms ; twisting into corkscrews stems which ought to be
straight, and making straight as sticks those which, as the
scarlet-runner and hop, ought to twine ; sometimes, as in the
peach, making the leaves hump up in the middle, and causing
the tree to look as though it had a famous crop of young
fruit; making apple-trees bear blossoms on their roots, and
causing roots to grow out of their young shoots ; and, by
tormenting orchards in this way, preventing the fruit from
ripening, and making it woolly, tasteless, and without juice.
Our china-asters often owe a good deal of their beauty to
these vermin ; they act as a spur to make them blossom beyond
their strength and nature, and then die off without bearing
seed. It is amusing to see with what regularity the blights
station themselves on the young shoots of tlie guilder-rose,
crowding so close together that not a morsel of the rind is to
be seen, and not unfrequently forming a double tier, or two
thicknesses ; the poor sprig losing its formal unbending
upright position, and writhing itself into strange contortions.

Blights are of all colours, but green is their most fashionable
hue ; those of broad-beans are black as soot, and velvety, — and
these, if attended to, do but Httle harm ; they cluster at the
very top, and each bean should be topped just below the
blight, and the top carried away and burnt, — not thrown on the
ground, — or else they are sure to climb up the bean-stalks again,
and, stopping here and there at the best landing-place, increase
and multiply, and soon cover the whole plant; nor should
they be buried in the ground, for they take care to outwit you
by living underground for months, and when the gardener's
spade turns them up again, they make for the beans
directly: the plan of topping the beans does not injure the
crop, but, if carefully done, rather improves it. The blight of
the willow is very large, and, at first sight, looks greyish, but
under a glass is beautifully variegated with black and white ;
when crushed it gives out a deep blood-coloured die, which
stays on your hand several days in spite of frequent washings.

I have taken a good deal of pains to find out the birth and
parentage of true blights; and for this purpose have watched,
day after day, the colonies of them in ray own garden, and
single ones which I have kept in-doors, and under tumblers

OliSEKVATIONS ON BLIGHT,

2\d

turned upside down ; the increase is prodigious; it beats every
thing of the kind that I have ever seen, heard, or read of.
Insects in general come from an egg, — then turn to a caterpillar,
which does nothing but eat, — then to a chrysalis, which does
nothing but sleep, — then to a perfect beetle or fly, which does
nothing but increase its kind. But blights proceed altogether
on another system : — the young ones are born exactly like the
old ones, but less ; they stick their beaks through the rind, and
begin drawing sap when only a day old, and go on quietly
sucking away for seven or eight days ; and then, without love,
courtship, or matrimony, each individual begins bringing forth
young ones, and continues to do so for months, at the rate of
from a dozen to eighteen every day, and yet continues to
increase in size all the while ; there seem to be no males, no
drones,— all bring forth alike. Early in the year these blights
are scattered along the stems, but as soon as the little ones
come to light, and commence sap-sucking close to their mother,
the spaces get filled up, and the old ones look like giants
among the rest, — as here and there an ox in a flock of sheep ;
when all the spare room is filled up, and the stalk completely
covered. The young ones, when they make their first appearance
in the world, seem rather posed as to what to be at, and stand
quietly on the backs of the others for an hour or so ; then, as
if having made up their minds, they toddle upwards, walking
on the backs of the whole flock till they arrive at the upper
end, and then settle themselves quietly down, as close as
possible to the outermost of their friends, and then commence
sap-sucking like the rest ; the flock by this means extends in
length every day, and at last the growing shoot is overtaken by
their multitude, and completely covered to the very tip.
Towards autumn, however, the blights undergo a change in
their nature, their feet stick close to the rind, their skin opens
along the back, and a winged blight comes out — the summer
generations being entirely wingless. These are male and
female, and fly about and enjoy themselves, and, what seems
scarcely credible, these winged females lay eggs, having
first lived through the winter ; and whilst this operation is
going on, a solitary winged blight may be observed on the
under-side of the leaves, or on the young shoots, particularly
on the hop, and differing from all its own progeny, in being-
winged and nearly black, whereas its young are green and

%%U OBSERVATIONS ON BLIGHT.

without wings. These are mysteries which I leave you
entomologists to explain. In May, a fly lays a lot of eggs;
these eggs hatch and become blights; these blights are
viviparous, and that without the usual union of sexes, and so
are their children and grandchildren, — the number of births
depending solely on the quantity and quality of their food : at
last, as winter approaches, the whole generation, or series of
generations, assumes wings, which the parents did not possess,
undergoes frequently a total change in colour, and in the
spring, instead of being viviparous, lays eggs.

To this singular tribe belongs the hop-fly, an insect which
has more rule over the pockets and tempers of mankind than
any other ; its abundance or scarcity being the almost only
criterion of a scarcity or abundance in the crops of hops: and
of every article of merchandize the hop is consequently the
most liable to variation in price. Owing to the interest taken
in the crop of hops, much more close attention has been paid
to the hop-fly than to any other insect ; and you find men
conversant in its habits, who would blush if you were to
suppose them possessed of enough natural history to know the
name of the commonest beetle or even bird ; but let me assure
these, that there is nothing derogatory to their manhood, their
common sense, or their dignity, in knowing something of the
works of nature ; I never met with an individual who was the
worse man for it. I don't myself go the length of some of
your contributors, who measure the joints of an insect's ears,
as Professor Rennie, I see by your Magazine, has called
them. But, perhaps, even this is necessary to acquire an
accurate knowledge of each kind.

The hop counties are Kent, Sussex, Surrey,' Worcester, and
Hereford. The produce of these are termed, on the market,
Kent, Sussex, Farnham, and Worcester hops. The Farn-
ham are invariably the highest priced, and the Sussex the
lowest. The Worcester hops never come on the London
market, and have a price of their own, which is not much
influenced by the general price, as no hops are ever, or very
rarely indeed, introduced to supply a deficiency of the

" I sliould judge, from the asinine and blundering stupidity ot Professor
Rennie's compilations, that he is peculiarly elongate in this organ ; and so,
from the similarity of his own ears to antennae, infers a corresponding use in the
two different kinds of organs. — Rusticus.

OBSERVATIONS ON BLIGHT. 221

Worcester crop, should that fail. The hop aifords scope for the
speculator in two ways : first, the hop itself; and, secondly, the
hop-duty; the last is the subject of betting to a very large
amount annually. The old duty on hops is 10s. 8(L per cwt. ;
the new duty, imposed in 1802, is 125. 7d. ; making, with the
fractions, 23*. id.; in 1805, 4*. 8d. per cwt. was reduced; so
that the actual duty paid is 18*. 8^. per cwt. In betting on
the duty, the old duty is always understood ; and so generally
adopted is this plan of expressing the probability of a crop
by the betted duty, that the common question is, " What is
the duty laid at ?" and as the duty falls, the price of hops,
of course, rises ; and vice versa. This duty is however too
much guided by a few men in the Borough, who frequently
rise and fall it to answer their own purposes ; yet, as the day
of picking approaches, the near correspondence of the betted
duty and the old duty actually paid, is truly surprising. In
the year 1802, on the 14th of May, the old duty was laid at
100,000/.; the fly, however, appearing pretty plentifully
towards the end of the month, it sunk to 80,000/. ; the fly
increased; and, by the end of June, the duty had gone down
to G0,000/. ; by the end of July, to 30,000/. ; by the end of
August, to 22,000/. ; and by the end of December to 14,000/. ;
the duty actually paid this year was 15,463/. 10*. 5d. In
1825, the duty commenced at 130,000/., but, owing to the
excessive increase of the fly, had in July fallen to 16,000/. ; at
the beginning of September it rose to 29,000/., but towards the
end fell again to 22,000/. ; the amount paid was 24,317/. Os. lid.
In the following year, the summer was remarkably dry and
hot ; we could hardly sleep of nights with the sheets on ; the
thermometer for several nights continued above 70" all the
night through : the crop of hops was immense, scarcely a fly
was to be found, and the betted duty, which began in May at
120,000/., rose to 265,000/. ; the old duty actually paid was
269,331/. Os. 9d.; the gross duty, 468,401/. 16*. Id., being
the largest amount ever known. From this it will appear
that, in duty alone, a little insignificant looking fly has a con-
trol over 450,000/. annual income to the British Treasury ;
and supposing the hop-grounds of England capable of paying
this duty annually, which they certainly are, it is very manifest,
that in 1825, these creatures were the means of robbing the
Treasury of 426,000/. This seems a large sum, but it is not

SJJ8S5 OBSERVATIONS ON BLIGHT.

one-twentieth part of the sums gained and lost by dealers
during the two years in question.

The hop-fly makes its first appearance generally about the
12th of May, sometimes two days earlier, but almost inva-
riably between the 10th and the 30th ; and it is worth noticing,
that it usually appeal's on the same day in the four districts of
Kent, Sussex, Farnham, and Worcester. It always makes its
first appearance in the winged state, a solitary fly being found
settled very quietly here and there under the young leaves.
If the weather is warm, with mild kind rains during the last
twenty days of May, these flies begin to produce young ones,
which are very small, and are called deposit, or Jcnits. These
grow very fast, and in a few days become green lice, which is
merely a larger form of the same animal. These lice very
soon begin to breed, and so keep on, knits and lice, knits and
lice onli/, to so great an extent as to destroy the plant, when
they appear to die with it. I have never found that the deposit
of the hop-fly leaves the plant at all, or ever becomes a fly
while there ; in this respect differing from the Aphis of the
rose, guilder-rose, bean, &c., of which I have spoken above.
Frequently, when the weather in May has been dry, and cold,
and windy, the fly has been known to leave the plant, and
entirely disappear, even after remaining several days; yet
whilst it tarried showing very evident signs of being uneasy,
continually crawling about on the upper as well as under side
of the leaves, and leaving no deposit whatever. The direction
of the wind has nothing whatever to do with their first appear-
ance, but in a warm westerly wind they will take flight most
readily, and be thus distributed. The lice, when half grown,
chanoe the skins ; and 1 have often found the skins of very
large ones stuck to the leaves, and yet showing no opening
where the insect could have got out. I believe these are the
prey of a little parasitic fly, whose history I don't know
enough of at present to attempt to give it you here; they
have, however, other enemies ; and as these seem to offer the
only hope of checking the increase of these destructive
wretches, I shall give you a little account of them.

You will never find a plant of any kind infested with the
Aphis, vi\i\iO\xi also observing a number of ants and lady-birds
among them, and also a queer-looking insect, like a fat lizard,
which is in fact the caterpillar of the lady-bird. Tlie connexion

OBSERVATIONS ON BLIGHT. 2£3

of the ant and the Aphis is of the most peaceful kind that
can be conceived; their object is the honey-dew which the
Aplds emits ; and, far from hurting the animal which affords
them this pleasant food, they shew it the greatest possible
attention and kindness, — licking it all over with their little
tongues, and fondling it, and patting it, and caressing it with
their antenna? in the kindest, prettiest way imaginable:— not so
the lady-bird, or its lizard-like caterpillar; these feed on the
blights most voraciously, a single grub clearing a leaf, on
which were forty or more, in the course of a day. The perfect
lady-bird is a decided enemy to them, but not so formidable a
one as the grub. The eggs of the lady-bird may often be seen
on the hop-leaf; they are yellow, and five or six in a cluster
placed on their ends ; these should on no account be destroyed,
as is too often the case, but on the contrary every encourage-
ment should be given to so decided a friend to the hop-
grower.

Besides the lady-bird and its grub, there are two other
terrible enemies to the poor Aphis ; one of which is a green
ungainly-looking grub, without legs, which lays flat on the
surface of the leaf, and stretches out its neck, just like a leech,
till it touches one of them ; directly he feels one he seizes it in
his teeth, and holds it up, wriggling in the air till he has sucked
all the goodness out of it, and left it a mere empty skin.
This curious creature turns to a fly which has a body banded
with difierent colours, and which in summer you may often
observe under trees and about flowers, standing quite still in
the air as though asleep, yet, if you try to catch him, darting
off like an arrow. '^ The other has six legs, and very large
strong curved jaws, and is a most ferocious looking fellow,
strutting about with the skins of the blights which he has
killed on his back. This fierce fellow comes to a very beauti-
ful fly, with four wings, all divided into meshes like a net, and
two beautiful golden eyes.' All these creatures, which thus
live on the plant-lice, have a very strong and disagreeable
smell in the perfect state.

For a favourite plant infested with blight there are several
remedies, — smoke of tobacco, snuff, &c. ; but the most effec-
tual, and the least hurtful to the plant, is to let it stand in a

'' One of the SyrjMclce. Vid. Int. to Eut. I. 2G5, &c.— Ed.
<^ Chrysopa Perla. — Ed.

224 OPINIONS ON MR. NF.WMAN's SPHINX VESPIFORMI S.

tank of cold water for half an hour, when all the blights will
leave it and swim on the surface of the water. For hops,
none of these plans are available ; and, unless a way could be
discovered of increasing the number of the blight-eaters, I fear
the chance of discovering a remedy is very small.

Your's, &c. RusTicus.

Godalming, Sept. 16, 1S32.

Art. XXIV. — Opinions on Mr. Newman's Sphinx Vespi-
fonnis.

1. Comments on Sphitix Vespiformis. By Scrutator,
F.R. &L.S.

2. Notes upon the Natural System, Sfc. By I. O. West-
wood, Esq., F.L.S., &c.

3. Observations on the Newmannian or Septenary System.
By Clericus.=*

1. Comments on Sphinx Vespiformis, SfC. — Sir, Your
review, at p. 44 of the Magazine, has made me acquainted
with one of the most delightful books I ever read ; and as a
few ideas have occurred to me which I noted down on perusing
it, on subjects which you have passed over in silence, I shall
feel greatly obliged if you will make them public ; and if they
tend to correct minor errors, and at the same time promote
the circulation and reception of Mr. Newman's opinions, they
will answer the end for which I have intended them.

I will begin with what I consider the errors of Sphinx
Vespiformis, and then pass to the more pleasing task of
pointing out its merits, taking care not to interfere with any-
thing you have said, or to give an opinion where you have
already expressed one. In the first place, I would suggest

a We are reluctant to occupy so much space with anything in the shape of
retrospective criticisms ; but so great has been the interest that has been lately
excited on the subject of arrangement, that we doubt not these opinions will be
read with considerable interest. — Ed.

OPINIONS ON MR. NEWMAN S SPHINX VESPIFORMIS. 225

that for the division below class there is a great impropriety
in the use of the word subclass ; first, because Mr. MacLeay
has already given the name stir2)s to precisely the same
division ; and secondly, because the adoption of all sub-
divisions implies either a poverty of thought or a degree of care-
lessness, quite inadmissible in a work like Mr. Newman's. In
the next place, the adoption of a generic name, as a designa-
tion of such subclass, is an error quite as inexcusable, as the
same writer has proposed the elegant termination ina for the
designation of his sthys ; and besides, a perpetual confusion
would arise from the use of the same name for two groups so
very different in their importance. These alterations are not
proposed on the thought of a moment, still less are they laid
before you in that petty, and to me excessively disagreeable,
spirit of criticism which I have so often seen displayed in
some of our scientific periodicals. Greatly grieved indeed
shall I be, if I am considered as holding out a precedent for
such paltry fault-finding ; and I would much rather that you
suppress this, as you did my last (of which I do not complain),
than see your Magazine, or any portion of it, allotted to the
petty and jealous criticisms of those who have neither the
reseai'ch nor ability to furnish original papers.

The returning to the term Class for the Orders of Linne,
and the proposition of Natural Orders equivalent to those
in use in botany, are two grand steps in entomology ; and
let me press upon their author the great necessity there is for
immediately following up so important an alteration, or he
may depend on being anticipated in the task by some aspirant
for fame, eager to place his name after a series of his own
natural orders ; and let me remind Mr. Newman, that these
names, however inappropriate, or however ill-judged the
divisions to which they are applied, must stand by the now
universally received law of priority.*^ On referring to my
Kirby and Spence, I find no division has been so variously
denominated as the class of Mr. Newman ; class, tribe,
section, order, division, &c., have been applied to it; but
class has the double claim of priority and appropriateness.
Linne has made sad havoc with his orders, in applying the

b We do not ourselves attach the value to this naming that some of our con-
temporaries seem to do. We frequently see appended to new genera and species
names which are utterly unknown in science. — Ed.
NO. III. VOL. I. G G

226 OPINIONS ON MR. NEWMAN's SPHINX VESPIFORMlS.

term to three groups of very different degrees of importance.
Let me observe also, in this place, how completely the chica-
nery, the mystification of natural history, is removed by
Mr. Nevi'man's plan. Class, Stirps, (Subclass, N.^ Order,
Family, Genus, Species, are all the divisions which will
now be required ; and such terms as Lepidojitera, Tineina,
(Tinea, N.J Tortices, Halias, Fagatia, all old acquaintances,
are alone to be applied as names to such divisions. I would
entreat your readers to compare this series of names with the
divisions and subdivisions proposed even by that prince of
British entomologists, Mr. Kirby, in the Introduction to
Entomology, a mass of names which, if carried through the
system, no human life would be long enough to acquire — no
human memory powerful enough to retain.*^

It is with a feeling of proud satisfaction that I look back
on the labours of my fellow-countrymen in that highest depart-
ment of Physics, the just and natural arrangement of animated
beings. Writers on system are of two distinct clases; and
though each may pursue his inquiry by analysis or synthesis,
accorded to his own peculiar views, or rather the peculiar
constitution of his mental faculties, yet neither ever oversteps
the line of demarcation, or if he attempt to do so that attempt
is sure to be unsuccessful. One of these classes, comprehend-
ing at a view the whole expanse of nature, strives to mould
her according to some vast and preconceived idea ; the other
aims at placing each species, genus, and family, in its proper
situation as regards its neighbours, being perfectly indifferent
to, or considering of but small importance, the uniformity of the
whole. The first class of these systematists, however they
may dislike the appellation, must be called theoretical ; the
second are practical. The theorists certainly take the higher
ground, but must ever be indebted to the practical naturalists
for the facts from which their own deductions have resulted.
In the first class we have had, in this country, MacLeay and
Newman. In the second. Leach and Stephens.'' Between
the views of two of these writers I shall now attempt to prove
a very striking similarity, in which, if I succeed, I think it

c Introd. to Ent. Vol. IV. p. 402.— Ed.

'' Our correspondent must confine himself to entomology, or he could never
omit the great names of Ray, Lister, &c. among our ancestors, and our illustrious
contemporary Swainson. — Ed.

OPINIONS ON MR. NEWMAN's SPHINX VESPIFORMIS. 227

follows, that both of them have made a very near approach to
truth.

My friend Stephens appears to have followed Clairville's
binary division of insects, more for the sake of convenience in
publishing than from any conviction of its worth. It is
scarcely possible that a comprehensive mind like his should
attach any value to a theory so fantastical ; but, having adopted
it, consistency compels him to adhere to it, and forces him
into the most obvious errors. I presume it to be known to
all your readers, at least all who will trouble themselves with
the perusal of these remarks, that Mr. Stephens divides
insects into two groups : I. Mandihulata, comprising seven
orders, 1 . Coleoptera, 2. Dennaptera, 3. Orthoptera, 4. Neu-
coptera, 5. Trichoptera, 6. Hymenoptera, and 7. Strepsip-
tera; and II. Hanstellata, including likewise seven orders,
1. Lejndoptera, 2. Dipteru, 3. Homaloptera, 4. Aphaniptera,
5. Aptera, 6. Hetntptera, and 7. Homoptera; that each seven
orders form the circumference of a circle, and that the two
circles touch or approach at the orders Trichoptera and
Lepidoptera, The errors are in the combination of the seven
Haustellate orders. The intervention of Aphaniptera (an
order of which the flea^ is the only example), between the
pupiparous Homalopiera and the ametabolous Anoplura
(Aptera), is extravagant and capricious in the extreme, and
will not bear a moment's investigation ; the flea is closely
allied to the Dipterous genus, Micetophila, both in the final
structure and metamorphosis, but is very far removed from
either of the groups between which it stands ; the Anoplura,
(for I must thus call them, although I see the term Ajjtera
misapplied to them), have no right whatever among true
insects, whose main distinguishing and unvarying character
it is to have a distinct triple metamorphosis, whilst in these
the change has dwindled to a mere ecdysis. The same fault

e We have just received M. Audouin's Annales des Sciences Naturelles, for
October, 1832, in which M. Duges, in a paper on the structure and affinities of
the flea, has, we think, incontrovertibly proved its natural situation to be between
the orders Diptera and Hymenoptera, thus also shewing that those two orders
are very nearly allied. The position assigned by M. Duges to the other winged
insects tends to prove the accuracy of our valued correspondent's views, and also
to demonstrate the very near approach to a natural system made by Messrs.
Stephens and Newman. — Ed.

%iiO OPINIONS ON MR. NEWMAN S SPHINX VESPIFORMIS.

does not apply to the orders of Mandihilata , which seem to
be perfectly natural in their arrangement ; but to require, as
well as the Haustellata, some reduction in their number.

The French entomologists have ascertained, by dissection
and profound investigation, that the orders, Homoptera, Tri-
choptera, and Dermaptera, are not anatomically to be distin-
guished from the orders from which they have been separated,
Hemiptero, Neuroptera, and Orthoptera ; and we must ever
bear in mind, that these philosophers have no theories either
to oppose or support, and have arrived at their conclusions on
purely scientific grounds, unbiassed by any other motives than
the highly praiseworthy ones of satisfying themselves, instruct-
ing their pupils, and promoting science. Strepsiptera is
obviously of less importance than the others.

The author of " Sphinx Vespiformis" limits his classes to
the number seven; six of these, 1. Lepidoptera, 2. Diptera,
3. Hipiienoptera, 4. Coleoptera, 5. Ortho2)tera, 6. Hem'iptera,
are arranged around the circumference of a circle, the centre
of which is occupied by the seventh, Neuroptera. I am by
no means inclined to attach any great value to a particular
number, or to the cabalistic regularity of a diagram ; on the
contrary, I do not imagine that any number is universally preva-
lent through nature ; but in this particular instance I do believe,
and I think no reasonable person will deny, that the number
seven is most apparent and most appropriate. In inferior
divisions the number two is remarkably conspicuous ; as in
Lepidoptera, butterflies and moths ; in Diptera, gnats and
flies ; in Hymenoptera, the provident and the parasite insects ;
in Coleoptera, the carnivorous and the herbivorous ; in Orthop-
tera, the jumpers and the runners ; and in Hemiptcra, the
Homopterous and Heteropterous tribes : but I am neither
capable nor desirous of entering on this discussion at present ;
my object is to show the similarity between the conclusions of
a practical and a theoretical systematist.

Allow me then to submit a view of Mr. Stephens's orders,
printing those which appear to me ill-placed in italics ; those
which the French entomologists have decided to be untenable,
and Strepsiptera as being of less value, in small Roman
characters; and those which appear good orders, and in their
place, in Roman capital letters ; and below this to place Mr.
Newman's in the position in which he places them, leaving

OPINIONS ON MR. NEWMAN's SPHINX VESPIFORMIS. 229

the numbers before each, as apphed by the respective authors,
to show that, on my part, there has been no alteration of
position.

STEPHENS.

I. Lepidoptera.

VII. Homoptera. II. Diptera.

VI. Hemiptera. III. Homaloptera.

V. Aptera. IV. Aphmnptera.

IV. Neuroptera. V. Trichoptera.

III. Orthoptera. VI. Hymenoptera.

II. Dermaptera. VII. Strepsiptera.

I. COLEOPTERA.

NEWMAN.

I. Lepidoptera.
VI. Hemiptera. II. Diptera.

VII. Neuroptera.
V. Orthoptera. III. Hymenoptera.

IV. CoLEOPTERA.

Can this similarity be the effect of chance ? If one man
set out from Dover on foot, and another from Holyhead, and
walked to London by these two opposite roads, would their
meeting in London be the effect of chance ? No one would
be so hardy as to assert so; and yet I have heard those to
whom I have pointed out the above similarity assert, that it
was a matter of chance ; that Mr. Stephens did not ever
intend the orders to be placed as I have placed them. I grant
that: the relative position he proposes for the orders is not
by any means, so consistent with the contents of the body of
his work as the one I propose; the only difference I have
ventured, is, that I begin with the Lepidoptera because Mr.
Newman has done so, and because also that by so doing I do
away with the very outrageous connexion between the two

230 OPINIONS ON MR. NEWMAN's SPHINX VESPIFORMIS.

tribes of orders at Stylops (783), and Papilio (784), a con-
nexion resulting from accident, and certainly never for a
moment entertained by the author as natural. And I would
willingly inquire of Mr. Stephens himself, whether the posi-
tion in which I have placed his orders is not more in accord-
ance with his own observations of affinities, than the one
which he has himself proposed.

It is undeniably a sound argument in favour of the truth of
the septenary system, that it so very well agrees with the
arrangement of a Catalogue, composed by an author pre-
eminently qualified for the task, and who had no peculiar
views of system which could induce him to alter the position
of any group, having once decided on that position by a close
investigation of characters.

In the next place, it is just to infer that, if one group
contains insects closely allied to insects in each of three other
groups, that group cannot be placed naturally without touching
all the other three ; and not binding myself to the instances
proposed by the author of " Sphinx," which I consider are far
from being the best he could have selected, I shall select
others ; for instance, the Neuropterous insects, Perla, Psocus,
and Tinodes, with Acheta (the common cricket). Aphis, and any
of the tribe Tinea ; and let not any one who is disposed to make
the inquiry shrink from a close scrutiny, — consulting and
comparing the mouth, antennae, thorax, wings, legs, abdomen,
and even the appendices of the abdomen; and if, after the
examination, he does not find an affinity between Perla and
Acheta, between Psocus and Aphis, and between Tinodes and
Tinea, and consequently draw from this the conclusion that
Neuroptera is related, and very closely, to Orthoptera,
Hemiptera, and Lepidoptera, then certainly there is nothing
in any affinities which are now allowed. For my own part,
having, during the present month, turned my attention almost
exclusively to this interesting subject, I have found exotic
genera in Diptera, Hymenoptera, and Coleoptera, nearly as
closely allied to Neuroptera as the instances above given for
the other classes ; but these are at present little known, and
therefore may induce doubt and discussion ; and I rest my
argument solely on the affinities which I have already pointed
out ; and maintain that, to arrange the four classes in question
naturally, they must touch each other where those genera

OPINIONS ON MR. NEWMAN's SPHINX VESPIFORMIS. 281

occur, and this can only be accomplished by placing them as
Mr. Newman has placed them.

Lastly, I turn to what I consider the greatest of modern
discoveries in natural history, viz. the existence of central
types ; and on this subject I must remark, that I think Mr.
Newman has very injudiciously selected the most difficult and
intricate part of the whole system for the exemplification of
his theory ; and in this he seems to rejoice, and to hew down
and trample on the labours of the numberless industrious
drudges who have been, so long and with such little success,
toiling in the same path ; the cavalier-like manner in which
these, the ladders by which he has mounted, are thrown
down, may, perhaps, be supposed indicative of conscious
superiority, but certainly not of that kind and indulgent
feeling which every naturalist ought to entertain towards his
fellow-labourers ; nor can I hold it in any way safe or credit-
able to one who stands himself upon a slippery place. The
Carabi, the Staphylini, the Dytici, present groups in which,
from their excellently described distinctive character, the
number of their species accessible in cabinets, and from the
little necessity there is of reverting to their larvae, might
readily be made useful in pursuing an inquiry of this kind ;
but the PlialcBuce have very few characters, and these ill-
recorded or almost undiscovered, and the accessible species
are very limited and principally unnamed. How far Mr.
Newman has succeeded in his conclusions from these, I am not
capable of deciding, but no one can doubt for an instant the
existence of central types ; indeed, it seems one of those
obvious truths which remain for a long time hidden, and
which, when discovered, astonish us by their very simplicity.
I can scarcely describe the pleasure I have felt in ranging the
aberrant groups round the types. Procerus, Dyticus, Hy-
drous, Lttcamis, &c. In my Tenihredincs I have given
Cimhex the centre, and have surrounded my hornet by a
phalanx of wasps. These remarks may perhaps appear of
little value : my object is to induce entomologists to go into
the subject thus practically as I have done, and to impress on
them this mathematical inference, that, granting the existence
of circles, and of a central circle surrounded with others, then
six is the only number that can so surround it, and the number
seven consequently becomes established.

232 OPINIONS ON MR. NEWMAN S SPHINX VESPIFORMIS.

It is time for me to conclude ; I fear I have already ex-
tended this letter to a length which you will consider unreason-
able. In conclusion, let me say, that I consider the system
proposed in " Sphinx Vespiformis" the system of nature ; first,
because the most capable writer of the present or any past era
has placed the principal divisions in the same relative situations;
secondly, because, unconfined by the " connecting links," pro-
posed by Mr. Newman, I have discovered others incapable of
refutation ; thirdly, because I plainly discern the existence of
centres ; and fourthly, by mathematical reasons I infer seven
is the number which must surround them.

Accept my best wishes for the prosperity of your Magazine,

and believe me

Yours, &c.

Sept. 29, 1832. SCRUTATOR, F. R. & L. S.

2. Notes upon the Natural System, 8fc. — The establish-
ment of a Magazine, devoted solely to entomology, appears
to offer a channel through which the wish expressed by Mr.
Newman, to hear the opinions of others respecting the merits
of his " Sphinx Vespiformis " may be gratified ; and I there-
fore propose to avail myself of its pages to record a few Notes,
made during my perusal of it. There are various portions of
the work, however, respecting which I beg to offer no opinion
of my own ; such as the circularity of groups, their septenary
subdivision, the centrality of a typical group, or the mode of
progression, hoping that these subjects will be discussed by
naturalists more competent than myself to the task.

The first two pages of the " Sphinx Vespiformis" form
one of the neatest introductions which I have ever met with.
The small clear-winged Sphinges have long been objects of
interest with me ; and being anxious to verify the account
given of the true Sphinx Vespiformis, I too paid it a visit,
and was gratified to find that we are thus enabled to clear up
the doubts which have been raised respecting the synonymy of
this species, in consequence of the Linnaean description having
been decidedly drawn from a rubbed specimen of the Asiliformis
of Fabricius, Haworth, &c., (which latter name must conse-
quently fall) ; and further, that the reference made by Mr. Curtis,
alone, of the (Estriformis (or Cynipiformis) to the Vespiformis
of Linnaeus (which reference Mr. Newman has omitted to

OPINIONS ON MR. NEWMAN's SPHINX VESPIFORMIS. 233

notice in his Mon. JEgeriar.), was an extension of the confu-
sion. I am the more willing to add my testimony upon this
subject, because I perceive, from the 33d page of the first
number of this Mag,, that the Fabrician nomenclature has
since been retained, notwithstanding its incorrectness.

I was glad to perceive {Spli. f'esp. p. G) that an attempt
was about to be made, in the subsequent pages of the " Sphinx
Vespiformis," to discover the situation of a small group of
insects, whose economy as well as structure had rendered
them a very decided group amongst the species of Crepuscular
Lepidoptera, with which they had been associated; having
felt surprise that, in proposing the twenty-five groups into
which Dr. Horsfield had distributed the five tribes of Zf^??-
do/jtera, this most natural group had been dismissed in the
following passage: — " The divisions do not embrace /Egeria,
and several other genera, commonly arranged amongst the
SjihingidcE , which, if my observations are correct, have a
different metamorphosis, and will probably, at least in part,
find a place in the next tribe," {Bomhycida', divided into five
forms, to one of which the name of Lignivorcc was given,
with Pygcera, Cossus, and Hepiahis, as its types), " but this
remains for future discussion." Lep. Jav. p. 23. Mr. Ste-
phens had likewise noticed the approach of the Sphinx Ajjt-
formis towards the Bomhycida;.

The corroboration of the circularity of natural groups and
the existence of a central primary typical subgroup, supposed
{Sph. Vesp. p. 13 — 17) to be afforded by the plan of the
solar system, does not appear to me to be entitled to much
weight. In like manner, is it not presumptuous in endeavour-
ing to discover the plan according to which the Creator dis-
tributed natural objects, even to suppose that He whom the
heaven of heavens cannot contain should have assigned
himself, a situation in a system of His creatures ? And yet
this is the only way in, which we can construe Mr. Newman's
'introduction of the subject (p. 14). So also the endeavour to
uphold a 'given . number of groups in natural history from
passages of ;Scripture, and the reference of a septenary arrange-
ment (with one seventh superior to the others) to the result
of the six days' creation and the seventh day of rest, appears
equally improper. I had hoped, after the caustic remarks of
Mr. MacLeay upon this subject, that naturalists would not again

NO. III. VOL. I. H H

234 OPINIONS ON MR. NEWMAN's SPHINX VESPIFORMIS.

have been induced to employ such arguments. "It is," says
he, " a very convenient mode of getting rid of an antagonist;
as they have only to raise the hue and cry against him for
disputing a Bible-truth, and the affair is settled. Here, how-
ever, are an English, Scotch, and American divine quoting
Scripture against each other, each for his favourite number,
seven, two, and three. The Bible was intended to direct our
moral conduct and religious belief. No one but a madman,
a fanatic, or an interested knave, can pretend to tell us that it
is an encyclopgedia of science."

Setting, however, these Scriptural references aside, the idea
which Mr. Newman has stated in the pages referred to, viz.,
that of the superiority of one of the divisions of any natural
group, and of its central situation, is an extremely happy
one and deserves much consideration ; and it is worthy of
observation, that Fries had, ten years ago, employed the terms
centrum and radii to distinguish the typical and aberrant
divisions of any groups. Mr. MacLeay, indeed, asserts that
the former term did not imply the centre of a circle, but that
site in its circumference occupied by the normal form or
perfection of the particular structure common to the superior
group of which it forms a part ; in like manner, the term ixtdii
is stated by him to be applied to those groups, likewise in
the circumference, which lead from one centrum or type to
another. Although such, indeed, may be a fair interpretation
of M. Fries' words, I can scarcely think that he would have
employed such unequivocal terms as centrum and radii, with-
out wishing to impress the idea of the former occupying the
centre of the circle.

Mr. Newman observes, " Be the system of nature discovered
when it may, it will never be found that Appia via which
Linnaeus has made it out to be, but rather like the Cretan
labyrinth ; and whoever may happen to be the fortunate
Theseus, must undertake the task of showing the way to his
competitors, until it becomes so well known that a map of
the road (a systematic catalogue) may be drawn for the use
of all." Let us, however, who are the disciples of this great
man, be careful that not a single gem be withdrawn from his
gorgeous coronet. Linn^us knew well that the natural
system was very different to that artificial one set forth in
his works, although he gave to the latter the name of S?/stema

OPINIONS ON MR. NEWMAN's SPHINX VESPIFOKMIS. 235

Natures ; indeed, it is rather remarkable that, in describing
the former, he has employed the very expression which, in
the paragraph quoted above, is set in opposition to what is
called his Appia via: '^ Plantce omnes" says he, in his
" Philosophia Botanica," " utrinque qffinitatem monsirant
i(ti territorimn in Mappa Gcographicar How far a conti-
nuous systematic catalogue can ever be made, to afford a clue
to the intricacies of this map-like labyrinth, appears rather
dubious.

Respecting the distribution of the animal kingdom (or, as
Mr. Newman terms it, first primary group) into seven sub-
kingdoms (kingdoms, Newm.), that gentleman has merely
ventured to give a supposition, that the Vertebrata will be
found to constitute a central seventh of all animated nature ;
at p. 54 (Sph. Vesp.) he, however, gives the Annulosa as
another of these first divisions. So that it is evident that the
remaining five subkingdoms must be formed from the residue
of the unvertebrated animals ; it will, however, be quite im-
possible to discover five such groups, which shall respectively
be of equal value with the Vertebrata and Annulosa.

In like manner, the author has given no clue to his pro-
posed septenary distribution of the Annulose subkingdom into
classes (or, as he terms them, subkingdoms) ; it is true that he
considers the insects as forming the central one of the seven
Annulose classes ; and he is not unwilling to introduce the
Ametabola of Dr. Leach {Pediculi, &c.), into the outermost
circle of the Hemiptera ; so that his six remaining classes (or
subkingdoms) must be constructed from the Crustacea, Arach-
nicla, and Myriapoda ; but, if such a step were adopted, it is
equally evident that such six groups would not respectively
be of equal value, either with his group Insecta, or even with
the two divisions of insects adopted by some other naturalists,
Mandibulata and Haustellata.

From the preceding paragraph, it will be seen, that the
author proposes to alter the value of those higher sectional
terms, which are tolerably well established ; of these the term
kingdom is so universally employed for animals, vegetables,
and minerals, that the innovation appears neither warranted
by necessity nor good taste. So also, in p. 21, he informs us
that he has invariably used the term class to designate the
orders of Linnaeus. If entomolooists of all countries arc

2o6 OPINIONS ON MR. NEWMAN's SPHINX VESPIFORMI3.

agreed upon any one point of nomenclature, it is in preserving
for the Culeoptera, &c. the name of orders. What possible
benefit does the author suppose can arise, by thus transposing
and altering well-established sectional names ? With myself,
at least, confusion has been the result ; since whilst studying
the pages of the '*' Sphinx Vespiformis," I was constantly
tripping over the misapplied terms, kingdom, class, order, &c.
I trust entomologists will set their faces against the attempted
innovations.

Yours, &c.
The Grove, Hammersmith, I. O. Westwood.

Oc/. 1832.

(To he conthtued.)

3. Observations on the Newmannian, or Septenary Sys-
tem.— Sir, I conceive it to be my duty to send you my opi-
nions on the subject which has lately engrossed so large a
portion of the attention of the scientific naturalists of this
country. I need not say you are at liberty to publish my
opinions, or not, as you may think fit ; but I appeal to you,
as Editor of a scientific magazine, whether such a magazine
should not be always open to the free expression of opinion.
My strictures may be unpalatable to many, — they certainly
will be to some of your readers ; but as truth must sooner
or later triumph, the sooner that delusion which obscures it
is dispelled the better. In your review of " Sphinx Vespi-
formis," what have you said? Every entomologist of my
acquaintance was eagerly expecting a decisive opinion from an
entomological magazine : your number comes amongst us, and
contains no opinion. You merely recommend us to read
what we had all read at least a dozen times. Permit me to
say. Sir, that in your review there appears a kind of sup-
pressed disapprobation, which, to myself, who am not in your
confidence, is quite unintelligible. Did you believe in the
theory of a septenary series of circles, you would, with the
friendly feeling you manifest towards its author, have openly
avowed that belief; but you do not believe; then. Sir, why
not boldly say so I You say, the Essay " will be read with
pleasure by those who may not be disposed to coincide with the
peculiar views of the author:" so it will ; but should you not
have added, " Such is the plausibility which his extraordinary
talent has given to a theory, the most absurd and extravagant

OPINIONS ON MR. NEWMANS SPHINX VESPIFORMIS. Zo I

that man ever presumed to palm upon liis fellow-creatures."
Let me not, however, seek to write down Mr. Newman by
the mere force of words, and let him not imagine that I
suppose myself capable of doing so ; he is an antagonist
against whom a giant's arm were ineffectual ; and but for the
sure and certain knowledge that I am right, and that he is
wrong, 1 dare not thus provoke him to the combat.

I enter not into the subject of the first chapter, — it is as
dazzling as I believe it fliHacious. I have only to do with the
three grand points of the theory, as demonstrated by Mr.
Newman, from the class Insecta ; first, that the class Insect a
is divisible into seven groups only ; second, that Neuroptera,
the supposed central group, is connected with, or related to,
each of the other six, which form a circle round it; third,
that of every seven the central one forms a type of the rest.

First. That the number seven prevails in the divisions of
the Insecta I must unequivocally deny; and I trust I have
only to prove the existence of an eighth class,^ to prove the
fallibility of the number seven. For this purpose I select the
Trichoptera, Kirby, — subclass P/ivT/ganea, Newman, — and
place its characters in contrast with those of the Neuroptera,
with which Mr. Newman has thought fit to incorporate it.

NEUROPTERA. ? TRICHOPTERA.

Mouth perfect, i. e. witli perfect Moutli imperfect, i. e. without

mandibles and maxilla". mandibles or maxillae.

"Wings four, reticulated. Wings four, clothed with hair.

Prothorax, distinct. Prothorax, replaced by a collar.

Larva, hexapod, active. Larva sluggish, in a case.

Pupa, active, voracious. Pupa, quiescent.

These characters are given in Mr. Newman's own way, and
from them it appears that Neuroptera and Trichoptera have
no single character in common. Thus an eighth class is

f I observe Mr. Newman terms the orders of Linn;pus classes, thus following
Fabricius; and introduces orders as much more limited groups. This is so clearly
an improvement, that all scientific men will at once adopt it. The next divi-
sion, subclass, Newm. is Stirps. MacL. and must yield to priority.

s We are little disposed to criticise the performances of our contributors ; but
an obvious misstatement must not be passed over in silence. These characters
are those of the genus Libellula Lin., not those of the order Neuroptera. If this
error arise from ignorance, Clericus ought to study before pronouncing so autho-
ritative an opinion ; if intentional and for the sake of argument, we pity him :
in either case, he is wise in so positively declining a controversy. — Ed.

238 OPINIONS ON MR. newman's sphinx vespiformis.

introduced, and the uniformity of the figure, as well as the
imaginary value of the number, destroyed. Homoptera,
Dennaptera, and Strepisiptera, seem also to claim an equal
rank.

Second. That the class Neuroptera is related to each of
the other six classes. Let us try this also. In order to make
good his position, Mr. Newman places Psyche, a genus of
moths, with his subclass, Phryganea, in Neuroptera, and
thus connects Lepidoptera and Neuroptera ! He next fancies
a relationship between the Kphemera; and the gnats, because
" they dance together in the sunshine ! " This is as profound
reasoning as that by which " the erroneous Rennie" })roves
antennae to be ears, — a piece of besotted ignorance which you
have very laudably exposed. This is the mode of connecting
Neuroptera and T>'iptera ! The white ants in Neuroptera
(being larvas) are supposed to be related to the common ants
in Hymenoptera (being perfect insects), because both build
houses ! No relation between Coleoptera and Neuroptera is
attempted ; but the next class, Orthopiera, is robbed of a
genus, Mantispa, which is placed in Neuroptera for the sake
of making a relation between these two. Lastly, Aphis, in
Hemiptera, meets Psocus, in Neuroptera, and there seems,
in this single instance, to be a distinct analogy. To sum up,
two of these relations depend on genera being misplaced ; two
more on accidental similarity in habits ; a fifth on analogy ;
and the sixth is, even by the ingenious author, not attempted.

Third. That the central class, Neuroptera, is any way a
type of the others, cannot be for a moment upheld. Mr. New-
man has not descended to any explanation of this ; he must
have been well aware that any thing that could have been
urged in favour of such a proposition must have been met with
instant refutation.

This is a fair view of the Newmannian theory, — system I
cannot call it : it is lamentable that entomologists shall have
regarded it as entitled to serious consideration; it bears its
refutation on its very face ; and yet the author tells one, with
the coolest effrontery, that " no one," but himself, " since
the days of Linnaeus, has ever thought at all," and speaks as
though he were perfectly confident that " that great arcanum,
the syslema naturcc,'' were at length discovered.

I sec Mr. Newman's name so prominent in your Magazine,

INSERT FOLDOUT HERE

BOWERBANK ON CIRCULATION. 239

and I see his "Essay" handled so tenderly, and treated with
so much respect, that I flatter myself these observations will
not altogether escape his notice, and I may reasonably expect
that I shall draw on myself his angry reply. I wish now
most positively to state, that I shall decline a controversy;
and to all who may desire to commence one, I merely say,
reperuse tJiis.

It is scarcely allowable thus to point out the errors, without
making any allusions to the merits of a work: permit me,
therefore, to add, that I have never seen any summary of the
characters of the diflferent classes of insects given in so clear,
concise, and unexceptionable a manner, as in Mr. Newman's
table ; neither did I ever read a work on natural history con-
taining such profound ideas, and displaying such varied and
great talent, as the one, the main theory of which it has been
my endeavour to point out as being completely imaginary.
How often is this the case ! how often does talent, like the
" ignis fatuus," dazzle to mislead.

I am, Sir,
Your subscriber, and generally your admirer,

Clericus.
October 1, 1S32.

Art. XXV. — Observations on the Circulation of the Blood
in Insects. By James Bowerbank, Esq., F. G. & Z. S.

The larva of the Ephemera marginata^ is the insect which
best exhibits the general circulation of the blood, and is the
one which has been the principal subject of the following
observations. It is figured and described in Dr. Goring and
Mr. Pritchard's "Microscopic Illustrations;" but, for my
first introduction to the living larva, I am indebted to my
friend, Mr. Tulley, with one of whose splendid instruments
my observations have been made. These larvae may be found

» It does not appear quite certain of wliat particular species of ephemera
the insect described here is the larva. — Ed.

240 BOWERBANK ON

in considerable numbers in small pools of water in boggy or
marshy places ; mine were procured from similar situations on
Hampstead Heath. They may be preserved for many montlis
in glass jars, or other vessels, with a little duck-weed floating
upon the surface of the water. In selecting them for the
purpose of exhibiting the circulation of the blood, care should
be taken to choose such as have not yet attained a greater
length of body than about one-eighth of an inch, as the whole
insect may then be subjected to examination, with a reason-
able expectation of seeing the full extent of the great dorsal
vessel ; particularly if one be selected which has the intestinal
canal free, or nearly free, from food, as the success of the
observation will greatly depend upon this circumstance. In
fixing the larva for observation, which of course must be in
water, great care must be taken not to compress the body, as,
although the central circulation may be seen proceeding with
considerable vigour, that through the lateral vessels, and those
of the tail, legs, and antennae, will either be much impeded or
entirely stopped. Having fixed the insect, with the above
precautions, and with its back towards you, a truly beautiful
and astonishing sight presents itself. The blood, abounding
in flattened oat-shaped particles, will be seen circulating in
every part of the body, not in a continuous stream, but at
regular periods, agreeing in its motion with the pulsations of
the great dorsal vessel. This vessel (Fig. 1, a, a, a, a,) ex-
tends nearly the whole length of the body, and is of great
comparative magnitude. It is furnished, at regular intervals,
with double valves, about equal in number to the sections of
the body. Both above and below each of these sets of valves
is a pair of singular looking appendages, (Fig. 2, a.) They are,
probably, nervous ganglions, auxiliary to the motions of the
vessel, but so exceedingly pellucid as scarcely to be defined
with the highest power which can be applied to them. The
action of the valves is a most interesting and beautiful sight.
While in their greatest state of collapse, the point of the
lower valve is seen closely compressed .within the upper one,
(Fig. 3, a.) At the commencement of the expansion of the
artery, the blood is seen flowing in from the lateral apertures,
(Fig. 2, b) ; and, at the same time, the stream in the artery com-
mences its ascent. When it has nearly attained its greatest
state of expansion, the sides of the lower valve are forced

CIUCULATION. 241

upwards by the increased flow of the blood from the section
below the valve, the lateral openings are closed, and the main
current of the blood is projected through the two valves, as
shewn in Fig. 4, a.

It is not easy to see this beautiful structure of the valves of
the great dorsal vessel, for it is only when the insect is in a
state of great exhaustion, or has been just so much compressed
as to destroy voluntary motion without entirely depriving it of
life, that it is possible to subject it to a power sufficiently high
to discern these extremely delicate and transparent tissues ;
and even then, to see them to the greatest advantage, recourse
should be had only to such as are in the last three or four
sections of the body.

The structure of the upper valve appears to be a reflecting
inwards and upwards of the inner coat or coats of the artery ;
and of the under one, to be a contraction and projection of the
like parts of a portion of the artery beneath, so as to come
within the grasp of the lower part of the valve above it. The
exterior portion of the artery may be seen as an exceedingly
fine line, connecting the parts above and below the valves, as
represented at c, Figs. 2, S, and 4.

The blood does not appear to be confined within any
specific vessels, previously to its entering the lateral openings
before-mentioned, as, when they open, the particles are seen
converging towards them, as shewn by the curved and straight
arrows. Fig. 2.

The whole of the blood received throughout the course of
this vessel is conveyed to the extremity of the antei'ior part of
the body, where the vessel makes a curve inwardly, and is lost
to view at b, Fig. 1 . To all appearance, the main current of
the blood is now discharged into the cavity of the body, as it
is seen pursuing its course downwards, in a wide spreading
stream, on each side and beneath the great dorsal vessel. As
it descends, portions are again absorbed by the valves of the
dorsal vessel, and, at the same time, vessels passing down each
side of the body convey another portion of the blood to its
lower extremity. These are decidedly vessels, not portions of
the great abdominal cavity, their boundaries being clearly
definable. They communicate at each junction of the sections
of the body with the great abdominal cavity, as a part of
the blood they convey is discharged at these points, to supply

NO. III. VOL. I. I I

242 BOWERBANK ON

the place of that absorbed by the valves of the great dorsal
vessel; c, Fig. 1, shews the course of these vessels, and d,
Fig. 1, the points at which they communicate with the abdomi-
nal cavity. These vessels terminate at e, Fig. 1, by discharg-
ing their contents into the lower end of the great dorsal vessel.

The circulation is also strikingly and beautifully exhibited
in the tail. Here the ascending and descending vessels, like
vein and artery, accompany each other; and, at the same
instant that the blood is seen to pass up the one, with the usual
pulsatory motion, it descends in the other in a similar manner.
This is the more apparent, as the sides of the vessels are well
defined, and each perfectly distinct from the other.

Although the blood passes with the same pulsatory motion
through these minute vessels as it does in other parts of the
body, yet no pulsation of either the ascending or descending
vessels themselves can be detected. The motion, therefore,
seems to be entirely dependent on the action of the great
dorsal vessel, which evidently performs in the insect the same
functions that the heart does in vertebrated animals.

Supplying and returning vessels may also be seen in the
legs, although they cannot be so clearly defined as in the tail ;
and in the antennae they pass up on the one side of the first
joint, and, turning round at the extremity, they again descend
into the head.

Upon fixing the insect so as to obtain a side-view, the great
dorsal vessel presents a very interesting appearance. It is seen
continually and regularly oscillating backwards and forwards,
upwards and downwards, and at the same time the main current
of the blood in the great abdominal cavity winds its way in all
directions towards the hinder extremity of the insect. Scarcely
any larvae exhibit the circulation of the blood in so beautiful a
manner as the one described, although there are few in which
it is not more or less to be seen, as I have been able to detect
the great dorsal vessel in almost all I have examined, In
one, figured in the work before quoted of Dr. Goring and
Mr. Pritchard, and said to be the larvae of a Culex, no particles
are visible in the blood ; but the great dorsal vessel, its valves,
and their singular appendages, are distinctly and beautifully
apparent.

Next to the larvae of the Ephemera marginata, the larvae of
Agrion affords the best view of the blood and its circulation.

CIRCULATION. 243

In all the species of these larvae I have yet examined, I have
found it as nearly similar as possible in appearance to that
which we observe in the Ephemera, and in some instances
it has afforded even more satisfactory results. The head of
this larva is much more transparent than that of the larva of
the Ephemera ; we therefore had a better view of the circula-
tion of the blood in the head of this insect than can possibly
be obtained in the other. In this object the blood is seen rush-
ing like a beautiful intermittent fountain towards the mouth,
and dividing, right and left, into two jets, a portion of each of
which flows within a given boundary past the back of the eye,
whilst the remainder winds its way through other channels,
deep in the side of the head, and returns again into the body.
The antennae of this insect also afford another beautiful
instance of the circulation being carried forward within well-
defined vessels. They are each composed of six joints, up
four of which the blood is seen to take its course, and turning
round the extremity of the fourth joint, it returns by a distinct
vessel into the head.

In the leg, likewise, the circulating fluid and its vessels are
clearly and distinctly to be traced, even to the very extremity
of the tarsus, where, as in the antennae, the particles of the
blood are seen to descend on the one side of the leg, and,
turning the extreme point, to return up the contrary side to
the one by which they came down.

I regret much that I have not yet had an opportunity of
examining the Ephemera in its perfect state ; but in two species
of Culex, one of which was first observed and brought to me
by my friend, Mr. Tulley, I have seen the great dorsal vessel
performing its functions in a manner similar in every respect
to its appearance in the larvae of Ephemera, Agrion, &c. &c. ;
but, from the body of the fly being more opaque than that of
the larvae, and nearly covered with its striated scales, neither
the valves nor the particles of the blood could be detected.
On another occasion, after having carefully cleared the wings
of Phlogophora meticulosa of their coloured scales, both Mr.
Samouelle and myself clearly saw a fluid pass down the side
of one of the principal ribs of the wing. We may therefore,
I think, fairly conclude, that the circulation is carried forward
in the perfect insect as well as in the larva, although, perhaps,
not with so much vigour as when young and growing.

244 WALKER ON

In describing what I have seen, I have abstained from using
the word vessel, except where the margins were distinctly to
be defined, although I am inclined, from what I have seen, to
be of opinion, that a much greater portion of the circulation
than we can clearly define is carried on within given vessels,
as the blood may frequently be seen flowing in curved and other
lines, and confined within very narrow limits, but so deeply
seated amidst the muscles and intestines as totally to prevent
the boundaries of the current from being clearly observed.
This is strikingly the case in the side-view of this insect,
where currents are seen winding about in many diflferent
directions, but, from the intervening muscles and intestines
their boundaries are not visible ; nor can it be expected under
such circumstances, when we consider that the blood is a
perfectly colourless and transparent fluid, visible only from
its containing a number of particles of a somewhat flattened
oat- shape ; and that the great dorsal vessel itself is only to
be seen distinctly with a very high power, and even then can
only be defined with certainty whilst it is in motion.

I cannot omit observing a singular coincidence between the
flattened oat-shaped particles of the blood in the insect, and of
the circular double concave plates in the human blood, which
is, that the particles of the former, like those of the latter,
assume a globular form immediately on coming in contact
with water.

Art. XXVI. — Observations on the British Species of
Sejjsidcs. By Francis Walker, Esq. F.L. S.

Micropeza was the generic name given by Meigen to
Musca corrigiolata, of Linnaeus ; or, Calobata corrigiolata ,
of Fabricius, who has placed in the latter genus some Dip-
terous insects, having not the slightest aflSnity to each other ;
one species being a Sepsis; another, a Tachydromia ; a thii'd,
a Borborus ; their only mutual resemblance consisting in the
rapidity of their movements. Latreille, in his Genera Crust,
et Insect., has placed Musca cynipsea, of Linnaeus, and
Tephritis macula, of Fabricius (both belonging to Sepsis,

THE SEPSID.E. 245

Fallen), mMicropeza; also, Musca cothurnata and petronella,
of Linnaeus, to which Calobafa is now restricted. He has
removed Musca vibrans, of Linnseus, (placed with Micropcza
in the Hist. Nat. des Crust. &c.) to Tephritis, which he
places next to the other genus, its natural situation, if Musca
cynipsea and vibrans are taken as their respective types,
though the affinities of some species included in the two
genera are very remote. He has formed nearly the same
arrangement in the Regne Animal, but in the Families
Naturelles it is more artificial ; as Dictya and Dacus are
placed between Tephritis and Micropeza, constituting with
Platystoma, his Carpomyzce, which, with his DolichocercCy
and a part of his Gonocephalce, form the Ortalides of Fallen,
containing, among other genera, Ortalis and Sepsis, Musca
vibrans^, Tephritis cerasi and Syngenesice, &c. being the types
of the former; — Musca cynipsea and punctum, of the latter
genus ; while Tephritis cardui, solstitialis, radiata, &c., and
Micropeza corrigiolata, remain in the same genera. The
last-mentioned species is placed with Calobata, by Latreille,
in the Diet, de I' Hist. Nat., while Musca cy?iipsea and
punctum are left under Micropeza. R. Desvoidy follows this
arrangement, and makes a new genus ( Phantasma) of Musca
Jiliformis, which, with Calobata, Nerins, Sepsis, &c. he calls
Thelidomydce , the 2d tribe of his 5th gens, Phytomydce.
In the new edition of the Regne Animal, Latreille places the
following genera under Carpomyzce. 1 . Diopsis, Lat. 2. Ce-
phalia, Meig. 3. Sepsis, Fall. 4. Ortalis, Fall. 5. Tetanops,
Meig. 6. Tephritis, Lat. 7. Platystoma, Meig.

Fam. Sepsid^.

Caput medium, subproductum, postice latum : oculi medii, remoti,
rotundi : frons lata : ocelli tres, supra verticem in triangulo
dispositi : hypostoma depressum : labrum breve, latum, exca-
vatum : proboscis magna, apice lata, rugosa : palpi elongati,
graciles, setosi, aut vix conspicui : antennae capitebre viores,
4-articulat9e ; 1°. brevi, 2". latiore, 3°. magno, ovato, compresso ;
4°. setiformi, nudo aut minime pubescente, articulis multis con-
spicuis vel indistinctis, supra 3""'. basi inserto : thorax elongato
ovatus : prothorax supra inconspicuus : mesothoracis scutum
maximum, scutellum parvum, productum : metathoracis scutellum

' Rirby has called this insect Seioptera vibrans.

246

WALKER ON

bene determinatum aut fere inconspicuum : abdomen subpetio-
latum aut sessile, convexum, arcuatum, cylindricum aut depres-
sum, lineare aut elongato-ovatum, maris nonnunquam apice
comubus aut ciliis vestitum, 4-annulatum : pedes elongati aut
breves, maris femoribus et tibiis anticis saepe subtus dentatis et
spinosis, coxis anticis elongatis, maris tarsis intermediis non-
nunquam dilatatis : alas angustse, nervis longitudinalibus subrectis :
halteres capitati, ab alis remoti.

The insects of this family and of Ortalis, may be frequently
seen running on leaves in the sunshine, driving away any of
the larger Muscides which may chance to alight near them,
and continually vibrating their wings ; their economy is un-
known. Sepsis is nearly allied to Ortalis, Nemopoda to
Calobata, and Themira to Piophila.

subpetiolatum
Ala.

Abdomen \

sessile

I

Characteres Generum.

maculatse. Mas, Femoribus tibiis-
que anticis, subtus dentatis et
spinosis 1. Sepsis.

in utroque sexu sim-

plices 2. Nemopoda.

A/as.Femoribus tibiis-
immaculata J que anticis subtus
Pedes. \ dentatis et spinosis,
tarsis intermediis di-
latatis. Fern. Tarso-
rum articulo 1°. basi
compresso .... 3. Enicopus.

Metathoracis scutellum bene deter-
minatum 4. Themira.

Metathorax supra inconspicuus . 5. Saltella.

Genus I. — Sepsis. Fallen.
Musca . . Lmn. De Geer, Harris, Fabr. Gmel. Schrank,

Panzer, Berk. Stew. Turt. Olivier, Coquebert.
Tephritis . Fabr.

yiicvo'peza., Meigen, Lair. R. Desvoidy.
Sepsis . . Fallen, Meig. Wied. Latr. Curtis.

Corpus setosum : palpi vix conspicui : antennae seta indistinct^
articulata : metathoracis scutellum bene determinatum : abdomen
subpetiolatum, convexum, arcuatum, apice subtus incurvum,
segmento 1°. elongato, apice supra tumido, reliquis brevioribus,
maris subclavatum, fern, elongato-ovatum : pedes setosi, graciles,
elongati ; maris femora antica subtus dentata et spinosa ; tibiae

THE SEPSIDiE. 247

subarcuatae, maris subtus dentatae et spinosae ; tarsi articulo
r. elongate, sequentibus longitudine decrescentibus : alse apice
nigro maculatae.

Sp. 1. Sepsis cynipsea. Mas et fem. Nigro-viridis,
hypostomate nigro, abdomine cupreo purpureoque micante,
antennisfuscis, pedibus nigris, alts hyalinis.

Musca cynipsea . . . Linn. Sijst. Nat. 2. 997. 113.

Faun. Suec. 1868. De Geer. Ins.

6. 33. 18. \2. Scop.Ent. Cam.

947. Fabr. Ent. Syst. 4. 351.

160. Sp.Ins.±4^5\.S2. Mant.

Ins. 2. 351. 100. Schrank

Fauna Boica, III. 2461. Ins.

Aiistr. 956. Gmel. Syst. Nat. V.

2855. Steiv. 262. Turt. III.

618. Encycl. Method. No. 1 28.
The lesser Musca vibrans, Harris Ex. 122. PI. S5. fio-. 43.
Tephritis cynipsea . . Fabr. Syst. Antl. 324. 41.
Micropeza cynipsea . . Latr. Gen. Crust. IV. S55. Regne

Aniffi. III. 646.
Sepsis cynipsea. . . . Fallen Ortal. 23. 5. Meigen Dipt.

Europ. V. 287. Latr. Regne

Anim. Nouv. Edit. V. 532.
Micropeza fulgida ... J?. Desvoidy, Essai sur les Myo-

daires, 742. 3.

Caput nigrum, postice nigro-aeneum : oculi rufo-fusci : antennae
fuscas, seta nigra : thorax glaber ; latera aeneo-micantia : abdo-
men pubescens, sparse setosum, nitidum, aeneo-cupreum, segmentis
purpureo cingulatis : pedes piibescentes ; coxae fuscae, anticse
rufae ; femora nigro-viridia, apice basique fusca, maris antica
subtus versus medium dentata et spinosa ; tibiae intermediae apice
fuscae, anticas fuscae apice rufag, maris subtus bidentataj ; tarsi
nigri aut nigro-fusci, subtus pallide pubescentes : alas hyalinae,
basi fuscae: halteres fiavi. (Alarum longitudo, If — 2a lin. ;
corporis, 1 — \\ lin.)

Var. j8. — Mas, metathoracis scutellum aeneum, nij;ens.

Var. y. — Mas, abdomen cupreo-aeneum, unicolor.

Var. ^. — Mas, abdomen aeneum, segmentis 1°. e^ 2°. _cyaneo-
cingulatis: tibiae an ticae rufae ; tarsi articulo 1». rufo.

g48 WALKER Oi^

Var. e. — Fern, abdomen cupreum, seginento P. apice aeneo-viridi,
2'. disco purpurascente : femora postica basi rufa.

Common near London, in the spring, summer, and autumn,
on trees, plants, &c. Its scent has been compared to that of
balm.

Sp. 2. Sep. fulgens. Prcscedenti simUis, hypostomate rufo.
Sepsis fulgens. Hoffmansegg, Meigen. Dipt. Europ. V. 287.
With the preceding species, in nearly equal abundance.

Sp. 3. Sep. hilaris. Prcecedenti similis, tarsis omnibus rufis.

Sepsis hilaris. . . . Meigen. Dipt. Europ. V. 288.
Micropeza vivida, var. ? R. Desvoidtj, Essai sur les Myo-
daires. 742. 4.
It has been found near London.

Sp."4. Sep. flavimana. Prcecedenti similis, pedibus anticis
femoribusque 4 posticis basi flavis.

Sepsis flavimana. Meigen. Dipt. Europ. V. 288.

July ; south of France. It has been found near London.

Note. — The three preceding species are perhaps only varieties
of Sep. cynipsea.

Sp. 5. Sep. raacuhpes. Mas et fem. Nigro-csnea, hyposto-
mate nigro, abdomine cupreo, antennis fuscis, pedibus
nigris, anticis flavis fusco maculatis, alis hyalinis.

Caput antice nigrum : oculi rufo-fusci : antennas fuscae, seta nigra :
thoracis latera metathoracisque scutellum senea, nitida : abdomen
nitidum : pedes antici flavi, femoribus supra fusco maculatis, tarsis
nioTO-fuscis ; coxae flavae ; femora 4 postica nigro-aenea, basi et
fern, apice flava ; tibiae 4 posticae nigro -fuscae ; tarsi concolores,
subtus nigro-pubescentes : alae hyalinae, basi fuscae : halteres
flavi. (Alarum longitudo, 1| — 2 lin. corporis, 1 — \\ lin.)

Var. /3. — Mas, pedes postici tibiis tarsisque nigris ; tibiae anticae
fusco cingulatae.

Var, y. — Fem. pedes intermedii tibiis apice tarsisque basi flavis ;
tibiae anticae fuscae, basi flavae.

July ; near London. September ; near Ambleside, West-
moreland.

THE SEPSID^. ^49

Sp. 6. Sep. concinna. Fem. Nigro-viridis, abdomine pur-
pureo-cuiireo, antennis fuscis, hijpostomaie pedibusque
nigris, alls hyalinis.

Caput antice nigrum : oculi rufo-fusci : antennae fuscse, seta nigra :
thoracis latera metathoracisque scutellum aenea, nitida : abdomen
nitidum : femora nigro-aenea ; tibiae anticse nigro-fuscas ; tarsi 4
antici basi nigro-fusci : alae hyalinae, basi fuscae : halteres flavi.
(Alarum longitudo, 2 — 2| lin. ; corporis, \\ — 1^ lin.)

July ; on grass, beneath trees ; near London.

Sp. 7. Sep. ruficornis. Mas et fem. ISligro-cenea, anten-
nis rtifis aut fuscis, pedibus nigris, tiibis anticis jlavis, alis
subhyalinis.

Sepsis ruficornis. Meigen, Dipt. Europ. V. 288.

Caput antice nigrum : oculi rufo-fusci : antennae rufae, seta nigra :
thoracis latera mesothoracisque scutellum nitida : abdomen niti-
dum : coxae flavoe ; femora nigro-aenea, basi flava ; tibiae anticoe
flavae, intermediae apice fuscae ; tarsi nigro-fusci : alse subhyalinae,
basi fuscae: halteres flavi. (Alarum longitudo, \\ — \\ lin.;
corporis, f — | lin.)

Var. /3. — Mas et Fem. tibiae anticae, coxae et antennae fuscae.
June ; on grass beneath trees ; near London.

Sp. 8. Sep. nigripes. Mas et fem. Nigra, abdomine
nigro-ceneo, antennis rufis aut fuscis, pedibus nigris, alis
subfuscis.

Sepsis nigripes. Meigen, DiiJt. Europ. V. 289.

Micropeza nitida. R. DesKoidy, Essai sur les Myodaires.
743. 5.

Oculi fusci : antennae rufae, seta nigra : thoracis latera metathora-
cisque scutellum nitida : abdomen nigro-aeneum, nitidum : coxae
anticae rufae : alae subfuscae, basi fuscse : halteres flavi. (Alarum
longitudo, 1| — Ig lin. ; corporis, f — | lin.)

Var. jo. — Mas et Fem. antennae et coxae anticae fuscae.

June to September ; on grass beneath trees ; near London.

Sp. 9. Sep. violacea. Mas et fem. Nigro-viridis, abdomine
purpurea, antennis fuscis, pedibus rufis, alis hyalinis.

Sepsis violacea Meigen, Dipt. Europ. V. 289.

Micropeza pygmaea, var. ? R. Desvoidy, Essai sur les

Myodaires. 743. 7.

NO. III. VOL. I. K K

250 WALKER ON

Caput antice nigrum : oculi rufo-fusci : antennae fuscae, seta nigra :
abdomen, thoracis latera metathoracisque scutellnm nitida : coxae
anticae tibiaeque posticae fuscas ; tarsi apice fusci : alae hyalinae,
basi fuscas : halteres flavi. (Alarum longitudo, 1^ — 2 lin. ; cor-
poris, 1 — 14 lin.)

July ; on grass, beneath trees ; near London.

Sp. 10. Sep. punctum. Mas et fem. Nigro-viridis, abdo-
niine liurpiireo basi aureo, antennis fuscis, pedibus riifis,
alls hyalinis.

Musca punctum. . Fabr. Entr. Syst. IV. o51, 159. Co-

queh. Illustr. 109. Tab. 24. Fig. 14.

Tephritis punctum. . Fabr. Syst. Antl. 324. 40. EncycL

Method. PI. 395. Fig. 27—29.

Scfiell, Dipt. Tab. 4. Fig. 2.

Musca stigma. . . Panzer. Faun. Germ. LX. 21. Encycl.

Method. PI. 394. Fig. 26.
Micropeza punctum. Latr. Gen. Crust. &c. IV. 355. Notiv.

Diet. d'Hist. Nat. XX. 520.
Sepsis punctum. . Fallen Ortal. 22. 4. Meigen, Dipt.

Europ. V. 289. 10.
Micropeza cynipsea. R, Desvoidy, Essai siir les Myodaires.

741. 1.
Caput antice nigrum : hypostoma rufura : oculi rufo-fusci, antennae
fuscae, seta nigra : thoracis latera et metathoracis scutellum nitida :
abdomen cupreo-purpureum, nitidum, basi aureum : femora 4
postica fusco cingulata ; tibiae posticae fuscae, intermediae apice
fuscae ; tarsi apice fusci : alas hyalinae, basi fuscas : halteres flavi.
(Alarum longitudo, 2^ — 2| lin. ; corporis, If — 2 lin.)
Var. /3. — Mas, abdominis segmentum 1"". rufo-viride.
Var. y. — Mas, pedes femoribus omnibus et tibiis 4 anticis fusco

cingulatis.
Var. S. — Fem. abdomen purpureo cingulatum : pedes tibiis inter-
mediis tarsique posticis fuscis.

July ; near London ; on trees, plants, &:c.

Sp. 11. Sep. ornata. Nigro-viridis, abdoinine ceneo,segmento
primo chalybeato, antennis fuscis, pedibus rujis, alis
hyalinis.

Sepsis ornata. Meigen, Dipt. Europ. V. 290. 11.
It has been found near London.

THE SEPSIDiE. 251

Genus II. — Nemopoda, R. Desvoidy.

Corpus minime setosum : palpi elongati, graciles, setosi : antennae
seta distincte triarticulata : metathoracis scutellum bene determi-
natum : abdomen pubescens, subpetiolatum, convexum, arcua-
tum, apice subtus incurvum, segmento 1" elongato, apice supra
tumido, reliquis brevioribus, maris subclavatum, fem. elongato-
ovatum : pedes graciles, elongati, non setosi, in utroque sexu
simplices ; tibiae subarcuatae ; tarsi articulo 1° elongato, sequenti-
bus longitudine decrescentibus : alae immaculatse.

Sp. 1. Nem. cylindrica. Mas et fem. Nigro-csneus tho-
racis lateribus antice et postice rujis, abdomine ceneo-
cupreo, antennis rufis, pedibus Jlavo-fuscis, alts hyallnis
apice obscuris.

Musca cylindrica Fabr. Ent. Syst. IV.

SS6. 104.
Musca alis vibrantibus immaculatis. Geoffrey, Ins. 2. 536. 84.

Calobata cylindrica Fabr. Syst. AntL263.U.

Sepsis nitidula Fallen Ortal. 21. 2.

Sepsis cylindrica Meigen, Dipt. Europ.

V. 290. \2.
Nemopoda putris R. Desvoidy, Essai sur

les Myodaires. 744. 1 .

Caput nigrum, postice nigro-aeneum : hypostoma rufum : oculi nifo-
fusci : oculi rufi : antennae rufae, seta nigra basi rufa : thoracis
latera metathoracisque scutellum aenea, nitida : abdomen nitidum :
pedes flavi ; femora 4 postica supra m.edio fusca ; tibiae posticas
fuscae, intermediae supra pallide fuscse ; tarsi fusci, 4 antici basi
flavo-fusci : alae hyalinae, basi flavescentes, apice fuscescentes :
halteres albi. (Alarum longitudo, 2| — 2| lin.; corporis If — 2$
lin.)

Var. (3. — Mas, tibiae intermediae fuscae.

May to August ; on plants ; near London.

Sp. 2. Nem. stercoraria. Mas ei fem. Nigro-viridis, tho-
racis lateribus a?itice et postice rvfis aid fuscis, abdomine
ceneo, antennis rufis, pedihus jlavo-fuscis, alis subfuscis.

Nemopoda stercoraria. R. Desvoidy, Essai sur les Myodaires.
745. 3.

252 WALKER ON

Caput nigrum : hypostoma rufum : oculi ocellique rufi : antennae
rufae, seta nigra basi rufa : thoracis latera nitida, antice et postice
rufa ; metathoracis scutellum nitidum, nigro-aeneum : abdomen
nitidum, apicis latera chalybea : pedes pallide fusci : femora basi
et femora antica subtus flava : tibiae anticae coxaeque flavae : tarsi
obscure fusci : alae basi flavescentes : halteres albi. (Alarum
longitudo, 2 lin. ; corporis, 1^ lin.)

Var. j3. — Mas, thoracis latera antice et postice fusca.

June ; on plants ; near London.

Sp. 3. Nem. nigricornis. Mas et fern. Nigro-viridis,
abdom'me purpureo-cupreo, antennis nigro-fuscis, pedibus
fusco-jlavis, alls hyalinis.

Sepsis nigricornis. Meigen, Dipt. Europ. V. 291. 13.

Caput nigro-aeneum, postice cyaneo-nigrum : oculi rufo-fusci : ocelli
rufi : antennae nigro-fuscae, seta nigra : thoracis latera et meta-
thoracis scutellum nigro-aenea, nitida: abdomen nitidum, segmento
1°. apice purpureo : pedes flavi ; femora 4 postica apice asneo-
fusca, antica apice pallide fusca ; tibiae 4 posticae fuscae, apice
pallidiores : tarsi fusci, 4 antici basi flavo-fusci : alae hyalinas, basi
flavescentes : halteres pallide flavi. (Alarum longitudo, 2 lin. ;
corporis, \\ lin.)

Var. fl. — Mas, abdomen cupreo-aeneum ; segmentum 2""". purpureo
cingulatum : tibiae anticae fuscae.

June ; on plants ; near London.

Sp. 4. Nem. tarsalis. Mas. Nigro-viridis, abdomine nigro-
cupreo, antenms nigro-fuscis, pedibus fusco-nigris, alis
subfuscis.

Caput nigrum, postice nigro-viride : hypostoma iiifum : oculi rufo-
fusci : ocelli rufi : antennae nigrofuscae, seta nigra : thoracis latera
nitida, antice rufa: metathoracis scutellum nigro-aeneum, nitidum:
abdomen nitidum : pedes nigri ; coxae flavae ; femora basi flava,
apice supra flavo notata, antica fusca apice basi subtusque flava ;
tibiae intermediae apice fuscas, anticae flavo-fuscae ; tarsi fusci : alae
subfuscae, apice basique fuscae: halteres flavi. (Alarum longitudo,
2 lin. ; corporis, 1| lin.)

August ; near London. September ; near Ambleside, in
Westmoreland.

THE SEPSID^. 253

Sp. 5. Nem. fumipennis. Fem. Ater, abdomine nigro-
ciipreo, antennis nigro-fuscis, pedibus nigris, alls fumosis.

Oculi ocellique rufo-fusci : antennae nigro-fuscae, seta nigra : thoracis
latera et metathoracis scutellum nitida : abdominis segnnentum
3*"". fere nigrum : coxas flavse ; femora basi flava, apice supra
flavo notata ; tibiae 4 anticae apice supra flavo notatae ; tarsi postici
basi flavi : alae fumosse, antice versus apicem obsciiriores : halteres
flavi. (Alarum longitude, 1| lin.; corporis 1^ lin.)
July ; on plants ; near London.

Genus III. — Enicopus,'' Walker.

Sepsis. Meigen, Curtis.

Corpus minime setosum : metathoracis scutellum bene determinatum :
abdomen pubescens, subpetiolatum, convexum, arcuatum ; maris
cylindricum, apice comubus duobus munitum, incurvum, segmento
l°.elongato ; fem. elongato-ovatum : pedes graciles, elongati, pubes-
centes ; maris, femoribus anticis subtus dentatis et spinosis, tibiis
anticis subtus bidentatis, tarsis intermediis dilatatis ; fem. sim-
plices, tarsorum articulo 1°. basi compresso ; tibiae subarcuatag ;
tarsi articulo 1°. elongato, sequentibus longitudine decrescentibus :
alae immaculatae.

Sp. 1. Enic. annulipes. Mas et fem. Nigro-ceneus, antennis
fuscis, pedibus nigris, alis subfuscis (mas), aut subliya-
linis (fem.)

Sepsis annulipes. Meigen, Dipt. Europ. V. 292. 16. Curtis,
Brit. Ent. 245.

Mas. — Niger : oculi ocellique rufo-fusci : antennae basi rufas, seta
nigra : thoracis latera metathoracisque scutellum nigro-aenea, nitida:
abdomen nigro-aeneum, nitidum, segmentis 1". et 2°. cupreo-
seneis, apice breve setosum : coxas flavae ; femora nigro-aenea,
basi flava ; tibiae apice supra flavo notatae, 4 anticae fuscae ; tarsi
intermedii aterrimi, articulis 1°. et 2°. basi albis : alae subfuscae :
halteres flavi.

Fem. — ^Nigro-aeneus : tarsi intermedii nigri, articulo 1°. flavo : alse
subhyalinae. (Alarum longitude, 1| lin. ; corporis li lin.)

Var. /3. — Mas, abdominis segmenta 1"". et 2"™. viridi-aenea, 3"™. et
4""". nigro-aenea.

July ; on grass beneath oak-trees ; near London.

^ 'EpiKhs singularis, irovs pes.

254 WALKER ON

Genus IV.— Themira, R. Desvoidy.

Musca . . . Linn. List. Goecl. Mcrian, Frisch. Berk.

Scojj. Gmel. Fabr. Schrank.
Sepsis . . . Fallen, Meigen, Curtis, Haliday.

Seta minime pilosa, distincte triarticulata : metathoracis scutellum
bene determinatum : abdomen sessile, depressum ; maris fere
lineare, apice plerumque setosum, segmento 1°. elongato ; fern.
elongato-ovatum, segmentis subasquis : pedes elongati, graciles,
maris femoribus tibiisque anticis subtus dentatis et spinosis.

Sp. 1. Them, putris. Mas et fem. Atra aut nigro-anea,
tiitida, abdomine maris apice breve setoso, alis subhyalinis
aid subfuscis.

Musca putris. Linn. Syst. Nat. 2. 993. 89.

Var. fimeti . Faun. Suec. 1. 1110. 2. 1850.

Musca putris. List. Goed. 132. Goed. Ins. 1. Tab. 73.

Merian, Europ. Tab. 43. Fig. S3. Frisch.

Ins. I. Tab. 7. Berk. Synop. 1. 165. Scop.

Ent. Cam. 904. Gmel. Sijst. Nat. V. 2849.

89. Fabr. Sp. Ins. 2. 445. 51. Ent. Syst.

IV. 334. 92. Mant. Ins. 2. 347. 61. Syst.

Antl. 323. 34.
Musca fimeti. Schrank, Fauna Boica, III. 2471.
Sepsis putris. Fallen, Ortal. 21. 1. Meigen, Dipt. Europ. V.

292. 15. Haliday, Ent. Mag. II. 170.

Oculi ocellique riifo-fusci : antenna nigrae : abdomen glabrum,
maris apice breve setosum : pedes nigri ; tarsi subtus fusco
pubescentes : alas subhyalinse, costa nigra : halteres flavi, basi
fusci : maris femora antica subtus dentata et spinosa. (Alarum
longitudo, 2| — 3 lin. ; corporis li — If.)

Var. /3. — Mas et fem. corpus nigro-aeneum : alae subfuscae.

July ; on grass beneath trees ; near London.

■Note. — Linnaeus and other authors supposed this species to
be a variety of his Musca casei.

Sp. 2. Them, pilosa. Mas et fem. Nigra aut nigro-cenea,
nitida, abdomine maris apice longe setoso, alis subhyalinis.

Themira pilosa. R.Desvoidy, Essai sur les Myodaires, 746. 1 .
Sepsis superba. Holiday, Ent. Mag. II. 170.

THE SEPSID.^. 255

Mas, — Nigra : oculi ocellique rufo-fusci : antennae nigrae : abdomen
glabrum, apice setis vix brevioribus vestitum : pedes nigri ; femora
antica subtus basi 4-dentata ; tibiae anticae subtus dentatse et
spinosas, supra spina elongata valida armatae ; tarsi subtus fusco
pubescentes, anticum articulus 1"*. elongatus, 2"^ 3°. brevier,
alas subfuscae : halteres flavi.

Fern. — Nigro-aenea : pedes simplices. (Alarum longitude, 2 lin. ;
corporis, 1^ lin.)

July ; on grass beneath trees ; near London.

Sp. 3. Them, minor. Mas et fem. Nigra, nitida, ahdomine
nigro-ceneo, apice in utroque sexu nudo, alis subhyalinis
aut suhfuscis.

Sepsis minor. Haliday, Ent. Mag. II. 170.

Oculi ocellique rufo-fusci : antennas nigrae : abdomen glabrum :
pedes nigri ; maris, femora antica subtus spinosa, tibiae anticae
medio subtus bidentatae : alas subhyalinas : halteres flavi. (Alarum
longitude, U — It lin. ; corporis, f — 1 lin.)

Var. $. — Mas et fem. alae subfuscse.

September ; on grass beneath trees ; near London.

Sp. 4. Them. Leachi. Mas. Nigra, nitida, pedihtts basi
riijis, abdominis apice setoso.

Sepsis Leachi. Meigen, Dipt. Evrop. V. 291. 14.

Antennae nigras : pedes antici femoribus tibiisque subtus dentatis :
alas subhyalin^ : halteres flavi. (Corporis longitude, 2 lin.)
It has been found near London.

Genus V. — Saltella, R. Desvoidy.

Mesothoracis scutellum usque ad abdomen productum ; metathorax
supra invisum : abdomen sessile, depressum, fem. elengate-
ovatum : pedes breves, inermes ; femora subclavata ; tibiae rectas :
alae breves.

Sp. 1. Salt, nigripes. Fem. Nigra, abdomine nigro-ceneo,
antennis fuscis, pedibus nigris, alis albis.

Saltella nigripes. R. Desvoidy, Essai sur les Myodaires,

747. 2.

Obscura : oculi rufo-fusci : ocelli rufi : proboscis fusca, apice rufa :
antennae fuscae, seta nigra : mesothoracis scutellum apice rufum :

256 OBSERVATIONS ON

abdomen nitidum : coxae flavse ; femora 4 postica basi flava :
alarum nervi pallide fusci : halteres fusci. (Alarum longitudo,
If lin. ; corporis, If lin.)

August ; on a dry sunny bank ; near London.

Art. XXVII. — Observations on the Enicoceri.
By G. Wailes, Esq.

The natural history of this recently discovered, obscure,
but interesting genus of Coleoptera, appears to be little under-
stood ; probably owing either to the few habitats at present
known to entomologists, or to its being confined to the northern
parts of the island. If the following observations should
throw a little additional light on the subject, and induce others
to pursue the inquiry with more minuteness, I trust they will
not be altogether useless.

For some years past I had observed the large fragments of
the coarse sandstones of the carboniferous series, which were
laying half exposed in the river Wansbeck, at Meldon Park,
to be covered with innumerable oval cells, measuring about
two lines in the longest diameter. From the aperture in each
of them, they were evidently the pupae cases of some small
beetle ; but as I did not then pay much attention to minute
insects, I considered they were probably those of some of the
smaller Helophori, and, being in pursuit of larger game, unde-
serving my particular notice. It was not till the summer of
1831 (in the spring of which year I had met with five species
of Elmis in a brook near Meldon), when on an accustomed
annual visit to our watering-place, Tynemouth, I first disco-
vered the Enicoceri in this neighbourhood. Examining the
stones in a rivulet, within fifty yards of its junction with the
sea, in quest of specimens of Ebnis and Hijdrcena, I observed
a beetle, which a moment's inspection assured me was an
Enicocerus. On commencing a closer search, I found all the
three species in considerable abundance, lurking in the inequa-
lities of the coarse stones, just level with, or a httle above, the

THE ENICOCERT. 257

surface of the water. In this respect these insects differ from
the alHeJ genus, Elniis, whose favourite resort is the under side
of rough stones, apparently preferring such as are in the most
rapid parts of the brooks, and that side of the stone exposed
to the force of the stream. In the Wansbeck they were in
the greatest profusion in August. I have also taken them at
various places near Newcastle, in October and April, and doubt
not they may be met with most months of the year, though
autumn and winter must be considered their principal season.
I am borne out in this supposition by the fact of having gene-
rally observed the larvae and pupae in company with the perfect
insect, especially in the autumn. The former (larvae) are
anopluriform, measuring, when full grown, about two and a
half lines in length, and half a line in width. They are of an
uniform black, and have the apex of each abdominal segment
fringed with very short hairs. Their food is most probably
mucor, for they seem to be confined to the rough slimy stones ;
and I find that it is quite as great a waste of time to look for
them on a smooth limestone, as to turn up a fragment of
basaltic rock (vulg. whinsto?ie) in search of Geodephaga.^
When full grown, the larvae leave the water, and crawl up the
sides of the stone in search of a convenient place in which to
undergo ^ their change. After a long journey of frequently

a The apparent repugnance of beetles to basalt I have long noticed. Two or
three years ago I lost a day or two in June entomologizing in Teesdale, — so far
at least as my cabinet was concerned. The subjacent rock of this wild district
is almost exclusively composed of the basalt of the great Whin Sill, whose
formation is so knotty a point with geologists ; and of course the loose stones of
the surrounding country are its fragments. Botanists have made its treasures
known far and wide ; and though I found the exquisite Gentiana verna, and the
equally rare, though sombre, Bartsia alpina in some plenty, I scarce saw a single
beetle, notwithstanding I turned over multitudes of likely-looking stones, and even
they were such as are superlatively common elsewhere, though here "inter
rariores." So far as my observations, whether confined to single stones or
extended over a whole district, go, any place having limestone, particularly the
magnesian, for its subjacent stratum, will afford abundance of the Geodephaga as
well as most other Coleoptera, whilst they will be found very thinly scattered
over a basaltic region. It is strange to notice the almost uniform absence of
these insects on turning up a Whin which has accidentally found its way into a
heap of any other stones, though every one of the latter may have one or more
tenants under it. Must we not look to the comparative dryness of the limestone
and humidity of the Whin for an explanation ? We can readily account for the
great predominance of the land Testncea on a limestone district ; but lime does
not enter into the composition of beetles.
NO. III. VOL. I. L L

»00 WAILES ON THE ENICOCERI.

some ten or a dozen inches, as their fancy or fate may lead
them, on finding a projecting angle of rock large enough to
ward off' any rolling stones, or deep and dreary cavern, formed
in the surface by the dropping out of a grain or crystal of the
sandstone, capable of affording them shelter, they commence
the task of building their pigmy huts. In doing so, they
agglutinate small particles of the mud which floods usually
deposit on coarse stones ; and, when finished, the cases resem-
ble very closely, though on a smaller scale, the nests of the
mason-bees, sometimes met with on the rough face of a large
stone. So numerous are the pupae cases of these little beetles,
that they frequently almost cover a half-emerged fragment,
giving it a curious appearance, and, until one is aware of their
nature, looking like projecting parts of the stone itself. The
inclosed inhabitant is of a bright orange colour, and after
remaining a period of probably only a few days, it assumes
the perfect state, and, patiently waiting till its mandibles are
strong enough for the task, gnaws itself a passage, and joins
its comrades by the water-side. Here a half dozen of them
may often be found in one cranny, spending their brief life-
time in sipping the nourishment furnished by the stream at
their door. Their travels appear very circumscribed, seldom
extending beyond a trip to the extreme edge of the moist
portion of the stone on which their lot has been cast, or a
ramble for an inch or two below the surface of the water.
When, however, an accident, or the indulgence of a roving
disposition, compels or tempts them to undertake a voyage of
discovery, they are soon thrown by the current into the eddy
of some oasis of the watery desert, and slowly, but generally
surely, reach the shore. Like the neighbouring genera, the
Enicoceri are often covered by the stream with a deposit of
mud, and then require the keen and practised eye of the ento-
mologist to detect them in their lurking-places.

George Wailes.

Netvcustle, November, iS32.

259

Art. XXVIII. An Ess at/ on the Classification of the Para-
sitic Hymenoptera of Britain, which correspond with the
Ichneumones minuti of Linnceus. By A. H. Ha lid ay,
Esq., M.A.

[to the editor of the entomological magazine.]

Sir, — Among our indigenous insects, few seem to have
obtained so little attention from the systematic writers of
Britain as the tribes of Hijmenoptera, corresponding (with
a slight modification) to the Ichneumones minuti of Lin-
naeus. This branch has not been equally disregarded by
the continental authors; but of their methods little more
than partial indications have been made accessible to the gene-
rality of British collectors. In attempting here to give an
outline from those sources, and embodying the results of some
of my own investigations, I must hope for the indulgence
which the total want of any library of reference will suggest
in my favour. During a short stay in London, some years
since, the ever-ready liberality of my friend, Mr. Curtis, opened
to me the stores of his rich cabinet, as well as various sources
of information not otherwise accessible. Some leisure hours
have since been passed, not unpleasantly, in recalling and
applying the information thus afforded, and from those recol-
lections, and from the materials afforded by my own small
collection, I am induced to attempt the sketch of which these
sheets form the introductory, and not the least laboured part.
The plan I have proposed to myself excludes much j^retension
to originality. I have, however, in many cases remodelled and
amplified the characters of established genera, in accordance
with my own observations, and have added some subdivisions
that seemed to be pointed out by nature. In addition to the
genera previously determined, a few groups have been indicated
by Mr. Stephens, in his "Systematic Catalogue," and the
great mass subsequently by Mr. Curtis, in his " Guide to an
Arrangement of British Insects." As the groups proposed by
Mr. Stephens were in general unnamed, I had followed the
nomenclature of the latter catalogue. A notice in the pages of the
"Entomological Magazine" brought to my knowledge an Essay,
by Mr. Westwood, on the Parasitic Hymenoptera, inserted
in the " Philosophical Magazine" (Third Series, No. III.) for

/J60 HALIDAY ON

August, 1832. As the genera there characterized for the first
time appeared to me, with two or three exceptions, to be
identical with those I had adopted from Mr. Curtis's Guide,
and under his names, to avoid the inconvenience of conflicting
nomenclature, it became necessary hastily to review these
sheets, and to substitute Mr. Westwood's names in their right
of priority.a The elegant conciseness and distinctness of his
generic characters facihtated this task ; and I believe I have
succeeded in applying them correcdy in general. An abrupt
descent from the family to the ultimate generic subdivision,
renders it difficult in all cases to combine brevity with certainty
(unless by embodying the divisional characters in the generic,
an object not easily effected while the divisions themselves are
overleaped) ; accordingly, in one or two instances where no
particular indication of affinities was supplied, I had to rest in
doubt. The examples given with the tabular view were an
after- thought, and added without an opportunity of consulting
my cabinet, or any book of reference ; but I believe no mate-
rial errors have crept in.

Yours, &c.

Alex. Henry Haliday.

Dublin, November, 18.32.

' There is nothing in science for which we feel a more sovereign contempt,
and think more utterly at variance with all proper and gentlemanly feeling, more
decidedly indicative of poverty of resource, than the plan here alluded to, of appro-
priating and superseding the labours of other authors. Had we, instead of Mr.
Haliday, been the author thus robbed of our hard-earned property, we hope and
trust we should have had the fortitude to have borne the matter as he has done :
he has proved himself not merely the gentleman, but the philosopher and chris-
tian. We are not, however, a party concerned ; and the performance of our
duty as Editor of an Entomological Magazine demands from us the undisguised
expression of our most decided disapprobation of all such transactions. We
noticed Mr, Westwood's paper at p. 85 ; we received it when our first number
was in the press, and were not then aware of its nature. — Ed.

PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA.

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Art. XXIX. Abstract of M. Straus-Dtirckheinis ^' Consi-
derations Generates sur VAnatomie Comparce des Ammaux
Articides" By Edward Doubleday, Esq.

(Continued from page \2.)

" and what is writ is writ —

Would it were worthier ! but 1 am not now
That which I have been — and my visions flit
Less palpably before me — and the glow
Which in my bosom dwelt is fluttering, faint and low."

From the effect of the different modes of gradation of the
organs, and from the great modifications which nature has
introduced into the different systems of organs, either to
accommodate them to the changes which their functions have
undergone, or to prepare them for other functions to which
they are destined, it results that, at certain points of the scale
of classification, the whole of the organization of animals is
found completely changed, which marks out in the animal
kingdom several large divisions, to which Cuvier has given the
name of " Embranc/iemens." The line of demarcation which
separates any two of these is necessarily found at the point
where the most important organs of one of these divisions have
entirely disappeared, or at least have been strongly modified ;
and where nature introduces successively a new series of
organs which are to characterize the other division. It is evi-
dent that by the effect of these great changes in the organiza-
tion of animals, a system of organs which performs the most
important functions in the first division, may no longer exist in
the next, or, at least, may only be found in a very secondary
condition, and subordinate to another system, which has
acquired over this a certain degree of preponderance. The
knowledge of any organ in one single division is not then suf-
ficient to enable us to judge of its importance ; but it is neces-
sary to follow it throughout its whole scale of gradation, and
to compare it with all those to which it is found successively in
relationship. This principle, so important in classification, has
not, perhaps, been sufficiently followed at present, and hence
many irregularities in the methods that have been established.
In fact, the anatomy of vertebrated animals having been care-
fully and deeply studied before much attention had been paid

278 M. straus-durckheim's

to the organization of the invertebrated, all those organs and
functions which are, more or less, invariably sustained in the
first division, have been regarded as fundamental ; and for this
sole reason, the same importance in classification has been
attributed to them throughout the whole animal kingdom.
From this course of proceeding there naturally has resulted
approximations, more or less systematic, which break the
natural relationship of many divisions. For example, — in the
first great division of animals, respiration and circulation being
in fact two functions, to which all the rest are, more or less,
subordinate, it has been imagined that we ought to regard
them as essential in the whole series of animals, and employ
them as the sole basis of classification. Amongst most other
animals, on the contrary, these functions being only secondary,
this principle has led to fresh errors and contradictions ; for it
often happens that some one family of Invertebrata, which
respires hy branchiae, cannot be separated from another family
in which the respiration is pulmonary or trachean, without
violating relationships depending on most of the other organs.
If this truth had been recognized, the Mollusca would not
have been placed before the articulated animals, which are, in
fact, the most perfect of the Invertebrata. On the other
hand, whatever system we might wish to establish, we could
never separate the Pulmonary from the Trachean Arachnida, or
the Branchiferous from the Pulmonary Gasteropod Mollusca.

It has, moreover, been admitted that animals form a decreas-
ing series from man to the lowest zoophytes ; and, as in the
first class of Vertebrata, which was the best known, the most
perfect species is found placed precisely at the head of the
scale, the other divisions have also been made to commence
with the most perfectly organized species. In consequence of
this the larger divisions have been made to appear isolated
groups, between which any regular transition seems quite im-
possible. But the true cause of these sudden transitions is
only the too regular degradation which it has been wished to
introduce into each division separately, as well as to the prin-
ciple of the pre-eminence of organs, which has been too much
generalized.

Moreover, animals have been mostly classed in a simple
series, although a rigorous observation proves that the natural
method is ramose, as was first pointed out by Lamarck.

CONSIDERATIONS. 279

Supposing we had studied with equal care the organization
of every animal, and had then placed together the species,
genera, and families, which have the greatest affinities, we
should easily have recognized their true connexions.

This mode of proceeding would have shown that the series
of animals does not form a simple and uniformly decreasing
scale, but that each division presents a peculiar mode of organi-
zation ; that from the point in which the organization is most
perfect in each of these great divisions, the animals decrease in
perfection of structure towards the other divisions ; and that
the same occurs in most of the subdivisions.

Hence it results that, in any division, the species which
offers the most elevated organization may be more perfect than
that which is placed at the confines of an anterior division.
An insect is more perfect than a Lampreda, though this last
is nearer to man.

In arranging animals according to the relationship of all
their organs, we find, with M. Lamarck, that certain families
conduct, at the same time, to two or three others, which gives
the whole scale a ramose disposition.

Leaving the Annelida by Leodice, we enter the Myriapoda
by Polyxenus, from which class we pass, on one hand, to
the Crustacea by Armadillo — on the other, to the insects by
Lepisma.

From the Thysanura we are conducted to the Coleopiera
by Forficula, thence to the Brachelytra, leading to the Silphce
and neighbouring genera, which precede the Carabi ; from
these last we proceed to the other Coleopiera, which hence-
forth are not connected with any other division. Forficula
conducts also to the Orthoptera, of which the first genus is
Thrips,^ so that this latter oi'der, instead of following the
Coleopiera, forms a branch placed beside them. From the
Orthoptera we arrive successively, on the one hand, at the ISeu-
roptera, Hymenoptera, Diptera, and Aptera ( Aphaniptera ) ;
on the other, at the Hemiptera and Lepidoptera ; and this
last order terminates the third division of the class Insecta.

The isopod Crustacea, after having formed a lateral branch.

a Tkrips is mostly placed with the Hemiptera ; but as it has trophi resembling
those of the Mandibulata, and particularly long curved mandibles, it must belong
to the Orthoptera, at the head of which order is its appropriate station.

280 M. straus-durckheim's

comprising the Parasita, which constitute a separate order,
containing Nymjihon, Phoxichilus, Pycnogoniim, Cyamus,
Cecrops, Call g us, Dichelestion, Chondracantha, and Lerncea,
are followed by the Amphipoda, the Stomapoda, the Deca-
poda, and Limulus, which genus forms a separate order, under
the name Gnathapoda, conducting us to the pulmonary Arach-
nida. The Decapoda lead, on the one hand, to the Ostropoda,
and, on the other, to the Branch'iopoda and Cirrhopoda.

The distance is certainly considerable between the Myria-
poda and the dorsibranchial Annelida ; but perhaps a few
links only are wanting to connect the last to the only family of
Annulosa with solid external teguments, to which they bear
any relation. Probably, if any species be found to fill this
void, they will also establish a less abrupt passage from the
last Amielida to the isopodous Crustacea.

The transition from the Myriapoda to Lepisma is also
rather sudden, but their affinity is evident ; that from Lepisma
and Podura to Forjicula is very natural, the Thysanura being,
as it were, wingless Coleoptera : the genera Ricimts and
Pediculus form a lateral branch of the Thysanura.

The opinion already noticed, that the Annulosa are more
nearly connected with the Veriehrata than are the Mollusca,
and consequently form the second great division of the animal
kingdom, is true with regard to the modes of organization
according to which these three divisions are formed, and also
corresponds with the degree in which their faculties are
developed. The Vertebrata are characterized by an articu-
lated body, of which the two lateral halves are symmetrical,
sustained by an internal skeleton, the central portion of which
is composed of a series of parts, to which the other parts of
the skeleton are attached.

In the Annulosa, the symmetry of the two sides of the body
is still greater than in the Vertebrata ; the body is likewise
articulated, and formed by a series of central parts, to which
the others are attached ; but they have no internal skeleton.
In both, the nervous system consists principally of a spinal
marrow, from which arise most of the nerves of the body ; but
there is this difference in the Vertebrata, the spinal marrow is
dorsal ; in the Annulosa, ventral. The muscular system is as
fully developed in the Annulosa as in the Vertebrata ; the
muscles offer nearly the same form, and are as perfectly distinct.

CONSIDERATIONS. 281

The Mollusca, on the contrary, exhibit characters totally at
variance with those we have just pointed out ; on the one
hand, their body no longer presents that perfect parity of the
two lateral halves, neither is it in the least degree articulated ;
on the other, the nervous system is not longitudinal, its situa-
tion is not so constant, and its mass is less considerable. The
muscular system is in general much less perfect than in the
Annulosa ; and, taken in detail, the muscles are less distinct,
and only form, in the greater part of the body, a mass of
fibres, so interlaced that it is impossible to separate them ; thus
conducting us to the Entozoa, of which the body is only a
continuous parenchyma, without any distinct muscles.

The character which eminently distinguishes the Mollusca
from the two other divisions is, that in these the organs of
animal — in the Mollusca those of vegetable, life — are the
most predominant ; whence the latter are totally devoid of that
industry, and we may even say intelligence, which insects pos-
sess in a degree far superior to all other invertebrated animals.

Lastly, there exists a more natural passage from the Verte-
brata to the Annulosa than to the Mollusca; but this con-
nexion is by the lowest in the scale of organization of each of
these groups. The Vertebrata having reached the most
simple form compatible with their mode of organization, nature
has commenced from that point a new group, that of the Annu-
losa, by introducing successively a new series of organs,
altogether different from those which she has abandoned, and
considerably modifying those she has retained. This point is,
in the Ferlebrata, the genus Amnioccetes, and perhaps also
the genus Myxine; and in the Annulosa, the genera Gordius
and Hirudo. On both hands these animals are found placed
at the lowest point of the descending scale, formed by each of
these two series; and, compared with each other, these two
genera of fishes and the abranchial Annelida offer some
remarkable resemblances in the few organs which they possess.

Here let me pause a moment, and consider our author's
views of arrangement, more especially as relates to insects.
Let any one inspect the following table, and compare it with the
septenary system lately proposed by my friend, Mr. Newman.*

* A sketch of the position of Mr. Newman's classes is given by another con-
tributor, at p. 229.— Ed.

NO. III. VOL. I. O O

282 M. straus-durckheim's considerations.

M. Stkaus-Durckheim's Arrangement of the Orders of Insecta.

COLEOPTERA.

1st Genus. Forjicula

IstG.

Orthoptera.

Thrips.

IstG.

Neuroptera.
Perlal

Hemiptera.

IstG.

Hymenoitera.
Cimbex.

Lepiuoptkra.

IstG.

DlPTF.RA.

Tabaniis.

IstG.

Aptera.
Ptdex.

No English naturalist, I believe, doubts that the Hymen-
optera are connected with the Coleoptera, consequently we
must remove them a little more to the left, and place them on
a level with the Neuroptera, with which order their affinity is
generally admitted. Few, moreover, will doubt the connexion
between Lepidoptera and Dipteru, and that of the former with
Hemiptera;— and what then? Why, we have the exact order
of the diagram, facing p. 21, in "Sphinx Vespiformis." The
Lepidoptera are undoubtedly allied to the Neuroptera; and
perhaps it would not be hard to prove an affinity between the
Neuroptera and Coleoptera , and between the former and some
Yioxao^ievom Hemiptera . At least here is enough to make us
consider a little before we reject a system which is in harmony
with so many natural affinities : for we must bear in mind that
that system is nearest to the natural system which exhibits the
greatest number of natural affinities, and breaks the fewest.

Our author has placed Tabanus at the head of the Diptera;
but surely this is a desertion of his own principle, — " that it is
the less perfect species of any one great group which ap-
proaches nearest to the group which precedes or follows it."

Perhaps a connexion may exist between the Hipnenoptera
and Diptera, by means of an insect which few would suspect.
In my copy of " Sphinx Vespiformis," the author has written
on the diagram, between these two orders, ^^PulexV Now of
this genus M. Straus has said, " Les puces quon pent con-
siderer coymne des Dipteres sans ailes," &c., thus allowing
an affinity to the Diptera, of course by Hippohosca. Recent
discoveries have, however, proved that the flea has distinct

ENTOMOLOGICAL NOTES. 283

rudiments, not of two, hut four wings; and every entomolo-
gist knows that the Hymenoptera have four.

I hope this digression will be pardoned; perhaps I have
allowed feelings of esteem for a valued friend to lead me a
little out of my way ; but let me say, in extenuation, that I
feel a deep interest in the theory, having had some little
hand in it, as the author has stated in his Preface; but
let me also say, that he has much exaggerated his obligations
to me. All I had to do with it was this : — previous to its
publication, he informed me of the outlines of his system ;
I, though an enthusiastic admirer of that greatest of living
entomologists, W. S. MacLeay, being convinced that truth
would be best elicited by full discussion, communicated to him,
from my small stock of knowledge, every fact in my possession
which might corroborate his theory. Although there is already
" something too much of this," I might, perhaps, say a little
more in confirmation of my friend's opinions — might venture
to add some praise — but I feel that, now, my praise must be
but little worth.

Edward Doubleday.

Art. XXX. — Entomological Notes. By Edward
Newman, Esq., F.L.S.

[to the editor of the entomological magazine.]

However questionable may be the propriety of dividing
an old species into several new ones, dependent on charactei's
not generally obvious, I think no one will hesitate in admitting
the utility of naming, describing, and recording newly-discovered
species, or describing and recording those which, though
known as exotic, are, for the first time, discovered to he
natives of this country. Again, where, from the want of a
sufficient series, extreme varieties have been named and
recorded as species, I consider there will be an evident advan-
tage in re-assembling such false species under one head, and
allotting to them the name which may have the claim of

284 ENTOMOLOGICAL NOTES

priority. Thirdly, where genera have become unwieldy from
the numbers and heterogeneousness of their species, and are
necessarily, in description, divided by asterisks, &c., into sec-
tions and sub-sections, it seems to me that a service will be
rendered to science by furnishing names and characters for
such divisions.

Such, then, is the object of the following sheets: their bulk,
I am well aware, will preclude the possibility of their publica-
tion being completed for a considerable time, which will afford
me the opportunity of making any additions which may appear
needful.

Should any of our authors hereafter elaborate the subject,
by describing a continuous systematic list of species, I hope
they will do me the justice to adopt my names, where they
are not objectionable, and adopt them as their own ; for the
mere display of my own name is not the object of these memo-
randa. Let me add, that should entomologists transmit me
newly-discovered species from the country, to be described and
inserted in this list, I will adopt any name they may propose,
if at all appropriate.

In my descriptions, terms will occasionally be employed
which are not at present in general use : these will be fully
explained in another paper, sent herewith.^

Class. — Coleoptera.
Natural Order. — Carabites, ined.
Genus. — Helobia. Leach.
Hel. lata. Nigra; ore, antemiis, prothoracis marginibus

lateraUhus, tibiis tarsisque jnceis.
Black, slightly iridescent, particularly by candle-light : mandibles,
palpi, antennae, tibiae, and tarsi, pitchy : head black, with an inden-
tation less deep than in H. brevicoUis: prothorax, very wide
the lateral margins alone pitchy : elytra punctate-striated, very
wide : shoulders obtusely rounded. Somewhat resembles H.
Mthiops, Stephens, but is considerably larger and wider. (Length
6i lin. ; breadth 3 lin.)

Taken in abundance in the neighbourhood of Cork, under
stones, by Mr. J. B. Bevington.

* We have postponed the papei- alluded to, in order to admit two others, the
authors of which are anxious for their puhlication. We cannot in any future
instances publish contributions in any other order than that of their arrival. — Ed.

BY EDWARD NEWMAN. 285

Hel. varicornis. Picea; antennis bast rufo-piceis, medio
nigiis, apice hrunneis.

Pitchy black : mandibles, palpi, and first joint of antennae pitchy
red : second, third, and fourth joints, deep glossy black : the
remaining joints pilose, and light brown : crown of the head
with a smaller, but deeper indentation than the last : prothorax
black : all the margins unicolorous : elytra punctato-striated,
deep brown black : legs pitchy : the tibiae and tarsi somewhat
lighter : the two last segments of the abdomen beneath red.
(Length 5 lin. ; breadth 2 lin.)

Taken, in considerable abundance, in the neighbourhood of
Nottingham, by Dr. Howitt.

Hel. impressa. Nigra, micans; elytrorum striis 3 et 5 foveis
impressis.

Black, glossy : mandibles, palpi, antennae, and legs sometimes slightly
rufous, but generally quite black : prothorax exceedingly nar-
row, and attenuated posteriorly : the elytra are striated, much
depressed, and indented with irregular foveae on the third and fifth
striae from the suture. (Length 5| lin. ; breadth 2.)

This is a remarkable insect, and not to be confounded with
any other; it has been supposed to be the H. Heegeri of
Dejean, but is distinct. Taken, in considerable abundance, by
Mr. Walker, in Scotland.

Of the species of Helobia described by the Count Dejean,
under the names, Gyllenhalii, Nivalis, and Arctica, together
with H. Marshallana of Stephens, I have examined 172
specimens within the last month; and though I find the greatest
possible difference in size, colour, convexity of elytra, and
indentations in the striae, yet, as intermediate specimens
between either extremes are continually to be met with, it
seems impossible to determine how or where the line of demar-
cation is to be drawn. When on Snowdon, last summer, with
ray friends, Christy and Doubleday, we took all these supposed
species within a few yards of each other, and quite a sufficient
number of intervening ones to make as many more such
species.

286 ENTOMOLOGICAL NOTES

Genus. — Leistus. Frblich.
Leis. nigricans. Nigricans, tenidter iriclescens ; ore, antennis,
tarsisque piceis.

Dull black, in some lights, with a slightly iridescent tinge : mandibles,
palpi, and antennae pitchy red : prothorax black, considerably
more elongate than that of L. spinibarbis : elytra likewise nar-
rower : femora and tibiae black : tarsi pitchy. (Length 4| lin. ;
breadth 1| lin.)

The only specimen I have seen was taken by the late
Mr. Hobson, near Manchester, and is now in the collection of
Mr. Davis.

Leis. Janus. Rvfescens ; prothorace capiteque cceruleo-
nigris ; ore, antennis, ^Jedibusque ferrngineis.

Mandibles, palpi, antennae, and legs, ferruginous : head blue-black :
prothorax blue-black, with a slender rufescent margin : elytra
rufescent, with an iridescent tinge. (Length 4^ lin. ; breadth
1£ lin.)

This beautiful and very distinct species is abundant in the
north of England. Its head and thorax resemble those of
L. montanus (Stephens), while it has the elytra of L. sinni-
labris; its prothorax is rather broader than in L. montanus,
and its greatest width is precisely central.

Leis. indentatus. Purpiireo-niger ; ore, antennis, pecJibusque
ferrngineis ; elylris prope basin striga communi transversa
indentatis.

Mandibles, palpi, antennae, and legs, ferruginous : head, prothorax,
and elytra, glossy purple-black : elytra with a deep transverse
indentation, common to both, near their insertion. (Length 3^ lin. ;
breadth \\ lin.)

This beautiful little species was taken near Cromer, in Nor-
folk, by L. Rudd, Esq.

Genus. — Calathus. Bonelli.

Cal. apicalis. Ferrugineus ; capite antennarnmque apicibus

nigris.
Palpi, the three basal joints of the antennae, prothorax, elytra, and

legs, pale ferruginous : the remaining joints of the antennae are

BY EDWARD NEWMAN. 287

deep black, each slightly tipped with ferruginous : elytra striated,
without any punctures. (Length 4 lin. ; breadth l^ lin.)

I have only a single specimen of this remarkable insect ; it
is in Mr. Davis's cabinet, but he does not know its locality.

Natural Order. ?

Genus. — Leptura. Linnceus.

From the examination of a number of living specimens of
Leptura ^-fasciata and apicalis, I have no hesitation in
saying, that the latter is merely a variety of the former ;
I have found them with five, four, three, two, one, and
sometimes only half a joint of the antennae of the pale colour
which characterises the species : these varieties occur equally
in both sexes, and copulation takes place as commonly between
individuals of opposite varieties as between two having antennae
of the same colour. Between Toxotus meridianus and c/tr?/-
sogaster, I have likewise found every possible variety ; in
these instances the specific character differs only in the redness
of the abdominal segments. In Herefordshire, where these
insects are exceedingly abundant, so great is the variety, that
I have never detected a copulation between two individuals
that were similar in this respect. The names apicalis and
chrysogaster should therefore be discontinued.

Class. — Hemiptera.

Natural Order. — Cimicites, ined.

Genus — Acanthosoma. Curtis.

Acan. picta. Flavo-viridis ; proalis fascia recurva coccinea
ornxtis.

Antennae green, more or less tinged with red : head yellow green :
prothorax of the same colour, with its posterior margin at each
angle tinged with red : scutellum of mesothorax green : upper
abdominal segments sooty black, with green margins : ultimate
and penultimate entirely green : interior half of the costal margin
of fore-wings yellow-green, below which is a broad, bright, red
band, superiorly concave, inferiorly convex : exterior portion of
the wing hyaline, with a black transverse fascia and spot : hind
wings, towards the abdomen, clouded with black, towards their
apex hyaline : legs green, occasionally tinged with red. (Length 4| ;
breadth 9^ lin.)

^»» OBSERVATIONS ON THE

This is by far the the most beautiful British species of the
order, and is one of the most common ; it may be said to swarm
on the juniper-bushes in Birchwood, and many other situations
in the south of England ; yet so much neglected has this order
of insects been, that 1 cannot find that it has been named or
described, or was even known before I took it by hundreds in
Birchwood, in March, 1830. — (To be continued.^'

Art. XXXI. — Observations on the Saltatorial Powers of
Insects, and upon the British Coleopterous Ge7ius, Choragus.
By J. O. Westwood, Esq. F.L.S. &c.

Amongst the various means which have been bestowed by
an allwise Creator upon the little animals which are the pecu-
liar objects of our attention, for the purpose of aiding them
either in escaping from the numberless enemies to which they
are exposed, or of facilitating their means of obtaining food,
the power which many of them possess of affecting an in-
stantaneous change of place, is one of the most interesting ;
enabling them to leap to a distance, which, in proportion to
their individual size, cannot but appear of extraordinary extent,
when we consider that it is often several hundred times longer
than the whole length of the insect's body ; thus almost vieing
with the movements of that renowned friend of our childhood
— he of the seven-league boots.

This motion is effected in different insects in different man-
ners. Thus the well-known larvae of the fly which infests
cheese and bacon (the Piophila Casei of Meigen, &c. — a
species which, although far too common, has been the subject
of much confusion in systematic nomenclature. — See Stephens
Cat. Introd. p. xiii.), performs its astonishing leaps in the same
manner (as Messrs. Kirby and Spence well observe), as the
salmon, by taking hold of its tail with its mouth, contracting
the rings of its body, and then suddenly letting go its tail. A
somewhat similar manoeuvre is effected by the caterpillars
of some moths, as the Noctua quadra and Pyralis rostralis.

The voracious masked larvse of the dragon flies are also
endowed with the power of suddenly propelling themselves

SALTATORIAL POWERS OF INSECTS. 289

forward in the water whereby they are able to dart, from a
considerable distance upon their prey. The manner in which
this motion is effected is very remarkable, and is possessed by
no other insects ; diving in the water and performing respiration
without ascending to the surface for fresh supplies of air, these
larvas are furnished with an apparatus, whereby they are able
to extract oxygen from the water in which they reside. This
consists of five plates, affixed at the extremity of the abdomen,
which are capable of opening and shutting, so as to enclose
within the hollow portion of the abdomen, a quantity of water,
which, after it has parted with its oxygen, by the action of
various internal organs, is forcibly expelled through the same
orifice, by which means the insect is suddenly propelled forward.

In the click-beetles ( Elateridce) this leap is produced by
the sudden jerk given to the body when the insect is laid upon
its back, by forcibly striking the acute spine of the breast into
the corresponding cavity in front of the mesosternum.

In other insects, as the ground-fleas (Podurklce), the spring
is produced by the sudden unfolding or striking backward of
a forked appendage, fixed beneath the extremity of the body.

It is, however, to the peculiar construction of their legs that
insects are, for the most part, indebted for their saltatorial
powers.

Of these the tormenting flea is the most notable example.
Furnished with thighs of great muscular power, and clothed in
a tough and highly-polished cuirass, no wonder that it effects
an escape in almost every situation, and, to use the words of a
favourite French author, " Conime Vamour rit en siorete de la
hlessure qtielle afaite et de la colere quelle occasioned

The grasshoppers, locusts, crickets, garden-fleas (Haltic<B,
amongst which the destructive turnip-fly is found), and flea-
weevils (Orchestes) may be mentioned as examples of leaping
powers, originating in the peculiar structure of the hind legs,
the thighs being greatly thickened, so as to give support to the
powerful muscles wherewith the motion is produced.

This incrassation of the legs does not, however, necessarily
imply the power to leap, since many insects, having very thick
hind legs, are only able to walk, and that but clumsily, as
though the greatly disproportionate size of their limbs were a
hindrance to their motion. Thus, although the hind legs of
such exotic species as Bruchus, Bactris, Leucospis dorsiger,

NO. III. VOL. I. P P

290 OBSERVATIONS ON THE

Cissites (Horia) testacea, or Scarabcens ( Chrysophora? )
macropus (Francillon) are very much thickened, yet it does
not appear that any of them are sahatorial. In hke manner
our British genera, CEdemera^ Notlms, and Chalcis, are not
able to leap.

On the other hand, many species which leap well are not
provided with thickened legs. Of these the whole of the
Linnaean genus Cicada, or froghoppers, may be mentioned.
So the genera Eiipelmvs, Encyrtus, Cerchyshis, &c.
(belonging to the Chalcididcc), which have simple hind legs,
are able to leap to a very great distance, probably by means of
the peculiar formation of their intermediate tibiae and tarsi.
But there are very many species belonging to the same family
as the latter genera, the structure of whose legs appears to be
in no wise capable of executing a leap, and yet they are able to
do this in a very remarkable and inexplicable manner; this is
the more extraordinary, since we have seen that the typical
genus in the family Chalcis is simply a walker, although it
has thick hind legs.

The only remaining insect which I shall notice as capable
of leaping, although having only simple legs, is the Choragus
Sheppardi of Kirby, upon the affinities of which I now pro-
pose to make a few observations.

This genus was first described in Mr. Kirby's admirable
" Century of Insects," published in the " Linnaean Transactions,"
from specimens taken '' strenue saltans" at Offton, in Suffolk,
by the Rev. R. Sheppard. In Mr. Kirby's description, we
find the body described as cylindric, the antennae clavate, with
the two basal joints incrassated, and with a three-jointed club,
and the clypeus elongate. Mr. Kirby was not able to dis-
cover more than three joints in the tarsi, but Mr. Curtis
discovered four in one tarsus. For the reception of this
genus Mr. Kirby proposed a distinct family, which he named
Choragida, observing that its general habit connected it with
the Tetramera, especially Cis and Cryptocephalus.

Mr. Stephens places this insect in the Pentamerous family,
Pl'inidce (without any observations upon its tarsi), between
OcJdna and Cis, stating — " Choragus is evidently allied to Cis,
from which it differs, not only by having the two basal joints of
the antennae incrassated, but by the form of the body, which
resembles that of a Cryptocephalus, the subsetaceous palpi,

SALTATORIAL POWERS OF INSECTS. 291

acute mandibles, &c., and by the property the Hving insect
possesses of leaping considerably." Mr. Stephens might indeed
have added, that the latter statement was made from personal
observation, the loss of the specimen of Choragus Shepiiardi,
which he mentions, being attributable to the insect's power of
leaping.

Mr. Curtis places the genus between the Clerida; and the
genus Cis.

My friend, M. Guerin, has figured an insect in the sixteenth
entomological plate of his " Magazin de Zoologie," under the
names oCAnthrihus pygmceus of Robert; upon reading the
description of which, together with the statement of its leaping
powers, it immediately struck me that it was the Choragus,
and that the affinity thus indicated by the French entomologist,
was far more natural than any of those of our English authors.
From the figure and description of this insect, the body is
cylindric, and the antennee and clypeus being exactly as in
Choragus, the apparently penultimate joint of the tarsi is how-
ever represented as bilobed in all the legs ; so that it would
thence appear that they are formed upon the same type as
those of the Bruchidce and Anthrihida;, and indeed of all the
subtetramerous ^ Coleoptera ; a variation however seems to
exist in the number of joints of the tarsi, which is probably an
oversight, owing to the minuteness of the insect.

J. O. Westwood.
The Grove, Hammersmith.
Jan. 23, 1833.

P. S. Since my notes upon this genus were penned,
M. Guerin has kindly forwarded me a set of the plates of the
Mag. Zool. ; and upon that of the Anthribus pygnKjeus, is the
following pencil note : — " J'a'i reconnu depuis que cest le
Choragus Schepardii de M. Kirby, G."

a I have emplc^ed the term Suhtetramera to designate the Tetramera of
Latreille, considering that, although the latter denomination may not, as insisted
upon by Mr. MacLeay, be grammatically correct, (in consequence of the insects
having in reality five joints in the tarsi), yet the peculiar structure of the feet in
this section is sufficiently distinct to warrant their separation as a natural group
from tlie other pentamcrous beetles.

292 MONOGRAPHIA IIYDR/ENARUM ANGLI/E.

Art. XXXII. — Monographia Hydrcenarum Angl'uc.
By George R. Waterhouse, Esq.

Gen. 1. — Amphibolus.^ Waterhouse.

Maxillary palpi shorter than the thorax : basal joint long, bent, the
two terminal joints short : antennae, with the two basal joints,
very long and slender, the rest forming an elongate club : legs
moderate : tarsi four-jointed : head large : eyes prominent : thorax
with the sides more or less dilated : elytra convex, elongate,
ovate.

This genus forms a beautiful link between the two genera,
Hydrana and Ochthebius, having the usual colouring of the
former, suffused with a sub-metallic tint, in which respect it
approaches the latter : it also approaches nearer to the genus
Ochthebius, in having the elytra larger than the abdomen, and
in the form of the legs ; but the palpi are nearly three times
as long as in that genus, though not so long as those of
Hydrcena.

Not having a specimen myself, and Mr. Davis (who kindly
lent me the one from which the description was made) having
but one specimen, I am unable to dissect, the only means
by which I might give a more accurate description of the tarsi
and antennae.

Sp. 1. Amp. atricapillus. Piceo-testacea, submetallica ; capite
nigro, magno, postice pimctato ; oculis prominentibus ;
thorace lateribus dilatatis, dense ptinctato, foveis quatuor
impressis : elytris ad basin thorace vix latioribus, elongato-
ovatis, convexis, j^unctato-striatis ; abdomine minimo : an-
tennis, ptedibus, palpisque pallidt fulvis. (Long. corp.
i lin.)

1 have seen but one specimen of this interesting species^
which was taken at Hebden-bridge by Mr. Gibson.

Gen. 2. — Hydr^na. Kugellan.

Head large, triangular, truncated in front: thorax subquadrate,.
with the sides more or less dilated : scutellum minute : elytra
more or less ovate, elongate : legs long : tarsi very slender,
the terminal joint very long : antennae minute, 8 ?-jointed, the

* 'Afj.<p'L$o\os, duhius.

BY G. R. WATERHOUSE, ESQ. 293

two basal joints long, the rest forming an elongate club : palpi as
long as the head and thorax, three-jointed : the basal joint long,
bent, and clavate, second moderate, thickened at the apex : termi-
nal joint long, thickened in the middle, attenuated at each end.

Sp. 1. Hyd. riparia. Atra, nitida; capite thorace angustiore,
inter oculos profunde pimctato ; thorace longo, lateribus
dilatatis, dense jJunctato, sidco lojigitiidinali ntrinqiie ad
marginem : elytrls piceo-brunneis, llneari-elongatis, ajnce
rotundatis et distincte punctato-striatis : pedibus, antennis,
palpisque piceo-ferrugineis out piceis. (Long. corp.
11— U lin.)

Hyd. riparia. Kugellan. Schmeid. Mag. 578.

In this and the three following species, the eyes are but

slightly prominent, and the head is rather elongate, with the

sides nearly parallel ; the body is also very linear.

I have taken several specimens of this species in the river

Wandle, Wandsworth. Hebden-bridge ; Mr. Gibson.

Sp. 2. Hyd. pulchella. Prcecedentibus {nigrita et gracilis)
minor : caput triangulare antice obtiisum, nigrum, nitidum,
punctulatum: antennis palpisque rujis : thorax latitudine
paullb breviore, lateribus rotundatus, postice paullb magis
angustatus, basi ajnceque truncatus, sup)ra punctatus, disco
subtilius ; obsoleto canaliculatus , sulcoque utrinque longi-
tudinali versus latera impresso : color niger, nitidulus
margine antico posticoque dilute latiora, oblongo-ovata,
convexa, j)unctato-striata, picea: corpus subtus nigrum,
pedibus riifis.^

Hyd. pulchella. Miill. Germar. Ins. Spe. Vol. I. p. 94.
Curtis s Brit. Ent. p. 308.
Not having a specimen of this species, which is introduced

in Mr. Curtis's " British Entomology," I have given Germar's

description.

Sp. 3. Hyd» concolor. Pallide testacea; capite inter oculos
punctato : thorace lato, lateribus dilatatis, dense punctato :
elytris elongatis, linearibus, manifeste punctato-striatis.
(Long Corp. 1 J lin.)

Allied to H. riparia, but at once known by its pale colour : the
head is rather smaller in proportion, the thorax is broader, and

'' Is not the word elytra omitted ? the description does not seem quite intelli-
gible.— Ed.

294 MONOGRAPHIA IIYDR^NARUM ANGLLT..

not so thickly punctured. This species is often confounded
with //. testacea, but it is much larger, its form is more linear,
the head is of a different form, the sides being nearly parallel,
and the eyes scarcely prominent : the thorax is much larger and
broader in proportion, not so coarsely punctured : the striae of
the elytra are wider apart, and likewise not so coarsely punctured.
In some specimens the head is of a pale pitchy-testaceous, but it
is generally concolorous with the body, in which respect it also
differs from //. testacea, which always has a black head.

Taken at Hebden-bridge, by Mr. Gibson and A. H. Davis,
Esq.

Sp. 4. Hyd. nigropicea. Piceo-jiigra; cajjite de?ise punctaio,
oculis prominentibas: thorace hreviore, dense punciato,fovei&
quatuor leviter impressis : elytris oblong o-ovatis, stib-trnn-
catis, punctato-striatis, striis sub-confluentihus : antennis,
pedibus, palplscpie rnfo-testaceis. (Long corp. 1 lin.)

About the size of H. riparia : the eyes are more prominent, the
thorax is shorter, the elytra are ovate and subtruncate, whereas in
riparia they are linear, and rounded at the apex.

I have once met with this species near London. Epping ;
E. Doubleday, Esq. I have also seen several specimens from
Hebden-bridge.

Sp. 5. Hyd. melanocephala. Testacea ; capite nigro-jnceo,
proj'unde punctato, ocidis magnis, protnineniibus : thorace
brevi, laterihus dilaiatis, dense punctatis, foveis quatuor
leviter inijiressis : elytris latiorihus, ovatis, vix truncatis,
leviter jiunctato-striatis : antennis, 2)edibusque 2iallide tes-
taceis, ijaljiis testaceis, apicibus nigris. (Long. corp. 1 lin.)

Allied to the foregoing, but known by its pale colour, it is
altogether broader and shorter in proportion : very distinct
from H. testacea, which it resembles in colour ; it is much
larger and broader, the thorax is considerably dilated at the
sides, and very short ; it is also more delicately sculptured
throughout. Netley, Salop ; Rev. F. W. Hope.

Sp. 6. Hyd. testacea. Pallide piceo-testacea : cajnte
nigro, dens^ punctato, oculis prominentibus : thorace
dngustiorc, later^b^s vix dilatatis, profunde punctato, ad

BY G. R. WATERHOUSE, ESQ. 295

angulos depresso : elytns elongato-oimtis, ad apicem
rotundatis, i^rofunde imnctato-striatis : antennis pedibusque
pallide testaceis : palpis pallide testnceis, apice nigris,
gracillimis et elongatis. (Long. corp. I lin.)
Hydrasna testacea. Curt. B. E. p. 307.

This species may readily be distinguished from its pale
congeners by the coarse sculpture, and by the form of the
thorax, which is scarcely dilated at the sides.

I have taken this species tolerably plentiful in the ditches in
Battersea-fields. Epping: E. Doubleday, Esq. Halifax:
A. H. Davis, Esq.

Sp. 7. Hyd. nigrita. Atra ; capite dense punctnlato, ocnlis
prom'mentibus: tJiorace breviore, dense punctato, sulco
ulrinqiie longltudinaU versus latera imjyresso : elytris
brevibus, ocatis, lavissinie punctato-striatis, siriis sub-
conjluentibiis : antennis, ^;cf//6w5 palpisqne rufo-testaeeh.
(Long. Corp. | lin.)

Hydraena nigrita. Midler Germ. Ins. Sj)e. p. 93.
pusilla. Stephens.

The short ovate form and dark colour distinguish this
species from all the foregoing.

I have taken three specimens of this species in the neigh-
bourhood of London.

Sp. 8. Hyd. pygmoea. Piceo-brunnea ; capite nigro, fronte
punctato, oculis jyrominentibus ; thorace antice lato, jiostice
attenuato, foreis quatuor impressis, duobiisque leinter im-
pressis discoidalibus, j)iinctttto ; elytris breribus, ovatis,
dense jitmctatis : ijedibiis robustioribiis, piceo-ferriigineis,
palpis brevioribus et robustioribus, rnfo-ferrugineis. (Long.
Corp. g lin.)

Distinguished from all the foregoing by the want of regular
striae on the elytra : about the size of H. pusilla : the thorax
is longer and broader in front, less deeply punctured, but the
foveae are more deeply impressed: elytra shorter and not so
ample ; legs and palpi thicker.

The only specimens I have seen of this curious little
species, were taken at Hebden-bridge by Mr. Gibson.

296 ON THE EXISTENCE OF

Sp. 9. Hyd. minutissima. Piceo-hrunnea: cajnte nigro, lato,
2)ostice dense, antice vix punctato ; oculis prominulis :
thorace lateribus rotundatls, antice latissbno, dense punc-
tato, ad angulos depresso: ehjlris elongatis, obtuse ad
apicem rotundatis, distincte punctato-strialis : pedibus,
antennis palpisque rufo-testaceis. (Long. corp. | lin.)

Hydraena minutissima. Stephens.

This species may be known from all the foregoing by its
minute size and the proportionately large head and thorax.

I have taken one specimen of this species in the neighbour-
hood of London, but forget the exact locality. Newcastle-
upon-Tyne ; C. Hewitson, Esq.

Sp. 10. Hyd. gracilis. Nigra, nitida : capite inter ociilos
punctato: thorace longiore, lateribus dilatatis, 2^unctato,
sulcis duobus longitudinalibus impresso : elytris nigro-
pticeis aut nigris, angustatis, jjunctato-striatis, sutura
paulld elevata ; antennis, palpisque rufo-piceis : pedibus
nigris, geniculis tarsisque rufis, (Long. corp. \\. lin.)

Hydraena gracilis. Midler. Germar. Ins. Sjje. p. 94.
elongata. Curtis.

Closely allied to H. riparia, but may be distinguished by
its more elongate narrow form, and black legs ; the eyes are
also rather more prominent.

I have one specimen of this insect, but do not recollect its
locality.

Art. XXXIIL — On the Existence of ^^ Natural Genera.''^
By Alexander William Griesbach, Esq. B.A. of Trinity
College, Cambridffe.

" Ne mea dona, tibi studio disposta fideli,
Intellecta prius quam sint, contemta relinquas."

Of all the qualities of the human mind, there is none more
enviable, and none which has been the cause of greater good
to mankind generally, than an acute perception of the beauty

NATURAL GENERA. 297

of nature. It is this perception which has alike inspired the
philosopher, the painter, and the poet ; and it would be diffi-
cult to point out an art or a science which has not been,
directly or indirectly, benefited by it.

But how useful soever the results of this keen relish for
nature and natural things may be, the study of them is no less
amiable for its own sake ; and perhaps no purer happiness can
be enjoyed on earth than that which arises from it. If it be
true that "a. main article of human happiness is the exercise
of our faculties, either of body or mind, in the pursuit of some
engaging end," — surely no end can be proposed more engaging
than the perusal of the great book of the creation, whose every
page is full of interest and beauty.

There are but few, however, whose avocations will allow to
take more than a cursory view of the general scheme of nature;
and we usually find that naturalists have chosen some particu-
lar branch, upon which to bestow the greater portion of their
labours and investigation. And here, as a lover of entomology,
I cannot refrain from expressing the pleasure with which I
have observed the increasing attention paid to this wonderful
and delightful study.

Entomology is indeed a study which will well repay those
who may bestow their attention upon it; yet, whether from the
comparative difficulty of pursuing it, or in consequence of the
sneers of the vulgar-minded, it has never been, and probably
never will be, extremely popular. Those, however, who are
the best acquainted with it, consider it as, perhaps, the most
wonderful branch of the creation, and as affording some
most valuable auxiliary evidences of the existence of a
Supreme Being ; and whilst those individuals of the animal
kingdom, which are most remarkable for their gigantic bulk,
more particularly excite the attention of the many, the ento-
mologist sees in those atom-like beings, which others pass by
absolutely without notice, organs as perfect, and as beautifully
adapted to their particular functions, as any which are to be
found in the whale or the elephant.

Interesting, therefore, as even a vague acquaintance with
entomology is, we shall be still more interested when we
observe how beautifully and gradually its almost endless
varieties of forms are blended, and flow into each other.
Indeed so nicely, and almost imperceptibly, does this blending

NO. III. VOL. I, Q Q

298 ON THE EXISTENCE OF

take place, as to have led to the supposition that nature knows
no division of kinds or '' genera" but that specific distinction
is all that can be proved to exist.

Now as this supposition is what I have proposed as the
subject of inquiry in the present paper, it may be as well,
before entering upon the inquiry, to give a definition of a
" genus ;" and in so doing, I must observe that, supposing the
existence of generic groups in nature, the characters by which
we separate such groups must necessarily be, in some measure,
arbitrary, since we cannot know of a certainty where one
group terminates, and another begins. I define a " genus"
to be —

A group of specifically distinct individuals, similar to each
other, more or less, in habits and economy, which have at least
one character in common, and this a character either not found
in other groups, or not found in other groups with a like
combination of characters.

The aphorism, " Natura non facit saltiis," is generally
acknowledged to be true, and of its truth I am fully convinced ;
for so gradual is the transition from one form to another, not
only in entomology, but in every form of matter throughout
nature, at least where we have most knowledge, that it is but
reasonable to suppose, when we observe any insulated form, it
is only so insulated because the links which would make it
harmonize with the whole are unknown to us. But admitting
this, I contend that groups do exist in nature, of which the
individuals of each respectively agree, more or less, in general
characters, one with another, but do not so agree with the
individuals of any other group.

As it is to be supposed that "genera" exist throughout
nature, if at all, it signifies but little from which part of nature
we reason. Let us, therefore, for the sake of illustration, take
the horse, the zebra, and the ass, and place them in a group
together. The first thing that strikes us is, that they have a
great general resemblance to each other : the outline of their
respective forms is much the same ; their various members are
similar, their habits are nearly alike : in these points the three
individuals agree one with another. But, following up the
comparison, we find that, although a general resemblance
obtains between them, they differ from each other in certain
'particulars, which, as the position is all we want, may be

NATURAL GENERA. 299

taken for granted. Let us now take the lion, the tiger, and
the leopard, and examine them in the same manner. We
arrive at the same conclusion. They have a general resem-
blance to each other, but differ " inter se" in particulars.
Now the resemblance they bear to each other constitutes the
genus, the difference between them the species.

A comparison of these two groups, one with the other, will
show that hardly a single character is there in common
between them. The individuals of the first feed upon grass
and herbs ; those of the second upon the flesh of other ani-
mals : according to their different habits their organs are
formed ; and surely no two groups can be more dissimilar.
All that they resemble each other in is, that the individuals
of both are viviparous, and suckle their young, characters
hitherto thought no more than sufficient to class them
equally as " mammalia." This difference of groups exists as
strongly in insects ; and it is a difference, I think, as clearly
pointed out by nature as the difference of one species from
another.

The principal argument of the unbelievers in genera is,
" that although it may be extremely easy to form two groups
apparently unlike each other in every respect, yet a series of
insects may be formed which shall so gradually connect any
two such groups, that it shall be impossible to say where the
one terminates and the other begins ;" hence they deduce that
genera do not exist.

Now if this reasoning is good for any thing, it ought to be
of universal application ; but will it lead us to doubt that
animals and vegetables are separated from each other by
nature, because the line of separation is not clearly discernible?
for so great is the difficulty naturalists have experienced in
drawing this line, that the only characters of distinction
hitherto given, are not wholly free from objection. Will it
lead us to conclude that matter is either all organic, or all
inorganic, because " the line of demai'cation between the
mineral kingdom and organized matter is allowed to be
indistinct ? "

But if the gradual merging of one genus, so called, into
another, be sufficient to show that genera exist not in nature,
it will follow that neither do " orders " exist ; for it cannot be
doubted that insects exist which will link every order together.

300 ON THE EXISTENCE OF NATURAL GENERA.

I have seen an Algerine insect, in Mr. Waterhouse's possession,
which closely connects the Orthoptera and Hemiptera, resem-
bling both the Blattidce and CimicidcE : and in the cabinet of
Mr. Stephens is another insect, which partakes of the charac-
ters of the Coleoptera and Strepsiptera. Granting therefore
all insects to be linked together in most easy gradation, which in
fact they are, would it be the language of nature to say, " This
butterfly is a distinct species of beetle ;" and vice versa ? It
may be answered, " No;" but it would be correct to say, " This
butterfly and this beetle are distinct species of insects." But
it unluckily happens, that if such stress be laid upon " links,"
even " insects " can no longer be considered a distinct group ;
the transition from them to the Arachnoi'da, &c. being easy, and
equally so from one group to another, throughout animated
nature. And what is worse, the difficulty does not end here —
for animal and vegetable nature are as closely linked to each
other as animals are ; so that, by way of being correct, we
must speak of every palpable being, merely as a form of
matter, unless indeed we follow Bishop Berkeley in his theory,
that matter does not exist.

But to return to the objection. It is said that in ento-
mology, " so gradual a connecting series may be formed from
one group to another, that it shall be impossible to draw the
line between them." This impossibility, however, I am dis-
posed to deny ; and in the definition I have indicated that, if
no where else, this line can be drawn where individuals, in
such a series, cease to have a single character in common with
those which precede them.

Mr. Newman is of opinion, " that a genus should be established
for every species whose primary characters differ from those of
its congeners," and probably these would be true natural
genera ; for if the transitions from the great groups to each
other be so gradual, we may suppose those from the smaller
groups to each other to be still less abrupt, and the genera
indicated by these types may contain many species with which
we are at present unacquainted.

But it was not my purpose here, to show how genera may
be distinguished, but if possible to prove their existence,
which I trust I have in some measure accomplished. If what
I have written should prove the means of exciting enquiry
and discussion, by which not only the existence of genera

NOTICE OF ENTOMOLOGICAL WORKS. 301

shall be ascertained, but a clue to their formation disco-
vered, I shall be satisfied to have written not uselessly, if not
well.

Art. XXXIV. — Notice of Entomological Works.

1. British Entomology, hyJ. Curtis, F.L.S,, Nos. 105— 1 10.
— No. 105 contains, 1. Oxyporus maxillosus. This is a beautiful
figure ; the species from which it is drawn is very rare as
British, existing only in the cabinets of the British Museum
and Mr. Kirby ; its congener rufus is comparatively common,
being taken at Birchwood and other localities near London, in
an agaricus, which grows on the stumps of fir-trees which
have been felled. 2. Nomada Dalii, with a list of thirty-seven
British species : the economy of this tribe of bees is at present
unknown, although some of the species are among our com-
monest insects. 3. Cerostoma annulatella. This elegant little
moth is remarkable for holding its antennas, when at rest,
porrected in a right line from its head, and touching each other,
in the manner of Phryganece. 4. Hijjpobosca equina. This
insect is much too highly coloured ; we have often possessed
them when alive and active; they are nearly unicolorous. The
Hippohoscce ai'e pupiparous, and, with the Notostomata of
Dr. Leach, probably form an osculant group, which connect
the Diptera in Insecta with some of the parasitical Acaridca.
The tenacity of life in these horse-flies is truly remarkable ; we
have deprived them of their heads, and allowed them to run
again on our horse, which they do backwards, forwards, and
sideways, with precisely the same apparent ease as before :
although they do not bite, the irritation they occasion appears
to be intense, and renders horses that are unaccustomed to them
perfectly unmanageable. — No. 106 contains, 1. Areopagus
puncticollis. This curious little insect had been previously
very correctly figured by Mr. Denny, in his excellent mono-
graph on the Pselaphidce, and we rather regret Mr. Curtis
did not wait for a new species before he figured the genus.
2. Fcemis assectator. 3. The beautiful and rare moth, Psodos
equestrata. 4. Xylota bifasciata, one of the Syrphidce.

02 NOTICE OF

The generic name, Xylota, we could have wished restricted to
the species i^lp'iens, which appears to us typical; and a new
name might have been given to the remaining species. The
Xijlotce have a remarkable analogical resemblance to the
Ichnetiutones, running with great activity about the leaves
and stems of plants, in the sunshine, with their wings closely
folded on their backs. — No. 107 contains, 1. The very com-
mon Cijclirus rostratus, so remarkable for its hissing noise,
very much resembling that made by a water-beetle, Padobius
Hermanni: this noise has often attracted our attention when
we have captured it. The Cychri usually conceal themselves
at the roots of long grass, or under stones, in the day-time ;
and in the night, or sometimes in moist showery weather, even
in the day, they ascend shrubs, in search of larvae and perfect
insects, on which, like the Calosomce, they feed. 2. Pliagonia
smaragdina. This is a beautiful and interesting little Hymenop-
terous parasite. The genus appears identical with Pachylar-
thrtis (Westvv.) characterized in the Philosophical Magazine for
August, 1832; and, much as we deprecate the publication of
the characters of disconnected genera, for the paltry fame of
attaching a name to them, it is our duty, and it ever shall be
our endeavour, to give precedence to priority, however obtained,
as it seems our only sound mode of deciding nomenclature:
one species, that named Insigjiis by Mr. Westwood, seems to
have been described by Dalman in the Stockholm Transactions,
under the name Diplolep'is patellana. Mr. Curtis has made
a mistake in referring this little insect to the family Cynip'idcc,
to which it has no affinity. 3. Nola monachcdh, a pretty
little moth, and elegantly figured. Mr. Curtis wishes to
make this genus something like a stepping-stone from the
Pyralides to the Torticides ; we do not see the weight of
his arguments on this subject. 4. Helophilus Ruddil. This
is a beautiful and interesting plate : the fly was taken by
L. Rudd, Esq. near Yarmouth, in Norfolk : it has the head
and antennae of a Criorhina, and the abdomen of a Tahanus ;
the thorax is longitudinally striped, like that of Helophilus, to
which genus, however, it does not appear to us to be at all
nearly related. — No. 108 contains, 1. Hypoplceus hicolor.
2. Trachea atri2)licis, with a larva copied from Hubner, in
which we fear there is some mistake, as Roesel (see Mr. Curtis's
text), Fabricius, Haworth, Stephens, &c. agree in describing it

ENTOMOLOGICAL WORKS. 303

as red, with a brown dorsal line : we have never seen the
larva ourselves. 3. Eristalis twbilipennis. 4. HaUctophogus
Curtisii. A new insect, of the singular family Stylopidcs
(making the fourth), discovered by that eminently successful
and ardent entomologist, Mr. Dale.— Nos. 109 and 110 are
published together: they contain, 1. Endromis versicolor. $ . $ .
and larva ; the latter does not convey to us an idea of the
insect. 2. Cardiapus Mathewsii. {Haltica olim.) 3. Emphij-
tus fasciatus. 4. Phora abdominalis. 5. Tasgins riijipes.
6. Acrijdium subulatum. 7. Leptogramma irrorara. 8. Oxt/-
cera Morrisii. In the characters of Acrydium, Mr. Curtis
seems to have made some mistake : he says, " Thorax forming
a narrow band, with a keel down the centre." We do not
know to what part the term thorax is here given. " Scutellmn
sometimes much longer than the body," &c. The elongated
part is the prothorax ; the part known as scutellum is com-
pletely concealed. Mr. Curtis henceforth intends publishing
his works every alternate month, each number to contain eight
plates.

2. The Book of Butterflies and Moths. — This is a work of
two volumes, " with numerous coloured engravings on wood,"
to each of which the cunning designer has, with very great
judgment, applied a name, although in this nomenclature, from
the author's presumptuous attempt to dip a little into ento-
mology, he falls into singular mistakes now and then. The
book ivill open at one place, which, though we have seen it
twenty times, still excites a smile : it is a representation of
something like a striped bolster, and above it a ninepin ; the
author facetiously calls this pair, " the larva and caterpillar of
the pink under-wing moth ;" which is which we have not yet
made out. A few pages further, we are told that " the moth
assumes the imago state in May;" — and many other such
wonders we find scattered up and down. The truth is, that
Captain Brown seems to derive his information from Professor
Rennie's works ; and " when the blind lead the blind," the
consequence may be inferred. Let us not, however, deny the
book its merits ; it is a cheap pennyworth ; and if the plates
are not representations oi particular butterflies and moths,
yet they are pretty, and would be likely to inspire a wish to
know more about these things ; and if the science of the work

304 NOTICE OF

is not deep, there will yet be found some extracts from
other authors, which will not only prove interesting, but
instructive.

3. Annales de la Socicte Ejitomologique de France : tr'i-
mestre 1, 2, et 3. — We hail with delight the establishment of
an Entomological Society in Paris, and sincerely hope that the
example may shortly be followed in this country, where the
taste for the study seems to be every day increasing. Three
numbers of their Transactions have already been published,
which we most cordially recommend to the notice of our
countrymen. Amongst the contents we observe, " Opening
Discourse, by M. Latreille ;" " Observations on the mode of
writing Papers on Natural History, particularly Monographs,
by M. Godet;" "Memoir on Gorytes, by M. Pelletier de
Saint-Fargeau ;" " Notice of a new Genus of Homoptera, by
M. Laporte ;" " Monograph of a new Genus of Curculionidae,
by M. Chevrolet ;" " A new Classification of the Family Longi-
cornes, by M. Audinet-Serville ;" " Observations on Bombyx
Pitiocampa, by M. de Villiers ;" " Monographs of two new
Genera of Curculionidae, by M. Chevrault;" " Description of a
new Tetralobus, by M. Gory;" " Memoir of some new Genera
of Homoptera, by M. Laporte," &c. &c.

4. Revue Methodiqiie des Inscctes de VOrdre des Orthop-
tereSf par J. G. Audinet-Serville. — This clever little essay
has been previously published piece-meal in the " Annales des
Sciences Naturelles," but now for the first time appears as
a whole. The Orthoptera are divided into seven families,
Forjiculaires, Blattaires, Mantides, Spectres, Grylloniens,
Locustaires and Acridites : we may observe that Mantides
and Spectres seem to us scarcely to constitute two separate
groups, being in every respect so nearly allied ; we also feel at
a loss how to account for the omission of the genus Thrips,
which appears to us decidedly Orthopterous.

5. Centurie de Leptidopteres de Vile de Cuba, par M. Poey.
— The figures in this work are well engraved, but it strikes us,
rather indifferently coloured. The most remarkable insect
figured, is Mastigopliorus Parra, one of the family Pijralidce,
with palpi which are considerably longer than the whole length

ENTOMOLOGICAL WORKS. 305

of the insect exclusively ; it appears nearly related to our
genus Polypogon.

6. Magasin de Zoologie, par M. Guerhi.—We have again
been highly gratified by our inspection of this beautiful work;
the figure of Hipocejy/ialiis armatus of Desmarest, is well
worthy of notice; and M. Laporte's " Essay on the Systematic
Classification of the Heteropterous Hemiptera" should be
studied attentively by all who purpose paying attention to this
section of insects; it is succinct, clear, and exceedingly clever.
M. Laporte divides the Heteropterous Hemiptera into two
tribes and fourteen families. We cannot too highly recom-
mend this Magazine to the notice of British naturalists, and
sincerely wish to see a taste for the scientific researches of our
neighbours more cultivated in this country than it is at present.

7. Annales des Sciences Naturelles, par M. Audouin. —
This work is continued with spirit and talent ; in the number
before us we find a paper on the same minute tribe (the Chal-
cides), which our highly valued contributor, Mr. Walker, is
now for the first time bringing into notice in this country. To
an entomologist, above all men, diminutive size should be no
objection. In another number (the last) we find some excellent
observations on the anatomy of the flea, by M. Duges.

8. Magazine of Natural History. — This useful and highly
entertaining Magazine is continued with its usual spirit : lately
we have observed some excellent papers on Crustacea, &c. by
Dr. Johnston, a most scientific and pei'severing naturahst;
many interesting scraps on birds, insects, &c. by the Rev.
Mr. Bree ; a valuable pa^^r, by Mr. Yarrell, on some new
British Mammalia, &c. &c. : but the most delightful feature in
the Magazine, is a series of letters by our correspondent,
Rusticus, commencing in the September number. We do not
know which of these most to admire, they are all so exactly to
our taste, and we congratulate our contemporary on the ac-
quisition of such a writer ; we might envy him, but that Rusticus
is doing the same for us, though on a somewhat diflferent sub-
ject ; and we content ourselves in the belief, that if " Something
about Birds" be more beautiful, " Observations on Blight" will
be more useful. The entomological papers in Mr. Loudon's

NO. III. VOL. I. R R

'306 NOTICE OF

Magazine have been rather weak. In September we observed
a very dry, and we think useless paper, by Mr. Huish, about bees.
In the March number, our correspondent, Mr. Westwood, has
a paper, giving Mr. MacLeay's, and Messrs. Kirby and Spence's
calculations of the supposed number of insects: he continues
the old error of supposing the Coleoptera so greatly superior
to the other orders of insects in point of number. Mr. Westwood
has appended some characters of Hymenoptera (we do not see
the connexion between the subjects), in which, unwilling as
we are to criticise, we must notice a few errors, lest it be
thought by our friends that we have not observed them.
Agojiioneurus, W. is Aphellniis, Dalman ; the wing and
antennte appear to be copied from that author; the name,
moreover, is inappropriate, as in the wing of this insect the
stigmal does form an angle, though a slight one, with the
subcostal nervure. Choreia mgro-cenea is probably the female
of Eiicijrtus hemipterus ; the abbreviated subcoriarious wings
of this insect, Mr. Westwood describes, as the sides of the
mesothoracic scutelliim, which part, he says, is quadrate,
whereas it is really triangular, with the apex acuminated.
Hemiptarsenusfulvicollis, W. is an excessively common little
insect, and has two remarkable characters : first, the variation
of the colour of the thorax, two being seldom found alike
(bright green is peihaps the prevailing colour, which, by the
by, makes fulri colli s a bad name) ; and, secondly, the beautiful
snow-white tips to its antennae : neither of these characters are
noticed.

9. Monographie der Carahiden Von Zimmermann. Erstes.
Stuck. 8vo. Berlin et Halle, 1831. — The Carahidcshdiweheen
more attended to by entomologists than any other family of
insects ; an immense number of new genera and species have
been published within the last two or three years, by Dejean
and others ; indeed, the genera and species of all insects,
especially of Coleoptera, have been rapidly increasing lately,
while their general arrangement has been comparatively neg-
lected. It would tend much to simplify and perfect the
system, if natural orders, on the plan of Jussieu's excellent
arrangement of plants, were adopted. This work is written in
German, with a very short Latin notice of each genus and
species. The Zabroides, the subjects of the present essay,

ENTOMOLOGICAL WORKS. 307

are divided into five genera; viz. Eutroctes, Zabnis, Pelor,
Polysitus, and Acorius ; and though the author only describes
twenty-six species, the work extends to seventy-six pages. It
would have been more generally useful if he had written it
entirely in Latin, and had given the names of the authors on
the same subject, and the synonyms. His second essay will
be on the Amaroides.

10. Versuch einer gencmen beschreibung der in Schlesien
einheimischen Arten der Familie der riiderwanzen Ploteres.
Latr. Von T. E. Schumrnel. Mit. 4. Kupfertafchi. Breslau,
1832. — An excellent monograph on the genera Hydrometra,
Velia, and Gerris, constituting the family Ploteres, Latr. ;
accompanied by numerous and accurate dissections and figures.
Several new species of Gerris are described, and their variations
are well exhibited in the last plate. The author gives complete
synonyms of the genera and species.

11. Versuch einer genauen beschreibung der in Schlesien
einheimischen Arten der gattung Raphidia. Linn. Von
T. E. Schumrnel. Mit einer illuminirten Kupfertafeln.
Breslau, 1832. — An essay much on the same plan as the pre-
ceding. The author describes four species (two of them new),
the nervures of whose wings often vary in the same specimen.
The species described are : 1. Ophiopsis, Linn. 2. Crassi-
cornis, Hartlich. 3. Notcita, Fabr. 4. Xanthostigma, Schum. ;
the two latter are common near London. The plate represents
the wings, head, &c. of each species.

12. Observationes de speciebus nonnullis generis Myceto-
phila vel novis, vel minus cognitis scripsit F. H. Stannius.
Med. et Chir. Dr. Accedit tabula cenea colorata. Vratislavia,
1831. — An interesting monograph on the genus Mijcetophila,
which the author appears to have thoroughly studied. This
group belongs to the Tipularice Fungicolce, in which he has
also included Leia, Sciophila, Sciara or Molobrus, and Cor-
dyla. He gives an account of their habits and economy, and
observes that their larvae are intimately allied to those of
Lepidoptera, while they differ from other Dipterous larvae, in
having the stigmata placed together on the side of each segment,
and in some other characters. He says that this formation

308 NOTICE OF ENTOMOLOGICAL WORKS.

is common to all the above-mentioned genera, and that he
has also observed lateral stigmata in the larva of Cecidromyia.
Eight species are figured, and twenty-three described, fifteen
of which are new.

13. Die Arachniden-Getren nnch der Natur abgebildet und
hesclir'iehen Von Dr. Carl Wilhelm Halin. Erster Band.

14. Die Wanzenartigen Insecten. Geireu nach der NaUtr
abgebildet und beschrieben Von Dr. Carl. Wilhelm Halm.
Erster Band. Mit seeks und dreissig fein ausgemalten.
Tafeln N'drnberg, 1831. — The first number of each of these
works was published in 1831 ; of the second, we have just
received a second number, and we understand they are to be
continued. Each has six plates, with coloured figures. The
first illustrates some of the genera and species of Arachnida ;
a few sketches of the positions of their eyes are also given.
The second is very similar to a work published, by the same
author, several years before, and contains figures of the genera
and species of Hemiptera, with sketches of their heads,
trophi, antennae, and nervures of the wings, magnified. The
figures, in all the three numbers, are accurately, though in
some instances, rather coarsely executed.

15. Handbuch der Entomologie Von Herrmann Burmeister.
Erster Band. Allgemeine Entomologie. Mit 16 Steind-
r lichen und erklarenden Text in Quart. Berlin, 1832. — This
volume, containing nearly seven hundred pages 8vo, is divided,
by the author, into four sections. The first treats of the
Terminology or Orismology; the second, of the Anatomy;
the third, of the Physiology ; and the fourth, of the Taxonomy,
or system of insects. Our limits will only allow us to give a
short list of the contents of the book. His first section con-
tains three chapters ; in the first, he speaks of the basis of
Orismology ; the second chapter is devoted to general, and the
the third to partial Orismology. Observations on the organs
of growth, and on the animal organs, occupy the second
section. The third, containing above three hundred pages, is
divided into three parts, the first describing the physiology of
the body, which he calls " Somatische Phi/siologie " the
second, that of the soul, or instinct (" Psychische Physiologie") ;
and the third, the geography, &c. of insects. The fourth

VARIETIES. 309

section is upon systems : those of Aristotle, Gesner, Ray,
Lister, Linnaeus, De Geer, Geoffroy, Fabricius, Illiger, Clair-
ville, Cuvier, Latreille, Lamarck, Dumeril, Leach, Kirby,
Oken, MacLeay, &c. are described ; and he gives a short
account of a system of his own. He concludes with a few
pages on nomenclature, and a table containing lists of the
different thoracic parts, according to his views, and those of
Knoch, Kirby, Chabrier, Andouin, MacLeay, and Straiis-
Durckheim. This work is accompanied by an atlas, containing
sixteen anatomical plates, copied from other authors, some of
them coloured. We recommend this book to the attention of
all who wish to extend their information beyond the mere
descriptions of genera and species, which is too often the ne
plus ultra of the researches of British Entomologists.

Art. XXXV. — Varieties.

( Continued from p. 216 J

24. Inquiry respecting the Genus Castnia, (Vid. ante,
p. 44.) — Sir, Permit me to request, from the anonymous re-
viewer of " Siihinx vespiformis" some information on the
natural history of the genus Castnia, which he intimates he
has seen in its native country, ** sitting with its wings de-
flexed, as we have ourselves observed" (p. 46.) This fact
was published many years ago, {Zool. III. 3 PI. 149) ; but it
has never been confirmed, until now, by the observations of
others. Your correspondent must, of course, be a traveller in
equinoctial America, where only this genus is found ; and can
probably communicate something more on this singular group
than I have published. Allow me to express the pleasure I
have derived from your first number, and my hope that it will
be effectually supported. The first article deserves the highest
commendation.

I am Sir, your very obedient Servant,

William Sw^ainson.
St. Albans, Nov. 25, 1832.

[We are sorry that we are unable to afford Mr. Swainson
any further information on this interesting subject. — Ed.]

310

VARIETIES.

25. Singular mode of capturing Nod lice. — I would recom-
mend to your readers a plan, by means of which I have cap-
tured many good Lepidoptera, as will be seen by the list I send
herewith. It is simply to lay a sugar-hogshead, which has
just been emptied, and to which of course some small quantity of
sugar will still adhere, in an open space near a garden or field.
In the course of a night or two it will be visited by numbers
of Noctuae, amongst which will not unfrequently be found some
of the rarer species. The Noctuae continue to visit it, parti-
cularly on moist evenings, as long as it retains any saccharine
matter.

Yours, &c.

E. DOUBLEDAY.

Epping, Nov. 21, 1832.

Callimorpha miniata

Orthosia macilenta

Apamea rava

Litliosia complana

upsilon

oculea

Triphaena orbona

Mythimna grisea

I-niger

pronuba

Segetia xanthographa

Miana iEthiops

innuba

Caradrina alsines

strigilis

fimbria

Sepii

humeralis

interjecta

cubicularis

Miselia oxyacanthae

Janthina

glareosa

Polia advena

Cerigo texta

Glasa Vaccinii

seladonia

LytEea umbrosa

polita

Acronycta Psi

Agrotis eequa

Amphipyra pyramidea

tridens

segetum

Pyrophila tetra

Bryophila perla

suffusa

Nsenia typica

Bombycia viminalis

nigricans

Xylina putris

Cosmia difRnis

exclamationis

Xylophasia lithoxylea

trapetzina

Graphiphora augur

polyodon

Xanthia flavago

brunnea

rurea

Leucania impura

punicea

epomidion

pallens

C. Nigrum

Hadena plebeia

Phlogophora meticulosi

plecta

Mamestra oleracea

Abrostola urticae

Semiophora gothica

Brassicae

triplasia

Orthosia litura

aliena

Mormo Maura

pistacina

persicariae

Catocala nupta

26. Genus Amphimalla. ( Vide ante, p. 84.) — Sir, So far from
suppressing my learned friend, M. Latreille's, genus Amphi-
malla (which may be termed a sub-genus), I have given the
characters of it under my third division. Vol. IX. p. 406. On
an inspection of the foreign species of Melolonthidce , the
antenntie will be found to vary so much, that if generic
names be given where the antennae differ, it must be done to a

VARIETIES. 311

very great extent; and it is as well to bear in mind, that
it will be simplifying the science to form divisions, and not
genera, when the groups are not unmanageable from their
extent. It will be seen, from my characters of the other two
divisions, that it might, on the same principle, be contended
that M. vnlgar'is and M. Fidlo should each have a generic
name ; but such a step would, I think, be actual folly. You
will see, in the errata of Vol. IX. published this day, that
since Melolontha was illustrated by me, I have had a female of
M. solstitialis sent me by a friend, by v/hich means I learn
that I was unacquainted with that sex before, and beg to sub-
join the corrected definition of M. Latreille's genus.

Amphimalla. — Antennas 9-jointed, 3 terminal joints forming
the club, which is very small in the female ; the legs differ
in the sexes as in the other species, being dentate or
spined in the female.

There must be something different in the habits of the
sexes, for I examined nearly twenty specimens, which had
been retained from many scores, taken at different times and
places, and, from their varying in size, I presumed I had both
males and females ; but it appears I had none of the latter sex.
I think it is very probable that they were all taken on the
wing, and if that were the case, it may be inferred that the
females seldom fly, and that the swarms that we see of these
insects in the evening are either flying about, or in search of
their partners. I am, yours, &c.

John Curtis.

December, 1832.

27. Singular Instinct in a Spider. — In a walk, after break-
fast, this morning, in our little garden at Kennington, I was
much delighted by the contrivance of a small garden spider :
she had formed her web over the middle of a gravel path,
attaching the supporting threads to the paling, on one side,
and to a sunflower on the other. The breeze was rather
strong; and, to keep her web steady, she had drawn up a
small gravel stone, though very nearly the size of her own
body, which hung beautifully poised between two threads,
about a foot above the path, and which answered the purpose
she wished most admirably well ; it swung backwards and

31^3 VARIETIES.

forwards with the motion of the wind, but still was heavy
enough to keep her web distended and steady. I placed a
sheet of paper underneath, to catch the stone when it fell, and
have it now in my possession.

E. T. Foster.

Dated August 11— received December 4, 1832.

28. Inquiry respecting the jjreservation of Cnistacea. —
Sir, Will you have the goodness of informing me, through
your magazine, what is the best mode of preserving shell-fish,
as crabs, &c. I have excellent opportunities of collecting
them, but they invariably become moist, and decay at the
joints. Your obedient servant.

December, 1832. DevONIENSIS.

[We believe that the most effectual mode of pi'eserving
Crustacea is to clean the shells thoroughly, and then keep
them steeped in fresh water, until the salt is completely ex-
tracted from them. Mr. Yarrell or Mr. Stephens could furnish
much better information than ourselves on this subject. We
should feel obliged by. any communication from them on the
subject. — Ed.]

29. Coccus of the Vine. — I have found on the shoots of
the vine an insect which adhered to them, in form and colour
something like a flat insect I have frequently met with
on the head of prawns. When I saw them first, they were
very flat, and close to the branch, but they increased in bulk
much more upwards than in circumference ; and, after some
time, I have picked them off, and found that they contained a
white cottony substance, and a great many young red spiders.
I never saw them in any other state than this. I have de-
stroyed great numbers, considering them prejudicial to the
vine, by injuring the sap. I never remember seeing any of
the old ones, nor indeed any others than what w^ere in the
cottony substance, which I considered the nest. Any informa-
tion on the subject will oblige G. N.

[The insect is the female of the Coccus ritis ; the red
spider-like insects are the young, which hatch from eggs,
deposited on the stem of the vine, and thus protected from

VARIETIES. 313

harm by the body of the mother. We hope our correspondent
Rusticus will include a history of this singular creature among
his valuable " Observations on Blight." — Ed.]

30. Larva of Cr(£SHS seiitentrionalis. — I have more than
once found this larva in abundance on the hazel, in the begin-
ning of July and the end of August. It is gregarious, and
remains most of the day at rest, on the margins of the leaves,
in the attitude represented in the drawing by my friend
Newman. Last July I observed some young hazels nearly
stripped of their leaves by these larvee, but apparently most of
them had changed to the pupa state, as scarcely any were to
be found on the few remaining leaves. Although the larva is
abundant at times with us, yet I have rarely found the imago.
The plate so well exhibits the form of this larva, that any
description of it would be superfluous. (See pi. 1. fig. 5.)

Edward Doubleday.

31. Metamorphosis of Aleyrodes. — Since Reaumur, no
entomologist seems to have met, in the larva or pupa state, with
Aleyrodes Proletella ; and the opinion that its metamorphosis
resembles that of the Lep'tdoptera has been so general, that
it is with much hesitation I venture a doubt of its correctness.
Having recently reai-ed it from the pupa which I found on
cabbage-leaves, I am disposed to think that it more resembles
the coarctate pupa of some Diptera ; but as I had not the
opportunity of paying sufficient attention at the time, I
merely throw out this hint in the hope that some more able
entomologist may take the pains to examine the larva and pupa
of this remarkable insect, which 1 have no doubt will be found
in abundance throughout the summer, under the leaves of the
rough-leafed vai'iety of the common cabbage.

Edward Doubleday.
Epping, December, 1832.

32. Larva of Lyda sylvatka, %c. — When my friend
Davis was at Blackheath, last summer, he found a nest of the
larvae of Lyda sylvaiica feeding in a web, on the leaves of
a pear-tree ; he kindly gave me specimens, one of which I
have drawn : it is remarkable in being entirely without the
abdominal legs (see pi. 1. fig. 4), Another yellow larva, with

NO. III. VOL. I. s s

ol4 VARIETIES.

fourteen abdominal legs, which I found in great abundance on
poplar- trees, produced Nematus dhnidiatvs (see pi. 1. fig. 1).
On the Scropliularia aqnatica^ in my garden, I obtained num-
bers of the larvae of Allantus scrophnlaricB : it is remarkable
for its great change of colour in its last skin ; from having been
a clear blueish-white, with several rows of jet black spots, it
becomes a dirty brown colour (see pi, 1. fig. 2 and 3). The
green larva represented, is that of Crcesus Sejjteutrionalis, a
description of which you will receive from its captor. The
accompanying plate is engraved by my friend, Mr. Ingall, and
coloured by a gentleman who does not wish his name made
public, and most exactly represents the insects above named.

Edward Newmam.

Deplford, December 20, 1832.

[We beg to express our best thanks to the gentlemen who
have gratuitously furnished us with this elegant plate : gene-
rosity of this kind can only be returned by every exertion on
our part to make our Magazine a worthy receptable of such
gifts.— Ed.]

33. Generic Names shotdd be of Greek Derivation. — I
was much surprised at the admission into your last number of
no less than fotir generic names, not derived from the Greek,
as is now the universal practice, but being simple Latin nouns
and adjectives. I do not think even Mr. Curtis's name of suffi-
cient weight to authorize an innovation, which it was certainly
the duty of an editor to have guarded against.

A

January 10, 1833.

[We certainly regret that these very unscientific appellations
should have escaped Mr. Curtis's notice in the revision of the
proofs ; for our own part we feel a delicacy in making altera-
tions, which might not, by our contributors, be deemed justi-
fiable : our reader will perceive at once that our correspondent
must refer to Silo, CIdamydatus, Loricula, and Galeatus.
We select Delta's observation on this subject as the most tem-
perate one of four, and because we are sure it is written with
no unfriendly feeling either towards ourselves or Mr. Cui'tis.
XYZ., who says that every genus, excepting Paramecosoma,

VARIETIES. ' S\5

described in the article alluded to (XIX. p. 186), has been pre-
viously characterized, must supply us with references in proof
of the assertion, otherwise his communication is what he is
pleased to term Mr. Curtis's,— " waste paper." We however
caution our correspondents not to allow their zeal in making
genera and species to overstep the real object of such labour, —
the elucidation of the science. With the elegant epistle (on
the article in question) which dared us to omit its publication,
we lighted our cigar ; we heartily wish all entomologists were
as willing as ourself to smoke the calumet of peace — Ed.]

34. Aphides produced in the winged state.— Having paid
much attention to the hop-fly during the last summer, I was
not a little surprised at observing that the young of that insect
are born in the perfect state, and that some of them are
actually provided with wings.

J. B , JUN.

If'urcester, January 19, 1833.

[This fact, we believe, is new to entomology ; we therefore
beg to say we are personally acquainted with the writer, and
cannot doubt his veracity. — Ed.]

S5. Tgnis fatuus. — The insects which were found (see p. 216)
in digging up the mud of an old pond, must have been the
larvae of some large Lihellula. I am surprised you should
think they were the mole-cricket; for though that insect
frequents damp situations to a certain extent, I never heard of
its burrowing in the mud of a pond. I forbear making any
observation on that strange phenomenon, but I have long
thought it to be the Lihellula. James W. Bond.

[Mr. Bond furnishes us with many remarkable instances of
tenacity of life in insects ; the most remarkable of which is one
of a moth {Phlogophora metictilosa) which appears to have been
caught flying about without a head, and which lived in that
state about thirty-six hours. — Ed.]

SQ. Motion of legs, Sfc. in Water-beetles. — Having brought
home, a short time since, a number of water-beetles alive,
I put them into a large white bason, for the purpose of
observing their actions: I found that all the carnivorous beetles

316 VARIETIES.

(natural order Dijtisciles, including the well-known genera,
Dytiscus, Coli/mbetes, Acilius, Ili/dropurus,) in swimming,
moved both their hind legs simultaneously, striking out with
great vigour, in the same way as a frog ; whereas the hei'bi-
vorous beetles (natural order, HydrophiUtes ; genera, Hydrous^
Hydroph'ilus, Helophorus, &c.), in swimming, moved their
hind legs alternately, thus making weaker strokes, and pro-
gressing in the water much more slowly. There is yet another
difference between the groups, which, however, I believe, has
been before observed ; it is, that the Dyliscites porrect their
antenna in swimming, and conceal their palpi ; the Hydro-
pJuUtes, on the contrary, porrect their palpi, and conceal their
antennae. Edward Newman.

Dcp1ford,Jan. 20, 1833.

37. Inquiry as to the collecting Apparatus. — Sir, It was
with great pleasure I became a subscriber to the " Entomolo-
logical Magazine," hoping to find in it some few instructions
and hints to young entomologists ; but meeting with disap-
pointment in this, I have written this letter, humbly requesting
you to devote one or two pages for the benefit of tyros in the
science. I shall feel much obliged by your informing me
where, in London, all apparatus necessary for collecting may
be purchased, and what particular nets, &c. you recommend,
with any hints you may think useful, either for collecting or
preserving insects.

I remain. Sir, your respectful subscriber, J. D.
Dartmouth, Jan. 1833.

[We intended to do this, but our correspondent must
observe how very little editorial matter we are able to publish,
owing to the press of more important communications. We
obtain our own nets, &c. of Mr. Bew, 19, Newgate Street ;
we are not aware of any other maker. J. D. will find ample
directions for collecting in Messrs. Kirby and Spence's " In-
troduction to Entomology," to which we beg to refer him for
the present. — Ed.]

38. Insects captured at Bridyend, Glamorganshire. — Sir, I
have to request that you will put my name down as a sub-
scriber to your excellent and long wished for Magazine. At
the same time I have embraced the opportunity of sending you

VARIETIES.

317

a list of insects collected in the vicinity of Bridgend, Glamor-
ganshire, from last May to September. They were all
captured in a circle of about three miles round that small
town. Two parts consist of different species of limestone, one
of coal-mines, and one of sand-hill or sea-coast. The larvae of
Lasiocampa trifolii I found in plenty at the end of May, in
all stages of growth, on the sand-hills ; their natural food is
the Lotus conviculatus, or bird's-foot clover ; although they eat
freely, and thrive, still the moth is difficult to rear, as the larvas
mostly die in transforming to the pupa state. Thecla Betulce,
Pieris Cratcegi, and Melitcea Artemis, were in profusion last
year. I shall be happy to exchange any Coleoptera, Diptera,
Hymenoptera, &c., for Lepidoptera, and am. Sir,
Your most obedient servant,

Charles Blomer, Capt. — Regt.

Lepidoptera : —
Thecla Betulae
Pieris Crataegi
Melitsea Artemis
Lasiocampa Trifolii
Bombycia viminalis
Caradrina trilinea
Cymatophora subtusa
Polia bicaudata *

herbida
Actebia Praecox
Agrotis Cunigera
Coclylis Baumanniana *
Pterophorus tetradactylus
Sesia Bombiliformis
Scopula flavalis
Diptera: —
Tabanus vittatus *
(Estrus Ericetorum
Tachina fera
Atherix Ibis
Henops gibbus
Asilus germanicus
Ceria Conopsoides

Hymenoptera : —
Chrysis bidentata
ignita
cyanea
Bombus Harrisellus

rupestris
Osmia Tunensis
maritima *
parietina
bicolor
Andrena aurata *
spinigera
Eucera longicornis
Mellinus pratensis
frontalis
Psen compressicornis
Coleoptera: —
Agonum emarginatum
punctatum *
Ophonus azureus
Omaseus angustior
Elaphrus cupreus
riparius

Clivina collaris

Tachypus Andrese

Ocys rubens

Nebria complanata

Pedinus maritimus

Nitidula obscura

Haltica affinis

iEgialia globosa

Hister 4-striatus

Opatrum tibiale

Hydroporus flavipes

12-pustuiatus

Colymbetes vitreus

paludosus

oblongus

guttatus

Cassida nobilis

Cistela nobilis *

Cicindela maritima

Ocypus brunnipes

Hemiptera: —

Pentatoma bidens

Cydnus Morio.

[We have marked with an asterisk several insects with
which we are wholly unacquainted, even by name. — Ed.]

39. Rather extraordinary. — On Sunday, as Mr. William Ferris,
of Pennywell Lane, was in his garden, about eleven o'elock in the

318 VARIETIES.

forenoon, millions of insects, of the caterpillar species, forming quite
a cloud, which darkened the air, passed over him from west to
east. — Bristol Mercury. — ! ! ! Ed.

40. Stephens v. Rennie. — This case happening to be the
last on the list, at the Court of Exchequer, has been, we are
sorry to say, put off till May. On the morning on which it
was expected it would be heard, we took a stroll into West-
minster Hall, and we think we may say we never saw so many
fellows of the learned societies assembled on any occasion :
we recognised Mr. Yarrell, Mr. Children, Mr. Haworth, Mr.
Vigors, M.P., Mr. Gray, Mr. Samouelle, Rev. Mr. Hope,
Rev. Mr. Rudd, Mr. Davis, Mr. Newman, Mr. E. Bennett,
Mr. Westwood, Mr. Waterhouse, Mr. Griesbach, Mr. Hanson,
Mr. E. Doubleday, &c. &c. ; most of whom were, we under-
stood, witnesses for the plaintiff, who, as a matter of course,
was present. These gentlemen, after spending nearly the
whole day walking up and down the hall, had the pleasure of
being dismissed until again wanted. We certainly do not envy
any man a law-suit : when the matter is decided, even in the
plaintiffs favour, which we have no doubt will ultimately be
the case, what damages can repay him the trouble and expense
he has incurred ? In the mean time, entomologists are incon-
venienced by the discontinuing of Mr. Stephens's " Illustra-
tions," which he, of course, suspends until the law has decided
whether he has a copyright in them or not. — Ed.

41. Inquiry respecting Mr. Stephens's " Illustrations.'" —
Sir, can you give me any information as to the re-appearance
of Mr. Stephens's valuable " Illustrations of British Entomo-
logy ?" At this distance from London, 1 find it impossible to
obtain any information through booksellers, &c. ?

Edinburgh, Ut/iFeb. 1833.

[We may positively state, on the authority of Mr. Stephens
himself, that the only cause of delay is the law-suit above
alluded to. — Ed.]

42. Flight of Insects. — The propensity which insects evince
to fly in one direction, is truly remarkable ; in the roads through
the woods of Kent, I have found that the readiest way to take
Leucoj)hasia Sina2ns, the little " Wood White" butterfly, is to

VARIETIES. 319

stand quietly and allow them to come to me ; they are slow
and very easily captured ; and after having observed the direc-
tion in which one is proceeding, I could always make sure of
many more following in the same track : when I have attempted
to turn them back, it has been of no avail, they have passed
on one side, or over me, and quietly pursued their course :
these roads are cut through the woods in every direction of
the compass, and I found the way of the wind had little or
nothing to do with the matter, as in some instances their flight
was with the wind, and in others directly against it. SaUirnia
Carpim, the Emperor Moth, and Endromis versicolor, the
Kentish Glory, invariably fly against the wind. During the
past spring, I had an excellent opportunity of remarking
the habit of the latter beautiful and rare moth ; it was about
the middle of April, the weather cloudy, and the wind eastward.
Being on the heathy common, on the south side of Birch-
wood, at two o'clock P.M., I observed one of these moths
coming directly from the west, with a zig-zag flight, and at a
most amazingly rapid rate it passed over my head, and was
soon out of sight; for about an hour and a quarter others
continued to follow, one at a time, in nearly the same line, all
coming like the first, directly from the west, and flying towards
the east. I was not fortunate enough to secure a single one,
although I learned that several were captured on the same
day ; probably, one motive for these insects flying in this way,
is to detect the females, w^hich are generally dull sluggish
animals, and scarcely fly at all. In the autumn, when the ants
are assuming the winged state, I have seen myriads of both
sexes, crossing the River Thames in the direction of the wind,
and moving in a somewhat oblique manner, so as to cause
thousands of them to fall in the water, the surface of which
was completely sprinkled with their floating bodies : the swarm
continued to pass in nearly equal profusion, six hours after-
wards, when I repassed the spot, and had probably continued
to do so during the interval. In windy weather, Megachile
WillonghhieUa, the leaf-cutter bee, invariably goes to wind-
ward of its nest to procure leaves, and returns loaded, with the
wind, thus converting a high wind into an assistance, instead
of permitting it to be, as one would very reasonably have sup-
posed, a preventative to its proceedings.

Your's, &c. Edward Newman.

320 ON THE DEATH OF LATREILLE.

Art. XXXVI. — On the Death of Latreille.

A VOICE of sorrow floats upon the gale,
'Tis science weeps, she weeps for thee, Latreille !
At length thy bright career is o'er,
Thy honoured voice shall teach no more ;
And we, who doatingly have hung
Upon the wisdom of thy tongue,
All eager lest a single word
Should chance to pass thy lips unheard.
That, as a father's to his child.
Instruction poured in accents mild,
Not only to bright science true,
But advocating virtue too —
Now, drop upon thy hallowed bier,
The honest tribute of a tear.

Oh Frenchman ! dost thou wonder ? wouldst thou know
Whence comes this lay, and whose this strain of woe ?
And deem'st thou that no honest hand
Can hold the pen in foreign land,
And thus with grief unfeign'd bewail
Thy own, thy loved, thy lost Latreille,
Nor seek to hide his sterling worth.
Because thy country gave him birth ? —
Oh ! learn that our impartial eye
Finds merit vmder any sky ;
Our pearls of knowledge have been Strang
From every land, in every tongue ;
And shall we ill for good return,
Nor let the palm where won be worn? —
No I when our Fire-fly spreads her wings,
An equal light on all she flings ;
A guardian banner is unfurled
For merit over all the world I

And, Briton, as thou readest, put to rest
All envious feeling, if such haunt thy breast.
The mighty has resign'd his trust,
The teacher mingles with the dust ;
And surely we shall seek in vain
To find on earth his like again.
O, let not then thy niggard frown
Attempt to dim his radiant crown ;
But keep his matchless worth in view.
And honour give where honour's due :
Boughs of the weeping-willow beai- —
Wreaths of the gloomy cypress wear ;
And with us pay thy tribute here —
One heartfelt sigh, one parting tear.

ENTOMOLOCIAEHODIERNAEFVNDATOR

PETRVS -ANDREAS -LATREILLE

DIEI-VIFEBRVARIIOBIIT
A ■ D • M D C C C X X X 1 1 1

ENTOMOLOGICAL MAGAZINE.

JULY, 1833.

Art. XXXVII. — Colloqnia Entomologica.

(The second and last of the series.)

TvioBi aeavTOv.

Scene — The Parlotir at the Bull Inn, Birch- wood- corner.

Enter Erro froin mothing ; he takes off a hulVs-eye lanthorn,
and sits, folding his anjis. — An expiring fire in the grate.

Erro.

Where rose the mountains, there to him were friends ;
Where rolled the ocean, thereon was his home ;
Where a blue sky and glowing clime extends,
He had the passion and the power to roam.
The desert, forest, cavern, breaker's foam
Were unto him companionship ; they spake
A mutual language, clearer than the tome
Of his land's tongue, which he would oft forsake
For nature's pages, glassed by sunbeams on the lake.

{A long pause.)

Like the Chaldagan, he could watch the stars
Till he had peopled them with beings bright
As their own beams ; and earth, and earth-born jars.
And human frailties, were forgotten quite.
Could I have kept my spirit to that flight
I had been happy ; but this clay will sink
Its part immortal, envying it the light
To which it mounts as if to break the link
That keeps us from yon heaven, that lures us to its brink.
NO. IV. VOL. I. T T

322 COLLOQUIA ENTOMOLOGICA.

But in man's dwelling I'm become a thing,
Restless and worn, and stern, and wearisome,
Droop as a wild-born falcon with dipt wing,
To whom the boundless air alone were home ;
Then conies my fit again, which to o'ercome,
As eagerly the barr'd-up bird will beat
His breast and beak against his wiry dome,
Till the blood tinge his plumage ; so the heat
Of my impeded soul does through this bosom eat. {A pause.)

Poor captive nightingales, how have I watched your oft
repeated efforts for hberty, when nature has told you it was
time to go ! how deeply have I shared in your disappoint-
ment ! {A long pause.)
Enter Entomophilus (frotn mothing).

Entomophilus. What, moping again ! for ever on the dolo-
rous (sits), migratory, I suppose — wrapt in fancy — sighing
for ideal good, like the infant stretching out her little hand
towards the moon — so — and whimpering and squalling because
her nurse can't get it for her. — All the Jewell family a-bed ?
Are we going to have any supper ?

Erro. Yes, go I will — sooner or later ; Humboldt was
disappointed a dozen times, yet what did he not accomplish
at last?

Ent. Shall I summon him ?

Erro. You have not forgotten that hallucination, then;
but I am glad to hear you allude to it jokingly.

Ent. Jokingly ! — I never was more serious, (rises and
places a chair between them) say who it shall be.

Erro. Poor fellow ! every man is mad on some point.
(musingly.)

Ent. a truism, no doubt — your crack induces migratory
dreams ; but before fixing a crack in my pate, have the good-
ness to give me a hearing ; mention but a name past or
present, dead or living — who shall it be ? — Stephens ? —
MacLeay?— Aristotle ?—Waterton?— Humboldt?— Dr. ?

Erro. Well, call the doctor, then; come, begin the

incantation —

Being or spirit.

Whatever thou art.
Who still dost inherit

A whole or a part ;
Of the form of thy l)irtli,

Of the mould of thy

COLLOQUIA ENTOMOLOGICA. 32S

Ent. Nonsense — now mind, if you notice him, or speak
to him, before he joins the conversation of his own accord,
the spell is broken, and we lose him (he speaks a few words in
a low voice, and Rusticus instantly occupies the chair placed
for him). So you are still migratory, not satisfied with old
England yet.

Erro. I have little reason to be satisfied ; condemned to
kneel before a man whom I despise from the bottom of my
soul, because I was bold enough to tell the truth of him. I
know every body must hate me for it ; but I had my reasons.

Rusticus. I feel shivery, all needles and pins, and for all
the world as though 1 had been run away with by the steam-
horse that bolted on Ashton Moss the other day, or shot out of
an air-gun — shall I stir your fire ?

Ent. What country are you particularly thinking of ?

Erro. Any where that truth may be spoken, and the sky
is clear.

Rus.

Kennst tu das land wo die citron en bliihn.

Erro. 'Tis the land of the east, but the land of the west
is my aim ; Humboldt and Waterton have determined me on
that : think of laying stretched at full length in the shade of a
group of coucourite palms, covered with scarlet and blue
aras; think of the magnificent arborescent graminece grace-
fully waving in the breeze ; think of clusters of shrubs, whose
flowers are almost too brilliant to gaze upon, and each fanned
by the tiny wings of a humming-bird, whose ruby crest and
emerald bosom seem to emit rather than reflect the luxurious
light; while around and above sail majestically the morphos
and the swallow-tails ; the gay Hesperidce flit, or rather skip
from flower to flower, and the long-winged Heliconians flutter,
owl-like, on their way: all nature is on a lavish scale; each
rough stem glows with the blooms of parasitic Orchidece, or
bends with the weight of luxuriant purple passion-flowers,
and scarlet Bignonice, while the graceful heavily-waving leaves
of the cocoas, or the still more beautiful palms of the Oronoco,
mingle with the light pinnated foliage of mimoscs, and giant
tree-ferns, undulating beneath a sun which, for weeks and
weeks, has not been hidden by a cloud. O, that I could
transport myself to some such lovely spot —

S2if COLLOQUIA ENTOMOLOGICA.

Where a leaf never dies on the still blooming bowers,
And the bee banquets on through a whole year of flowers ;

where I might always be learning something new ; something
calculated to place the omnipotence of our Creator still more
forcibly before me ; something to make me feel, still more
strongly, my own nothingness : — even now, when disap-
pointed hope, when misfortune, nay disgrace, arising from my
too thoughtless disposition; when sorrow for the death of those
who were my friends in the happy days of my childhood, who
played, and who studied with me ; even now, broken down
by trouble, the hope that I may live to pass a few years in the
majestic solitudes of the Andes, chains me to a life, to me
almost as irksome as it is valueless to others.

Ent. 'Tis a glowing picture; but is there no alloy, no
drawback ?

Erro. Yes, there is ; and I have often shuddered at the
thought. What think you that it is ? — the poisonous rattlesnake
basking in the sun? — the deadly Bothrops, lurking under a
large stone when I turned it over for a Carab? — the great
Boa, swinging like a pendulum by his tail from a tree ; or
the forest all a-howl with jaguars ? No, none of these ; but,
that I should have to see such beings as Nestor and Eury-
lochus, and Menelaus, a constant prey to a fly-catcher, as
brilliant as themselves, which, taking his station on a dead
twig, darted off, and seized them as they approached

Rus. Then, returning again to the very same twig, with
that glorious Menelaus in his bill, sever those four resplen-
dent wings, and drop them, gently hovering, and often flicker-
ing upward a moment in the eddy of a tropical air-current, as
if again endowed with life; wavering and shifting colour;
now black, and now a blaze of blue ; at last, sinking to the
earth, which henceforward they must adorn no more.

Erro. O, Doctor, don't dwell on it; there is something
to me so mournful in the idea of any thing so lovely perishing;
but it is the fate of all that is beautiful.

Kai 7-0 pohov Kokor tari kcu b '^(popog avru fxapaiptC
Kat TO 'iov KoKoy etrriv ev eiapi Kal Ta-)(y y»/pfx*
AevKoy ro Kpivov iarl {xapaivETCU hviKa TrinTif
'A ce ^tw*' XivKci, Koi TciKtrai ciiiKci Tra^dfi.

COLLOQUIA ENTOMOLOGICA. 325

Ent. There's gibberish ! The unknown tongue, no doubt.
Rus. {musingly.)

The crimson rose, the bulbul's bride,

The purple violet in the shade.
The lily white, the maiden's pride.

Alike are bright, alike must fade.
The beauteous flake of purest snow
Its veiy being must forego.

Erro. Yes, Doctor, that's it; and seeing any thing
perishing makes me melancholy ; it tells me that I too am
perishing ; that youth, though pleasing, is soon gone ; it seems
to make me feel how little hold we have of this world ; and
that, short as is our time here, our pleasures must be shorter
still ; — and beyond this world, what are my prospects ? If now
I look back with regret at the past, what would be my feelings
in a future state of existence ! — for there is a future. I have
done nothing — not one good action, that is for the general
good of mankind ! — and that. Doctor, is the only true source
of pleasure, and should be our aim in every thing.

Ent. Erro, you extract poison from the most delicious
flowers ; you gorge yourself with vapourings and musings,
which, though pleasing, from your love of melancholy, vitiate
your taste for the wholesome exercise of your powers. Awake,
man, awake ! Arouse yourself ! Up — up ; constant mental
occupation is the surest, the safest source of earthly happi-
ness.

Rus. Yes ; and if your soul longs to hold communion with
Nature, go into the fields and the forests of England ; she
has not deserted them ; fret not for ideal regions.

Erro. Ideal ! There is an intensity of truth in all I think
or say of them. Then would the publication of my disco-
veries do no good?

Rus. You might do as much here : it has been my aim
also to do good after my own measure ; little is expected from
him who little has : from my infancy I have delighted to be
alone with Nature; there is a sound of sweet music in her
voice; and the pleasure that she gives me I have tried to
impart to others ; — but what can the pen do, when the heart
is overflowing? O, could I find words to describe all that I
have seen and noted, there should be no end of the letters of

O^ COLLOQUIA ENTOMOLOGICA.

Rusticus ! — but it is impossible. Every moment of a iine
spring morning is a chapter in the book of nature ; every act
of nature is a homily. The little lark, which long before the
blush of morning tinges the sunward edges of the fleecy clouds
— shakes the dew-drops from his spotted and guileless breast;
and, with a voice, at first inward and low — rises on hovering
wing, up, up into the heavens ; and, as he mounts higher and
higher, swells his notes, singing and soaring, — sing-ing and
soar-ing, quiver, quiver, quiver, qua-ver — till lost to sight in
the dusky twilight, his voice falls like enchantment on the ear,
so melodious, so clear, so distinct is every — even its slightest
modulation. Does not, I ask, that sweet bird, thus pouring
forth

Ent. — his earliest hymn, his morning soul, his first joyous
warbhng to his Maker, — Does not, I ask, that sweet bird offer
a lesson to the man who can read it ? — Does not he pass a
sentence of bitter, bitter condemnation — the more bitter,
because unintentional, on the man who will not read it ;
on all who refuse to listen to him, and to those who tell of
him— and refusing, harden their hearts against the voice of
Nature, and the voice of Nature's God ?

Rus. Not unbeautiful ; but what right have you to hoist me
out of my say in that way ? — you should have let me come to
an anchor out of common politeness.

Ent. It was unintentional, I assure you, Doctor; it escaped
me unawares.

Rus. You are for all the world like the young cuckow, that
balances the featherless and blind eggling of the hedge-sparrow
on his shoulders, and, clambering up the side of the nest,
chucks him off by a jerk, out of his own warm, snug, cozy,
comfortable habitation, and keeps it for himself.

Erro. No, no ; rather like the milk-tree of Venezuela,
so full of riches, that at the least excitement, at a mere scratch,
it overflows.

Ent. No, no, neither ; it was unintentional ; I hardly
knew I spoke ; — so will a straggling and unbidden thought
now and then escape from its most secret sanctuary, and, wan-
dering to the cheek of beauty, reveal itself in a blush ; I pray
you, pardon me.

Rus. We are metaphorical; — metaphors thrown in with
judgment are ornamental ; and the writer or speaker who

COLLOQUIA ENTOMOLOGICA. 327

manages them, will enlighten his subject as the spring brightens
the face of Nature, by strewing the earth with flowers.

Erro. Or as Nature herself adorns her favourite regions,
the tropics, with her radiant birds, her gorgeous flowers, and
her glorious insects.

Ent. Or as Juno, in her stately queenlike walk through
heaven, showered her track with inextinguishable stars.

Rus. Via lactea, a thing I never look on without a recur-
rence to that beautiful fable ; but of all heavenly sights, the
anrora borealis is to me the most beautiful ; here it does not
exist; but in Sweden, and the north of Russia, the frozen face
of the snow is lighted up by it with inconceivable splendour.
It begins soon after sun-down, and rising in the north, at first
somewhat like sheet-lightning afar off in the horizon, spreads
fen-like to the zenith, and at last wraps all the heaven in a
shooting, shifting, flashing, varying, all -coloured light, and
tinges the earth with the reflection of its hue.

Erro. Russia and her ice-palaces have no temptation for
me.

Ent. Think of the bears'-paws for breakfast, Roey.

Rus. And think of the bear-hunts. I have speared the
tusky pig in his native Hartz; I have chased the bounding
chamois on his native Alps ; I have fought hand to hand with
the majestic desert-king on his native Zaara ; and here I have
not scorned the insipid inanity of pursuing the stag, the fox,
the otter, and even the gentle hare; but a bear-hunt, with all
its pomp and circumstance, is the hunt for me.

Erro. I feel no great desire to witness one. I suppose
half-a-crown would purchase the sight any day in London.

Ent. Thanks to Joseph Pease, those disgusting, disgrace-
ful, inhuman, brutal exhibitions are put an end to.

Rus. To his honour be it spoken ; but what resemblance
has the worrying with curs a mangy bear, closely chained
against a cellar wall, to the pursuit of the same animal in his
native forests ?

Ent. Where for a century he has stalked sidling along,
undisputed master — none.

Rus. I had been six months at St. Petersburgh without
seeing a bear-hunt, when the Emperor announced it to be his
pleasure, that preparations should be made for one; and,
much to my satisfaction, an express invitation was sent me

328 COLI.OQUIA ENTOMOLOGICA.

to join the cavalcade, which I was not backward in accepting,
as you may suppose.

Ent. Tell us all about it.

Rus. The first thing is the finding of the bears, and this
is managed by fellows that go out two or three days before-
hand, or else the Emperor and all his cavalcade might be frozen
to blocks of ice before they would see the shaggy hide of a
single bruin. These finders, six or eight in number, are
mounted and armed ; and no sooner had I heard about their
oflice than I fixed to be one of the company. The Emperor
heard of my valiant resolution, and most courteously sent his
messenger to examine my equipments and garniture. The
messenger made his observations, took notes, bowed, and de-
parted, as I thought, quite satisfied that my appointments
were perfect. I was mistaken: in about two hours he re-
turned with a peasant leading a horse, and carrying a whole
tout of paraphernalia. The horse was a perfect picture,
bigger than our Shelties and rather less than our stocky Welsh
breed, and much stiffer than either ; the hair all over his body
was at least six inches long, rough, and slightly curly, in fact
he was as much like a bear as a horse, and I have no doubt
the natural orders Ursites and Eqidtes, meet each other in
the natural system ; the animal in question, Ursokles Cossa-
cus, Lin., being osculant between them.

Erro. Moffy, you keep on fidgetting the poker and tongs
with your toe, — don't make that noise, the Doctor's very
interesting.

Rus. I am fond of philosophizing a little.

Ent, It's nothing to me: it's MacLeay that talks about
osculants.

Erro. To be sure, and natural orders, Ursites.

Ent. Well, Doctor, what was there besides the horse?

Rus. Ursites, Equites, Porcites, Vaccites, Ovites,
Canites, with Simiites central, among which in the heart's
core. Homo.

Erro. Is not the Doctor pleasant, Moffy?

Ent. The Doctor is not the only one to deride and criti-
cise a system which —

Rus. Don't stop, man, don't stop, — which they have not
brains enough to understand, — out with it. Well, to proceed,
there was a light rifle slung on a leathern thong to go over the

COLLOQUIA ENTOMOLOGICA. 329

shoulder ; a lance at least eight feet long, with a diamond-
shaped steel head; a cutlass and belt; a wallet, stored with
provender for man and beast ; a bear-skin cap ; a ditto jacket,
or spencer, if you please ; a ditto inexpressibles, and a ditto
saddle. I retired and made my toilet in a moment, and re-
appeared in costume to the great delight of the messenger and
slave of the Empei'or of all the Russias. I mounted the
charger, slung on the rifle, adjusted the wallet to the saddle,
buckled on the belt, and laid the spear in rest, — a boar's hide
rest, nicely fastened on the right thigh of the inex, and I de-
clare to you the spear stuck out far enough to run through a
half a dozen bears before the charger could come up to one of
them. I could not resist the temptation of charging on a
young pig, which was mumbling a frozen turnip in my land-
lady's farm-yard, so I rode furiously at him, the pony's feet
ringing on the frozen snow —
Erro. —

Quadrupedante putrem sonitu quatit ungula campum.

Rus. The little half-starved Por cites, supposing I was in
earnest, bolted through a double window into the kitchen,
which did immense mischief, for I afterwards heard that the
whole winter's stock of eggs and small beer was frozen solid
while the cook was hunting about for something to stuff in
the hole. But to the tale. I started with five other hairy
centaur-looking fellows, as beautiful as myself, and as the day
was clear, the snow solid, the beasts fresh, and I possessed
enough Russ to hold sweet converse with my companions, the
ride was far from unpleasant. Before night we reached a
square building, of considerable size, built expressly for these
occasions, and consisting of four bare walls, with a few narrow
slits for windows, and a hole in the roof; into this hut we
turned, horses and all, lighted a fire in the middle, fed our
horses and ourselves, spread our furs, and prepared for rest,
having first carefully fastened the immense door. Salvator
Rosa or Rembrandt would have immortalized us had they had
the opportunity. My companions were most or all asleep,
when a wild shriek of horror or fright burst from all the horses
at once, — it seemed to crack one's ear-drums, and mine even
now tingle with the recollection. The Cossacks sprung on
their feet : then came the clicking of the rifle-cocks, and then

NO. IV. VOL. I. u u

330 COLLOQUIA ENTOMOLOGICA.

a howl without as the unanimous voice of a thousand furies.
The shts were manned, and the rifles cracked one after another,
and at each report a new howl arose. 1 was not backward at
the sport when I understood it. The moon had risen and
made it as light as day ; the wolves were dancing and jumping
about I should think by hundreds, and so close, that it was
impossible to miss them. After every crack, whilst the howl
of anguish or rage died away, the puff of smoke sailed off with
the wind among the trees of the forest, compact as a balloon,
but unimpeded by the boughs. Two hours passed in this way
until all had fallen or fled ; and what is remarkable, when one
of them fell, two or three of these famished and ravenous
wretches instantly began to gorge on him, — these became vic-
tims in their turn, — and many died with the flesh of their half-
living companions still in their mouths !

Erro. Horrible !

Rus. As we resumed our journey the next morning, I was
glad to get away and lose sight of the bloody snow ; the long
tracks which some poor creatures had made, as they vainly at-
tempted to fly from the death they carried with them, made me
feel some compunction for the deed.

Ent. They would have felt but httle for you, I imagine,
had they laid hold of you.

Rus. I reasoned so, and satisfied myself.

Ent. Mr. Grey tells me they are a positive pest, nightly
prowling about the farm-yards and courts, even in the environs
of St. Petersburg.

Rus. The bears live through the winter entirely in their
dens, never coming out at all or eating any thing, but subsist-
ing entirely by sucking their paws. The old father and mother
bear, and often five or six young ones of different sizes and
ages, live together in one den, which is always under the
largest tree they can find ; as the snow falls, the hole of their
dens very often gets blocked up, and then they set to work
and clear it out again, always keeping it open as a breathing
hole, so the breath of all of them must come out through it ;
and as it mounts up among the branches of the trees it freezes
and makes little icicles ; these in time grow larger and longer,
till they all join into one which reaches down to the surface of
the snow, on which it rests and forms a huge upright pillar,
which is pointed at top, and, as the breath continues to

COLLOQUIA ENTOMOLOGICA.

331

curl up, grows in size as well as in height, sometimes reach-
ing sixty feet, and being visible at a distance of two or three
miles. In the course of a few hours after we started the
second day we found two of these pillars ; the finders then
marked the stems of fir-trees as we passed along, so as to in-
sure the finding of them again without any trouble, and we got
back before night to the hut of the wolf slaughter.

Erro. And did they visit you again ?

Rus. Which ? the manes of the departed pack, or their
companions that escaped? Ay! {Erro smiled blandly.) We
heard them howling at a distance, but saw none ; I had, how-
ever, the good luck to bring down an enormous elk, as he was
gamboling by at a three-quarter gallop, and in the morning,
when we turned out, he was devoured all except the horns and
a part of the skull, which I brought home as a trophy.

Erro. What do they measure ?

Rus. Seven feet one inch and an eighth from tip to tip.

Ent. Less than the extinct Irish elk : that spans eleven
feet and three-eighths of an inch.

Rus. What giants there must have been on the earth in
those days ! Mammoths big as houses ; crocodiles as long as
the monument, and flying, fiery, scaly dragons, horrible enough
to make one shudder : think of their toothed bills !

Erro. Pterodactyliis.

Rus. The same : geology has disclosed wonders.

Erro. It has, indeed; I used to underrate it, but I have
read Charles Lyell's book now, and I have altered my opinion; —
but we are losing sight of the bear-hunt.

Rus. O the rest is not worth telling ; the pomp of the
court, and parade of wealth and splendour, of gold, and green,
and ermine, and all manner of furs, you may imagine ; — then
the old father bear issues from his den and stands upright on
his hind legs like a human bear ; then the firing of rifles, often
twenty or thirty before he drops on all-fours ; then the spatter-
ing of his blood, glistening in the languid sunshine, as it drops
on the snow ; then his bounding like a calf up to the imperial
retinue ; then his rearing up again for the attack ; then the
cleaving of his head by a peasant with an axe ; then his exit
from the strife, interspersed with an account of his invincible
courage, his stoical endurance of pain without a whisper of
repining, and the excellence of his hams, scientifically cured ;

332 COLLOQUIA ENTOMOLOGICA.

and all this, repeated, with slight variation, about fourteen
times, would furnish you with a very tolerable idea of an
imperial bear-hunt.

Ent. What sort of a man is the Emperor ?

Rus. A prince ; all the people love him ; he goes out every
where without guards or servants, often with the Empress and
his children, and the people just take off their caps when they
see him, and sometimes the peasants hurra him. He is a
good-looking man, has a fine open countenance, a command-
ing forehead, and wears large moustaches. He always
dresses in the usual green coat and epaulettes of an officer in
the army, without any particular distinguishing mark, and —
{the clock strikes the first stroke of tiveke, (tnd Rusticiis
vanishes.)

Erro. He is gone.

Ent. And for ever.

Erro

As the dew on the mountain,

As the foam on the river,
As the bubble on the fountain.

Ent. And what say you now ; are you convinced?

Erro. It is passing strange !

Ent. These are things, Erro, which, like the cloud shadow
transversing the mountain side, pass over us and are forgotten,
or seen through an avenue of years, are but dimly re-
membered.

Erro. O never, whilst memory retains her seat, can time
dim the impression of such a scene as that which we have
witnessed.

Ent. a wonder ceases by becoming constant.

Erro. I felt not the full force of this until it had past.

(Exeunt.

333

Art. XXXVIII. — Essay on the Classification of Parasitic
Hijmenoptera, Sfc. By A. H. Haliday, Esq. M. A.

(Continued from p. 276. j

Fam. — Chalcides.

Trih. 2''*. — Spalangi^.

Tarsi pentameri. Palpi maxillares bi-articulati. Caput

nutans longius quam latins. Antennce prope os insertce.

Gen. I. — Spalangia. Latr.

Caput ovatiim, antice attemiatum margine bisinuato, fronte
depressa. Oculi villosi. Antennce capitis margini antico
insertce, remotce, lO-articulatce, — maris filif or me s articulo
3'°. elongato ; — feminae sensim incrassatce articulis 3°. — 9"'.
brevibus, ultimo longiore obtuso. Collare antice attemia-
tum. Abdomen ovatum petiolatum.

Caput fere rostratum, margine antico bisinuato s. trilobo os obtegente.
Frons late depressa, plaga oblonga planiuscula in fundo discref^ :
ocelli tres in triangulum positi, postici occipitales : oculi mediocres
ovati villosi : antennae — femince longitudine thoracis, scapo lineari
plusquam trientem antennae longitudinem attigente, pedicello
clavato longiore quam articulo 3". flagelli articulis longitudine
decrescentibus et latitudine crescentibus, ultimo prsecedentibus
2 simul sumtis longiore, oblongo apice rotundato ; (antennae
revera 12-articulatae sunt sed tres apices arctissime connati unici
speciem facile exhibent) — maris thorace longiores, scapo qua-
drantem longitudinem aequante, pedicello parvo, articulo 3". elon-
gato lineari, sequentibus 6 ovatis aut oblongis pedicelli longitudine,
ultimo rursus longiore : mandibulae oblongo-trigonas apice emar-
ginatae: mentum obconicum subcompressum, labium breve obtusum
integrum — palpi biarticulati articulo 1 "°. clavato, 2 '"'. ovato :
maxilla scapo gracili arcuato, lobo lato subovato — palpi labialibus
dimidio longiores articulo 1""". clavato, 2^°. longiore et graciliore :
thorax capite duplo longior et in medio latior, antice constrictus,
postice tnincatus : collare angustius crateriforme antice attenu-
atum : mesothoracis scutum antice globoso prominens collar!
insertum, lobi humerales discreti globoso prominuli : paraptera
lata trigona in medio dorsi conniventia : scutellum planum basi
angulatum apice arcuatum, line^ transversa profunde punctata
bipartitum ct pari modo a scuto metathoracis discretum : meta-
thorax subquadratus angulis posticis obtuse dentatis : scutello

334 HALIDAY ON

declivi, undique marginato, cordiformi, longitudinaliter canalicu-
lato : petiolus descendens cylindricus striatus, mari longior :
abdomen ovatum convexum, thorace fere brevibus et vix angus-
tius, ajjice obtusum ; aculeo brevi valido, parum compresso,
desuper exerto : segmenta 2 anteriora longitudine subaequalia,
primum basi fossulatum carinulis lateralibus antrorsum productis,
3""". maximum, reliqua brevissima linearia : coxae magnse com-
pressse : femora utrinque attenuata : tarsi tibiis breviores, articulis
intermediis minutissimis, metatarsis antico dilatato, posterioribus
elongatis : alae anticas nervo subcostali " dimidiato (sc. humerali a
margine parum remoto et ulnari longitudine subequalibus) cubito
brevissimo perparum dilatato, radio mox abruj)to vix illo longiore :
posticse nervo subcostali tenui ultra medium costag abrupto.

This genus has a shght resemblance in habit to Megaspihis
as the following to Microps.

Sp. 1. Sp. hirta. Capite thoraceque fere toils jmnctato
reticulatis confertim villosis. $ (Long. corp. .14;
alarum .2).

Caput obscure aeneum antice magis attenuatum quam in sequente,
totum confertim crasse punctatum et villosum, plag^ intermedin
frontis tantum laevissima glabra : antennae nigras quam in ill4
longiores et minus incrassatoe, articulo 3''°. parum breviore quam
2''" : thorax obscure aeneus : collare, mesothoracis scutum et
humeri confertim punctati, scuti tantum margine antico levigato :
paraptera et scutellum vage punctata, hoc apice parciCis : meta-
thoracis latera rugoso-punctata, scutellum loevissimum marginibus
et canalicula media crenatis : squamulae fusco-ferrugineas : alae
dilute ferrugineae nervis fuscis : abdomen et pedes ut in sequente.

Taken in England ; I forget the particular spot.

Sp. 2. Sp. nigra. Capite punctulato (fronte la^vissimdj,
et thorace antice suturisque punctato, sparsim jJubescenti^
bus. $ $ (Long. .1± ; alar. .15±.)

Spalangia nigra. Latr., Spin., Dalm., 8fc.

Caput et thorax nigra nitida viridi s. aeneo micantia : caput vage
punctulatum pubescens, fronte late depressa laevissima glabra :

"^ As the variations of the subcostal nervure afford some useful divisional cha-
racters, I have employed the following terms to distinguish its parts : —

1. The interior portion distinct from the rib I call Humeral.

2. The costal portion before the fork .... Ulnar.

3. The costal portion beyond it Radial.

4. The descending branch of the fork .... Cubital.

PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA. 335

antennae nigra; $ articulo 2''°. fere duplo longiore quam 3"°.:
collare, scuti mesothoracici apex et metathoracis latera vage
punctata pubescentia, reliqua fere laevia suturis punctatis s.
crenatis : abdomen nigrum nitidissimum chalybeo micans, apice
pubescens : pedes nigri nitidi, tarsis flavo-ferrugineis apice fuscis :
alae hyalinae s. lutescentes nervis fusco-ferrugineis.

Tolerably abundant throughout both islands, in pastures
and marshes." Varies much in size, more frequently falling
short of the dimensions given, (especially the males), the
smaller individuals are also blacker and smoother.

Gen. II. — L^STHiA. Halidaij.

Caput ohlongo quadrattim, margine orali utrinque et front e
antice mticronatis, OcuU minuti glabri. Antennce infra
mediam fac'iem insertce remotce, — femince 9-articulatce
clavatcs, — maris lO-artiadatce ante apicem incrassatce.
Collare antice attenuatum. Alee fere nullce. Abdomen
sahsessile ovatum depression.

Caput magnum antice hand attenuatum, ore prominulo, margine
supra mandibulas utrinque mucronato : frons leviter depressa
carinula media elevataj inter antennas mucronatA : ocelli 3 in
triangulum positi, postici occipitales minutissimi, in $ incon-
spicui : antennae — femincs longitudine thoracis, scapo trientem
longitudinem adequante, pedicello clavato longiore quam articulo
3''°. sequentibus subglobosis sensim crassioribus ultimo longe
maximo ovato-acuminato ; — maris paulo longiores pedicello
minore, flagello sensim incrassato, articulis 9""°. lO"". rursus angus-
tioribus arete connatis, 10™". longiore apice attenuate : mandi-
bulas breves subquadratae apice inagqualiter denticulatas : labrum
et maxillae fere quales Spalancjice : palpi labiales biarticulati,
articulo l'"". clavato, 2*°. utrinque attenuate — maxillares longiores
conformes : thorax oblongus capite longior et angustior : collare
crateriforme antice attenuatum : mesothorax quadratus, scuto
transverse humeris minutissimis, scutello transverse subquadrato,
parapteris minutissimis valde remotis : alse scutello baud longiores
decumbentes coriaceae : metathorax brevis constrictus : abdomen
thorace longius et latius, (praesertim in 9 >) ovatum subdepres-
sum, aculeo exerto brevi subconico parum compresso : pedes
quam in Spalangia breviores (baud saltatorii ?) ; coxae et femora

^ *' In excrementis hurnanis." — Spinola.

S36 HALIDAY ON

lata compressa : tarsi tibiis vix breviores articulis 1"°. — 4""'. longi-
tudine decrescentibus, metatarso antico baud dilatato.

The wings being reduced to rudiments, the parts of the
thorax connected with these organs are very minute in this
genus. It is nearly allied to Spalangia, and with it may be
considered as forming a typical group/ from which Plrene
recedes by its peculiar trophi and compressed aculeus.

Sp. 1. L. vespertina. Luteo testacea dor so ceneo micans
oculis et antennis apice fuscis. ? S (Long. ? .1.)

Spalangia vespertina. — Cart. G.

Vertex atque mesothoracis et abdominis dorsum obscuriora et aeneo-

micantia : pedes pallidiores.

On midsummer evenings I have twice taken females of this
singular little insect, wandering over the leaves of a book
which I was reading. Another time I found one lurking
among the florets of Taraxacum, as if for shelter from the
mid-day sun. The only male I have met with was drowned
in a basin of water.

Gen. III. PiRENE. — HaUday.

Caput ovatum, ore promimdo, fronte cancdiculata. Oculi
magni. AntenncB versus os msertce, breves, lO-articulatcc,
clava magna ovata S-atinulata. Collare transversum.
Abdomen subsessile compressum.

Ocelli tres, in triangulum positi, postici oecipitales minuti : oculi
magni ovati pubescentes : frontis canalicula profunda in verticem
fere elongata, antrorsum bifurca : antennae capite longiores, scapo
elongate lineari aut dilatato, pedicello crasso clavato, articulis
flagelli inferioribus brevissimis, ultimis 3 clavam latam ovatam
constituentibus : labrum membranaceum, transversum rotundatum,
subtiliter ciliatum : mandibulse oblongse apice latae acute 4-den-
tatae : mentum obconicum, labium elongato-conicum tenue —
palpi minutissimi punctiformes, fere obsoleti : maxilla lata com-
pressa, lobo trigono attenuato, dorso incrassato indistincte

' Though I have not seen the genus Theocolax (Westwood), I have little
doubt that it is to be referred to this tribe, and very near the present. The club
of the antenna?, in that 3-jointed, is here solid ; but from analogy and a com-
parison of the male it must be considered to represent three joints, which might
perhaps be separated by maceration. The face in that genus is described as
unarmed ; in this there are three sharp points.

PARASITIC IIYMENOPTERA. 337

articulato — : palpi lobo lougiores articulo secundo longiore et
graciliore :"* thorax latitudine capitis et fere duplo longior, ovatus
subdepressus : collare transversum : mesothoracis paraptera remota
minuta humeris arete annexa : scutellum ovatum basi truncatum,
lineola transversa (ordinaria) subtilissima bipartitum, cum scuto
metathoracis continuum : metathorax brevis declivis scuto lineari
arcuato, scutello Isevi : abdomen subsessile compressum, thorace
angustius ; — maris dorso elevatum carinatum, apice truncatum ; —
femince dorso nonnihil deplanatum aculeo compresso exerto :
pedes quam in Spalangid breviores : tarsi tibiis parum breviores
articulis a 1™°. in 4°'. longitudine decrescentibus, metatarso antico
baud dilatato : alae anticse apice valde rotundatae, cubito brevis-
simo, radio ad ejus basin statim evanescente : posticae angustiores
quam in Spalangia.

This genus has less of the peculiar habit of its tribe than
the others. On a cursory view it might be referred to the
EulopM, with which it agrees tolerably well in the wings and
thorax ; but a closer examination will shew its near accord-
ance with Spalangia. A few of the Pteromali approach it
by a compressed abdomen and the low insertion of the
antennae ; such is Macroglenes (Westwood), and still more an
unpublished subgenus in my cabinet. The males of P. vari-
cornis so much resemble certain F^uloplii with similar antennae,
(Genus Ceranisus, Walker) that they might, without examina-
tion, be confounded in one group.

Sp. 1. P, varicornis. Antennarum articulis 3°. — 7"'. brevis-
simis latitudine sensim crescentihus, maris scapo dilatato ;
feraincB aculeo brevi. (Long. corp. et aculei .08; alar. .12).

Pirene varicornis. Curtis G.

Nigra nitida: capite thoraceque viridi- abdomine chalybeo-micanti-
bus : mandibulse ferruginese : antennae feminae scapo lineari, clava
magna ovata abrupta ; — maris scapo dilatato ovato, articulis
flagelli inferioribus crassioribus et clava oblonga minore quam in
ilia : abdomen femince lanceolatum, capite cum thorace longius,
aculeo fere quadrantem longitudinem abdominis aequante : genua
et tarsi fusco-pallidi, hi apice obscuriores, (tibiae anticae nonnun-
quam totae posteriores basi et apice pallidae,) alae obscure hyalinae,
angustiores quam in reliquis, ulna longiore, cubiti apice vix
dilatato. ,

** Sp. examined — P. varicornis.
NO. IV. VOL. I. XX

338 IIALTDAY ON

Tlic female is commonly to be found on the flowering
panicles of Anthoxanthum ; the male is very rare.

Sp. 2. P. chalybea. Antemiaruni articuUs 3°. — 6'"". sensim
crescentibus .T""". abrwpte majore; femince aculeo hrevi'
(Long. Corp. et acul. .08; alar. .13.)

Pirene chalybea. Curtis, G.

Proecedenti concolor, fronte aenea : statura hujus vero crassior :
antemife nonnihil longiores, scapo in utroque sexu lineari, articulis
3". — 6"'". transversis, in $ brevioribus, sensim crescentibus, 7°"*.
illis majore sed S""" hand adequante : abdomen maris ut in prsece-
dente ; — femince brevius, oblongum dorso magis deplanatum,
aculeo crasso vix sextantem abdominis longitudinem attingente :
pedes paulo crassiores : alaj candido-hyalina;, cubiti apice in
punctum dilatato.

Not uncommon upon the boughs of larch trees and the
flowers of Senecio Jacobea, late in the summer.

Sp. 3. P. eximia. Antennarum articulis 3". — 6"'. sensim
crescentibus, 7'"". ahrupte majore aculeo elongato. ? (Long.
Corp. etacul. .1 ; alar. .12.)

Femince praecedenti simillima : antenna? nonnihil longiores : abdo-
men etiam longius, aculeo graciliore ejus dimidiam longitudinem
superante.

Sp. 4. P. graminea. Antennarum articulis 3°. — 6". minu-
tissimis, 7""'. maximo ; aculeo brevissimo Femina. (Long.
.06; alar. A.)

Praecedentibus minor brevior, nigra nitida clialybeo micans, tarsis
fusco-pallidis : pedes quam in illis graciliores : antennae breviores
articulo 7'"". vix minore quam 8'": shAomGra femince vix thoracis
longitudine, ovatum compressum, aculeo brevissimo : alae byalinoe
nervis tenuissimis, cubiti apice dilatato.

On grass in summer ; but rare.

Trib. 3''\— EuLOPHi.

Tarsi tetrameri. Palpi biarticulati suhconici.

Or the genus Entedon of Dalman, excluding Aphelinus ;

but his generic character is too exclusive, as the aculeus is

exserted in several, and the number of joints in the antennae

varies up to eleven.

PARASITIC IIYMENOPTERA. 339

Subgen.— Omphale. Haliday.

Antermoi 1-art'iculatce, flagello — maris elongato Ihieari, ver-
ticillato-jnloso, articidis cequallbus ; — feminae Jiliforml
articidis apicis longitudine decrescentibus ultimo minuto
ncuminato. Alee anticce ciihito brevissimo radio statim
abrttpto. Abdome7i siibsessile maris oblovginn ; — feminae
acuminatum rima ventrali in basin fere elongata, aculei
apice exerto.

Vertex linearis, frons late impressa : antennse femince scapo lineari,
pedicello clavato, breviore quam articulo 3". reliqviis longitudine
decrescentibus discretis ultimo minuto acuminato •,-^maris scapo
dilatato, pedicello brevissimo, fiagello elongato lineari compresso,
articulis singulis apice attenuatis : tropbi fere quales subgeneri
Eulopho sc. mandibula lata trigqna apice tridens : mentum sub-
compressum, labium plicatum apice attenuatiim incisum : palpi
articulis subequalibus, 2^°. apice attenuate : maxilla lata com-
pressa, lobo attenuato-trigono intus membranaceo dorso firmiore
indistincte articulato : palpi labialibus conformes parum longiores :"
thorax ovatus : collare brevissimum : mesothoracis paraptera
remota minuta humeris arete annexa, scutellum rotundatum leniter
convexum, lineola transversa subtilissima vel obsoleta : meta-
tliorax brevis declivis : abdomen thorace angustius subsessile
segmenti primi puncto petiolari membranaceo incisum ; — maris
liueare obtusum thorace parum longius ; — femince dimidio-
triplo longius, lanceolatum dorso deplanatum, ventre carinatum,
usque sub segmentum dorsale 2"'". rima ventrali fissum : aculeus
longus apice et valvulis breviter exertis : alaj antics ulna elongata,
radio ultra basin cubiti brevissimi vix producto : posticse ulna
tenui duplicata : pedes graciles.

From Eucercus (Walker), which it somewhat resembles,
it may be distinguished by the antennae, being but 7-jointed,
not clavate in the female, with the joints after the pedicel of
equal length in the male ; by the less convex scutel without
longitudinal lines, the shorter aculeus and the cubital nervure
shorter and nearer the tip of the wing.

Sp. 1. O. salicis. Viridi-aurea alts candido-hyalinis, ati-
tennarum scapo basi Jlavo, pedibus luteo fuscoque variis
S $ •• abdomine medio atro purpurea S : aut fasciis alro

' Sp, examined— 0.«a/?«'.'!.

340 IIALIDAY ON

purpureis segmento idtbno longissimo $ . (Long. ^ . .8 ;
?. .12; alar. .17.)

Omphale salicis. — Curt. G.

Abdomen feminse thorace triple longius segmento ultimo trientem
longitudinem occupante ; punctum petiolare pallidum : pedes
quam in reliquis longiores valde graciles ; coxae virides, troclian-
teres, apex femonim, tibiae et tarsi lutei, illaj medio hi apice
obscuriores : alarum nervi dilute fusci.

This brilliant species is found on willows (S. Helix et
vitellina); the females are fond of basking in umbelliferous
flowers in strong sunshine. Among the remaining species
none of the females have the last segment so conspicuously
elongated as the present, which I regard as the type.

Tnb.^'\ ?

Tarsi trimeri. ?

Gen. I. — Calleptiles. Haliday.

Antenncc flagello lato coiyijyresso ji'doso hand distincie clacato.
Alec anticce latisslmce setuUs microscopicis seriatim ordi-
natis, nervo subcostali brevi lato sigmoideo. — ?

Caput transversum, vertice lineari ; oculis parvis rotundis distan-
tibus : ocellis 3 in triangulum : fronte lata impressa : antenna?
infra mediam faciem insertae, longitudine thoracis, scapo oblongo,
pedicello clavato, annello unico'' minutissimo, flagello scapo paulo
longiore, lato compresso pilosissimo articulis contiguis parum dis-
tinctis (7 ?), ultimis tribus arctius connatis : thorax breviter
ovatus, convexus, collari brevissimo ; mesothoracishumeris discretis,
parapteris remotis subovatis, scutello brevi rotundato convexo ;
metathoracis scuto discreto lunato, scutello leviter canaliculato :
abdomen longitudine thoracis, sessile obtuse-trigonum dorse
deplanatum : pedes breviusculi, tarsis trimeris articulis subequa-
libus : alae anticae extrorsum latissimae apice rotundatae ; nervus
subcostalis dilatatus bisinuatas sinu antico costam modo contin-
gens, dehinc in discum inflexus, apice bifurcus, vix trientem alae
longitudinem accedens ; lineola setigera exinde fere trans alam
ducta aream baseos glabram cingit ; setulae reliquae alarum dis-
positse sunt in lineas ex hac area radiatim excurrentes in marginem

f The joints of the antennae following the pedicel are sometimes abruptly
smaller than the rest, and commonly overlooked in the computation of the joints.
It is to such that I aj)ply the distinctive epithet anneUL

PARASITIC IIYMENOPTEIJA. 341

exteriorem subtiliter ciliatum : alse posticse lineares angustissimae
ciliatse, nervo subcostal! brevissimo tenui.

Sp. 1. C. latipennis. Nitide fuscus alls hyalinis antennis
ore pedihus abdominisque bast Ititescentibus $ . (Long.
.025; alar. .07.)

Microma latipennis . . . Curt. G.

[Trichogramma evanescens. Westivood. Lond. 8f Edinb. Phil.
Mag. Third Series. Vol.11.
No. XII. p. 444?— Ed.]

Caput subtus et antennse obscure lutescentes ; abdomen antice
pedesque pallidiores ; vertex et thorax fusca nitida ; oculi rubri :
alae hyalinas radice obscuriores, nervo subcostali fusco.

Bred from subcutaneous larvae in the leaves of Aquilegia :
J. Curtis, to whom I owe the species.

The trimerous tarsi, and peculiar wings, so decidedly sepa-
rate this insect from the preceding tribes, that I could not
satisfy myself of its affinity to any one of them ; and have
therefore preferred the confession of ignorance, implied in the
leaving it as an insulated species. Where there is such marked
disparity of typical characters, I am inclined to distrust slighter
resemblances, or I might have supposed a relation to the
Eulophi. The trophi would probably determine the point,
but I have not attempted their investigation, as Mr. Curtis
possesses only one complete specimen besides the one he most
liberally gave to me.

Tr'ib. 5'\— Mymares.«
Caput transversum areolatum. Antenncs supra mediam faciem
insertce, graciles elongatcB fractce, feminis capitatce. Os
epalpatum. Alee angustce ciliatce, nervo subcostali bre-
vissimo, cubitali nullo.
Areolarum capitis haec est circumscriptio : vertex antice et utrinque
lineolis elevatis terminatur lateralibus postice inflexis aut cum
margine prseciso occipitis coeuntibus : frons pari modo secernitur

^ Or the genus Mymar, E. B. ; the genera here distinguished being dis-
posed under it as subgenera. For an arrangement founded on other details, see
Mr. Walker's divisions given in E. B. I suppose Genus 189 (unnamed) of
Stephens's Catalogue also to be equivalent to my tribe, and his Platygaster
ovulorum not to be the species for which I have cited Ichn. ovulorum, L. —
otherwise that indication is determined by its representative, Ichn. punctum
(Shaw) to the subgenus Anaphes.

342 IIALIDAV ON

a regione oculoi-um, lineol^ alia insujier sub antennas arcuatim
ducta. Quo vero crassius caput est et vertex planior eo magis
emicat heec structura : nonnulHs quorum caput brevissimum est
(e. g. Anagro) vertex antrorsum declivis fere in lineae speciem
contractus et antennae inferius insertse videntur: antennarum
radicula ssepe exserta tenuis, capitulum feminarum plerunque
exannulatum, rarius biarticulatum (Eustocho) : mandibular
trigonae apice denticulis 3 : maxillee una cum labio ovato-cir-
cumscriptas : palpi desunt :'' thoracis forma variat : mesothoracis
lobi humerales discreti ; paraptera minuta valde remota ; scutellum
subtiliter transverse bipartitum, plerisque cum scuto metatlioracis
continuum : alas valde angustse lineares vel anticse obovatae nun-
quam trigonae : nervus subcostalis tenuis quadrantem ala; longitu-
dinem vix attengit ssepius adhuc multo brevior, radio et cubito
nullis, ulna linear! brevi, vel etiam in punctum contracta :
alarum margo plerisque pulchre ciliatus s. plumatus : abdomen
saepius ad instar Cynipedum tereti-compressum, segmentorum
dorsalium marginibus inflexis ventrem obtegentibus : venter
carinatus arcuatim ascendens : aculeus gracilis crinicB ventrali
repositus : pedes elongati graciles saltatorii, tarsis pentameris
aut tetrameris.

This tribe comprises the very atoms of the order Hymenop-
tera. Their hues are mostly black or yellowish, unadorned by
metallic splendour : the plumed and iridescent wings of many
are beautiful objects for the microscope. The males, by their
very long and slender antennae, (sometimes more than twice
the length of the body,) resemble Ichneumons in miniature.
The females oviposit in the eggs of other insects, from which
the tiny parasite emerges only in the perfect state, a single
butterfly's-egg often nourishing the transformation of many
individuals. The species occur from the earliest spring upon
the herbage of groves and meadows, walking and leaping ;
most copiously on warm still days of autumn, when a host of
Lep'idoptcra, &c. are engaged in laying the latest brood of
eggs to be hatched the following spring. With regard to their
position in the system, both Stephens and Curtis refer them to
the Proctotriqnda ; and such high authority makes me very
diffident in proposing for them a position nearer to the Chal-

** Species examined, — Ooclonus insignis, 0. vulgalus, 0. litoralis, Pohjnenta
ovulorum. In a living specimen of Polynema omdorum, I have seen at the back of
the maxilla, in the ordinary place of the palpus, a minute shapeless tubercle,
which becomes contracted, and disappears in dried specimens.

PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA. 343

cities y to which I have been determined principally by an
examination of the parts of the thorax,k and the position of the
petiole, which however presents a marked peculiarity.'

Gen. I. — OocTONUS. Haliday.

AntenncB maris XS-articidatce, femincE W-articulatcc capitulo
exannulato. Tarsi jientameri.

A. Abdomine petiolato.

His statura Polynemce fere, sed brevior abdomine magis rotundato,
pedibus brevioribus, alis breviter ciliatis, ulna brevi lineari : quoad
reliqua, caput thorax abdomen alseque satis conveniunt : antennas
femince scapo elongato utrinque attenuato, pedicello lato com-
presso, articulis flagelli longitudine subaequalibus aut intermediis
longioribus, exterioribus sensim incrassatis ; undecimus major
ovatus s. oblongus ; — maris articulis flagelli linearibus subequa-
libus.

' I do not mean to venture an opinion, that the aggregate group is co-ordinate
with those which rank as families in the rest of this order. Till the contents of
the Pupivora are more fully investigated, the value of its sections must remain
exposed to doubt. When the natural groups shall have been recognized and
examined in detail, we may hope that some systematist of comprehensive mind
and adequate knowledge will assign them respectively to their proper grade,
perhaps a higher than is yet conceded to them. The Chalcides and Oxyuri
seem each to embrace more than one equivalent to such families as the
Ichneumones, Chry sides, and Gallicola. As to the Fcen'ideB, the chain is so inter-
rupted from the small number of genera, that it might be rash to divide it. The
family besides is, in its present form, far too convenient a receptacle for all stray
articles to be lightly resigned. I am obliged to enrich it further at the expense
of the Ichneumones with two genera — Stephanus and Plancus — which Pelecintts and
Fanus seem respectively to reclaim ; of the latter I am more doubtful ; for the
other I have the authority of Jurine and Spinola.

^ Important as the structure of the aculeus is to the functions of these Hymen-
optera, its variations are to be admitted with great caution into the characters of
the higher groups, the more obvious differences often depending less on the
typical composition than on its greater or less development in length. Parallel
variations seem to be often reproduced in distinct families. Perhaps there is
no one character which has been more generally fixed on to distinguish the
GallicoliB than the spiral aculeus, but in Anacharis 7iitidula, Balm, there is nothing
to claim such an epithet Ka-r e^oxw ; the aculeus is simply subulate, shorter than
the last ventral segment in which it is contained, and it would demand a sharp
sight to single out any palpable difference in its form from the same organ of
Cinetus gracilis.

' It may be added, that there are certain resemblances between species of this
tribe and the genus Evania, but so partial that I have not ventured to entertain
any conjecture as to their significance or tendency.

344

HALIDAY ON

Sp. 1. O. insignis. N{<>-er alis obscure hyalinis, antennis

basi jjedibus et petiolo flavis $ ^ ; capitulo antennarum

elliptico ?. (Long. .06; alar. .15.)
Polynemce ovulorum valde similis : antennas feminae articulis a

3''". in 10"'. longitudine subequalibus, exterioribus sensim paulo

crassioribus, 11""°. magno fere oblongo.

Taken near London.

Sp. 2. O. vulgatus. Niger alis obscure hyalinis, antemiis

basi pedihus et petiolo flavis S ^ ,' capitulo antennarum

ovato $. (Long. .04; alar. .L)
Praecedenti similis at longe minor praesertim brevior ; antennae

breviores basi obscurius flavescentes, $ flagello extus sensim

incrassato, articulo 1 1 "'°. longe maximo ovato.

Very abundant on grass near ti'ees.

Sp. 3. O. hemipterus. Niger alis abbreviatis antennis basi

pedibus et 2i(^tiolo flavis capitulo atitennarum ovato $ .

(Long. .04.)
Praecedentis statura et magnitudo : antennae paulo breviores et apice

crassiores : alae vix longitudine thoracis.

In the same places with the last, but rare.
B . Ahdomine suhsessili.
Discrepant hi ab Ooctonis sectionis 1'"*. capite oblatiore, vertice fere

lineari ; collari breviore ; abdomine baud petiolato, infra praesertim

basi valde compresso : antennis maris brevioribus crassiusculis,

femince capitulo angustiore.

Sp. 4. O. litoralis. Piceo niger alis ceruleo-hyalinis, antennis
basi et abdomine antice sulphureis pedibus concoloribus
plus minus infuscatis $ $ . (Long. .04 ; alar. . H .)

Antennarum scapus et pedicellus lutescentes : abdomen postice
nigricans : pedes antice sulphurei femorum basi fusca, postici vel
concolores, vel fiisci geniculis tantum luteis ; etiam prothorax
maris nonnunquam subtus lutescit.
Common on the sea-coast near Holy wood.

Sp. 5. O. pictus. Sulphureus alis subhyalinis, antennarum
flagello capite thoracis maculis anoque nigricantibus ? .

(Long. .033 ; alar. .09.)
Statura fere praecedentis : antennae breviores crassiusculae : collare,

margo anticus scuti, punctum humerale utrinque et paraptera

PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA. 345

fusca ; scutellum fuscum lateribus flavum : metathorax cvim
postpectore nigro-fuscus : femora medio, tarsi apice obscuriores.
Taken near London.

Gen. II. — LiTus. Haliday.

AntenncB feminae ^-articulatce capitulo exannulato. Tarsi

pentameri.

Characteres fusiores petendi sub singulis speciebus,

Sp. 1. L. cynipseus. Niger capite thoraceque opacis, alis
fuscis longt ciliatis, pedibus ferrugineis $. (Long. .02;
alar. .08.)

Caput et thorax granulato-opaca : frons lata truncata : vertex
planus: occiput excavatum : antennae /emmi^ radicula brevissima,
scapo longiusculo arcuato utrinque attenuato, pedicello lato com-
presso, articulis flagelli 6 minutis, 3''°. breviore, exterioribus sensim
incrassatis subglobosis, ultimo 3 prsecedentibus simul sumtis lon-
giore, ovato-acuminato : thorax brevis gibbus : collari brevissimo
arcuato ; metathorace truncate : abdomen breve sessile metathoraci
adpressum, tereti - compressum, ventre carinatum, aculei apice
subexerto, (forma fere ut in genere Cynipede): alae lineares
anticse paulo latiores undique longe ciliatae : pedes approximati
solito crassiores, tibiis anticis clavatis.

Not uncommon on grass near trees.

Sp. 2. L. dimidiatus. Piceus ano concolore, alis lutescenii-
hyalinis, antennis basi abdomine pedibusque luteis. ? .
(Long. .04 ; alar. .08.)

Mymar dimidiatus. Curt. G.—E. B.

Huic omnia fere ut in O'dctonis sectionis B. modo antennae 9-arti-
culatse et alae angustiores sunt: caput oblatum vertice fere lineari,
piceum ore lutescente : antennae luteae apice fuscescentes, articulis
flagelli oblongis extres latitudine crescentibus, ultimo oblongo
ovato vix duplo majore quam praecedente : thorax piceus scutello
rufescente : abdomen subsessile compressum, luteum apice fus-
cum : pedes graciles lutei : alae anticse fere lineares breviter ciliatae
posticae angustiores longius ciliatae.

This and the preceding may be considered as the probable
types of distinct genera, which I have thought it premature
to separate without having examined a greater number of
species.

NO. IV. VOL. I. Y Y

346 HALTDAY ON

■" Gen. III.— Anaphes. Haliday.

AntenncB maris ]2-articulatce, feminae 9-artlculatce capi-
tulo exannidato. Tarsi tetrameri. Abdomen sahsessile
ovoideum.

Caput oblatum yertice fere lineari : frons subimpressa : antennae
femince scapo compresso utrinque attenuate, pedecello lato com-
presso, articulo 3"". brevissimo, reliquis subaequalibus latitudine
crescentibus, ultimo magno oblongo ; — maris flagello filiformi
articulis subequalibus : thorax breviter ovatus convexus collari
brevissimo, scutello ovato, metathorace rotundato : abdomen
breve ovoideum subsessile aculeo vix exerto ; alse anticae latiores,
posticse lineares longius ciliatse.

Sp. 1. A. fascipennis. Niger alis fuscis, antennis basi et
pedihus pallide piceis. $ ? (Long. .025 : alar. .06.)

Perpusillus ; antennae crassiusculae praesertim maris : alse tenuiter
ciliatse.

The species of this genus are numerous; mostly black,
with pitchy or rust-coloured legs, and obscure or hyaline
wings: Ichneumon Punctum, Shaw (Linn. Trans. IV. PI. 18,
fig. L), is to be referred to it. In this species the wings are
fringed with longer hairs than ordinary.

Gen. IV. — Anagrus. Haliday.

Antennes maris l3-articulalfe, feminae d-articulatce capitulo
exannulato. Tarsi tetrameri. Abdomen sessile conico-
acuminatum.

Caput valde oblatum vertice lineari, fronte depressa : antenna?
femince articulo 3"°. brevissimo, sequentibus subequalibus ultimo
majore oblongo; — maris compressae crassiuscula? articulis flagelli
interioribus paulo brevioribus : thorax oblongus depressus, collari
parvo attenuate, scutello brevi semiorbiculato ; metathorace fere
disjunct©, subit5 depresso et dorso excavato : abdomen sessile
metathoracis dorso incumbens, conicum elongatum, dorso depla-
natum aut canaliculatum, ventre compressum carinatum, aculeo
breviter exerto : pedes graciles : alee lineares plumato-ciliatae,
anticai apice nonnihil dilatatse rotundatae : cilia baud ex ipso
margine oriuntur sad interius unde margo alae pulcherrime dupli-
catus .9, striatus extat : nervus subcostalis tenuissimus.

PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA.

347

Sp. 1. A. atoraus. PalMo fuscoque varius alis hyalims. $

(Long. .02 ; alar. .05.)
Ichneumon atomus. Linn.
Caput, antennarum apex, prothorax et anus ssepius subfusca : alte

limpidse pulcherrime ciliatae.

Upon grass under trees, in autumn ; common.

Sp. 2. A. incarnatus. Ruber oculis nigris scutello pallido

alls latescenti Injalinis. ? (Long. .03 ; alar. .07.)
Huic thorax minus elongatus quam praecedenti ; alae plumatse qui-

dem sed breviiis : antennae basi et pedes dilutiores, aculeus

fuscus.

Not rare in similar places with the last.

Sp. 3. A. ustulatus. Fuscus antennis thoracis disco pedihus-
que ferrugineis, alis hyaUnis. S (Long. .03; alar. .08.)

Prsecedentibus brevior, colore obscuriore ; alse ut in A. atorno.

There appear to be other species of this genus with similar

mingled shades of pale and dusky.

Gen. V. — PoLYNEMA. Haliday.

Antennce maris \S-articulatce, feminas 9-articulatce capitulo
exanmdato, utriusque scapo dilatato sinuato parum elon-
gato. Tarsi tetrameri. Abdomen petiolatum.

Caput crassiusculum subrotundatum, vertex late planiusculus : frons
subtruncata : antennarum scapus capite vix longior dilatatus sinua-
tus, pedicellus latus compressus, flagellum maris lineare articulis
exterioribus longitudine decrescentibus ; — femince articulo 3"° .
breviore quam 4'°. exterioribus sensim brevioribus et crassioribus,
ultimo magno ovato : thorax ovatus convexus Isevis collari con-
spicuo, scutello ovato, metathorace rotundato : abdomen petiolatum
semicordatum aut fere lanceolatum ascendens, femince apice de-
planatum aculeo brevi vel elongato : petiolus ut etiam sequentibus
filiformis descendens : pedes longi graciles : alae anticae anguste
obovatae ciliatae, nervo subcostali brevissimo clavato (sc. ulna fere
in punctum contract^) ; posticse lineares longius ciliatae.

Sp. L P. ovulorum. Piceo niger alis obscure hyalinis,
antennis basi pedibus et petiolo jlavis. $ $ (Long. .07 ;
alar. .16, vel minor.)

348 HALIDAY ON

Ichneumon ovuloruni. L. S. N. — Fna. S. — Sc/tra. F. B. &c.

Cryptus ovulorum. . Fabr. S. P.

Mymar ovulorum . Curt. G. — E. B.

Platygaster ovulorum. Steph. Cat. ? vix.

Axitermse femince articulo 3 "". longitudine 2"".: alae hyalinse, fusco-
pilosse et margine longius ciliatse : aculeus subexertus : petiolus
coxis posticis longior. — Variat collari utrinque rufescente.
Abundant in summer, destroying the eggs of Pontia Brassicae,

&c. Linne and Schrank have each described two species under

this.

Sp. 2. P. pusillus. Nigro-jiiceus alts obscure hyalinis, an-

tennis basi pedibus et lieliolo jlavis, aniennarum artlculo

3"°. brevissima ? (Long. .04; alar. .08.)
Prsecedenti similis at minor et brevior antennis pedibus et petiolo

multo brevioribus : alae minores angustiores parciias pubescentes

et ciliatse.

Sp. 3. P. fuscipes. Ater alls hyalinis, aniennarum pedicello
pedibus et petiolo f err ugineis. $ $ (Long. .05+ ; alar.
.14.)

Specie prima robustior, petiolo et pedibus brevioribus ; antennaa
femince fere conformes, maris crassiores : femora basi, tarsi apice
obscuriores ; pedes posteriores saepe fere toti fusci : alse hyalinse
sublitissime pubescentes, margine longius ciliatae.

In similar situations less frequent.

Sp. 4. P. atratus. Ater alls hyalinis, aniennarum pedicello
petiolo et pedibus ferrugineis, abdomine subgloboso $
(Long. .045; alar. .L)

Prsecedenti simillimus, antennis et pedibus brevioribus, alis angus-
tioribus parce ciliatis ; abdomine brevi subrotundato.

Sp. 5. P. euchariformis. Ater alts hyalinis, pedibus piceis,
antennarum pedicello et tarsis pallidis, aculeo elongato,
9 (Long. .06; alar. .1.)

Abdomen valde angustum dorso lanceolatum, aculeo parum longius :
alee tenuiter ciliatae : petiolus fusco-ferrugineus : tarsi apice fusci :
antennarum articuli 2""". et 3"'. longitudine pares ut in praece-
dentibus.
Not rare in similar situations.

PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA. 349

(jen. VI. — Mymar. Haliday.

AntemicB maris lil-articulalce ; feminae d-articiilatce capitulo
exannulato, scapo utriusque elongato Uneari. Tarsi
tetrameri. Abdomen petiolatum.

Caput oblato-globosum, vertice late planiusculo subquadrato, fronte
producta oblique truncata : antennae elongatse, femince scapo
longissimo lineari, pedicello lato comjiresso, articulis 3°. 5". 6°. 7°.
et 8°. brevibus, his sensim crassioribus, 4'°. lineari vix breviore
quam scapo, ultimo magno elliptico : maris adhuc multo longiores
scapo lineari arcuato, flagelli articulis exterioribus parum breviori-
bus : thorax fere ut in PolynemA, collari adhuc majore : abdomen
petiolatum semicordatum ascendens aculeo brevi : pedes gracillimi
eximie elongati : alse anticae valde elongatEe capillares, apice
summo explanatse, margine longius plumato ciliatse, lineola disci
setigera longitudinali unica : posticae brevissimae setaceae nudae.

Sp. 1. M. pulchellus. OcJireus antennis apice ocuUsque fuscis,
alls hyalinis apice nigris. $ $ (Long. 06 ; alar. .12.)

Mymar pulchellus. Curtis, E. B. 411.
Presented to me by Mr. Walker.

Gen. VII. — EusTOCHUs. Haliday.

AntemicB feminae lO-articidatce capitulo bi-articulato. Tarsi
tetrameri. Abdomen petiolatum.

Caput transversum, occiput truncatum ; vertex latus planus undique
definitus transverso quadratus angulis anticis mucronatis ; frons
truncata : antennas margini summo frontis insertas, scapo longius-
culo fusiformi, pedicello clavato, articulis sequentibus linearibus,
3''°. 4'°. subequalibus, 6°. 7°. 8°. brevioribus incrassatis, 9°°. et
lO""". capitulum magnum lenticulari-ovatum efFormantibus : thorax
breviter ovatus valde convexus, collari inconspicuo ; mesothoracis
scutello et metathoracis scuto continuis, per dorsum longitudina-
liter elevatis, lateribus prascisis : abdomen petiolatum ascendens
semicordatum teres apice acuminatum, aculeo elongato ascen-
dente : alae anticae obovatae longius ciliatae, ulna quam in reliquis
generibus magis elongata ; posticae lineares ciliatoe : (plura videos
sub specie unicd.)

Sp. 1. E. atripennis. Niger capite thoraceque opacis, alis
fidiginosis, antennis basi pedibus et petiolo ferrugineis. ?
(Long, corp et acul. .07; alar. .11.)

350 OBSERVATIONS ON

Mymar atripennis. Curtis, E. B.

Caput thorax et coxae posticee granulatse : abdomen Isevissimum
iiitidum : aculeus abdomine longior : alae pilosre lineola ambiente
crassiuscula : lunxila seu fascia ferniginea interne hylalino lim-
bata sita est transverse prope basin alarum anticarum fere sub
medio uhise, lineola tenuis subimpressa (s. nervus spurius) ibidem
orta usque in marginem exteriorem pone apicem alae excurrit,
leni fiexu a costa discedens.

In autumn, among trees, but very rare.

Add. — Of the other genera indicated in this family, Grantor
is Choreia, Westwood ; I had considered Encyrtus ineptus,
Dalman, as the type ; Choreia nigro-ccnea, Westw., seems
to approach the genuine Encijrti ; some of which have httle
more than rudiments of wings. The identity of Agonioneurus,
Westwood, with Ajiheliniis, has been ah-eady pointed out,
(antea page 306). 1 have deferred giving the characters of the
genus Cea, (Curt. G. 587,) with the hope of having the opinion
of a more competent judge than myself upon its affinities.

Art. XXXIX. — Observations on Ignis Fatuus. By George
Wailes, Esq.

I THINK the surmises of the writer in the Westminster Re-
view, that this natural phenomenon is to be attributed to some
luminous insect, are, so far as Britain and northern climes are
concerned, without foundation. That any large insect, pos-
sessing the property of luminousness, should have hitherto
escaped the pursuit of not only the Entomologists of this
island, but our numerous and indefatigable brethren on the
continent, is, to say the least, very improbable. Our only
British Anuulosa which have the power of hanging out their
lights are the glow-worm {Lampijris 7ioctiluca, Linn.), and
Scolopendra electrica, De Geer. Although Mr. Dilwynn, in
his valuable Memoranda relating to Coleopterous insects found
in the neighbourhood of Swansea, states, " Nor have I here
observed the small light in the males," of the glow-worm,

IGNIS FATUUS. 851

" which is always sufficiently obvious near Dover," no Ento-
mologist requires to be reminded that neither the Apterous
female of this beetle, nor the equally wingless Scolopendra,
can by any possibility perform the vagaries so identified with
the very name of " Will-with-the-Wisp." No doubt, the
insect alluded to by the Reviewer as having been brought to
light by the pond-side is meant for the mole cricket, but 1
do not think, after the vague descriptions and consequent wild-
goose-chases with which every Entomologist has been more or
less pestered by his non-entomological friends, we ought to
allow the surmises of the " Mudlark" to be entitled to much
weight, nor yet the flying, fiery " dragon-fly" of the "subse-
quent examiner." You ask for facts — the following you may
depend upon. I had often heard my father mention an ignis
fatuus which he and a friend, " nunc inter beatos," saw several
years ago, and the notice in your last number caused me to ask
for full particulars. They were riding along the road between
Hexham and Alston, in the month of May, accompanied by a
servant; and in crossing the wild moors, near the place where
the counties of Northumberland and Cumberland join, about
ten o'clock p.m., were surprised by the sudden appearance of
a light within fifteen yards of the roadside. It was about the
size of the hand, and its shape, which was oval, very well de-
fined. The light is described to me as more like that of a
bright white cloud than of a flame. The place where it ap-
peared was very wet, and the peat moss had been dug out,
leaving what are locally termed " peat pots," which soon fill
with water, affording nourishment to numerous conferva; and
the various species of Sphagnum, which in their turn are me-
tamorphosed into peat. Doubtless these places, during the
decomposition of the vegetable matter, give out large quantities
of gaseous particles. The light was about three feet from the
surface of the ground, and, hovering over the peat pots, moved
for the distance of about fifty yards nearly parallel with the
road, and then, probably on the failure of the supply of gas,
suddenly went out. In order to obviate the question, Was not
this the alighting of the insect, supposing it to have been one ?
I inquired whether the light approached the ground on going
out, and find that it did not, but the manner of its disappear-
ance was similar to that of a candle being blown out.

This is the only authentic account I ever had from an eve-

352 OBSERVATIONS ON

witness who had been so very near to an ignis fatuus ; but
when at school, I recollect, from the bedrooms, we used fre-
quently to observe lights at night in a very wet wood, distant
about half a mile from the village. Sometimes two or three
or even more were seen at one time, and they appeared to
wander up and down about the marsh. It may be urged they
probably were tallow ignes fatni ; but the wood, of nutting
notoriety, was too well known to us from its swampy character
to be at all inviting for a walk by candle-light, and, besides,
the vagaries of the flames forbid our attributing them to human
agency. So well known was the phenomenon, that it was no
uncommon amusement to rise from our beds and watch the
Will-with-the- Wisps. However as we were not permitted to
go by night in search of " Jack-o'-lantern" adventures, these
observations must necessarily be received with some degree of
caution. In short, I think there can be no doubt but that the
moving (if I may be allowed to use the term) ignis fatuus of
this country always owes its origin to the spontaneous ignition
of gaseous particles, arising, in most instances at least, from
the decomposition of vegetable matter, and which, when
ignited, is put in motion by any current of air ; whilst the sta-
tio7iary one may arise from the same cause or the presence of
either the glow-worm or Scolopendra. I do not remember
ever to have heard or read of any of these lights having been
seen about the floating island which now and then shews itself
in Derwentwater lake ; but I think it is more than probable
that such things do occur, considering the immense quantity
of gas which escapes, which I have myself witnessed when an
oar or stick is thrust through the matted surface of vegetable
matter forming the crust of the island.

The most detailed and satisfactory account of the ignis
fatuus I have been able to meet with, is contained in a highly
interesting paper in the number of Professor Jameson's Edin-
burgh New Philosophical Journal for January last, entitled,
" Observations on the Ignis Fatuus or Will-ivitk-t/ie-Wisp,
Falling Stars, and TJuanler Storms, by L. Blesson, Major of
Engineers, Berlin," which I think sets the question quite at rest,
and indubitably proves the gaseous origin of that appearance.
As the book is perhaps not generally within the reach of your
readers, I subjoin a copy of that portion of the paper relating
to the ignis fatuus ; and though the subject is rather without

IGNIS FATUUS. S!)3

the pale of your Magazine/ I am quite certain that the whole,
or any part you may think proper to reprint, will be read with
pleasure by every true lover of nature, be he meteorologist or-
riot. George Wailes.

P.S. M. Blesson's account of a thunder-storm he en-
countered on a mountain near Teschen, is the most extraordi-
nary I ever read.

Observations on the Ignis Fatuus, or Will-with-the-Wisp, FalUnn
Stars, and Thunder Storms. By L. Blesson, Major of Engi-
neers, Berlin.

The first time I saw the Ignis Fatuus, or Will-with-the-Wisp,
was in a valley in the Forest of Gorbitz, in the Neumark. This
valley cuts deeply in compact loam, and is marshy on its lower part.
The water of the marsh is ferruginous, and covered with an iridescent
crust. During the day bubbles of air were seen rising from it, and
in the night blue flames were observed shooting from and ])laying
over its surface. As I suspected that there was some connexion
between these flames and the bubbles of air, I marked durino- the
day-time the place where the latter rose up most abundantly, and
repaired thither during the night ; to my great joy I actually ob-
served bluish-purple flames, and did not hesitate to approach them.
On reaching the spot they retired, and I pursued them in vain ; all
attempts to examine them closely were ineffectual. Some days of
very rainy weather prevented further investigation, but afforded
leisure for reflecting on their nature. I conjectured that the motion
of the air, on my approaching the spot, forced forward the burnino-
gas ; and remarked, that the flame burned darker, when it was
blown aside ; hence I concluded that a continuous thin stream of in-
flammable air was formed by these bubbles, which, once inflamed,
continued to burn — but which, owing to the paleness of the lio-ht of
the flame, could not be observed during the day.

On another day, in the twilight, I went again to the j^ilace, where
I awaited the approach of night : the flames became gradually
visible, but redder than formerly, thus shewing that they burnt
also during the day ; I approached nearer, and they retired. Con-
vinced that they would return again to the place of their origin, wlien

» Whilst a doubt exists on this interesting subject it is certainly a very appro-
priate one for our pages, and we confess that doubt does still exist in our own
mind. — Ed.

NO. IV. VOL. I. Z Z

354 OBSERVATIONS ON lONIS FATUUS.

the agitation of the air ceased, I remained stationary and motionless,
and observed them again gradually approach. As I could easily
reach them, it occurred to me to attempt to light paper by means of
them, but for some time I did not succeed in this experiment, which
I found was owing to my breathing. I therefore held my face from
the flame, and also interposed a piece of cloth as a screen ; on doing
which I was able to singe paper, which became brown-coloured, and
covered with viscous moisture. I next used a narrow slip of paper,
and enjoyed the pleasure of seeing it take fire. The gas was evi-
dently inflammable, and not a phosphorescent luminous one, as some
have maintained. But how do these lights originate ? After some
reflection I resolved to make the experiment of extingviishing them.
I followed the flame ; I brought it so far from the marsh, that pro-
bably the thread of connexion, if I may so express myself, was
broken, and it was extinguished. But scarcely a few minutes had
elapsed, when it was again renewed at its source (over the air-
bubbles), without my being able to observe any transition from the
neighbouring flames, many of which were burning in the valley. I
repeated the experiment frequently, and always with success. The
dawn approached, and the flames, which to me appeared to approach
nearer to the earth, gradually disappeared.

On the following evening I went to the spot, and kindled a fire
on the side of the valley, in order to have an opportunity of trying
to inflame the gas. As on the evening before, I first extinguished
the flame, and then hastened with a torch to the spot from whence
the gas bubbled up, when instantaneously a kind of explosion was
heard, and a red light was seen over eight or nine square feet of the
surface of the marsh, which diminished to a small blue flame, from
two and a half to three feet in height, that continued to burn with an
unsteady motion. It was, therefore, no longer doubtful that this
ignis fatuus was caused by the evolution of inflammable gas from
the marsh.

In the year 1811, I was at Malapane, in Upper Silesia, and
passed several nights in the forest, because ignes fatui were observed
there. I succeeded ill extinguishing and inflaming the gas, but
could not inflame paper or thin shavings of wood with it. In the
course of the same year I repeated my experiments in the Kouski
in Poland. The flame was darker coloured than usual, but I was
not able to inflame either paper or wood-shavings with it ; on
the contrary, their surface became speedily covered with a viscous
moisture.

In the year 1812, I spent half a night in the Rubenzahl Garden,
on the ridge of the Riesengobiige, close on the Schneekoppe, which

DALE ON SPECIES AND VARIETIES. 355

constantly exhibits the Will-with-the-Wisp, but having a very pale
colour. The flame appeared and disappeared, but was so mobile
that I could never approach sufficiently near to enable me to set fire
to any thing with it.

In the course of the same year I visited a place at Walkenried, in
the Hartz, where these lights are said always to occur ; they were
very much like those of the Neumark, and I collected some of the
gas in a flask. On the day after, I found by experiment that it oc-
casioned cloudiness in lime-water, a proof of its containing carbonic
acid.

I observed accidentally another phenomenon allied to this, at the
Porta Westphalica, near Minden. On the 3d August, 1814, we
played off a fire-work from the summit, to which we had ascended
during the dark, and where no ignis fatuus was visible. But
scarcely had we fired off the first rocket, when a number of small red
flames were observed around us, below the summit, which, however,
speedily extinguished — to be succeeded by others on the firing of the
next rocket.

These facts induced me to separate the ignes fatui from the
luminous meteors, and to free them from all connexion with elec-
tricity. They are of a chemical nature, and become inflamed on
coming in contact with the atmosphere, owing to the nature of their
constitution.

I think it highly probable that the fires that sometimes break out
in forests are caused by these lights.

Art. XL. — Observations on the Influence of Locality, Time
of Appearance, ^-c. on Species and Varieties of Butterflies.
By. J. C. Dale, Esq. M.A. F.L.S., &c.

Papilio Machaon, though an abundant insect in some places,
varies but httle except in size ; it has not been seen at Glan-
ville's Wootton since the year 1818.

Colias Hyale has occasionally a white female, and also a
variety with the black border broader. C. Edusa varies very
much in size and colour, the variety of the female which

33G DALE ON

Haworth has called Ilelice being white ; and there are two or
three intermediate varieties in the British Museum, some very
small, the C/iri/sotheme of Stephens.

Pontia DapUdice is much more brilliant in colour towards
the south of France than in England or Sweden : climate has
certainly an influence on this insect. P. Cordam'ines varies in
size greatly, and in the black spot on the upper wings ; it some-
times has a black spot on the second wings : Mr. Haworth
has a specimen of this insect apparently hermophrodite.
P. BrassiccB varies in size and markings according to the
broods ; the P. Chariclea of Stephens is a mere variety ; a
variety of P. Rupee is in like manner the P. Metra of Stephens,
but in this species there are more broods, and consequently
more varieties. P. Ncrpi varies still more, and if P. napcea
and P. sahelUcce of Stephens are distinct, there are at least
two more distinct species.

Hipparcliia Jainra is sometimes entirely cream-coloured,
and I have a specimen spotted with that colour. P. THhonus
has occasionally an extra spot or tw^o. P. Hyperantlms has
sometimes very large ocelli, sometimes only white specks, and
is sometimes immaculate. P. Davus occurs sometimes with
very large ocelli, and I have taken one at Manchester with
very small ones. P. Polydama occurs at Lake Bala. There
is a variety of P. Typhon quite immaculate, it is called Laidion;
and 1 have a specimen from Keswick with ocelli as large as
any Davus. Davus, Polydama, and Typhon, are all exceed-
ingly subject to vary, and I have no doubt that they will all
prove to be but a single species. I have two specimens of
P. Pamphilus quite immaculate on the upper side.

Vanessa Antiopa varies in the colour of the margins of its
wings according to locality, being sometimes white and some-
times yellow. V. C. Album was formerly very common here.
In the specimens of the June brood, the under surface of the
wings is yellow : in those of the autumnal brood, brown ; they
seem to me very distinct, and yet they remain undivided.

Argynnis Paphia. I took a female nearly all black on the
upper side ; it is in the British Museum. Of Ar. Aglaia I
have taken the variety called Charlotta, and the one figured
by Mr. Curtis. A. Adippe I have found in larva in the New
Forest. A. Lathonia has two broods. I have not observed
that thev vary.

SPECIES AND VARIETIES. 357

MeUtcea Euphrosyne. Of this insect the spring brood
varies very much in markings, I have one specimen nearly
white ; the September brood varies in colour, it is much
yellower. M. Selene varies in the same manner. The Rev.
Mr. Bird has a specimen nearly black. M. Cirixia varies but
little in colour; in markings only and size; sometimes the
ocelli want the pupil. A variety of M. Artemis has been
taken at Enbourne and in Wales : this insect was not seen at
Glanville's Wootten from 1815 to 1822, and then it reappeared
in great abundance. M. Athalta is very variable : Eos, cuni-
gera, tessellata, 8cc. are varieties of this species.

Thecla quercus sometimes wants the black spot in the red
anal spot. T. W. album varies more or less in the red anal
spot. T. ruh'i has sometimes a row of white spots on the green
side, and is sometimes entirely without them.

Of Lyccena Phlaas there are two or three broods ; some of
the varieties have blue spots on the lower wings ; others vary
in having the border of the upper wings narrow or broad, and
some have the under wings totally black. In the fine autumn
of 1826, I took one with the red border in the second wings
quite interrupted, h. dlspar varies only in the size and form,
and the intensity of colour.

Polyommatus Arion varies in having the black spots large
or small ; the latter variety is called Alcon. The female of
P. Corydon is sometimes nearly as blue as the male, and some-
times the ocelli on the under side are very nearly obliterated ;
sometimes they are large and elongated. P. Adonis varies in
a similar manner : it has two broods. P. Dorylas, Icarius,
Alexis, and Eros, are but a single species, varying amazingly
in colour, markings, &c. I took a very fine female, allied to
Burrelii of Haworth, being white underneath, and wanting
the elongate spot. The female of P. Argus varies in being
more or less blue, and sometimes very much larger, and has
elongate spots on the underside. P. Salmacis or Titus ? is
intermediate between Agestis and Arlaxerxes ; in Scotland
none of the Agestis are to be found, they are all Artaxerxes ;
in the south none of the Artaxerxes are to be found, they are
all Agestis. At Newcastle they appear to be mules or hy-
brids, between the two species, partaking in some degree of
the characters of both ; some of the varieties have a black spot
inside the white one, on the upper surface of the first win'^s.

358 DALE ON SPECIES AND VARIETIES.

Hespena Alveolus and //. Lataverce vary in having more
or less white on the upper surface of the first wings. H. La-
faverce has the most.

Additional Notes on Butterflies.

Papilio Podalirius. I have a specimen of this insect, which
I consider undoubtedly British ; I received it with Dr. Ab-
bot's collection ; it was taken near Bedford. I certainly saw
another specimen in Cambridgeshire.

Doritis Apollo. I have reason to expect that I shall obtain
British specimens of this insect next season.

Pontia Daplidice. I received one from Dr. Abbott.

Vanessa Huntera. The Welsh specimen of this insect is
much smaller than the American ones, and I rather doubt
whether they are exactly the same species.

Aj^atura Iris and Limenitis Camilla have been found near
Cranbourne.

Argynnis Niobe. Dr. Abbott considered Niohe to be no-
thing more than a variety of Ar. Adijipe; in his MSS. he
observes that the silver spots have sometimes yellow spots in
them, and Stewart mentions the reverse of A. Niobe.

Melitcea Dia. I think that the specimens taken at Sutton
Park, by Mr. Weaver, of Birmingham, are most probably this
species.

Melitcea. I found the young larvae of a Melitcea at
Lulworth in August. I think they were most probably those
of M. Cinxia.

Lyccena Chryseis. I received one from Dr. Abbott.^

Tliecla Betulce is mostly bred from the larva by Captain
Blomer now ; I used to take it in great plenty, but have not
seen it for years.

Colias Europome. I have male and female from Russia;
it is very distinct from Philodice, which I had from Dr.
Abbott's cabinet, marked Hyale ; and I also received it from
Mr. Latham.

359

Art. XLI. — On the Structure of the Aiitennco in the Order
Aphaniptera" of Kirby, with reference to the Propriety
of the Establishment of Genera tipon the Variations of
those Organs. By J. O. Westwood, Esq., F.L.S. &c.

On looking at the head of the flea, for the purpose of dis-
covering its antennae, two organs are observed placed in the
ordinary situation of those members, and composed of four
joints, which, from their general appearance, situation, struc-
ture, and usage, have been regarded by most naturalists as the
true antennae.

Latreille, however, from the philosophical manner in which he
had studied the organization of the whole of the annulose sub-
kingdom, had very early acquired a knowledge of the fact, that
in different groups the same organ is often employed in a
totally different manner, supplying the place, as well as the
use, of another organ which is either entirely obsolete, or
which has itself undergone an equally extensive modification :
hence, by tracing these supposed antennae to their place of
insertion, he was induced to consider them rather as palpi.

Where, then, were the analogues of the true antennae? —
Behind the eye, on each side of the back of the head, a small
oval-oblong impression is perceived, which incloses a minute
organ, which in the living insect is kept in constant motion.
Respecting this apparatus, Latreille observes, in his Histoire
Naturelle et Generale, &c. : " Est-ce nn organe servant a
la respiration ? Seroit-ce line antenne ? Je ne puis pro-
noncer."

Mr. Curtis, in illustrating the genus Pnlex, (Brit. Ent. 114,
April, 1826,) stated the Pulex irritans to be the type of the
genus, figured the P. TalpcB as an example, and gave an
admirable series of dissections of the mouth of P. Canis, with

" I adopt Mr. Kirby's term, (Duges having proved its appropriateness,) in jirc-
ference to Suctoria, used by De Geer and Latreille, that name not being in
accordance with the other names of orders; to Aptera, as restricted to the flea by
Lamarck and MacLeay, considering it improper to apply to one group a term
intended originally to designate many very distinct groups, and which has been
employed by various naturalists in so many different ways ; and to Siplimiaptera,
proposed by Latreille (as being preferable "a celles trop vagues on trop gSnhales
de siiceurs et d'apth-es," and adopted by Curtis and Duges,) Mr. Kirby's name
having the priority.

oGO ON TFIE STRUCTURE OF THE ANTENN/E

the observation : " The cavity behind the eye, which appears
to be partly closed by a small lobe that may be distinctly seen
to rise and fall, I am disposed to believe is an organ of respira-
tion rather than the analogue of the antennae, as suspected by
my friend, Mons. Latreille ; and the absence of spiraculae down
the sides of the abdomen strengthens my opinion. Little as
we know of the uses of the antennae beyond the sense of
touch, it is impossible to say that the maxillary palpi may not
perform in this order the office of antennee, and that the orifice
behind the eye may not be also adapted to hearing."

Subsequently, however, Mr. Curtis obtained sj^ecimens of
P, Hirnndinis, in which the antennae " are as long as the
head, placed above the eyes, and received when at rest into a
deep groove, and when erected look like the ears of a rabbit.
They are four-jointed, and the basal joint has a few long
bristles."

In the summer of 1831, I had occasion to investigate the
structure of this order, and gave much attention to this portion
of ^the subject; and, after considerable trouble, succeeded in
extracting the antennae of several specimens of P. Canis from
their cavity behind the eyes. In this species these organs are
broad and four-jointed; the first joint is short; the second
larger, and somewhat cup-shaped, and produced on the outside
with numerous rigid setae at the external angle, forming a
defence to the terminal joint, which is large, ovate, or rounded,
and subdepressed with numerous denticulations on the outer
edge ; the third joint is short and narrow, forming the base of
the fourth joint.

In the 417th plate of Mr. Curtis's British Entomology for
August 1832, another species of flea was illustrated under the
name of CeratoplujUiis elongatiis, with the observations, that,
from repeated examinations, that gentleman had found it neces-
sary to divide the Pulices into two genera; that the P. Talpcc,
previously figured as an example of the genus Pulex, belonged
in fact to the new genus ; and that the discovery of the antennae
of P. canis, by Mr. Haliday, rendered it necessary to erase
the paragraph in the 114th folio, quoted above. A copy of
Mr. Haliday's figure of the antennae of the latter species (which
is considered as a true Pulex) is introduced into Mr. Curtis's
plate of Ceratojiliyllus ; but it is not quite correct, being de-
scribed as only two-jointed, the basal joint having only a single

IN THE ORDER APHANIPTElt A. o()l

bristle near its internal apex. The dissections of Cerato-
phylliis are taken from the Piilex hirimdinis, which is con-
sidered as the type, and of which the antennae are described
as slightly attenuated and four-jointed, although one of them
is represented in the plate as five-jointed. Of the species
figured as the example of the genus, Cer. elongatus, the an-
tennae are not described; but in fig. 16 they are represented
as eight-jointed, the basal joint being pear-shaped, the second
subcyathiform, and the remainder transverse, forming a thick
oval mass. In the coloured figure of this insect, these organs
are however represented of the same attenuated form as in
Cer. hirundinis, and apparently having only six joints. And
in the Pulex talpa, which is expressly stated to belong to
Ceratophylliis, the antenna are described and figured as
ten-jointed, the basal joint being ovate-truncate, and the nine
remaining annulose, and forming a rather elongate-ovate mass.
M. Duges, in his admirable " Recherches sur les Caracteres
Zoologiques du Genre Pulex," has described and figured the
antennae of various species of fleas. In the P. irritans they
are described as three-jointed:" " Le premier article est court,
le denxieme long el epais, arme dhine grosse apophyse et
d'un bouquet de polls, le troisieme est plat, elargi en jmlelte,
et diinse en lanieres ou digitations de plus en plus courtes
d'avant en arriere." The antenna of P. cams is described as
" peu dijferente de celle de Vespece precedente, un pen plus
grosse et plus courte."" In the P. musculi, Dug. (Cerat. tnuris?
Curt.) the antenna '' prese7ite cette particular ite, que le pre-
mier article est long et le deuxieme court, le troisieme j)eu
large est strie en travers, et dentele sur un de ses hords ,-"
and in the P. vesper tilionis, this organ is " presque toute
semblable a celle du P. musculi."

Such are the various formations stated to exist in the an-
tennae of different species of fleas. Now on comparing the
characters given by Mr. Curtis of his genus Ceratopliyllus,
with those of Pulex, it will be seen that, with the exception of
the formation of the antennae, scarcely the slightest diflerence

^ Either M. Duges has overlooked the articulation which I noticed between
the second and terminal joints, or I have mistaken the contracted base of the
latter for a distinct articulation. From the numerous sketches, however, which
I made of the antennae of P. cams in various positions, I think myself warranted
in considering the former to be the case.

NO. IV. VOL. I. 3 A

SG2 ON THE STRUCTURE OF THE ANTENN/E, ScC.

is to be found between them. If, however, the antennae
are to be regarded as affording the characters of genera in
this order, it must be evident, even from Mr. Curtis's plate of
Ceratop/ii/ll/fs alone, that there ought to be a much greater
number of genera established according to the variations in the
structure of those organs.

I should however be inclined to consider, from analogy, that
the antenna of P. cams have the same number of joints as
the P. hirundinis; and indeed I have but little doubt that all
the other species are formed upon the same type, the supposed
numerous articulations, represented by Mr. Curtis in some of
the species appearing to me to be merely deeper impressions
of the marginal denticulations of the terminal joint : indeed,
according to M. Duges, the antennas, both of the Pidices and
Ceratophijlli, are three-jointed, the only material difference
consisting in the variation in the length of the first and second
joints.

Hence it can scarcely be considered that the genus Cera-
tophyllus is well founded. The species, however, figured by Mr.
Curtis, Cer. elongatus, as well as the Cer. vespertilionis, and
probably Cer. bifasciatus, and Pulex mnsculi, Dug. ; together
with a Chinese species, which has been kindly presented to
me by the Rev. Leonard Jenyns, exhibit a general form so
different to that of the other fleas, that I cannot help thinking
them, on that account, entitled to form a distinct group ; for
which (as the name CeratophyUus must likewise be rejected in
consequence of having been previously employed in botany)
the generic name of Ischnopsyllus may not be deemed inap-
plicable, the characters of which I propose to detail in a
memoir, upon which I am at present occupied, upon Bat
Parasites.

In conclusion, I may be allowed to observe, without how-
ever venturing to offer any decided opinion upon so difficult a
question, that no group of insects appears to afford so striking
an instance in support of the opinion, that the antennae are
organs of hearing, as those of the order under consideration.
Such, it will be seen from the passage quoted above, was the
doubtful opinion of Mr. Curtis; and when we notice the
peculiar form of the aperture in which these organs are placed,
and its situation at the back of the head on each side behind
the eyes, such an opinion seems to have some reasonable

OBSERVATIONS ON BLIGHT. S6o

foundation. I offer this observation to those who deem at-
tempts to stifle inquiry into such abstruse points, by the aid of
ridicule, to be as unphilosophical as it is to give, without
hesitation, to an organ whose uses are, and probably ever will
remain unknown, the name of another organ whose uses are
perfectly understood ; thereby equally tending to stifle inquiry
by instilling the idea that the uses of the organ thus inappro-
priately named, had been clearly ascertained. To such persons
I would also point out the admirable remarks of M. Straus-
Durckheim upon the antennae of the cockchaffer, which are
also in favour of the opinion that they are instruments of
hearing.

The Grove, Hammersmith. May 1, 1833.

Art. XLII. Observations on Blight. By Rusticus,
of Godalming.

The hop-fly is an animal whose injury to man is perl
not quite of an unmixed kind, for its depredations serve to
keep up the price of hops so as to afford a tolerable profit to
the grower ; whereas, were there to be no fly, the crop would
be larger than the consumption, and the price consequently not
a remunerating one. I well recollect, that after the immense
crop of 1826, the price did not repay the grower his rent,
taxes, and labour ; and the farmers, a set of men, I am sorry
to say it, with less forethought generally than any other class
of tradesmen, most improvidently went to work and were silly
enough to grub up their hop-yards and sow wheat. This took
place in several instances in the district between Farnham and
Alton, and at the same time both in Kent and Herefordshire ;
and afterwards, when the price recovered, some of the finest
pasture land in the world was ploughed up to make hop-yards
which have not yet paid even the tithe ; there is, however, a
blight whose ravages are without any proportionate good, or
any good at all that I am aware of: a thief that robs our sheep
and our cows of their winter food, and often compels their
owners to starve them to skin and bone, thereby causing
murrain and all manner of disease to the kine, empty pockets
to himself, and a host of accompanying evils ; and this thief is
a little glossy, tiny, skipping, hopping, merry-andrew kind of

364 OBSERVATIONS ON BLIGHT.

a beetle, in common parlance known by a name the very men-
tion of which elongates a farmer's countenance at least an inch
and a half — the turnip-jly.

The turnip-fly* is not always of one kind, but the difference
between them is not important, they only alter in their paint,
their build is always alike : the most common is painted bottle-
green ; but in some fields all are painted black, with a white
line from stem to stern on each side down the deck ; they are
so active, that the only way I could ever obtain them in the
newly-sown fields was by sweeping the surface with a gauze net
on an iron-hoop at the end of a strongish stick ; they jump
like fleas directly they see you. This insect, or rather its
grub, commences its attack on the turnip directly it is up,
devouring the two cotyledons and the little heart, and some-
times, in a few days, leaving the field as brown as the day
it was sowed.

Schemes out of number have been tried to get rid of or kill
this little pest wherever it has appeared, the particulars of
which, if I were to relate, with the accompaniment which I
must add, that they have all turned out to be failures, would
not, I fancy, be of much use ; but I one day was cogitating on
the matter, and argued to myself thus : — it would be a difficult
task to catch and kill twenty thousand fleas if shut up in
a room with them ; but it might not be quite so difficult to
prevent twenty thousand fleas coming into a room where there
v/ere none previously ; and the wisest way seemed to me to
find out how they could come there. Now, as all straight-
forward inquiries of this kind are laughed at, and at once yclept
theories, I kept all my operations to myself, and now, for the
first time, offer them to the public. I am sorry to say they
are yet incomplete, but still they will be found of some use to
those who are disposed to pursue the subject.

I had always observed that there was the greatest quantity
of grubs on very young plants, and that they were very various
in size, and that it was not till the plants were a fortnight or
three weeks old that the beetles appeared in any quantities;

^ Our contemporary, Mr. Loudon, wishes us to show off our learning by
" supplying the systematic names to the insects" of which Rusticus treats, oi", as
our correspondent would probably term it, interlard his observations with crack-
jaw, nie turnip-fly is an Allka ; the one with white lines down the back is
A. Nemorum. — Eu.

OBSERVATIONS ON BLIGHT. 365

yet there were some beetles from the very first coming up of
the plant: now I knew from experience, that the turnip-
beetle fed on wild mustard and several other hedge plants,
and therefore it was not at all an improbable thing, that when
they smelt the fragrance of the fresh bursting cotyledons of
their favourite food that they should skip down from their
spring habitations, the hedges, and commence the attack.
This would account for the few beetles observable from the
first, but not for the numberless grubs which covered the
cotyledons, riddling them with holes, and devouring the
succulent stems, even that part which was covered by the
ground. These must have sprung from eggs either left in the
ground last year or have been laid on the turnip-seed itself
and harvested with it in the autumn.

I first sowed some seed in a flower-pot with earth out of my
garden ; it produced the animal in abundance. Secondly, I
inclosed the pot with pasteboard and canvas with the same
success ; but there was still a possibility of the enemy getting
in, as I had not made the cover sufficiently close. Thirdly, I
made a light frame, about eight inches square, covering it with
very fine silk gauze, and carefully stopping the crevices of the
door with pasted paper, and round the pot, where the cover
was fastened on to it with putty, so that there was now no
possibility of any thing coming to it from without ; yet this
experiment was attended with the same success : however, one
point, that is, a negative point, was now proved, namely, that
the fly did not come to the tui-nip from other plants ; this
was a point gained. Fourthly, I baked the earth in a cast-iron
pot over the fire, and used no water to water the seed but such
as I had boiled myself, applying it at the bottom of the pot in a
common feeder, then I used the same care and took the same
precautions as before — I did not take oflT the cover till the plants
were of a considerable size, and I found them all a-hop with
beetles. I had now made another step; that the beetle did
not come from other plants, I had found before ; but now it was
clear that it was not in the earth nor in the water. Fifthly,
with a lens I examined the seed, and found on it a number of
white flattish substances, some seeds were without any, but
there were generally one, two, three, four, and in one instance
five, on a single seed; these I concluded to be eggs, and
thought the only way now left me was to attack them ; it would

366 OBSERVATIONS ON BLIGHT.

have been easy enough to have poked them off with a needle,
but I could not see how I was to employ a needle and a
magnifying glass on a sack of turnip-seed ; I recollected, how-
ever, that I had found that some salt and water into which I
bad once unintentionally dropped a paper of silkworms' eggs had
killed them to an egg ; it was therefore worth while trying in
this case : I accordingly made some pretty strong brine, and
soaked the seed in it for twenty-four hours, then dried it
thoroughly, and with all the precautions I have mentioned
above I sowed it again, and with a kind of success — there was
not a single fly, but neither was there a turnip. Nothing dis-
couraged at this, I tried again and again, and I found that,
without weakening the brine, if the seed was only kept in it
three hours, there were no beetles, but yet the seed came up
as well as ever. I now practise this with turnip-seed, cabbage-
seed, and, in fact, with the seed of all the cruciform flowering
plants in common cultivation, (all of them being equally in-
fested by the beetle,) and with very satisfactory success. I
cannot say that I never find beetles on the young plants, but I
never have a crop destroyed, or even seriously injured by them.
The whole of the experiments mentioned above were made on
the Swede turnip, which I find is generally more infested by
these beetles than any of our older sorts. The experiments
were all made prior to the year 1823, and have been waiting
for a suitable opportunity of publication ; the liberal mode of
conducting your magazine affords that opportunity ; and allow
me to express the pleasure which a writer feels in seeing his
own handywork appear in print. If an article is to have a
slice cut out here and another there, in the obsequious endea-
vour to oblige some literary impostor, whose fame is to be kept
up by the suppression of public opinion, then good-by to
editorial independence.

A word more in support of the idea that the beetle lays
eggs on the seed of the turnip. First, Self-sown turnip-seed
is more infested than when sown in the usual way ; Secondly,
when turnip-seed is harvested over-ripe, as in very hot dry
seasons, the produce has much more fly than when harvested
unripe, or in wet and cold seasons ; in these instances it is
certain, from the exposure of the seed, both in ripening and
falling, that the beetles must have much better opportunities
for depositing their eggs on it ; Thirdly, on shaking the

MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDUM. 367

flowers of turnips which have been sowed for seed, a great
many of the identical fellows will be found skipping about the
cloths over which you shake them ; I do not mean the little
beetles, which are dark green, about the same size, and fly
very easily, but the real turnip-beetle. (I send you specimens
of both.) The flying-beetle is very common in all flowers
that produce a good deal of pollen ; I have seen fifty or sixty
in a dandy-lion.'' The real turnip-beetles do not eat pollen.
If you can stick in this note at the end of my turnip-fly

epistle pray do so. — Lord F 's beetle is a weevil ; he has

nothing to fear from it ; if it strip the leaves off' his beech-
trees one year it will not do so the next. I well recollect,
some years ago, seeing the fine beech-woods about Gloucester
completely stripped by it in the middle of June ; the next year
the woods were as healthy and luxuriant as ever. The weevil
appears and disappears without any known cause, like all other
insect pests, and these irregular visitors are always diflScult to
deal with ; I shall try, notwithstanding, to trace its habits, and
shall feel much obliged for any further information his lordship
may transmit through you.

I am, yours, &c. Rusticus.

Godalming, 1833.

Art. XLIII. — Monographia Clialcidum. By Francis
Walker, Esq. F.L.S.

( Continued from page 142. J
Genus Cratomus, Dalman.
Caput transversum, maximum : oculi magni, laterales : ocelli in
triangulum dispositi : mandibulae arcuatae, una tridentata, altera
quadridentata : maxillae elongatse, externe in lobum productae :
palpi maxillares articulis 4, 1"% 2°. duplo longior, 3"% 2°. sequalis,
4°'. subfusiformis 1°. sequalis : mentum elongatum, postice coni-
cum: labium fissum : palpi labiales triarticulatae, 1"\ linearis, 2"%
brevior, 3°% latior : antennae clavatae, 13-articulatae ; 1"'. elonga-
tus, subarcuatus, versus medium crassior; 2"% elongato-cyathi-
formis; 3°'. parvus, cyathiformis; 4"'. et sequentes ad 10"'°.
brevissimi, approximati, cyathiformes ; clava triarticulata, ovata :
thorax convexus, ovatus ; prothoracis scutellum breve ; meso-
thoracis scutum gibbum ; scutellum magnum, obtusum ; meta-
thoracis scutellum bene determinatum, canaliculatum : abdomen
subpetiolatura, convexum, breve, latum, contractum : pedes
subaequales ; coxag magnae ; femora subclavata ; tibiae apice
"* Meligetlies, of several species, and /iUica Nemorim. — Ed.

368 MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDUM.

spinis duabus armatae ; tarsi articulis 5, V\ elongatus, sequentes

longitudine decrescentes, 5"'. praecedenti crassior et longior : alas

anticae nervus solitus ramulum stigmaticalem emittens elongatum,

arcuatum.

Cratomus may be distinguished from Perilampus (to which

it is closely allied) ; and from the other Torymidae, by the long

and curved stigmal branch of the nervure of the wing : the

only Pentamera which resemble it in this character, are the

Cleonymidai and some of the Eupelmidge.

Sp. 1. Cra. megacephalus. Mas. Cyaneo-niger, antemns
pedihusque fuscis, tihiis 4 anticis tarsisque Jlavis, alls
anticis fusco maculatis.

Cynips megacephala Fabr. Ent. Syst. 2. 103.

17.

Diplolepis megacephala Fabr. Syst. Piezat. 149.

21. 2.

Perilampus (Cratomus) megacephalus. Dalmaji, Kongl. Veten.

Acad. Handl. 1820.

Caratomus megacephalus. . . . Dalman^ Kongl. Veten.

Acad. Handl. 1822.

Caput thorace latius, punctatum, antice profunde excavatum, utrinque
bituberculatum : oculi ocellique nigri : antennae breves, fuscae,
versus medium obscuriores : thorax et petiolus punctati : abdo-
men nitidum, glabrura : coxae nigro-fuscae ; trochanteres flavi ;
femora fusca ; tarsi flavi, articulus l"^ subtus productus, 5"%
fuscus : alae hyalinas ; anticae prope medium fuscescentes ; nervi
pallide fusci ; stigma parvum, concolor. (Alarum longitudo,
2 lin.)
Taken at Ripley, July 1827, and in Epping Forest, by

J. F. Stephens, Esq.

July; on palings; near London.

Fabricius says that it inhabits decayed wood.

Sp. 2. " Cratomus nigripes. Ater, pedibus toto nigris,

alls hyalinis.'"

" Taken in my own garden, at the Hermitage, South Lam-
beth. J. F. Stephens."

The description and name of this new species were obligingly

sent to me by Mr. Stephens.

Genus Epimacrus," Walker.

Fern. — Caput sat magnum, thorace latius : oculi mediocres, laterales :
ocelli supra verticem in triangulo dispositi : antennae fronte infe-

" 'Etti ante, naapo^ lonffus.

MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDUM. 369

riore insertae, ll-articulatse?'', clavatae, pubescentes ; articulus
1"\ elongatus, versus apicem crassior ; 2"\ et 3"\ elongato-cya-
thiformes ; 4"^ et sequentes longitudine decrescentes, fere rotundi ;
clava triarticulata, ovata : thorax elongato-ovatus : prothoracis
scutum angustum ; scutellum maximum, antice angustius : me-
sothoracis scutum minimum ; parapsides convexi, optime deter-
minati ; scutellum parvum, fere rotundum, depressum ; paraptera
et epimera parva : metathoracis scutellum magnum : abdomen
elongatum, petiolatum, supra depressum, subtus carinatum, apice
elevatum et compressum ; segmentum 2""". magnum, supra medio
retractum; 3""". breve; 4"°". longius ; sequentia parva: oviductus
exsertus : pedes subaequales ; coxae magnae ; femora, praesertim
postica, clavata ; tibiae rectae, apice crassiores et spinis armatae ;
tarsi articulis 5, 1"% longus, sequentes longitudine decrescentes,
5"^ praecedenti longior et crassior : alae superiores antice et apice
ciliatae ; nervus solitus ramulum emittens brevem, et mox ab-
ruptus.

I have placed this singular genus between Decatoma and
Megastigraus, though it differs from both in many particulars.
Like the Spalangiidse, the antennae are inserted in the lower
part of the face, but the head is transverse, and not depressed.
It has the prothorax developed like the Cleonymidae ; and like
them also, the angle, formed by the stigmal branch with the
continuation of the principal nervure of the superior wing, is
more acute than in most of this tribe. The structure of the
trophi will probably determine its natural situation.

Sp. 1. Epim. rufus. Fern. Rvfus, thorace et abdomine
postice nigris, anteimisfuscis, alls hyaUms,fusco maculatis.

Caput rufum, nitidum ; vertex niger : oculi nigro-fusci : ocelli rufi :
antennae fuscae, basi et subtus rufae ; clava articulis 2-praeceden-
tibus longior et latior : thorax nitidus, subtus omnino rufus,
prothorax rufus, postice supra fuscus : mesothoracis scutum
nigrum, antice fuscum ; parapsides prope scutum fuscescentes ;
squamulse rufas ; scutellum nigrum, apice rufum : metathoracis
scutellum scabrum, obscurum, nigrum : petiolus brevissimus,
crassus, obscurus, scaber, rufus : abdomen nitidum, glabrum,
cyaneo-nigrum, subtus fuscum, apice setosum ; segmentum 2"°'.
rufum, basi fuscum ; 3*"". rufum, supra nigrum : oviductus ab-
dominis segmento ultimo paullo longior, fuscus, basi rufus : pedes

^ The two ring-shaped joints of the antennae apparent in most of the Penta-
merous Chalcides are almost, if not entirely, obsolete in this genus.
NO. IV. VOL. I. 3 B

370 MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDUM.

rufi, supra pallide fusci ; tarsi flavi ; ungues et pulvilli fusci : alae
hyalinae ; anticae, ubi nervus solitus costam attingit fusco macu-
latEe, ubi ramulum emittit late fusco-fasciatae ; nervus fuscus, ubi
costam attingit incrassatus, ater ; ramulus ater. (Alarum longi-
tude, I2 lin. ; corporis 1 lin.)

Taken near Stockton-upon-Tees, by the Rev. G. T. Rudd.
The Pentamerous Chalcides will form two divisions : of the

first, the remaining families may be placed in the following

order :

Abdomen petiolatum Fam.IV. MiscoGASXERiDiE.

Antennae monili-

Ramulus stigma- formes Fam. V. Ormocerid^e.

ticalis rectus. Antennae filifor-

Abdomen mes fusiformes

sessile. aut clavatae . . Fam. VI. PteromalidjE.
Ramulus stigmaticalis incurvus Fam, VII. CLEONYMiDiE.

The second division includes the Eupelmidge, Encyrtidae,
and a few genera, composed of very minute species, which
connect the Encyrtidae with the Tetramera. The only one
yet described is Aphelinus, Dolman.

Family IV. — Miscogasterid^.

Caput transversum : oculi laterales : ocelli in triangulum dispositi :
maris antennae filiformes, fusiformes aut clavatae, 12 — , 13-aut
14-articulatae : /emmte antennae filiformes aut clavatae, 12-aut
13-articulatae : mandibulae 4-dentat8e, arcuatae aut rectae ; non-
nunquam una arcuata, altera recta : maxillae elongatae : palpi
maxillares 4-articulati : mentum elongatum aut ovatum : labium
integrum, antice latum : palpi labiales articulis 3, 2°. brevi : thorax
convexus, elongatus aut fere rotundus : prothoracis scutellum
antice angustatum, aut subquadratum : mesothoracis scuti inter
parapsides et scutum proprium suturae duae laterales bene vel
minime determinatae ; scutellum ovatum aut rotundum : paraptera
et epimera triangula : metathoracis scutellum parvum aut mag-
num, plus minusve canaliculatum aut carinatum : abdomen
petiolatum : oviductus plerumque absconditus : coxae mediocres :
femora gracilia aut subclavata : tibiae rectae, in nonnullis clavatae
aut subarcuatae, apice spinis duabus armatae : tarsi articulis 5 ;
1"% longus; sequentes longitudine decrescentes ; 5"% praecedenti
longior, crassior : alae anticae nervus solitus ramulum stigmatica-
lem emittens elongatum, rectum, simplicem.

Chrysolampus, Sphegigaster, Stilbula, Eucharis, and some
species of Halticoptera belong to this family.

MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDUM.

371

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372 MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDUM.

Genus I. Syntomopus/ Walker.

Caput magnum, thorace latius : oculi mediocres : antennae clavatae,
13-articulatae; l"^ elongatus ; 2"^ cyathiformis ; 3"'. et 4"^.
minimi ; 5"^ et sequentes ad lO"". in mare lineares, longitudine
decrescentes, in femind aequales, subcyathiformes ; clava triarticu-
lata, ovata, articulis 2 praecedentibus paull6 longior: thorax
elongatus : prothoracis scutellum magnum, subquadratum : meso-
thoracis scutum conspicuum, suturse distinctae ; scutellum magnum,
latum, convexum: metathoracis scutellum bene determinatum,
canaliculatum : petiolus linearis, sat elongatus : abdomen maris
breve, fere trigonum, depressura, apice latum, segmento 2°.
maximo, sequentibus vix conspicuis ; fern, elongato-ovatum,
apice acuminatum, supra depressum, infra carinatum, segmento
2". elongato, sequentibus brevioribus : oviductus subexsertus :
pedes breves ; coxse magnse ; femora subclavata ; tibiae subar-
cuatae ; tarsi breves : alae breves.

Sp. 1. Syn. thoracicus. Mas. Viridis, antennis nigris, tibiis
fuscis, tarsis stramineis, alts hyalinis.

Caput punctatum : oculi rufo-fusci : ocelli rufi ; antennae nigrae ;
articuli l"^ et 2"'. virides: thorax punctatus, obscure viridis;
metathoracis latera obscure viridi-nitentia : petiolus crassus,
punctatus : abdomen nitidum, glabrum, seneo-nitens : pedes virides ;
trochanteres fusci ; genua flava ; tibiae fuscae, apice basique flavae ;
tarsi antici fulvi, 4 postici straminei, apice fusci : alae hyalinae :
nervi pallide fusci : stigma parvum, fuscum. (Alarum longitudo,
14 lin.)
September ; Isle of Wight.

Sp. 2. Syn. incurvus. Fem. Nigro-cyaneus, abdomine
viridi-ceneo, antennis nigris, tibiis fuscis, tarsis stra-
mineis, alis hyalinis.

Caput punctatum : oculi fusci : ocelli rufo-nigri : antennae breves,
nigrae : thorax punctatus, obscurus ; metathoracis latera basi
viridi nitentia : petiolus gracilis, punctatus, nigro-cyaneus, obscu-
rus : abdomen nitidum, glabrum, viride, apice cyaneo-viride,
segmentis postice aeneis : pedes virides ; genua straminea ; tibiae
fuscae, apice basique flavae, anticae pallidiores ; tarsi antici fulvi,
apice fusci ; 4 postici straminei, apice nigri : alae hyalinae : nervi

"IvvTOfios brevis, irovs pes.

MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDUM. 373

pallide fusci : stigma parvum, fuscum. (Alarum longitude, IJ

lin.)

Taken by Mr. Davis ; the end of August ; on Blackheath.

Genus II. Dipara/ Walker.

Mas. — Caput magnum, thorace latius : oculi mediocres : antennae
filiformes, corpore longiores, 12-articulatae ; 1"'. subfusiformis ;
2"*. cyathiformis ; sequentes moniliformes, elongato-ovati, remoti,
pilosi : thorax elongato-ovatus : prothoracis scutellum magnum,
subquadratum : mesothoracis scutum conspicuum, suturae valde
distinctae ; scutellum ovatum, convexum : metathoracis scutellum
bene determinatum, canaliculatum : petiolus elongatus, abdomine
vix brevior: abdomen convexum, fere rotundum, segmento 2°.
maximo, sequentibus supra vix conspicuis : pedes graciles, elon-
gati ; tibiae rectae : alae angustae.

Sp. 1. Dip. petiolata. Mas. Atra,antennis fuscis, petiolo
pedihusque Jlavis, alls hyalinis.

Caput punctatum, subnitidum : oculi nigro-fusci : ocelli rufo-nigri :
antennae fuscae, articulus l"^ flavus : thorax minute punctatus,
subnitidus ; metathorax obscurus, scaber : petiolus minute punc-
tatus : abdomen nitidum, glabrum : pedes flavi ; tibiae 4 posticae
pallide fuscae : alae hyalinae pubescentes, apice ciliatae ; costa
pilosa; nervi fulvi; stigma parvum, concolor. (Alarum longi-
tudo, 1 lin.)
July ; on grass ; near London.

Genus III. — Psilocera.* Walker.

Mas. — Caput magnum, thorace latius ; oculi mediocres : antennae
moniliformes, verticillato-pilosae, corpore longiores, 13-articulatae ;
V\ elongatus; 2°% cyathiformis; 3"'. minimus; 4°\ et sequentes
ad 10"". remoti ; clava triarticulata, elongato-ovata, angusta,
articulis 2 prsecentibus brevior : thorax latus, fere rotundus :
prothoracis scutellum brevissimum : mesothoracis scutum breve,
suturae vix conspicuae ; scutellum convexum, breve, ovatum ;
paraptera et epimera bene determinata : metathoracis scutellum
magnum, canaliculatum : petiolus brevissimus : abdomen ovatum,
depressum ; segmentum 2°"". trientem occupans ; 3""". vix brevius ;
sequentes brevissimi : pedes graciles ; coxae mediocres ; tibiae
rectae : alae anticae latae.

^ Ah bis, irapa juxta.

'^ Psilus genus Insectorura, Kepas cornu.

374 MONOGRAPIIIA CIIALCIDUM.

Fem.1 — Antennae extrorsum crassiores, 13-articulatae ; 1"'. elon-
gatus ; 2"\ cyathiformis ; 3"'. et 4"'. minimi ; 5"% et sequentesad
10""". subeequales ; clava triarticulata, elongata, apice acuminata,
articulis 2 praecedentibus paullo longior : abdomen ovatum, supra
depressum, infra carinatum, apice acuminatum ; segmentum
2""'. magnum ; sequentes brevissimi.

Sp. 1. Psil. obscura. Mas. Atra, atitennis nigris,
Juscis, tarsis Jlavis, alts fuscts. Fem. 1 Nigro-viridiSy
ahdomine ceneo-viridi, antennis nigro-fuscis, pedibusjlavis,
alls suhfuscis.

Mas. — Caput punctatum : oculi nigro-fusci : ocelli rufo-nigri :
antennae albo-hirtas : thorax punctatus ; latera Iseviora, nitidiora :
metathorax minute punctatus : petiolus punctatus, obscurus :
abdomen nitidum, glabrum ; segmenta 2°". et 3""". nigro-aenea :
pedes flavi ; coxae nigrae ; femora fusca, apice basique flava ;
tibiae concolores ; tarsi postici apice fusci ; 4 antici fusci, articulis
1". et 2". flavis ; ungues et pul villi fusci : alae anticae fuscae,
posticae subfuscae ; nervi fusci ; stigma parvum, concolor.

Var. ft. — Mar. abdominis segmentum 2'"". basi nigrum : tibiae
pallide fuscae, anticae flavae ; tarsi fusci, basi flavi.

Fem. ? — Oculi ocellique rufo-fusci : antennae nigro-fuscae ; articulus
V\ fiavus : alarum ner\d flavi ; stigma parvum, concolor. (Alarum
longitude, 1| — 1| lin.)

July ; on laurels, amongst grass in fields ; near London.

Genus IV. — Prosodes/ Walker.

Mas. — Caput magnum, thorace latius : oculi mediocres : antennae
clavatae, 13-articulatae, corporis dimidio longitudine aequales ;
articulus V\ elongatus ; 2°'. cyathiformis ; 3"^ et 4°% brevissimi ;
5"% et sequentes ad 10"". longitudine decrescentes ; clava triar-
ticulata, conica, articulis 2 praecedentibus longior : thorax latus,
fere rotundus : prothoracis scutellum brevissimum : mesothoracis
scutum breve, suturae vix conspicuae ; scutellum convexum, breve,
ovatum ; paraptera et epimera conspicua : metathoracis scutellum
magnum, canaliculatum : petiolus abdominis triente longior :
abdomen breve ; segmentum 2"°". maximum, sequentia obtegens,
apice truncatum, basi excavatum : pedes graciles, femoribus tibiis-
que rectis.

' llpoacfSris inflalus.

MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDUM. 375

In this, and in many other Hymenopterous genera, the
petiole appears divided ; but as the terms of the abdominal
segments are not yet well defined, I have called both divisions
the petiole. — See Latreille, Cours d'Entomologie, Tom. I.
p. 231.

Sp. 1. Pro. ater. Mas. Ater, antennis fuscis, pedibus
fiavis, alls hyalinis.

Caput punctatum, obscunim : oculi nigro-fusci : ocelli rufo-fusci :
thorax obscurus, punctatus ; latera laeviora, nitidiora : meso-
thoracis paraptera nigro-aenea : metathorax et petiolus minime
punctati : abdomen nitidum, glabrum : antennae pallide fuscae ;
articulus V\ flavus : femora posticae fusco maculata ; tarsi apice
fusci, 4 postici straminei : alae hyalinae ; nervi flavi ; stigma
parvum, concolor. (Alarum longitudo, 1| lin.)
June ; on a window ; near London.

Genus. V. — Merismus,"^ Walker.
Caput magnum, thorace paull6 latius : mandibulae rectae, dentibus
4 parvis armatae : maxillae elongatas, apicem versus interne in
lobum productae : palpi maxillares 4-articulati ; V\ et 2"^ sequales ;
3"'. longior ; 4"'. elongatus, acuminatus : mentum elongatum,
postice conicum : labium elongatum, antice rotundatum : petiolus
elongatus : abdomen /em. ovatum, supra con vexum, apice abrupte
elevatum et acuminatum : pedes graciles ; tibiae rectae.
The trophi are described from M. aculeatus.

Divisio I.

Thorax ovatus, postice latior : prothoracis scutellum mediocre :
mesothoracis scutum mediocre, suturae vix conspicuae ; scutellum
latum, convexum ; epimera et paraptera distincta : metathoracis
scutellum magnum : petiolus postice angustior : maris abdomen
ovatum, gibbum, apice subtruncatum ; segmentum 2""". magnum ;
3""". maximum ; sequentia brevissima : fern, abdomen elongato
ovatum : antennae maris extrorsum crassiores, fern, sub-clavatae,
13 -articulates ; l"^ elongatus ; 2''\ cyathiformis ; 3"'. et 4"'. bre-
vissimi; 5°% et sequentes ad 10™. aequales ; clava triarticulata,
elongato ovata, articulis 2 praecedentibus sequalis.

Sp. 1. Mer. aculeatus. Mas et fem. Viridis, antennis,

nigris, pedibus Jlavis, alis hyalinis.
Caput punctatum : oculi rufo-fusci : ocelli rufi : antennae nigrae ;

articulus 1"'. viridis, basi fuscus ; 2"'. aeneus : thorax punctatus :

'^ M^piffixos divisio.

376 MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDUM.

petiolus abdomine vix brevior : abdomen nitidum, glabrum ;
latera nonnunquam aeneo-nitentia : coxae virides ; trochanteres
fusci ; femora postica viridi-fusca, 4 antica basi fusca ; tarsi apice
fusci, antici fulvi, 4 postici straminei : alarum nervi pallide fusci ;
stigma parvum, concolor. (Alarum longitudo, 1 — Ig lin.)

j/ar. l3. — Mas. femora flava, postica basi viridi-fusca.

Var. y. — Fem. tarsi fusci, 4 postici basi straminei.

Var. S. — Fem. thorax aeneo-viridis : abdominis segmentum 2"°'.
cupreo micans.

May; Southampton. September; Isle of Wight, and near
London.

Divisio II.

Fem. — Caput thorace multo latius : prothoracis scutellum mediocre :
mesothoracis scutum magnum, suturae sat conspicuae ; scutellum
ovatum, convexum, mediocre : metathoracis scutellum magnum,
carinatum : petiolus linearis : abdomen elongato-ovatum, apice
abrupte acuminatum et elevatimi, subtus valde carinatum ; seg-
mentum 2°'°. maximum ; sequentia brevissima : antennae cla-
vatse ; articulus 5''^ et sequentes ad 10"°". longitudine aequales ;
clava ovata, articulis 2 praecedentibus longior.

Sp. 2. Mer. fronto. Fem. Viridis, antennis nigris, pedibus
fiavis, alls hyalinis.

Caput punctatum : oculi rufo-fusci : ocelli rufi : antennas nigrae ;
articulus 1"'. viridis : thorax punctatus : petiolus linearis : abdo-
men nitidum, glabrum ; segmenta 2""". 3°"". et 4""'. apice obscure
aenea : femora subtus fusco maculata ; tarsi antici fulvi, 4 postici
straminei, omnes apice fusci : alarum nervi pallide fusci ; stigma
parvum, concolor. (Alarum longitudo, Ij lin.)

August; on grass in fields ; near London.

Divisio III.

Mas. — Prothoracis scutellum minimum : mesothoracis scutum breve,
suturae vix conspicuae ; scutellum convexum, ovatum ; paraptera
et epimera mediocria : metathoracis scutellum magnum, elonga-
tum, carinatum : petiolus linearis : abdomen ovatum, gibbum,
abbreviatum ; segmentum 2"". magnum ; 3"". maximum ; se-
quentia brevissima : antennae extrorsum crassiores ; articulus
5"% et sequentes ad 10°"". longitudine decrescentes ; clava elon-
gato-ovata, articulis 2 praecedentibus aequalis.

MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDUM. 377

Sp. 3. Mer. flavicornis. Mas. Viridis, antennis pedibusque
Jlavis, alls hyalinis.

Caput punctatum : oculi ocellique rufo-fusci : antennae flavse ;
articulus 1"'. apice fuscus : thorax et petiolus punctati : abdomen
nitidum, glabrum : coxae virides ; femora crocea ; tarsi 4 postici
straminei, apice palKde fusci : alarum nervi pallide fusci ; stigma
parvum, concolor. (Alarum longitude, | — 1 lin.)

July; on grass in fields; near London. September; Isle
of Wight.

Divisio IV.

Thorax elongatus : prothoracis scutellum parvum : mesothoracis
scutum magnum, suturee optime determinatae ; scutellum magnum,
convexum, elongato-ovatum ; epimera et paraptera magna:
metathorax magnus ; scutellum carinatum : antennas maris fili-
formes, fern, extrorsum crassiores ; articulus 5''\ et sequentes ad
10°"'. elongati, longitudine decrescentes ; clava valde elongata,
apice acuminata, articulis 2 prsecedentibus aequalis mar. aut
longior et latior fern. : petiolus linearis : maris abdomen ovatum,
convexum ; segmentum 2°". maximum basi canaliculatum ; 3"".
magnum ; sequentia brevissima : fern, abdomen elongato-ovatum,
subtus carinatum, apice elevatum.

Sp. 4. Mer. megapterus. Mas. et Fern. Viridis, antennis
fusciSf pedibus jlavis, alis hyalinis.

Caput punctatum : oculi ocellique rufo-fusci : antennae fuscae ;
articulus 1°'. flavus : coxae virides ; maris tibiae intermediae
pallide fuscae ; tarsi pallide flavi : oviductus subexsertus : alarum
nervi pallide fusci ; stigma parvum, concolor. (Alamm longitudo,
1— If lin.)

Var, /3. — Mar. pedes crocei ; tarsi flavi.

Var. y. — Fern, tarsi straminei ; apice fusci.

July ; on grass in fields ; near London.

Sp. 5. Mer. clavicornis. Fem. Viridis, antennis nigro-fuscis,
pedibus rufo-Jlavis, alis subhyalinis.

Praecedenti similis ; antennae crassiores ; caput minus ; thorax et
alae angustiores : caput punctatum : oculi ocellique nigro-fusci :
antennas nigro-fuscae ; articulus l"^ flavus, apice fuscus : tarsi 4
postici flavi, apice fusci : alarum nervi fusci ; stigma parvum,
concolor. (Alarum longitudo, 1| lin.)

New Lanark, Scotland.

NO. IV. VOL. I. 3 c

378 MONOGRAPHIA CHALCTDUM.

DiVISIO V.

Prothoracis scutellum parvum : mesothoracis scutum mediocre,
suturae sat conspicuse ; scutellum mediocre, ovatum, convexum :
metathoracis scutellum magnum, carinatum : abdomen ovatum,
convexum, subtus carinatum, apice abrupte elevatum ; segmen-
tuni 2'"". maximum, sequentia brevissima : petiolus quam praece-
dentium brevior : antennae subclavatae ; clava elongato-ovata,
apice acuminata, articulis 2-praecedentibus longior et latior.

Sp. 6. Mer. rufipes. Fem. Viridis, antennis nigris, pedibus
pallide rufis, alis subhyalinis.

Caput punctatum, cyaneo-viride : oculi ocellique nigro-fusci : an-
tennae nigrae ; articulis 1"*. basi flavus : coxae virides ; tarsi antici
fusci ; 4 postici straminei, apice fusci : nervi pallide fusci ; stigma
parvum, concolor. (Alarum longitudo, 1 lin.)
September ; Isle of Wight.

Genus VI. Toxeuma," Walker.

Fem. — Caput mediocre, thorace vix latius; antennce subclavatae,
13-articulatae ; 1"'. elongatus ; 2''\ elongato-cyathiformis, 3"^ et
4"'. minimi; 5"'. et sequentes ad 10°"°. aequales ; clava triarti-
culata, apice acuminata, articulis 2 praecedentibus longitudine
aequalis : mandibulse 4-dentatas, arcuatae ; dens interna obtusa :
maxillae elongatae, externe ciliatae ; palpi maxillares 4-articulati ;
V. brevis ; 2"^ et 3"S paullo longiores, subaequales ; 4"^ elon-
gatus, acuminatus : mentum elongato-ovatum : labium latum,
antice rotundatum : palpi labiales breves ; articulus 2"'. brevissi-
mus : protboracis scutellum breve : mesothoracis scutum mediocre ;
suturae optime determinatae ; scutellum magnum, convexum,
ovatum ; paraptera et epimera distincta : metathoracis scutellum
magnum, carinatum : petiolus brevissimus : abdomen elongatum,
plus minusve compressum, subtus carinatum, apice elevatum et
acuminatum ; segmentum 2""". elongatum ; sequentia breviora :
oviductus exsertus, brevis : pedes graciles ; tibiae rectae.

Sp. 1. Tox. fuscicornis. Fem. Viridis, antennis fiiscis,
pedibus citigulatis, alts hyalinis.

Caput punctatum : oculi ocellique, rufo-fusci : antennae fuscae ;
articulis 1"'. viridis ; 2"^ nigro-aeneus : thorax et petiolus punc-
tati : abdomen nitidum, glabrum, aeneo-micans : pedes rufi ; coxae

* Tfilffjua sagitta.

MONOGRAPHIA CIIALCIDUM. 379

virides ; trochanteres nigri : femora intermedia basi nigra ; postica
nigra, apice rufa ; tibiae 4 posticse versus medium pallide fuscse ;
tarsi antici pallide fusci ; 4 postici rufi, apice nigro-fusci : alarum
nervi fusci; stigma parvum, concolor. (Alarum longitude, Ij —
li lin.)
Var. /3. — Tibiae intermedise omnino rufas.

July ; on grass in fields ; near London.

Sp. 2. Tox. Ericse. Fem. Viridis, antennis nigris, pedibus
cingulatis, alls hyalinis.

Antennae nigrae ; articulus l"^ viridis : abdomen pubescens, apicem
versus setosum, basi subtus^purpureo, cupreo, cyaneoque micans :
pedes nigri ; coxae virides ; femora apice rufa ; tibias 4 posticas
nigro-fuscse ; anticae pallide fuscae ; tarsi antici pallide fusci ; 4
postici rufi, apice nigro-fusci : alarum nervi fusci ; stigma parvum,
concolor. (Alarum longitudo, 1 — li lin.)

Var. ^. — Abdomen cyaneo-viride.

July ; on heath ; near London.

Genus VIL Coruna,' Walker.

Caput magnum, thorace latius: oculi magni : antennae 13-articulata2,
maris filiformes, fem. extrorsum crassiores et paullo breviores ;
articulus l"^ elongatus ; 2"'. cyathiformis ; 3"^ et 4"^ minimi;
5"^ et sequentes ad 1 0 """. aequales, elongati ; clava triarticulata,
elongata, acuminata, articulis 9° et 10". paullo longior: mandibulae
valde arcuatae, dentibus 4 acuminatis annatae : maxillae elongatae,
apicem versus interne in lobum productae : palpi maxillares
4-articulatae ; 1"'. et 2"^ aequales; 3"\ brevior ; 4"*. acuminatus,
2 praecedentibus longitudine tequalis : mentum ovatum : labium
antice sinuatum : palpi labiales triarticulati ; 2"^ brevis : thorax
gibbus, ovatus, postice angustior : prothoracis scutellum parvum:
mesothoracis scutum magnum ; suturae laterales optime deter-
minatae ; paraptera et epimera magna ; scutellum magnum,
ovatum : metathoracis scutellum conspicuum, canaliculatum :
petiolus brevis : abdomen convexum, clavatum, basi angustum,
fem. subtus carinatum et apice elevatum ; segmentum 2"". elon-
gatum, 3""°. supra obtegens ; 4""°. mediocre ; 5"™. elongatum ; 6""".
et 7"'". abbreviata : pedes graciles ; tibiae rectse : alae anticae nervus
solitus qua cum costa concurrit incrassatus.

' Kopwyj clava.

380 MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDUM.

Sp. 1. Cor. clavata. Mas et Fern, ^neo-viridis, antennis
fuscis, pedibus Jlavis autfusco-flavis, alts hyalinis.

Ociili ocellique rafo-fusci: antennae fuscaj ; articulus l"%flavus;

2"^ ater : pedes flavi ; tarsi 4 postici straminei ; ungues et pul-

villi fusci : alse hyalinse ; nervi fusci ; stigma mediocre, concolor.

(Alarum longitude, | — 1^ lin.)
Var. /3. — Mar. viridis ; abdomen seneum, apice viride.
Var. y. — Mar. omnino viridis.
Var. L — Mar. femora omnia basi fiisca ; tibiae posticoe et nonnunquam

omnes basi pallide fuscae.
Var. e. — Fern, antennae nigro-fuscae ; articulus 1"% flavus, apice

fuscus : alae subhyalinae.
Var. ^. — Fern, femora postica pallide fusca.

June to September ; grass in fields, lime-trees, &c. ; near
London. September ; Isle of Wight. New Lanark, Scotland.

Genus VIIL Pachyneuron,'' Walker.

Caput magnum, thorace latius : oculi mediocres : maris antennae
iiliformes, 13-articulatae ; 1"'. elongatus; 2"S cyathiformis, sub-
arcuatus ; 3"'. et 4"\ minimi ; 5"*. et sequentes ad 10""'. aequales,
lineares ; clava elongata, acuminata, articulis 9°. et 10°. longitu-
dine aequalis : fern, antennae subclavatae, corporis dimidio longitu-
dine aequales ; articuli post 5"". longitudine decrescentes ; clava
elongato-ovata ; mandibulae arcuatae, dentibus 4 acuminatis
armatas ; dentes 2 interni minuti, approximati : maxillae elongatae,
exteme ciliatae : palpi maxillares filifonnes ; articuli l"^ et 2"^
aequales ; 3"% pauUo longior ; 4"^ elongatus, acuminatus : men-
tum elongatum, angustum : labium latum, transverse lineatum,
antice rotundatum : palpi labiales articulis subaequalibus 3°.
acuminato : prothoracis scutellum brevissimum : mesothoracis
scutum breve ; suturae laterales vix conspicuae ; paraptera et
epimera majuscula ; scutellum latum, convexum : metathoracis
scutellum sat magnum, carinatum : petiolus brevissimus : maris
abdomen elongato-ovatum, depressum ; segmentum 2"'". elonga-
tum ; sequentia breviora : fem. abdomen fere rotundum, supra
depressum, subtus convexum : pedes graciles ; tibiae rectae : alae
anticae nervus solitus qua cum costa concurrit incrassatus.

Sp. I. Pach. formosum. Mas. Viride, antennis fuscis, pe-
dibus jlavis, alts hyalinis. Fem. ^neo-viride, antennis
nigris, pedibus Jlavo-fuscis.

^ Daxi's crassus, i/eCpoj/ nervus.

MONOGRAPHIA CHALCTDUM. 381

]\/[as. — Lsete viridis : oculi ocellique rufo-fusci : antennae palHde
fusc?e ; articulus 1"'. flavus, apice supra fuscus : mesothoracis
scutellum ajneo-viride : abdomen antice cupreum : pedes laete
flavi ; coxje virides ; tarsi apice, ungues et pulvilli fusci : alarum
nervi fusci ; stigma concolor parvum.

Pern, — Obscure geneo-viridis : caput viride : oculi ocellique fusci :
antenna? nigras ; articulus V\ pallide rufiis, apice fuscus : meso-
thoracis scutellum seneum: abdomen nitens, viride, medio cupreum :
pedes flavo-fusci, subtus pallidiores ; coxae virides ; tarsi apice
fusci. (Alarum longitudo, 1 — U lin.)

Var. /3. — Mar. thorax seneo-viridis.

Var. y. — Fern, pedes rufi ; tarsi flavi, apice fusci.

Yar. S. — Fern, nigro-viridis : abdomen viride : pedes flavi, femoribus
basi tarsisque apice fuscis.

July ; on windows, lime-trees, &c. ; near London. Septem-
ber ; Isle of Wight.

Genus IX. Cyrtogaster,' Walker.

Caput mediocre : oculi majusculi : maris antennae 14-articulatae,
fusiformes ; articulus 1"'. elongatus ; 2"'. elongato-cyathiformis ;
3"'. et 4"'. minimi; 5"'. et sequentes ad 11""°. longitudine decre-
scentes ; clava triarticulata, elongata, compressa, apice acuminata,
articulis 2 praecedentibus longior : /em. antennae 13 -articulate,
clavatae; articulus V\ antennae longitudine fere triens; 5"". et
sequentes subaequales ; clava elongata, apice conica, articulis 9".
et 10°, longior : mandibulse arcuatse, aequales, 4-dentatse : maxillae
elongatae, apicem versus interne in lobum productae : palpi maxil-
lares filiformes ; articuli 1"'. 2"'. et 3"'. breves, aequales; 4"^
angustus, apice acuminatus, 3 praecedentibus vix brevior : mentum
elongato-ovatum, basi conicum : labium antice dilatatum et rotun-
datum : palpi labiales articulo 1°. mediocri ; 2°. brevi ; 3".
elongate, apice acuminato : thorax ovatus : prothorax parvus :
mesothoracis scutum mediocre ; suturae laterales distinctae ;
paraptera conspicua, triangula ; scutellum magnum, convexum,
ovatum : metathorax optime determinatus ; scutellum magnum :
petiolus, mediocris, crassus : maris abdomen ovatum, convexum ;
segmentum 2""". maximum ; 3°"". majusculum ; reliqua minima,
sagpissime invisa : fern, abdomen subtus carinatum; segmenta
versus basin retracta ; 2"". maximum, 3'. latera amplectens ;
3""'. maximum ; sequentia parva : oviductus in carinula ventrali

' KvpTos curvus, ya(TTrip venter.

38® MONOGRAPIIIA CIIALCIDUM.

receptus, segmenti 3'. apicem versus manifestiis, trans abdomen
vix exsertus : pedes graciles, subaequales, tibiis rectis, maris tibiis
tarsisque intermediis latis : alae breves.

Sp. 1. Cyr. vulgaris. Mas. Viridis, antennis fuscis, pedihus
fasco-Jlavis, alls hyalints. Fem. j^neo-viridis, antennis
nigris, pedibusfuscis, alls subhyalims aut subfuscis.

Mas. — Caput punctatum : oculi ocellique rufo-fusci : antennae fuscse ;
articulus 1"'. apice 2"^''°% omnin6 nigri : thorax punctatus :
petiolus eeneo-viridis : abdomen aeneo-viride, nitidum, glabrum,
pedes fusco-flavi ; coxae virides ; tibiae intermediae nigrse ; tarsi
fusci, intermedii nigri : alae hyalinse; nervi pallide fusci ; stigma
parvum, concolor.

Fem. — Obscure seneo-viridis : antennae nigrae : abdomen medio nigro-
cupreum : pedes fusci, tibiis tarsisque 4 posticis nigro-fuscis : alae
subhyalinae. (Alarum longitudo, ^—14 lin.)

Var. j3. — Mar. femora antica et postica flava ; tibiae flavae ; inter-
mediae nigrae, basi fuscae.

Var. y. — Mar. mesothoracis scutellum viridi-aeneum : abdomen
apice nigro-cupreum.

Var. S. — Mar. antennae flavae; articulus 1"'. fuscus, apice niger ;
2"^ omnino niger : abdomen aeneum, apice nigro-cupreum : pedes
fusci.

Var. E. — Mar. tibiae posticae fuscae.

Var. I. — Mar. abdomen viride, apice cupreum.

Var. r], — Mar. pedes antici et postici omnino flavi.

Var. B. — Fem. abdomen nigro-cupreum, apice aeneum : tibiae tarsique
omnes nigro-fuscescentes.

y^r. I. — Fem. caput viride ; thorax concolor ; mesothoracis scu-
tellum aeneo-viride.

Var. K. — Fem. thorax seneus : alae subfuscse.

Near London. September ; Isle of Wight. New Lanark,
Scotland.

It is common throughout the year, and is sometimes wingless :
it inhabits moss in winter.

Sp. 2. Cyr. scotica. Fem. JEnea, abdomine nigro-cifpreo,
antennis nigris, pedibusfuscis, alis subfuscis.

Obscure aenea, praecedenti angustior : antennae graciliores, nigrae :
caput postice aeneo-viride : oculi ocellique rufo-fusci : abdomen
nigro-cupreum, basi lateribusque aeneis : pedes fusci, tibiis apice

MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDUM. 383

tarsisque nigris : alse subfusca3 ; nervi pallide fusci ; stigma par-
vum, concolor. (Alarum loiigitudo, | — 1 lin.)
New Lanark, Scotland.

Sp. 3. Cyr. thoracica. Fem. IsHgro-cenea^ antennis nigris,
pedibus fuscis, alts fuscis.

Oculi ocellique rufo-fusci : pedes-fusci ; tibiae nigro-fuscae ; tarsi
nigri : alse fuscse ; nervi fusci ; stigma parvum, concolor. (Ala-
rum longitudo, 1 lin.)

New Lanark, Scotland,

Sp. 4. Cyr. pusilla. Fem. JEnea, antennis nigris,
nigro-fuscis, tarsisjlavis, alts fuscis.

Oculi ocellique nigro-fusci : abdomen nigro-agneum : pedes nigro-
fusci ; coxae seneae ; trochanteres fusci ; genua flava ; tarsi flavi,
apice fusci : alae fuscae ; nervi pallide fusci ; stigma parvum,
concolor. (Alarum longitudo, § lin.)

Ohs. — A C. vulgari antennis gracilioribus, alls longioribus differt.
July ; grass in fields ; near London.

Sp. 5. Cyr. clavicornis. Fem. Nigro-cenea, antennis ?iigris,
pedibtts rtifo-fuscis, alis subhyalinis.

Oculi ocellique rufo-fusci : antennae nigrae : clava magna, lata :
abdomen seneum, basi viride : pedes rufo-fusci ; coxae senese ;
femora basi genuaque rufa ; tarsi rufi, apice fusci : al« sub-
hyalinae ; nervi fusci ; stigma parvum, concolor. (Alarum lon-
gitudo, % lin.)

July ; grass in fields ; near London.

Sp. 6. Cyr. obscura. Fem. Nigro-csnea, antennis nigris,

pedibus nigro-fuscis, alis fuscis.
Oculi ocellique nigro-fusci : abdomen apice aeneum : pedes nigro-

fuscas ; genua fusca ; tarsi concolores : alae fuscae ; nervi fusci ;

stigma parvum, concolor. (Alarum longitudo, 1| lin.)

July ; grass in fields ; near London.

Ohs. — Hasc species et praecedens a reliquis hujus generis alis
longioribus et latioribus diiferunt.

Sp. 7. Cyr. rufipes. Mas. ZEneo-viridis, antennis pedi-
busque pallide rufis, alis hyalinis. Fem. Viridi-cenea,
antennis nigris, pedibus rufis, alis subhyalinis.

384 MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDirM.

Mas. — Laete geneo-viridis : oculi ocellique rufo-fusci : antennae
pallide rufae : petiolus aeneus : abdomen basi cyaneo-viride, apice
nigro-cupreum : pedes pallide rufi : tibiis apice tarsisque inter-
mediis nigris, tarsis posticis apice fuscis ; ungues et pulvilli fusci :
alas hyalinae ; nervi pallide fusci ; stigma parvum, concolor.

Fern. — Caput postice viride : antennae nigrae ; articulus 1"% pallide
rufus, apice niger : mesothoracis scutellum aneum : petiolus
viridi-aeneus : abdomen nigrum, nitidum, ventre, lateribus apice-
que aeneis : pedes rufi ; coxae aenese ; tarsi pallide rufi, apice
fusci : alae subhyalinae ; nervi pallide fusci ; stigma parvum, con-
color. (Alarum longitudo, f — li lin.)

Var. /3. — Mar. antennae articulo 2". fusco.

Var. y. — Mar. abdomen viridi-seneum, apice cupreo-aeneum.

Var. S. — Fern, abdomen supra nigro-viride.

Var. £. — Fern, abdomen omnino viride.

Var. ^. — Fem. abdomen nigro-cupreum, basi viride, apice lateribus-
que aeneis.

Var. ij. — Fem. antennae fuscae : alae hyalinae.

Var. 6. — Fem. caput viride ; thorax concolor ; mesothoracis scutel-
lum aeneo-viride.

Common near London during the greater part of the year ;
sometimes wingless like C. vulgaris. New Lanark, Scotland-

Sp. 8. Cyr. tenuis. Fem. Viridis, abdomine nigro-csneo,
antennis quam C. rufi pedis gracilioribiis, pedibus obscure
rufis, alts subfuscis.

Oculi ocellique rufo-fusci: antennae nigrae; articulus 1"'. fuscus :
abdomen nigro-aeneum : pedes obscure rufi ; tarsi rufi, apice
fusci : alse subfuscae ; nervi pallide fusci ; stigma parvum, con-
color. (Alarum longitudo, | lin.)
July ; grass in fields ; near London.

Sp. 9. Cyr. cingulipes. Fem. Viridi-cenea, abdomine nigro-
cupreo, antennis nigris, pedibus rufis, intermediis fiisco-
cingulatis, alts subhyalinis.

Oculi ocellique rufo-fusci : antennae nigrae ; articulus l"^ nigro-
fuscus : mesothoracis scutellum aeneum : abdomen nigro-cupreum,
margine ventreque viridi-aeneis ; pedes pallide rufi, femoribus
tibiisque intermediis fusco-cingulatis, tarsis apice fuscis : alae sub-
hyalinae ; nervi pallide fusci ; stigma parvum, concolor. (Alarum
longitudo, I lin.)
July ; grass in fields ; near London.

Art. XLIV. — No/cs on the Habits of Insects. — By Dtlta.

" Agrestem tenui medltabor arundine musam."

Sir, — I have ventured to send you a few rough notes on a
department of entomology which has been but httle attended
to in this country by real naturalists, having been left almost
entirely to the care of literary hacks, hired by booksellers at
a regular stipend per sheet to compile volumes, in which truth
is to be sacrificed in order that the book may he popular ; that
is to say, may contain something wonderful, and calculated to
catch the notice of the multitude. Should you consider these
notes worth publication, I may perhaps send you a few more
occasionally. I leave it to your judgment to publish these
as a separate paper or amongst your " Varieties."

Chelostoma florisomne has always been a great favourite
with me. Though not adorned with brilliant colours, or a
pleasing external form, the male seems to me almost a faery
ijeing, a little Ariel, now sporting in the sunbeams, now re-
posing, not certainly "in the cowslip's bell," but in the corolla
of that far fairer flower.

" dont Venus compose ses bouquets,

Le Printemps sa guirlande, et I'Amour ses bosquets ;
Qu'Anacreon chanta ! qui formoit avec grace,
Dans les jours de festins la couronne d' Horace."

But though the male is a perfect Sybarite, a mere volup-
tuary, the female is the very model of maternal industry, her
whole life being spent in providing for her family.

Often, when amusing myself with guiding the young shoots
of Atragene Austrkica or Glycine Sinensis along a trellis in
my garden, have I observed the female anxiously examining
the posts which support the trellis, especially on the sunny
side. Having found one which is quite dry and a little going
to decay, she commences by piercing a hole nearly horizontally,
about an inch deep, then changing the direction, she proceeds
as nearly in a perpendicular line as circumstances will allow.
Her strong mandibles, bidentate at the apex, are the sole instru-
ments with which nature has furnished her for this difficult
task; but with these she contrives to gnaw the wood to a sort
of sawdust, which she kicks out of the liole, passing it from one

NO. IV. VOL. I. 3d

386 NOTES ON THE HABITS OF INSECTS.

pair of feet to the next. Occasionally she comes to the mouth
of her hole, it may be to rest herself, or to look round
and see that no enemies are near. This cylindrical hole,
which is generally about ten or twelve inches long, is to be
divided into nearly twenty cells, which are to be filled with
food for her ^^ parvos Qidrites" one of which will occupy each
cell.

Let us suppose a sufficient length of the post to be exca-
vated, there remains a great difficulty to be got over. The
egg which is first deposited will, of course, be the first to
hatch, the earliest larva will, therefore, first become a pupa,
and also will undergo the final change sooner than the
younger part of the brood above. To guard against the con-
fusion which must necessarily arise from this, she continues
the hole, changing the direction of it until it assumes a hori-
zontal course, and at length arrives again at the outside, thus
leaving an easy escape for the first of the brood without dis-
turbing those above, which will not appear for from two to
five days later. In this, as in much else, the habits of this
bee resemble those of Xylocopa violacea, as detailed by
Reaumur, Tom. VI. p. 40, et seq.

She now closes the hole just above the lower bend with a
partition, consisting of fine sand firmly glued together by
means of a viscid saliva, with which she is copiously furnished.

What now remains for her to do is light and pleasing com-
pared to her former labours —

" Ilia continuo saltus silvasque peragrat,
Purpureosque nietit flores et flumina libit
Summaleves. Hinc nescio qua dulcedine laeta
Progeniem nidumque fovet."

Having stored a sufficient quantity of food, which consists
of pollen from the anthers and honey from the nectaries of
flowers, for the support of one larva, she deposits an egg, and
then closes the cell in the same manner as she formed the
bottom of it. She now begins to store up more food, deposits
another egg, and closes that cell, proceeding thus until she
has quite filled the perpendicular part of the hole.

Her task now draws to a conclusion, she has only to close
the two apertures ; the lower one being intended for the outlet
is merely closed in the same way as the cells, with very fine
sand, but as the upper one is much more exposed to danger

NOTES ON THE HABITS OF INSECTS. 387

from rain, which might penetrate it, and' getting into the nest
destroy the young larvae, she first closes it in the same man-
ner as the first, and then adds a layer of much larger grains of
sand. Alighting on the gravel-path, she selects a grain suited
to her purpose ; she carries it to her nest, holding it in her
mandibles, turns it about to find where it will fit best, then,
guiding it with her maxillae, and covering it with saliva from
her tongue, she presses it down into its place, and flies off for
another.

MaoTttKa ^' ola tIupoktiv vTrtopofloKTi ■^(eXidwv
"A\poppov Ta-)(^LV(i TrsTerai (oiov aWov dyeipew.

Another and another are fetched until, the aperture being
securely closed, her labour is done ; she has provided for the
continuance of her race, and with her maternal care ends also
her life.

But after all her toil, it often happens that the whole of the
brood is destroyed ; and instead of our observing next spring
the appearance of bees descended from the one whose labours
we have observed, we see come forth a small Hymenopterous
insect, having, like most dandies, nothing but a gaudy dress
to recommend him.

Thus also does it sometimes happen, when some giant in
science has been toiling day after day and night after night,
bearing in mind the words of Moore, who is an Irishman —

" And the best of all ways
To lengthen our days
Is to steal a few hours from the night" —

when, after much toil and trouble, both of body and mind, he
thinks to immortalize his name amongst scientific men, in steps
some upstart, whose knowledge is mere outside show, and
having clandestinely gained some little acquaintance with the
object and result of his researches, endeavours, by a paltry
appearance of priority, to defraud him of his just reward.

The intruder, in the case of our little insect, is Chrysis
cyanea, which, during the absence of the mother, has deposited
her eggs in the cells ; the larvae produced from these feed on
the larvae of the Chelostoma, and undergo their metamor-
phosis in cells prepared for these last.

Osmia bicornis also nidificates in the posts of the same
charmille, which moreover afTords food and dwelling-places to

388 NOTES ON THE HABITS OF INSECTS.

innumerable Tijmlidce and many Coleoptera, as Myceicca
fuviata, several Anobia and Ptinl, Sphceriestes ^-jyustulaius,
&c., whose history, had I time, I might perhaps detail.

" Verum haec ipse equidem, spatiis exclusus iniquis,
Prsetereo, atque aliis post commemoranda relinquo."

I am not quite sure tliat this bee does not bore holes into
posts, &c., but it mostly chooses an old bolt-hole, a hollow in
a wall where the mortar has fallen out, or, where bees are kept,
the space between the hive and the pan usually placed as
covering on the top.

The appearance of the male is generally synchronous with
that of Anthophora retusa and the flowering of the bulbous
fumitory. The female is rather later, and is not generally out
before the flowering of the plum, or even apple, in the blos-
soms of which she seems to take great delight. The weather
at this time is often stormy, and then we frequently see her
alight on the ground, pick up two or three grains of coarse
sand and fly off" with them. Virgil probably mistook this insect
for a hive-bee, no doubt from seeing it fly to his hives, the
construction of which would just suit our insect. He says —

lapillos

Ut cymbae instabiles fluctu jactante saburram
Tollunt : his sese per inania nubila librant."

I have read somewhere of a very learned friar, I forget hia
name, who was so thin and light in his body (a rara avis truly
he must have been), that he always in windy weather flUed his
pockets with pebbles lest he should be blown away, but I
much doubt whether any bee ever carried stones for the same
purpose.

The real object of her carrying them is the formation of her
nidus, which is composed of a number of separate oval cells,
consisting entirely of clay and sand, glued together with her
saliva, and disposed irregularly according as she best can find
room to place them. However close they may be to each
other, she never makes the side of one cell serve also for
another; each cell, though mostly touching, is quite distinct
from its neighbours, — a waste of materials we do not often
observe in nature. When all the cells (which are about twenty
or thirty in number) are completed, she covers the whole of
the exposed parts with a coating of the same materials as she

NOTES ON THE HABITS OF INSECTS. 389

employed in their formation. The larvae when full grown
spin a rather thick, brown, silky cocoon, in which they
undergo their metamorphosis. The imago is perfectly deve-
loped in autumn, but does not quit the cells till spring.

TrochiUum t'qmliforme, as is well known, is very injurious
to the common currant, its larva feeding on the pith of the
younger branches ; but there is another insect, whose ravages
do not appear to have attracted so much notice, perhaps from
its being more local, or it may be that the mischief it occasions
has been attributed to the more generally known destroyer.
Here, although T. tipuliforme is very common, the injuries
it occasions are not one-tenth so great as that of a little
moth, Lampronia capitella.

It is nothing uncommon in the spring to see a large and
flourishing currant-bush just putting forth its leaves, and then
in a few days wither away ; just so — " si magna licet componere
parvis" — does he whom misfortune has overtaken in his youth
wither away beneath the blighting influence of the sorrow
which preys upon his heart.

If we examine the young shoots, we find within them a
small reddish caterpillar, with something in its external form,
which, combined with its colour, forcibly reminds us of that of
Cossus ligniperda. Apparently, this larva enters the shoot
about an inch up it, and penetrates downwards quite to the
bottom of the shoot, eating the pith of this part of the shoot.
It then proceeds to a second, and even a third ; and when full
fed undergoes its metamorphosis at the bottom of the shoot.
In about five weeks the imago appears — " maculis insignis et
auro " — and may be seen flying in swarms around the currant-
bushes.

Should any one be disposed to consider the above notes as
trifling and useless, I beg leave to say, that in all the cares,
troubles, and disappointments in life which I have met with,
and these are not few, I have found nothing so useful in
driving away despondency, in reviving hope, as the study of
nature. Truly has La Lepede said, that all that has been
spoken by philosophers of learning in general can be said with
far greater emphasis of the study of natural history. To use
his own words, " Elle enchante nos jeunes annees, elle plait
a I'age mur, elle pare la vieillesse de fleurs, dissipant les
chagrins, calmant les douleurs, ccartant les ennuis, allegeant Ic

390 ESTABLISHMENT OF THE

fardeau du pouvoir, soulageant du souci des affaires penibles,
faisant oublier jusques ^l la misere, consolant du malheur
d'une trop grande renommee, — quelle adversite ne diminue-t-
elle pas ? " I am, yours most truly,

A.
Colchester, Mcnj, 1S33.

Art. XLV. — Establishment of the Entomological Society
of London.

Nothing more clearly demonstrates the increasing taste for
a particular science than the establishment of a separate and
distinct society for the accommodation of its advocates. It
was thought a very unnecessary step when the Linnaean
Society first associated itself as distinct from the Royal ; again
the Geological and Zoological Societies had many wise heads
shaken at them, many opinions passed on their probably
ephemeral existence; yet all these societies, notwithstanding
manifold evil predictions, exist and flourish : why then should
we not have an Entomological Society? The objects of the
Royal Society are too multifarious, of the Linnaean too phy to-
logical, of the Geological too inanimate, and of the Zoological
too vertebrate, for an entomologist to attend either with the
slightest hope of meeting with his congeners. Under these
circumstances it was deemed expedient to propose an Entomo-
logical Society, the objects of which should be the holding of
periodical meetings for the reception and reading of papers
connected with the subject ; the publication from time to time
of such papers as the Society or its council may consider
worthy of publication ; the forming a library and collection for
the use of the members ; and the general promotion of the
science of entomology in all its branches ; — objects in every
respect so praiseworthy, that we feel the most lively satisfac-
tion in giving the Society all the publicity and assistance in
our power, and in heartily recommending our friends at once
to enrol their names as members, — a recommendation they will
be the more willing to attend to when they see the names of

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. 391

the gentlemen appointed to manage the affairs of the Society.
If there be a name endeared to every British entomologist;
if there be a name respected both at home and abroad ; if
there be a name before which all party and illiberal feeling
would hide its face, and turn abashed and trembling away, it is
the name of him whom the Society has, with an accordant
voice, placed at its head as honorary president. The acting
president and the council are too well known to our readers,
either as authors or zealous collectors, or in many instances as
valued personal friends, to need any commendation of ours.

Agreeably to an invitation sent to his entomological friends,
a party met at Mr. Children's, and, after due deliberation,
agreed that it was expedient to establish a Society to be called
the Entomological Society of London ; that periodical meet-
ings should be held to receive communications; that collections
and a library should be formed ; that communications of suffi-
cient interest should be published ; that all persons signifying
to the secretary their wish to join the Society before the 1st of
November should be original members, that all after that day
should be elected by ballot; that the annual subscription
should be one guinea ; that original members should pay on
entrance one guinea ; elected members two guineas ; and that
the first general meeting should be held at the Thatched
House, St. James's-street, on the 22d of May.

A copy of these resolutions was sent round to all the
entomologists whose addresses could be obtained, and a meet-
ing was accordingly held, at which Mr. Stephens was called to
the chair.

The minutes of the previous meeting were read and signed.

Letters were read from Messrs. Griesbach, Wood, Babington,
Davis, Broome, E. Doubleday, and Raddon, requesting that
their names might be entered as original members ; Messrs.
Bowerbank, W. Christy, jun., J. F. Christy, Hanson, New-
man, and Walton, who were present, signified in writing their
wish to become original members ; the names of Messrs.
Wailes and Hoyer were handed in for the same purpose ; a
letter was read from the Rev. Mr. Kirby, declining to take
an active part in the management of the Society.

The Chairman said it would be the next business of the
meeting to appoint a council to manage the affairs of the
Society, out of which council the higher officers must be

392

ESTABLISHMENT OF THE

chosen. A paper was then handed round the table, on which
it was competent to each member to write the name of any
gentleman whom he considered worthy the honour of being
placed on the council. When the paper again reached the
chair it contained the following names, to none of which any
objection being made they were declared duly elected.

Children, J. G. Esq., Sec. Roy. Soc.&c.
Davis, A. H. Esq., F.L.S., &c.
Gray, T. E. Esq., F.R.S., &c.
Gray, G. R. Esq.
Griesbach, a. W. Esq., B.A.
Hope, Rev. F. W., M.A., F.L.S., &c.
HoRSFiELD,T. Esq., M.D., F.R.S., &c.

Newman, E. Esq., F.L.S., Sec.
Stephens, J. F. Esq., F.L.S., &c.
SVKES, LlEUT.-CoL., F.L.S., &c.

Vigors, N. A. Esq., M.P., M. A.,

F. R. S., &c.
Waterhouse, G. R. Esq.
Yaukell, W. Esq., F.L.S., &c.

The Chairman said the next business before the meeting
was the appointment of a President.

Mr. Children said there was a gentleman whose entomo-
logical labours had for a long series of years been an honour
to this country, and to whom he was sure every entomologist
must look up with feelings of tlie warmest esteem and most
profound respect ; and although, from the fear probably of not
being able to bestow that time and attention on the affairs of
the Society which he thought it might claim, he had in the
letter just read declined taking any active part in it ; yet he
(Mr. Children) questioned whether the Society would be
altogether testifying its feelings towards the individual to
whom he alluded uidess it conferred on him the highest honour
it had in its power to bestow ; many gentlemen would be aware
that the Entomological Society of France had conferred on the
learned and now lamented Latreille a title which did not
oblige him to take any more active part in the affairs of that
Society than his own inclination might induce or his leisure
permit. The title he alluded to was that of honorary presi-
dent, and with the permission of the chair he would move —

That the Rev. W. Kirby be appointed Honoi-ary President of this
Society.

Colonel Sykes seconded the motion, which was then put
from the chair, and carried unanimously.

Mr. Newman then moved, and the Rev. Mr. Hope
seconded —

That J. G. riiiiaren, Esq. be President of this Society.

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. 393

Mr. \ ARRELL moved, and the Rev. Mr. Hope seconded —
That N. A. Vigors, Esq. be one of the Vice-Presidents of this Society.

Colonel Sykes moved, and Mr. Children seconded —
That J. F. Stephens, Esq. be one of the Vice-Presidents of this Society.

Mr. Gray moved, and Mr. Westwood seconded —

That Dr. Horsfield be one of the Vice-Presidents of this Society.

Colonel Sykes moved, and Mr. Yarrell seconded —
That the Rev. F. W. Hope be Treasurer and Vice-President of this
Society.

Rev. Mr. Hope moved, and Mr. Children seconded —

That G. R. Gray, Esq. be Secretary of this Society.

Mr.Westvv^ood moved, and the Rev. Mr. Hope seconded —
That G. R. Waterhouse, Esq. be Curator of the Collections and Libra-
rian of this Society.

Mr. Yarrell moved, and Mr. Children seconded —

That, in consequence of the advanced state of the present season, no
further meeting of the Society is expedient till November next, on a

day to be fixed by the Council, who will in the interim be en^
in deciding on a place of meeting, of which due notice will be given :
that the Council frame laws to be then submitted for approval ; that it
is not considered necessary that any payment should be made till the
meeting in November, which will be considered the anniversary, and
on which the annual subscription will be due.

Mr. Newman moved, and Mr. Children seconded —

That the Thanks of this Meeting be given to Mr. Stephens for his very
able and obliging conduct in the chair.

The whole of these resolutions were carried unanimously,
and without the slightest difference of opinion being expressed
on any of them ; and the meeting altogether passed off with that
perfect good humour, cordiality, and good feeling which we
hail as an earnest of its future prosperity, — for in concord there
is strength.

We conceive the main objects of the Entomological Society
to be — 1st, The formation of a well-named collection ; and for
this purpose we most earnestly and respectfully solicit for the
Society donations of specimens, particularly of those genera
and species which are newly-named and described; if these
be labelled by the first describer, and thus openly exhibited to

NO. IV. VOL. I. 3 E

394 EXTERNAL ANATOMY OF INSECTS.

all inquirers, much of the present confusion and misunderstand-
ing about priority might be avoided, and moreover a very
essential service rendered to beginners. My, The formation of
a library; and to assist in this we think that every author
should make the Society a present of his own works, or copies
of papers published in periodical works. 3dly, The reception
of scientific papers : we would venture to suggest that these
should be read by their authors, that during the reading
silence should be maintained, and that each paper should
become the subject of discussion, during which only one
member should be allowed to speak at a time, and that until
the chair had been vacated no general conversation should
take place. We merely throw out these hints ; if the council
do not consider them worth attending to we shall be perfectly
satisfied without making any attempt to enforce them ; but it
is easier to avoid the acquisition of bad habits than to escape
from them when acquired ; and the constant conversation during
the reading of papers at learned societies in general we really
must consider somewhat indecorous.

Art. XLVI. — Osteology, or External Anatomy of Insects.
By Edward Newman, Esq., F.L.S.

" I find it impossible to give, according to the present state of science in
England, any satisfactory description of insects without making some previous
observations on their anatomical nomenclature." MacLeay.

" Ce que personne n'avait encore tente j'ai ose I'entreprendre."

Savigny.

Letter I. — On the Primary Parts of Insects.

Sir, — It is with a full consciousness of ray inability to ren-
der it justice, that I undertake a subject from which all our
entomologists seem to have shrunk, viz. the substitution of
a natural nomenclature of the parts of insects for the artificial
one proposed by Linnaeus, which is still in universal use ; but
I have always considered that it is more commendable to do
our best, however short of perfection that best may be, than to
procrastinate the little service we may render to others, in the
vain and selfish hope that we may hereafter render our labours
so complete as to be an object of general praise. The more

EXTERNAL ANATOMY OF INSECTS. 395

closely and attentively I regard the structure of that portion of
animals to which my present observations will be exclusively
confined, the more thoroughly am I convinced that this branch
of science is yet in its very infancy. I may perhaps be re-
minded that Lyonnet, Leon Dufour, Chabrier, Herold, and
Straus-Durckheim, have, by their unconquerable industry and
surpassing skill, accomplished wonders ;■ — I may be told that
Savigny, Andouin, and MacLeay, have, by the vigour and
comprehensiveness of their minds, and their extraordinary
talent in the application of observations, arrived at great and
important results ; — and I am willing to admit all this ; — but,
though great the researches in this science, and apposite their
application, the same objection may be taken to them all,
that they tend to illustrate a theory in itself evidently false,
rather than to find out and establish plain and solid truths.
It appears to me somewhat singular, that entomological
writers, who have so boldly and unceremoniously attacked
and altered the disposition and nomenclature of the groups
proposed by Linnaeus, should without exception have reli-
giously adhered to that erroneous and artificial disposition
and nomenclature of external parts, from which his principal
faults in grouping and systematic arrangement have arisen.
All nomenclature of parts, which have only ideal limits, I
would contend that common sense commands us to discon-
tinue, believing that no name for any portion of an animal,
the limits of which portion are unsettled or optional with the
describer, and have no existence in nature, can be suitably
retained or philosophically employed. In the comparative
anatomy of higher animals we trace the same part through
an almost infinite variety of modifications, yet apply to it the
same name, and assign as characters its variations, as the
variations of a single part; in the comparative anatomy of
insects we can with ease detect the presence of the principal
pails in every individual, yet have hitherto assigned such parts
no common name, but name them variously according to their
variations.'' In examining a particular portion of an insect,

" Even this is more than we always accomplish. In turning over for the pur-
pose twenty consecutive pages of two of the most highly esteemed British works
on entomology, I find the most important segment of an insect is described or
alluded to under the following names : — manitrunciis ; collare ; coUum ; thorax ;

396 EXTERNAL ANATOMY OF INSECTS,

I have considered it invariably with a strict attention to its
relative value ; that is, first, as to its relation to neighbouring
parts in the same insect ; secondly, as to its relation to the same
part in other insects. I have endeavoured to avoid bringing
into notice extravagant or monstrous appearances in particular
genera or species, as exemplifications of any proposition,
believing that these bear no higher value, in a general system,
than a deformed individual does in a species ; that they are
not plans of nature, but departures from her plans ; not rules
of nature, but exceptions to her rules : for the entomologist
cannot but observe, that these strange conformations are not
necessary developments of muscle for the support of increased
action in organs of locomotion, &c. ; for where the increased
use of either pair of locomotive organs is observable, the seg-
ment bearing those organs is increased in volume through
whole orders, or even classes ; and is never, as far as 1 have
yet observed, limited in its increase to a genus or family. I
fear, that in thus generalizing, I shall by some be charged
with being superficial ; but it is my firm impression, that
we have been too prone to insulate facts ; too eager to
notice and comment on wonders, which would probably cease
to be such were the range of our meditations allowed a wider
field.

On the subject of system it may be thought that I have
elsewhere indulged somewhat too freely, — a point which time
must settle : I have merely made such allusions to it here as
the subject of the present essay renders compulsory ; for
instance, in tracing the progressive development of particular
parts, I have adhered to the position of the seven classes
which I formerly proposed ; and in doing this I furnish the
reader with a test by which the worth of any system may be

prothorax ; mesothorax ; scutellum ; manitrunk ; collar; ring; neck; behind the
head ; anterior margin of thorax ; anterior portion of thorax ; anterior part of
thorax ; segment of thorax ; first segment of thorax ; anterior segment of thorax ;
first portion of the trunk ; first segment of the trunk ; second segment of thorax ;
second segment in an insect. Inferior writers have added to this list, as have also
the writers above alluded to in other parts of their works. The names now in
use in this country alone for this one segment, considered as a whole, are thirty-
nine. The fore-wings of insects are called elytra, hemelytra, pseudelytra, tegmina,
coriaria, alee, ala: anticce, ala prima, alee primores, alee primaria, al<B anteriores,
^■c. c'^-c, besides English names.

EXTERNAL ANATOMY OF INSECTS. 397

tried ; and it will be quite impossible for myself, or any sys-
tematist, to explain away obvious relationships dependent on
essential similarity of structure, if indeed the grouping together
of intrinsically similar conformations be, as I suppose, the
basis of natural arrangement.

Animals are formed on a number of perfectly distinct plans :
the organs which answer the purposes of perpetuating the
kind, of sustaining life, and of moving from place to place, are
present in all ; but the mode of their appearance affords those
characters which serve best to separate the kingdoms of animals
from each other.

Many animals are merely an homogeneous jelly, inhabiting
the water, and adhering to earthy or vegetable substances,
or protected by an earthy tube secreted by their own bodies ;
of these, the history, i. e. the reproduction and mode of
existence, seems to foil inquiry, and to throw every impediment
in the way of those who would draw the line between the
animated and vegetable portions of the universe ; but, as we
rise in the scale of animated beings, we find they acquire the
power of locomotion, and either fly in the air, walk on the
earth, or swim in the water, moving at will from object to
object, as the great incentives to action, love and hunger,
destined wisely for the increase and sustenance of animal life,
may induce them. In these we find the body consists of two
principal portions besides the organs immediately connected
with the continuance of life : these portions are commonly
known as bone and muscle; the bone is solid, hard, and
capable of fracture, and serves for the attachment and support
of the muscular parts, which are softer, generally incapable of
fracture, and yield before the slightest pressure, by the motion
of their composite particles inter se. The disposition of bone
and muscle varies in the groups in which these parts are
distinct ; the bone is sometimes an articulated frame-work to
which the muscle adheres externally, clothing it as with a
garment; animals formed on this plan are called Vertebrata:
sometimes the bone is composed of little nodules, not arti-
culated with each other, but strung together like beads by
means of cartilaginous tendons ; these are termed Radiata :
sometimes the whole of the bone is united into one or two
large pieces, which are throughout the greater part of their
surface entirely unconnected with the animal, but constitute a

398 EXTERNAL ANATOMY OF INSECTS.

(lomicile within which it retires for protection; these are
Molliisca. Lastly, in some animals the bone completely
envelopes the muscle, as with a case, which is articulated
externally and vertically, thus dividing the animal into a
number of portions, segments, or annuli ; w^hence the name
Annulata.

An Insect, then, is an annulate animal ; and its characters
are these : — the bones are external, or perhaps, more correctly
speaking, the skin in which the animal is inclosed has become
solid, compact, and bony ; and, like the bones of vertebrate
animals, serves for the attachment and support of the softer
and muscular parts, around which it foi-ms a complete case
or covering, which, owing to its liability to injury, consequent
on its constant risk and exposure from its own activity, is
absolutely necessary to protect it from that loss of life which
must otherwise very speedily annihilate the kind. This case
is vertically divided into thirteen segments ; and each of these
segments is sometimes '' subdivided, both vertically and hori-
zontally, into four; thus giving sixteen osseous plates or bones
to every segment, or two hundred and eight to the whole
trunk.*" From the first of these segments arise the organs of
manducation, vision, and two antennce, which are the principal
organs of touch ; from the second, two legs ; from the third,
two wings and two legs ; and from the fourth, two wings an^
two legs ; these ten being the organs of locomotion : these
organs are for the most part covered with the same osseous
case as the trunk, and are articulated in a similar manner. In
the sutures of the trunk, and also in those of the organs of
locomotion, the connecting skin is membranous and pliable,
affording freedom of motion when required; but there are
exceptions to this.

The bony plates being always so formed as to meet accu-
rately at their margin, and to play easily, and without injury

'' I should suppose this may be invariably the case.

"= Mr. MacLeay asserts that fifty-two segments is the maximum number in the
Ckilognatha. (Anatomy of the Thorax of Winged Insects, Zool. Jour. XVIII.
p. 153.) In many of these, each segment very evidently consists of a dorsal, a
ventral, and two lateral plates or bones, which would produce the number, two
hundred and eight, as proposed above, and afford a striking fact in support of
Andouin's excellent observation, that the case of all Anmdata is formed of a fixed
number of parts, which may he distinct or united, but which exist in all.

EXTERNAL ANATOMY OF INSECTS. 399

to the animal, by means of the connecting membranes, it
becomes obvious that particular segments, from the active or
peculiar use of the organs which they bear, must occasionally
require a greater degree of freedom than others whose organs
have no such active or peculiar use ; and when strength, rather
than activity in the articulation, is desirable, then a less degree
of freedom will be best adapted to the purpose. In the human
frame articulations are of three very obvious kinds : these are
called, first, diarthrosis, in which the motion permitted is
perfectly free, as that of the bones of our arms and legs ;
secondly, synarthrosis, in which no motion is permitted, as
in the sutures of the bones of the skull ; and, thirdly, amphiar-
throsis, which partakes in some degree of both of the others,
being a very limited motion, yet plainly distinguishable, — such
is the articulation of the vertebral column. These three kinds
of articulation, I believe, have been denominated familiarly,
moveable, immoveable, and mixed articulation ; terms so easy
to be remembered, that I shall not hesitate in adopting them.
Besides these, another anatomical term, symphysis, requires
an introduction into entomology, or we must have recourse to
an English analogue ; by symphysis, in anatomy, is meant the
natural union of bones, which in the foetus, or even in early
life, have been for a while distinct ; thus, the under-jaw,
which in man is one solid and compact bone, has originally
been two, which have united in the front. A fifth anatomical
term, also applicable to entomology, is anchylosis ; it is em-
ployed when the synovial glands are wanting, and the custo-
mary articulation becomes ossified : it may generally be
contrasted with symphysis by the observation, that symphysis
naturally takes place as an approach to strength and perfection ;
anchylosis, more frequently as a consequence of accident, or
disease. The application, however, of both these terms is
very extensive, and often made, even by skilful anatomists,
to widely different effects. Now, on the mode of articulation,
together with the situation of the locomotive organs above
detailed, much will be found to depend.

In Insecta, the first articulation is moveable ; the second is
moveable ; the third itmnoveable ; the fourth varies ; the fifth
varies ; the sixth, and all the others, are mixed.'^

"^ Subject, however, to exceptions hereafter to be detailed : the variations of
articulation generally observable in insects will also be more fully explained.

400 EXTERNAL ANATOMY OF INSECTS.

Although every insect is composed of thirteen segments, all
of these are not constantly observable ; the existence of all,
however, may be generally ascertained, though some of them
under great variation in appearance ; a segment occasionally
almost disappearing, and on the contrary sometimes nearly
hiding all the others by its magnitude;^ being occasionally
closely united to an adjoining segment •/ and again, sometimes
bearing on its surface an indentation ^ or fold,'' giving to it the
appearance of two : a segment, moreover, will frequently give
rise to processes ; these are of two kinds, — apophyses, which
are merely bony excrescences, and evidently an intrinsic part
of the segments ;' and epiphyses, which are distinct appendages,
with a moveable articulation -^ great care is therefore required
to avoid mistaking a mere process for a segment, and also to
insure against overlooking segments which really exist.

For the thirteen segments observable in true insects, I
would propose the following names : '

No. 1. (A. B.) Caput, bearing the organs manducation, vision, &c.

2. (C. D.) Prothorax, bearing the Propedes, or /ore-/e_(7S. (a)

3. (E. F.) M.^soTnoB.xx,heoxmgi\\e V Ko A-LM, or fore-wings {e\

and the Mesopedes, or middle legs, (i)

4. (G. //.) METATHORAX,bearingtheMETAL^,or/?.mi-wm^s(o),

and Metapedes, or hind-legs, (u)

5. (I. /.) Propodeon.

6. (K. Z.) PODEON.

7. (M. iV.) Metapodeon.

8. (O. P.) OCTOON.

9. (Q. R.) Ennaton.

10. (S. T.) Decaton.

11. (U. V.) Protelum.

« The protliorax, for instance, is scarcely discernible in Musca, while Centrotus
appears ail prothorax.

f As the metathorax and propodeon in Melolontha.

8 As in Pulex. •> As in some Locusta.

• As in the prothorax of Dynastes, Typheeus, &c. ; yet these apophysal appen-
dages appear to have been not unfrequently described, named, and figured as
primary parts ; thus introducing into our nomenclature a mass of parts, the com-
mon existence of which it were vain to attempt to trace.

^ As the appendages to the telum in Phasma, Libellula, &c.

' See Plate III. The letters between parentheses in this table apply to all the
figures in this and succeeding plates on this subject.

FiffJ.

Fuj.4.

!•■( '

Fia-j.

:z^'

^'y-^- >i'

^m

M

z X I' r jj _p jv-

EXTERNAL ANATOMY OF INSECTS. 401

12. (W. X) Paratelum.

13. (Y. ^.) Telum, bearing the organs of reproduction,"' or some-

times being confined to those organs" or weapons
of defence."

I will now state what has previously been done in this way.

Linnaeus divided an insect into head, thorax, and abdomen;
a division, the propriety of which being universally acknow-
ledged, has been employed by all writers •" from his day to the
present ; yet a division diametrically at variance with nature :
in fact, the limits of the parts were ideal ; or, in other words,
it has always been perfectly optional with a describer to limit
the thorax to the second segment, or include in it any number,
not exceeding the four following segments ; and in this ento-
mological writers have not been influenced by any philosophi-
cal rules, but have been guided solely by the relative size of
the segments : the same has been the case with the abdomen,
which may comprise seven, eight, nine, ten, or eleven of the
segments ; and it so happens, that the segments, which are
thus either thorax or abdomen, bear the wings ; so that the
wings are either thoracical or abdominal appendages, as an
entomologist pleases. In a beetle, they are generally consi-
dered abdominal ; in a bee, thoracical. Chabrier and Andouin,
in their excellent observations on the anatomy of insects, have
applied to the wing-bearing segments the names which I have
retained, and have treated the subject with great skill; the
former renouncing the term thorax as applicable to a series of
parts, but unaccountably leaving the reader to determine
whether he shall consider the four wings as arising from one
segment or two ; for he expressly terms the site of these organs
*' segment allfere" and yet divides it into mesoihorax and
metathorax. Andouin, though a most accomplished writer
and able reasoner, retrogrades a step, by again uniting the
prothorax with Chabrier's "segment alifere," under the ori-
ginal name thorax. Kirby somewhat fancifully alters the
term prothorax into manitruncus, and calls Chabrier's " seg-
ment alifere^' alitr uncus ; giving to the two united the name
of truncus. Knoch called the prothorax " collum,'' and the

"" Except in the order Libellidites. ° Iclineumonites, &c. ° Apites,

p Straus-Durckheim has four parts — head, corslet (prothorax), thorax (raeso
and metathorax), and abdomen.

NO. IV. VOL. I. S F

402 EXTERNAL ANATOMY OF INSECTS.

meso- and metathorax, ^^ pectus.'''' Stvaus-Durckheim calls the
prothorax, " corselet," and the other two segments the thorax.
Lastly, MacLeay and Burmeister, following Andouin, consider
the three segments perfectly distinct, and ado})t for them the
same names ; yet these writers still seem to suppose some con-
nexion between these segments, which essentially insulates
them from the rest, and therefore apply to the three united
the name of thorax. Beyond the nomenclature of these four
segments, reckoning the head as one, nothing has been done
yet in description; we find the second, third, fourth, &c.
segment of the abdomen, constantly spoken of and described,
without the slightest hint being given to us from which segment
we are to commence counting.

Before entering more minutely into those variations of the
thirteen segments on which subdivision will be found to depend,
permit me to make a few observations on the preparatory and
highly important state of larva. Every true insect must pass
through this state previously to arriving at perfection ; and as
its habits are more slugglish, and its occupation (that of eating)
more uniform, and as its life is usually confined to a single
medium, and its movements to a single mode of progression,
it seems evident that no one segment need be particularly
enlarged or strengthened at the expense of the others : we
find this not only theoretically, but positively the case ; and,
consequently, each of the thirteen segments is regularly and
uniformly developed; and from this circumstance, and the splen-
did discoveries of insect anatomists, who have detected every
part of the imago in the larva, in the very position, or nearly so,
which it is destined eventually to occupy, it may, I think, with-
out incurring a charge of theorizing, be taken for granted, that
every segment of the larva still exists in the imago, although
its presence, owing to the development of a neighbouring seg-
ment, may be in some instances somewhat difficult to detect.
It would be a dehghtful task to trace each segment in its
increase or decrease as it passed through the intermediate state
of pupa, but this will scarcely be accomplished by a single
individual, as the number of specimens to be examined, and
the difficulty of obtaining sufficient specimens of all the classes,
in each of the stages, would render the undertaking rather a
laborious one. In order to show the uniformity of structure
in larvce, I have drawn a few outlines of tliose whose imagines

EXTERNAL ANATOMY OF INSECTS. 403

present the greatest differences; and, owing to the accurate
and elegant manner in which my friend Mr. Ingall has en-
graved them, the reader will not fail to observe how beautifully
simple and unvarying is the foundation on which nature builds
structures so wonderfully and elegantly diversified ; it seems
as though a certain portion of matter were allotted, out of which
she has to mould every variety of form.''

In naming the segments I have found two difficulties to
contend with ; first, the fear of introducing a new name where
an old one had been pretty well established ; secondly, the
adoption of any name the meaning of which conveyed a false
impression ; these, however, I have not been altogether able to
avoid without causing unnecessary inconvenience and confu-
sion; your readers will therefore be kind enough to recollect
that the six segments following the head are not named with
any view to convey a sound and universally applicable meaning in
their names, but to avoid any clashing with previous nomen-
clature : the remaining six, on the contrary, convey a meaning
which I have endeavoured to render as simple as possible :
the similarity in the meaning of the name given to the eleventh
and twelfth segments will perhaps be pardoned when it is
shewn that each in turn becomes the penultimate segment.
In perusing these remarks, however, I could wish your readers
to abstain from attempting to apply meanings, and to consider
the whole as unmeaning words, the numerical situation being
the only circumstance tending to illustrate the subject.'

The first segment of all insects is the Caput, or head, the
hinder part of which generally forms a considerable portion
of a sphere ; the fore part is variously formed. On each
side, immoveably fixed in it, and sometimes occupying the

' See Plate III. As the whole of the segments, in the perfect state, must be
figured in the illustration of their parts, I thought it would be unnecessary to give
figures of them here. " One of the most beautiful facts that the study of com-
parative anatomy presents us with, is the delight nature appears to take in work-
ing as it were with a given quantity of material, while she, nevertheless, produces
an infinite variety of forms." — MacLeay, Zool. Journ. XVJII., p. 157.

' If in any instance I have introduced a new name where a previous name could
possibly, I will not say properly, be retained, it has been entirely through negli-
gence, and I shall be most willing to withdraw it when pointed out ; for (in com-
mon I hope with all naturalists) I consider that the alteration of names once
given is, of all scientific labours, the one most conducive to confusion and error,
and one which no lover of science would intentionally commit.

404 EXTERNAL ANATOMY OF INSECTS.

greater portion of its lateral superficies, is an eye/ composed of
an immense number of highly convex lenses ; between these,
which are termed oculi, and nearly on the crown of the head,
are three simple eyes, called ocelli,^ very minute, and each con-
sisting of a single lens ; these are generally placed in a triangle,
and, like true eyes, are firmly fixed in the surface of the head.
In front of the ocelli, between the ociili, and attached by a
moveable articulation to the head, are the antennae, or prin-
cipal feelers. These are exceedingly various in size and form,
which depend almost wholly either on the habits of the
animals or on the development or situation of the eyes. In
nocturnal insects, and those diurnal ones which have either
small or very lateral eyes, the antennce are always of great size,
and in walking insects are carefully stretched forwards and
used to touch and ascertain the surface before every step."
Those insects, on the contrary, which only fly in the brightest
light, and which continue on the wing for a great length of
time without alighting, have enormous eyes but very small
antennce.^ Even in instances where the female in nocturnal
insects is sedentary and less active than the male, the antennae
of the latter are so much the more developed that little simi-
larity can be traced between them.' The mouth of insects at
first sight appears rather complicated ; it is composed of seven
pieces, which may be readily understood by an analogical
reference to the mouth of vertebrated animals — for instance,
man himself — bearing in mind that the parts of the mouth in
insects are to be considered and treated of as bones, the soft
and fleshy parts being internal. Suppose the upper and under
maxillary bones in man to be divided vertically down the centre,
leaving the lips entire, then suppose additional muscles given
to these jaws, so that they might move horizontally instead of

s Not always present, as in the instance of the/co, which has only simple eyes,
or ocelli, a circumstance which renders its situation in a natural system very
difficult to ascertain. As far as I recollect, this very obvious and highly im-
portant character has not been noticed by any of our writers on this singular
animal.

* Not always present, nor uniform in number.

" Examples — Phnjganen, Carabus, Ceramby.i; Formica.

^ Examples — Syrphus, LibeUida.

y Examples — The Apterous females of Bombyces, and the'slothful females of
Mdolontha: ; while the closely allied genera Trichitts and Cetonia, both sexes of
wliich fly by day, have small and similar unicima:.

EXTERNAL ANATOMY OF INSECTS. 405

vertically, we should then have an upper Up, a pair of upper
jaws, a tongue, a pair of lower jaws, and an under Up, or, in
entomological language, a lahrum, two mandibulce, a Ungua,
two maxiUcE, and a labium, which parts are always present in
the principal forms of every class, and in no insect yet disco-
vered has any new or additional primary part been detected ;
nevertheless, there are epiphysal appendages, or secondary
parts, called palpi, these are four or six in number,'' and are
articulated on the maxillce and labium. The variations in the
form of these constituent parts of the mouth have been used by
Fabricius as the exclusive characters on which to found his
classes, and perhaps are more sound and unobjectionable than
any others taken singly.

In the first class, JLepidoptera, the labrum is scarcely dis-
tinguishable, the labium is distinct but short ; it gives rise to
two large, conspicuous, erect, orporrected jy«/^i, between which
are situated the maxillcs, v/hich are in this class two long
tubes, rolled up spirally when at rest, in the manner of
the main-spring of a watch, but capable of being unrolled
at will for the purpose of being inserted into the corollce of
flowers to extract their honey : the lingua and mandibulce
are nearly obsolete, and take no part in the functions of
manducation. This mouth is termed antliate by Kirby. In
the second class, Diptera, the labrum and labium combine
in forming a stiff hollow cylinder, in which are contained the
mandibulce, maxillce, and lingua ; these are excessively sharp-
pointed, and are thrust by the animal into substances (as leaves,
fruit, flesh, &;c.) for the purpose of making an incision, through
which the fluid portion (as sap, juice, blood, &c.) may flow
into the cylinder, formed by the united lips, which, by the
creation of a vacuum on the plan of a syphon, conveys the juice
through the oesophagus into the stomach. This mouth is
termed proboscidate by Kirby. In the third class, Hymenop-
tera, the labrum, mandibulce, maxillce, lingua, and labium,
are all fully developed ; the office and appearance of the
77iandibulcB and maxillce are now changed, acting neither as
suckers nor lancets, but being hard, strong, horny jaws, emi-
nently adapted to gnawing and detrition of hard and solid
substances, of which office, in the preceding classes, they are

'"■ Epiphysal parts vary in number, constituent primary parts never.

406 EXTERNAL ANATOMY OF INSECTS.

incapable ; the lingua is tubular, and particularly developed,"
and, like the maxillce in the first, and the lips in the second,
serve for the imbibition of liquids. Kirby calls this mouth, in
common vv^ith those of the fourth, fifth, and seventh classes,
j)erfect. In the fourth class, Coleoptera, the labrum, mandi-
bular, maxillcB, and labium are distinct and osseous, the
Vmgua is generally small, often nearly obsolete ; it frequently
appears to be inserted in the labium, but I am inclined to
believe it invariably originates farther back within the mouth,
and, owing to its tenuity, needs this point of attachment.
The Coleoptera both gnaw and swallow solid substances. In
the fifth class, Orthopiera, the constituent parts of the mouth
are all fully developed and osseous, as in the last class, excepting
the lingua, which is larger, more fleshy, and, in one of the
orders, somewhat tubular. In the sixth class, Hemiptera, the
labrum, mandibulce, maxillce, and labium are again attenuated
and elongated, and, with the exception of the labrum, which is
free, united and formed into a jointed sucker, of which the
lingua occupies (as far as I have been able to ascertain) the
centre, and is thence darted out in the manner of a lancet into
any substance the juices of which the insect wishes to extract.
The insects of this class live entirely by suction. Kirby calls
this mouth Promuscidate. Here you will observe I have
arrived at a kind of mouth very nearly resembling that with
which I commenced. The seventh class, Neuroptera, has
no uniform structure of parts, but varies as its contents
resemble those of the other classes, consequently, neither
to the constituent parts of the mouth nor the variations
of the segments of the trunk can be assigned any common
character.

The second segment of an insect is the Prothorax ; it is
the most important segment, for its variations, combined with
those of the mouth above given, will at once determine to
what class an insect belongs ; and here allow me to observe,
that the variations in the development of this and the adjoin-
ing segments is closely dependent on the functions which the

* In some of the orders, as the bees, the mandibulce are free and corneous,
while the maxillfe are pliable, and unite with the lingua in extracting the nectar
of flowers. The mouth in Hymenoptera is so various, that the above definition
is of but little value, except as subject to further deiinition and qualitication.

EXTERNAL ANATOMY OF INSECTS. 407

organs arising from them have to perform, and this not always
directly, but relatively, as the functions of the organs which one
segment may bear, frequently influence the next segment on
either side in a greater degree than the segment more imme-
diately concerned. The segment in question supports the
caput, or head, and joins at its opposite margin the meso-
tJiorax, being articulated to both by a perfectly free joint,
moveable in any direction : it bears also the jiropedes, or fore-
legs, which are articulated to it with perfectly free joints, and
which have generally a tendency to stretch forward. In
Lep'idoptera, the prothorax is a narrow ring, or circular
collar, on which the scales are generally more erect than on
the mesothorax, a circumstance which renders it easy to be
seen externally, and without removing the scales ; in the
PteropJiori, however, it is scarcely to be detected. In the
Diptera, all external appearance of the prothorax (at least
from above) has ceased," the caput and mesothorax seem to
be articulated together, and the fore-legs to spring from the
joint which unites them ; directly we leave the Diptera
you will observe the prothorax reappearing among the bees,
more prominent in the Spheces, and a very important segment
in the genera Sirex and (particularly) Cejjhus : " these genera
probably lead to the Coleoptera, in which the prothorax is
remarkably conspicuous ; but it is not until the next class,
Orthoptera, that it attains its fullest development, where,
especially among the Grylli BuUcb of Linnaeus, it seems to
have reached its maximum, being frequently of gi'eater magni-
tude than all the remainder of the insect ; in Hemiptera also
we find the prothorax occasionally of prodigious relative
magnitude, but it gradually decreases until, in Cicada, it has
become a mere collar, and finally merges in the Lepidopterous
form with which I commenced.''

^ With some few exceptions.

^ Also in the Chalcides, and above all in Agaon.

* If among your readers there should be some who wish to learn — which I fear
there scarcely will be, as it is the infallible consequence of publishing in such a
channel, to be read by those who know more on these subjects than oneself — if,
I say, there be those who wisli to learn, I will offer for their use a few very
simple observations : 1 have already stated that the prothorax produces the fore-
legs, the mesothorax the fore-vfings and middle-legs, and the metathorax the
hind-wings and hind-legs ; if, therefore, an insect be accurately dissected, these
parts will adhere to the segment to which they naturally belong. In order to try

408 EXTERNAL ANATOMY OF INSECTS.

The third segment is the mesothorax: it is that prominent
part in hep'idoptera, Diptera, and Hymenoptera, through
which the entomologist usually passes the pin in specimens
for his cabinet ; it bears the fore-wings, and varies in develop-
ment in accordance with the functions of those organs. In
hepidoptera, the fore-wings are large and powerful, and are
the principal organs of flight; consequently, the mesothorax
is robust, and in fact the most conspicuous segment of the
thirteen. The protliorax, as we have seen, is small and un-
important, ruled by the mathematical law, that out of a given
quantity of matter divided into portions, if one portion have
more than its share, another must have less ; and in insects,
the increased segment or segments invariably diminish those
immediately adjoining. In Diptera the fore-wings are the
only organs of flight, the development of the muscles by which
they are moved, and the space required for them, must conse-
quently be great ; accordingly we find the mesothorax at its
maximum, and the jj^o- and metathorax at their minimum.
In Hymenoptera, the hind-wing again becomes an organ of
flight; consequently the equilibrium of parts begins to be
restored, the prothorax reappears, and the mesothorax de-
creases in magnitude ; it is still, however, the principal seg-
ment : as we approach the Coleoptera, the genera Cephas
and Sirex present a smaller mesothorax, but as I have already
pointed out, a larger y;ro^/io/-a.r. In Coleoptera, the fore-
wings are not organs of flight, but merely osseous plates or
shields to protect the organs of flight, which are the hind-
wings only ; accordingly its volume is very much reduced ; its

this, and at the same time to gain a much more thorough knowledge of the sub-
ject than definitions or drawings can possibly give, let me recommend the
inquirer to obtain some of the larger species of the principal orders in each class ;
for instance, Papilio, Sphinx, Tipula, Tabanus, Bomhus, Tenthredo, Spliex, Ich-
neumon, Meloe, Buprestis, Scarahceus, Silpha, Forficula, Gryllus, Acridium, Pentatoma,
Notonecta, Cicada, &c., and having thoroughly relaxed them by steeping in hot
water, and afterwards dried them on blotting-paper, proceed to the task of care-
fully dividing each of them as far as practicable into their thirteen elementary
parts ; nature will point out the divisions, but it may require a little care to
adhere closely to her guidings. The genus and class of each insect should be
written down, and any observation that may occur noted at the time. The
learned may smile at the idea of a beginner, like myself, attempting to instruct or
offer advice on such points as these ; let him however recollect that advice
of this kind may be acceptable to some, and on the score of its possible utility,
however limited, let him pardon the writer his presumption.

EXTERNAL ANATOMY OF INSECTS. 409

external appearance being confined to a small triangular plate
which has its base situated against the hinder margin of the
prothorax, and its sides against the osseous proalce : in all
descriptions of Coleoptera the mesothorax is termed scidellwn.
In Orthoptera, with the exception of the Mantiies, the meso-
thorax has no external development when the wings are
closed: it is here at its m'mimum. In Hemiptera it reappears
as a triangular plate, similar to that called scutellum in Cole"
optera; as we proceed through the class we find it increases
in volume until, in Cicada, it has reached a magnitude
and prominence closely resembling its appearance in JLepi-
doptera.

The fourth segment is the metathorax ; it bears the
metalce, or hind-wings. In Lepidoptera the expansion of the
hind-wings is considerable ; and accordingly this segment is
also very apparent. In Diptera the hind wings do not answer
the purpose of flight, but have dwindled to mere pedunculated
knobs, called halteres, or poisers ; the metathorax, conse-
quently, is very much diminished, and scarcely visible, being
nearly concealed, especially in the Muscce, by the enlargement
of a portion of the mesothorax. In Hijmenoptera it reappears
conspicuously, and increases in volume as the hind-wings
increase in expansion. In a small natural order of insects
which are parasitical on bees (Genus Stylops), the metathorax
is said to be very fully developed; but I have never yet
possessed the means of examining one of these insects under a
sufficiently high power to obtain any correct idea of its struc-
ture. From the elegant illustrations of Elenchus Walkeri,
(Curtis,) and Halictophagus Curtisii, (Curtis,) it would appear
that the epiphysal appendages which have been supposed
analogous to \he proalce of Coleoptera, arise from the ^jro-
thorax close to the insertion of the propedes ; the same may be
inferred from Kirby's definition, " Pseudelytera twisted attached
to the fore-leg." Now, if this be the case, these appendages
are not analogous to the proalce, but dXQ processes of the 2irotho-
rax.^ We see in the Coleoptera the cause of metathorac'ic de-
velopment, viz. the bearing of the sole organs of flight ; but in
Stylops, &c. we find the wings on the next segment to that which

* " J'ai considere ces organes comme des pieces analogues aux pt^rygodes
<des Lepidopteres." — Latreille. Cours d'Entamolpgie. Tom. I. p. 242.
NO. IV. VOL. I. 3 G

410 EXTERNAL ANATOMY OF INSECTS.

bears the propedes, consequently on the mesothorax ; and its
four divisions will then be the prtsscidum, scutum, scutellum,
and I) ost scutellum of the mesothorax, according to Andouins
nomenclature ; the metathorax will probably be concealed, as
in the Musca; ; and the nine posterior segments are found of uni-
form development, as in the Tipula;. These conclusions would
place Stylojjs very near the Diptera, a locality which a cer-
tain similarity of its head to that of Myopa, Conops, &c.
would rather favour. So much from figures ; as the greatest
accuracy and care is requii'ed to avoid the destruction of such
minute creatures in dissecting, errors may possibly have crept
in ; my motive for inti'oducing a passing notice of Sty lops in this
place is, that should the part in question prove to be the
metathorax, as has been hinted, then its natural station is the
one which MacLeay has assigned it between Hymenoptera
and Coleoptera; and, consequently, in passing from one of
the classes to the other, it becomes compulsory to mention it.
In Coleoptera the metathorax has reached a still greater de-
velopment, and is nearly of equal dimensions with the protho-
rax ; it is however entirely hidden under the proalce when
these are closed. In Orthoptera, particularly in some
PhasmcR, the metathorax has reached its maximum. In
Hemiptera it has much decreased, although still the principal
organs of flight arise from it ; at least this is the case in the
Chnicites ; but in the Cicadites the proalce, have resumed
the full functions of flight ; and, as I have already observed,
the mesothorax is enlarged at the expense of the pro- and
metathorax. The articulation of the mesothorax and meta-
thorax is fixed.

The fifth segment is the Propodeon, and is, of the whole
thirteen, the most difficult to determine, because in orders of
the same class it appears in different modes : in Lepidoptera,
generally, I believe its external appearance is that of a narrow
ring slightly incrassated in the middle, and assuming, when
viewed from above, a somewhat bow-shaped figure. In Cossus
it appears to me to be the part which Kirby calls the meta-
thorax,^ which I think it cannot be ; as the metalce are
decidedly not attached to it. In Pterophorus it is very
distinct, and varies scarcely at all from the following segment ;

' Int. to Ent. PI. IX. Fig. 1.

EXTERNAL ANATOMY OF INSECTS. 411

the same may be said of its appearance in the Trpulce ; but in
Musca it is so completely anchylosed with the metathorax as
scarcely to admit the possibility of drawing the boundaries of
either. In Hymenoptera it also varies in the bees, wasps,
Spheces, &c. It forms the anterior portion of what is commonly
called the peduncle, and has been noticed by Latreille in some
of the Hymenopterous parasites, the peduncle of which he
considers as composed of two segments ; and in MacLeay's
figure of PoUstes, I believe, the postscideUum (and perhaps
scutelliim) of the metathorax, are referable to it. In Sirex it
is distinct and free. In Coleoptera it is always anchylosed to
the metathorax. In Orthoptera it is always distinct. In
most Hemiptera it is anchylosed to the metathorax, though
distinct and free in Cicada ; its articulation, however, to the
metathorax, whether anchylosed or distinct, is always, as far
as I have observed, perfectly immoveable.^

The PODEON, or peduncle, is the sixth segment. In Lepi-
doptera and Tipula it is rather of less circumference than the
adjoining segments ; its articulation with the neighbouring
segment on each side is of the mixed kind. In the Muscce,
and the majority of the Hymenoptera, it is a mere tube con-
necting the incrassated parts of the insect, and its articulation
to the propodeon is perfectly free and moveable. In the
Tenthredinites, Sirex, and the Coleoptera, neither its articu-
lation nor development differ from those of the following
segments. The same may be said of its appearance in
Orthoptera and Hemiptera, except that in the Cimicites, in
common with the other segments, its articulation is almost or
quite immoveable.

The seventh segment, metapodeon, presents no remarkable
character except in those Diptera and Hymenoptera in which
the podeon is so remarkably restricted : in these its circum-
ference anteriorly is not more than one-eighth of its circum-
ference posteriorly.

The eighth segment, octoon, is remarkable for its immense
development in the pedunculated insects above spoken of;
the common hornet or wasp are good illustrations of this.

The ninth, tenth, and eleventh segments present but trifling-
variations, and these by no means confined to the classes.

K Great uncertainty exists on this subject, but the jjosition of the spiracle is in
favour of the supposition.

412

EXTERNAL ANATOMY OF INSECTS.

The twelfth segment, paratelum, becomes the terminal
one in the females of all pedunculated, and some few other
ordei's of insects.

The thirteenth segment, telum, is remarkable for its various
apophysal and epiphysal appendages, for its containing the
organs of generation and reproduction, and for its total absence,
or perhaps conversion into some essential organs, in the females
of pedunculated insects.

The principal variations will perhaps be more readily under-
stood by a glance at the following table :

Maximum of Cafut.''

IV. Coleoptefa.

2d Degree.

III. Hymenoptera. V. Orthoptera.

3rd Degree.

II. Diptera. VI. Hemiptera.

Minimum.

I. Lepidoptera.

Maximum of Prothorax.

V. Orthoptera.

2d Degree.

IV. Coleoptera. VI. Hemiptera.

3rd Degree.

III. Hymenoptera. I. Lepidoptera.

Minimum.

II. Diptera.

Maximum of Mesothorax.

II. Diptera.

2d Degree.

I. Lepidoptera. Ill, Hymenoptera.

3rd Degree.

VI. Hemiptera. IV. Coleoptera.

Minimum.

V. Orthoptera.

Maximum of Metathorax.

V. Orthoptera.

2d Degree.

IV. Coleoptera. VI. Hemiptera.

3rd Degree.

III. Hymenoptera. I. Lepidoptera.

Minimum.

II. Diptera.

And here it is necessary that I conclude this letter, which
has already extended to an unreasonable length ; although, in
the desire of intruding as little as possible on the pages of a
magazine occupied by writers in every respect so much more
worthy of them than myself, I have studiously suppressed

^ By " Maximum of Caput " I mean more particularly to imply the full, perfect,
and osseous development of the seven organs of manducation. By " Minimum
of Caput " the entire absence of masticatory organs.

^-V w

ENTOMOLOGICAL NOTES. 41S

that mass of illustrations and collateral remarks, which seem
completely to overwhelm one, when engaged on a subject like
the present ; and I have thus rendered my communication as
bare and unadorned a detail as I could possibly accomplish
consistent with clearness ; but, as a repetition of the contents
of this letter must be given in detail, as each segment comes
to be reviewed sepai'ately, I feel the less regret at leaving it
in its present very superficial and unfinished state, entreating
your scientific readers to make every allowance for one who
has had but little experience in these matters, and but little
leisure to render that experience available.

The next letter will relate solely to the first segment or head
of insects. I am, &c.

Edward Newman.

Depfford, March 1, 1833.

Art. XLVII. — Entomological Notes. By Edward Newman,
Esq., F.L.S.

{Continued from page 288.)

Class. — Lepidoptera.

Natural Order. — Geometrites, ined.

Genus. — Nyssia. Godart.

Nyss. Tauaria. Fusco-grisea ; metathoracis tnargine ante-

riori, lineaque centrali longitudinali nigris. $

General colour brown-gray ; mesothorax with its anterior margin
and a longitudinal central line forming together the letter T,
black : fore-wings tawny-gray transversely and irregularly waved
with dark brown ; exterior margin with a wide irregular band of
pale brown : ciliae of the same colour, having a row of black dots
internally : hind-wings pale brown with a black spot at the anal
angle. (Length ^ inch. ; breadth li inch.)

Although the above description may probably suffice to dis-
tinguish this insect from its congeners, N. /lisjndaria and
N. pilosaria, I will call the reader's attention to its superiority
in size to the former of these, to the T on the mesothorax,

414 ENTOMOLOGICAL NOTES.

formed by the transverse and longitudinal black lines, to the
broad pale margins of the fore-wings, and lastly to the time of
its appearance, so different to that of either of the other
species, it having been taken by my father at Leominster,
in June, 1832, in a perfectly recent state, and had apparently
never flown.

Class. — Hymenoptera.
Natural Order. — Sirecites, ined.
Genus. — Sirex.
Hujus quandoquidem generis descriptionem vix aptam invenies ;
integram, secundum partium nomenclaturam novam attentavi;
inde petens prseterea eandem explicare. Sirecis, maris caput
fere trigonum, antice rotundatum, postice paullo convexum est ;
antennis multi-articulatis, capite ad apicem pedetentim attenuanti-
bus ; oculis parvis vix prominentibus ; ocellis tribus in triangulo,
cujus apex anticus, dispositis; labro elongato lateribus medio,
convexis apice rotundato ; mandibulis corneis, rigidis, tridentatis ;
lingua tenui vix conspicua ; maxilUs linguiformibus hand corneis,
palpos duos minutos integros, ferentibus ; labio fere trigono,
anguHs rotundatis, palpos duos triarticidatos, articulo ultimo
longiore, ferente. Prothorax capite latior, antice paullo ad
capitem recipiendum, postice valde ad mesotboracem recipien-
dum, concavum, lateribus rectis ; bine medio valde attenuate,
lateribus latioribus. Mesothorax pyriformis, apice minori retro-
spiciente. Metathorax mesothorace minor, medio tenuissimo
lateribus dilatatis. Propodeon, segmentaque sequentia usque ad
telum clare pariterque patefacta. Telum minutum, fere trigonum,
apice acutissimo. Pedes mediocres ; femoribus brevissimis, angu-
latis ; protibiis, mesotibiisque curvatis, brevissimis ; metatibiis lon-
gioribus, angulatis, dilatatis ; tarsis quinque-articulatis, articulo
primo longissimo, quarto brevissimo, quinto mediocre ungues duos,
arcuatos, bidentatos ferente. Hujus generis neque proalae, neque
metalse, neque articulorum antennarum numerus, characteres ad
distinctionem pertinentes, sic mihi videtur, prsebent ; prseterea
distinctionis gratia segmentorum redundant figurationes.

Sirex nigricornis. Mas. Antennce (20-articulatis) caput,
jirothorax, mesothorax , metathorax, propodeon, podeon,
metapodeonis margo anterior, mediusqiie disci chalyheo-
nigra : metapodeonis margo jJosterior lateribusque, octoon,
ennaton, decaton, p)rotelum, paratelumqiie ferruginea : telum
chalyheo -ferrugineum : coxce, trochanteresque nigra :

BY EDWARD NEWMAN. 415

femora femiginea : protibics ferrugin(s : mesotihice ferru-
ginece, extus macula magna nigra: metatibice nigrce :
protarsi ferruginci: mesotarsorum articuU V\ T\ 3""*"".
nigri, ferrugineo contaminati ; 4°'. 5"^''"% ferniginei ; meta-
tarsorum artictiU V\ T\ 3"'*''"^ nigri; 4"". 5>'"^''\ferrvginei:
proalce, metalccque croceo inquinatce, marginibus fvscis.
(Long. Corp. 1| unc. ; Alar, dilat. 2 unc.)

Sirex nigricornis. Fab. Ent. Sysl. Tom. II. p. 126.

In order to save trouble and avoid repetition, I have given
the whole of the generic and specific characters in Latin, and
each under a single head. A single specimen of the splendid
insect described has been taken in Essex on the blossom of a
Dahlia, and transmitted to me by my friend Christy : the
colour of the twelfth segment and of the femora, besides three
additional joints in the antennas, distinguish it from iS. Juvencus.

Class. — Neuroptera.
Natural Order. — Perlites, ined.
Genus. — Isogenus.'' Newman.

Sexuum amborum alis pariter repandis, pariterque abdominem
tegentibus ; telo setis dxiabus instructo. Ea descriptione Perla,
Mc e Nemoura distinguebis : mox fusloremconatus.

Perla . . . Geoffroy Latreille.
Phryganea . Linnceus.

I so. nubecula. Proalce sordidcs hyalince, nubecula costali
ultra medium fused.

Body dark brown ; head and prothorax with a longitudinal ochreous
line ; fore-wings hyaline, slightly tinged with brown and having
a little oval cloud of a darker brown colour on the costal margin
situated about one-third of the distance from the tip towards the
body : hind-wings beautifully hyaline, legs pale brown. (Length
^ inch. ; breadth 1^ inch.)

This insect is abundant in the neighbourhood of running
waters in Herefordshire, Worcestershire, Nottinghamshire, &c.
and is the favourite food of trout and grayling. 1 cannot find
that any author has described or named it.

* \ffos par, yivos sexus.

416 ENTOMOLOGICAL NOTES.

Natural Order. — LibellulitEs, ined.
Genus. — Libellula. Linnceus.

Libel, praenubila. Alee omnes hyal'ince, nebulis chiahus cos-
tarn attingentibus ; metalce prceterea prope has'in, lahe
magna, fusco-nigrd, ornatce.

Head brown with two yellow spots behind the eyes ; body brown
with five or six yellow spots more or less distinct on the sides, the
hinder segments much broader and less pilose than in L. 4:-macu-
lata : to the stigma of the fore-wings is attached a rich brown
cloud which frequently extends across the wing to the opposite
margin ; near the centre of the costal margin is another cloud of
the same colour surrounding the spot which it possesses in com-
mon with L. A-maculata ; this cloud, however, does not extend
across the wing to the lower margin : from this central cloud to the
body the wing is beautifully stained with saffron colour : in these
particulars the hind-wings perfectly agree, but have besides a
large triangular dark brow-n blotch at their base as in Z. A-macu-
lafa : the legs are black and spiny. (Length 2 inch. ; breadth
3 inch.)

Taken by my friends H. and E. Doubleday at Epping ; it
appears in abundance about a fortnight before L. 4<-7naculata,
from which it differs in habit, flying over fields and about
hedges, and never frequents water except for the purpose of
laying its eggs, whereas L. 4^-?)iaci{lata confines its flight to
the vicinity of ponds and waters. It has been considered as a
variety by Vanderlinden and other authors, but the want of
pilosity is a constant character ; and this, together with the dif-
ferent habit, and beautiful though varied markings of the wings,
I must consider entitles it to rank as a distinct species, more
particularly as the difference between it and L. 4-}naculata is
most decided in specimens which have recently been trans-
formed, and cannot therefore be the effect of age or detrition,

(To be C07itinued.)

417

Art. XLVIII. — Notice of Entomological Works.

1. Enlomologisches Archiv. Heransgegeben von Dr.
TIteodor Thon. Erster iind Ziveiter Band. Mit Kiipfer-
tofeln. Jena, 1827— 1830.— These archives have but Httle
original matter : they are principally useful in giving reviews
of, and copious extracts from, other entomological works. In
one number there is an interesting Monograph of the genus
Simulia, with figures. Our limits will not permit us to enter
into any details.

2. E. F. Germar. Fauna Insectorum Eiiropce. Halce
sumtibus C. A. RUmmelii.

S. Deutschlands Insecten heransgegeben von Dr. G. W. F.
Panzer — -fortgesetzt von Dr. G. A. W. Herrich Schaeffer, 8fc.
— Both these works are continuations of Panzer. The first,
which was formerly directed by Ahrens, contains twenty-five
plates in each fascicle ; of the second, there are about six
numbers published, each containing twenty-four plates, — in the
execution of the figures it is inferior to tlie first.

4. Die Wanzenartigen Insecten. Erster Band. Drittes
Heft. ViertesHeft. 1832—1833.

5. Die Arachnideti. Erster Band. Zweites Heft. Drittes
Heft. 1832. Getrell nach der Natitr abgebildet und bes-
chrieben von D. Carl. Wilh. Hahn. Mit seeks fein ausge-
malten Tafeln. Niirnberg. — The latter numbers of these
two useful little works are quite equal to the former in point of
execution and interest. In the third number of the Hemiptera
are figured : 1. Myrmus miriformis, Coreus miriformis of
Fallen. In the same plate is figured an insect which is consi-
dered only a variety of the preceding ; it appears to be quite a
distinct species, and to be identical with Lygcsus micropterus,
Burrell. 2. Two species of Op/d/ialmicus ; the type of the
genus is Cimex grylloides of Linnaeus. 3. and 4. Arma
and Jalla, two genera separated from Pentatoma; the types
of which are Cimex bidens and C. dumosa of Linnaeus.
5. Rhynarius, a genus very abundant both in number and
species ; we are surprised to see no more figured ; its type is
Cimex sylvestris, Linn. 6. Two new genera, Halticus and

NO. IV. VOL. I. 3 H

418 NOTICE OF ENTOMOLOGICAL WORKS.

Alius; their types, Cicada aptera, Linn., and hygcBUS jndi-
carkis, Fallen. Both these names are ill-chosen, too much
resembling Altica and Atta; besides Attiis is employed by
some authors for a genus of spiders. In the fourth number
are figured species of jdElia, Capsus, Bei'ytus, Pachymerus,
Lopvs, and Lygiis. The second number of the Arachniden
contains figures of one species of Alygale, two of Eresns, and
twelve of Thoinisiis ; amongst them, T. cilreus, one of the
most beautiful of the British spiders. In the third number,
two species of Thomisus, and seventeen ofSalticus, are figured;
most of them are inhabitants of Great Britain.

6. Iconographie, Sfc. des CoUopteres d' Europe ; par
M. Le Comte Dejean, et M. Docteur J. A. Boisduval. Tome
troisieme. 3""". et 4™^. Livraisons. — We have just received
two numbers of this work, containing figures of fifty-two
species of the extensive group Feronia, which has been
divided into many natural genera.

7. Iconographie du Regne Animal de M. le B'". Cainer,
par M. F. E. Guerin. 29°". Livraison. — This admirable
work proceeds with unabated spirit. The present number has
only two plates belonging to our department of Zoology ; one
of Crustacea, representing the genera Nephrojjs, Aslacus,
Eryon, and Callianassa ; the other of Coleoptera, Curculio-
nidce, with figures of Bruchus, Rhcebus, Anthribus, Attelabus,
Rhinotia, Eiirhinns, Bretitus, Ceocephalus, Ulocerus, and
Cylas.

8. Monographie des Celoines, et Genres voisins, formant,
dans les Families Naturelles de LatreiUe, la division des
Scarabees Melitophiles ; par M. H. Gory, et M. A. Perche-
ron. ^^ Livraison, I8l)3. — This, which we think ought
rather to have been called a digraph, promises to be a useful
work. It has been considerably delayed by the late events in
France. We wish that all authors would show as much
modesty as these do, in declining to publish new species
named after them. In the Introduction there is a short account
of the history and anatomy of the family ; we then have a
synoptic table of the genera. They are divided into three
sections, which are called: 1. Trichides ; 2. Cetonides;

NOTICE OF ENTOMOLOGICAL WORKS, 419

3. Gymnelides. The new genera established are, Strepsi-
pher, Dlplognatha,\ Amp/iitoros, Dicheros, Ichnestoma,
Teh-agonos, and Lomaptera. We are glad to see that the
authors give the derivations of these genera, a custom but sel-
dom followed in this country. There is, besides, a diagnostic
table of the species, giving a short description (comprising
generally from one to two lines) of each species. We think
this an excellent plan, as it often enables collectors to identify
their species without wasting their time in wading through
several volumes. We observe, that the lately-commenced
practice of writing the names of persons to whom the species
are dedicated, in the nominative case, is followed here. "We
thus have species named Driimmond, Brou, Hardwick, Hope,
Germar, Brown, Cminingham, Desmarest, Dahnan, Swain-
son, Macqiiart, Children, Petit, Barthtlemy , King, &c. &c.
Of this we do not approve ; it is decidedly at variance with all
established laws of science.

This number is accompanied with seven plates, uncoloured,
delineating all the genera, and the anatomy of Cetonia.

9. The Nomenclature of British Insects, by James Francis
Stephens, F. L. and Z.S. Second Edition. — It is with much
pleasure we find there has been a sufficient sale of this work to
require the publication of a second edition. It is our duty
rather to point out in v.'hat particulars this impression differs
from the first than to notice it as an original work. The first
remarkable difference is the numbering of the genera and
species after Mr. Curtis's plan ; and this is of great importance;
but in our opinion the numbers ought to have corresponded
exactly with those of the author's Systematic Catalogue, and
new genera should have retained the number of the genus
which immediately preceded each, and a letter might have
been affixed to distinguish such genera. This is not an
imaginary evil ; for instance, we have often marked on little
round pieces of writing-paper the numbers of the genus and
species in Mr. Stephens's Systematic Catalogue, thus : S. 531. 1.
a number which may now either mean Euplecttis Kirbii or
Anax Imperator ; and, as we happen to have many insects
marked in this way, much inconvenience will result. The
second alteration is in the introduction of synonymes ; this is
a great improvement. The third alteration is the introduction

420 NOTICE OF ENTOMOLOGCAL WORKS.

of a number of foreign Ichneumones ; of this we entirely dis-
approve. The fourth alteration is in the printing of the genera
in capital letters ; this is too obvious an improvement for us to
comment on. The present work only extends as far as the
Ichneumones ; the remainder is to be published in the autumn.

10. Index Entomologicus , Sj-c, by W. Wood, F. R. S., Sfc,
No. I. — This is a pretty work, though any thing but what its
name implies; disheartening, however, though the title cer-
tainly is, the work will be found a delightful one by all who
take pleasure in the accuracy of pictorial design. The first
number contains coloured figures of all the British butterflies ;
some of them, particularly Lathonia, Atalanta, Cardt/i,
Galathea, and Semele, are to the life ; all the others are good.
The accuracy of the figures is the sole merit of the work ; the
arrangement is confused and jumbled in a strange manner ;
the names mis-spelt, as Gompeteryx for Gotiepteryx, Asis for
Acis, Acteon {ox Act ce on, &c. &c.; and the letter- press so like
Miss Jermyn's, that, did not Mr. Wood omit to notice that
lady's work in toto, we should have almost been inclined to
suppose he had borrowed a hint or two from it. For instance :

Miss Jermyn. Mu. Wood.

Napi. Green-veined White. Gardens, Napi. Green-veined White. Gardens,

Woods, and Thickets ; middle of Woods, and Thickets ; May to

May; beginning of June. July.

Cardamines. Orange tip. Woods and Cardamines. Orange tip. Woods and

Lanes, Helmington, Suffolk; Dart- Lanes ; Suffolk and Devonshire; end

moor, Devonshire ; end of May. of May.

Atalanta. RedAdmiral. Woods, Hedges Atalanta. Red Admiral. Woods, &c. ;

and Gardens, neighbourhood of Dart- Devonshire; June and July.

moor, Devonshire ; Spring ; middle

of July ; beginning of August.

Hyperanthus. Ringlet. Woods, neigh- Hyperanthus. Ringlet. Woods; Devon-

bourhood of Dartmoor, Devonshire ; shire ; end of June.

end of June.

Now Mr. Wood could not have taken a shilling ride out of
London, in any direction, without seeing all these butterflies ;
and it is very singular he should have hit on the only habitat
and time which Miss Jermyn gives, — particularly as Miss
Jermyn's times of appearance, as well as localities, happen fre-
quently to be very far from correct. Mr. Wood's known
science protects him from the charge of plagiarism !

421

Art. XL IX. — Varielies.

43. Preservation of Crustacea, (Vid. ante, p. 312) —
Sir, I with pleasure attend to the request made in the last
number of the Entomological Magazine, and send you a brief
account of the mode I have hitherto practised in preserving
Crustacea ; but without presuming that it is better than other
methods which are described in Taxidermy, or the several
manuals on preserving generally which have been published by
Mr. Bullock, Mr. Swainson, Mr. Samouelle, or Captain Brown.
When collecting Crustacea I provide myself with a wide-
mouthed bottle, or small jar, half filled with a mixture of
equal quantities of spirit of wine and water; into this mixture
the living specimens are plunged ; and when the vessel is full
and corked down the whole contents will bear carriage without
injury. To dry specimens for the cabinet, when at home, it is
only necessary with those of small size to fix them on the
setting-board, separating and pinning out the parts of the
tail, legs, antennae, &c., and exposing them to a current of air.
With larger specimens, of the size of prawns or crawfish, the
body should be separated from the tail, and the soft parts from
the inside of each half picked out from the orifice. Roll up a
small piece of writing paper to a size rather less than that of
the body of the specimen, and about half its whole length ;
spread a thin coat of gum dissolved in water over one-half of
this cylinder of paper, and pass it into the body, the paper
tube unfolds sufficiently to bring it in contact with the shell
all round ; gum the outer half, and upon that slide the tail,
putting a small portion of gum on the outer circular edge of
the tail to fix it in its natural situation inside the edge of the
body. Fix the whole to the corked board by a pin through
the body, setting out the tail, &c., and in a few days it may be
removed to the cabinet without danger of separation or frac-
ture. Crabs of two inches diameter and upwards should have
the lower portion carefully detached from the upper shell, and
all the soft parts removed from the inside of both, replacing
and refixing the two parts by gum at all the points of contact.
The advantages of the previous soaking in the spirit mixture

•1'22 VAKIETIES.

appear to be various. The specimens are more portable in
bottles or jars, and are less liable to fracture than when dried
on the coast. When required for the cabinet, no moisture or
other inconvenience arises from saline matter. The soft parts
left within the shell being saturated with spirit dry up with
little unpleasant smell and no decomposition. The mem-
branous parts are preserved and rendered tough.

Very small and delicate specimens may be conveniently pre-
served and examined in the long narrow test-tubes used by
chemists, a small quantity of the spirit mixture before men-
tioned being added to each, and separating the specimens by a
small slice of a phial cork. Five or six examples may be thus
packed in a tube of as many inches. By wrapping up each
specimen in a small piece of linen cloth, and tying it round
with thread before placing it in the bottle or jar, the most
delicate fish may be conveyed any distance without injury to
the scales or fins. The same precaution would insure addi-
tional security with rare specimens of Crustacea.

I am, Sir, yours, &c.

William Yarrell.

Ryder Slreef, St. James's.

44. Habit of Microsetia ruficapiiella. — Sir, It has no
doubt been observed by many, that in autumn the leaves of
the rose-tree, on their upper surfaces, are very often marked
in various directions with broad brown lines, having a narrow
black one running down the middle. This curious appearance
is caused by the small caterpillar of a minute moth {Microsetia^
Steph.) which feeds inside the leaf. When full grown, the
caterpillar is nearly two lines long, of a yellow orange colour,
with a brown mark down the back, the head very flat, and
sharp, and light chocolate. In this little caterpillar, the pec-
toral legs, instead of being pointed and corneous, as in other
Lepidopterous larvae, are soft and fleshy, gradually narrowing
from the base to the apex, which is truncate and broad. It
has likewise the power of drawing them entirely within itself,
which it invariably does every time it raises the fore part of
its body, drawing them in and pushing them out in regular
succession, beginning with the third pair, or those farthest
from the head. Their peculiar conformation, also, enables it

VARIETIES. 423

to support itself, and walk on these alone, with the rest of its
body elevated perpendicularly. The caterpillar is very plump,
and this formation of the legs enables it to take up less room
in the leaf; for, notwithstanding its size, it eats only half the
thickness of the pulp, and, until it is full grown, they are never
entirely pushed out ; for, when taken from its mine before this
time, they cannot at first be distinguished.

The brown mark on the leaf is caused by the epidermis
drying, from the insect having eaten the parenchyma, or sub-
stance of the leaf beneath ; — the black one by its egesta,
which, during its young state, entirely stop up the mine.
I first observed this insect in our garden the beginning of
last October, when it was very abundant, particularly on a
large standard tree, which had almost every leaf mined by one
or more of these caterpillars; for several often mine in one
leaf, frequently crossing their own paths and those of others.
When full grown, which is about the 24th October, it eats out
of the leaf, and crawls down the branches and stem, until it
has found a convenient place to fix its cocoon. This is the only
time when it finds it necessary to make use of its legs, which
seldom exceeds an hour, sometimes less. After having found
a suitable place, which is generally about the spines and off-
sets of the branches, it begins to form its cocoon, by stretching
out its body and attaching a thread to the branch ; it then
crosses its body to the other side, and there fastens it. By
proceeding thus on all sides, keeping the hinder part of the
body fixed, it forms the upper part of the cocoon, or that
exposed to the weather, which is convex, and generally cir-
cular ; the under part is oblong, shaped to hold the pupa, and
much smaller than the upper, which projects considerably
beyond it on all sides. At one end the threads are not inter-
woven, and leave a space through which the pupa can force a
passage. This remarkable cocoon is very flat, and at first of
a pure white, which is changed by the first shower of rain to
light orange ; it afterwards becomes of a deep brown, so nearly
resembling the bark of the rose-tree as only to be distinguished
by a practised eye. This change takes place very rapidly.
When kept dry, the cocoon remained perfectly white, and pro-
duced the moth at the usual time, as well as one which had
been immersed in water for twenty-four hours. The pupa is
light brown, of an oval shape, about a line long, and half that

424 VARIETIES.

in breadth. Those kept during the winter, at the temperature
of 60" Fahrenheit, produced perfect insects on the 20th April,
those in the open air about three weeks later. The moth is
the Red-headed Pigmy, Tinea riificapitella of Haworth.^ The
upper wings are gold-coloured, with the apex purple ; the
head ferruginous : the expansion of the wings 2^ lines.
I am. Sir, yours, &c.

Evan Webster Lewis.

20, Queen Street, King's Road, Chelsea,
SOfhMay, 1833.

45. Defence of Mr. WestwoocVs Conduct, (Vid. ante,
p. 260.) — Sir, I am sorry my last communication should have
been so negligently expressed as to have drawn from you
observations creditable to your liberal feeling, but I apprehend
less than fair towards a fellow-labourer. I did not contemplate
the covert allusion you have supposed, having no reason to attri-
bute to Mr. Westwood a knowledge of the intimated identity
of the doubly-named groups ; indeed, I consider that gentle-
man's zeal in the cultivation of science a guarantee against his
knowingly encumbering our already teeming nomenclature
with discarded names. Individually I was interested in few
of the cases alluded to, and entertained no idea of property in
mere indications. It is unfortunate that in the present state of
system the introduction of such is unavoidable in a general
classified catalogue, as those of Curtis and Stephens : in these
instances, however, the resulting inconvenience may be obvi-
ated (to the entomologists of the metropolis) by a direct refer-
ence to collections which the liberality of their possessors has
made almost public. In other cases the publication of detached
indications is a fertile source of confusion ; it so often happens
they are suffered by their sponsors to remain barely such,
whether from indolence, alien occupation, or the want of an
appropriate channel for descriptive essays. This last difficulty
being now happily removed by the liberal management of
your magazine {esto <perpetua /), it is to be hoped that all such
pledges will in future be speedily redeemed.

Yours, &c.

A. H. Haliday.

Dnhl'in, May 6th.

" Lep. Brit. p. 586.

ENTOMOLOGICAL MAGAZINE.

OCTOBER, 1833.

Art. L. Observations on Blight. By Rusticus,
of Godalming.

[Epistle V. and last.]

Who has not noticed the white-thorn hedges stripped of
their leaves, and the twigs matted together with a web ? and
who has not heard the appearance attributed to east-wind and
to bhght ? The bhght is nothing more than the caterpillar of
a small moth, which lays its eggs on the twigs the year before.
When these eggs first burst the shell, the little caterpillars,
which come out of them, spin themselves a nice silken house,
taking care to enclose two or three leaves ; as soon as these
leaves are devoured, for which purpose they are inclosed, the
house is enlarged, and made to include other leaves ; these, in
turn, are devoured, and others inclosed, till a mass of web is
formed as big as one's hand. These masses are often so
abundant as to touch one another; and the whole hedge
looks as though it were dead, not a leaf being visible. The
caterpillar is a little blue-black fellow, with a row of jet-black
spots down each side ; and when you hunt him out of his web,
he wriggles away backwards and drops, spinning a thread as he
falls, by which he hangs with all the ease of a spider ; but
there is this difference, the caterpillar spins his thread from his
mouth, the spider from his tail. When full fed, the caterpillars
fasten themselves by their hind legs to a part of their web,
and, hanging with the head downwards, turn into chrysalises,
— I have often found dozens hanging together in a line like
rabbits on a pole. At the end of June the moth appears : it
is a pretty little creature, having wings of a leaden ground-

NO. v. VOL. I. 3 I

426 OBSERVATIONS ON BLIGHT.

colour, with jet-black spots, but varies, some specimens having
a pure white ground.'' Last year our hedges about Farncomb
were swarming with them.

A larger moth, with a yellow tail and snow-white body and
wings, is also very destructive to white-thorn hedges ; but its
proceedings have already been so accurately told, that I will
not repeat them. This moth is appropriately called the
"yellow-tail."'' A kind very similar in its ways to the little
ermine-moth inhabits the oaks, and sometimes in such swarms
as to consume every leaf, and encase all the twigs in a conti-
nuous web for hundreds of acres : I have noticed this
in Surrey and Sussex on three occasions, and once in part of
Shropshire and Herefordshire. In the July of 1831 the
oak-woods about Downton, the residence of Mr. Knight, the
celebrated horticulturist, were as completely bare as on
Christmas-day, and had a most unnatural appearance; the
season was rather late, and the moth was then in the chrysalis,
as I ascertained by climbing up some of the trees and shaking
down whole showers of them. Early in the year the cater-
pillars may be seen, when the sun is warm, hanging by their
little threads from all parts of almost every oak-tree, swinging
to and fro with the least breath of air, like a lot of pendulums,
each varying in time according to the length of its thread,
which acts as the rod, and each occasionally giving itself a
twirl like a slack-rope dancer, in the overflowing joy and
happiness of its little heart. Each turns to a black chrysalis ;
and in ten days afterwards to a beautiful — yes, exceedingly
beautiful, pea-green, bell-shaped little moth,*^ but too common
to be valued for its beauty. When the moth is on the wing the
oaks again clothe themselves with all the fresh green of spring,
and the woods once more throw off their wintry looks.

The Lackey-moth,'* another web-maker, is a great nuisance
in our gardens, though but little known in our woods and
forests. Our apple and pear-trees in this neighbourhood are
webbed by it every year ; the eggs are glued together into a
ring round a twig, and if the twig be cut off, and the eggs
killed by steeping in strong brine, may be kept for years with-
out injury; in a natural state they hatch in May, and begin

" Yponomeuta padella. — Ed. ^ Porthesia chrysorrhcea. — Ed.

•^ Tnrlrix vhidana.—T^n. '' Cli.iioranipa ncnsfrhi. — Ed.

OBSERVATIONS ON BLIGHT. 427

spinning their web at once ; in this they live till their second
change of skin; after which they wander from each other,
straggling all over the tree ; — they now no longer spin, but
each plies away at a separate leaf as hard as he can. The
caterpillar, when full fed, is very beautiful, being striped
lengthwise down the back with blue, red, black, and white.
It spins a loose, oblong cocoon, about three-quarters of an inch
long, which is covered inside and out with a golden dust, just
like the pollen of flowers. These cocoons may be found every
July, stuck against palings, walls, trunks of trees, on leaves,
&c., in the most conspicuous situations ; and the greater part
of the chrysalises which they contain becomes the prey of the
sparrow and the tom-tit.

In all these cases it is very difficult to suggest any remedy ;
but Nature has means of her own ; the effects of which we
may witness every day, though we must ever remain in igno-
rance of the acting causes ; thus, after a year in which either
of these insects may have abounded in hosts like locusts, so as
almost to strip from Earth's face her beauteous veil of green,
the following year not one of the kind has been seen, and the
breed is barely continued by some pair of straggling indivi-
duals, to swarm again at the appointed time : but, though we
cannot deal effectually and certainly with these insect-wasters,
yet a good deal may be done by a little care, especially in
gardens ; — smoke, made by burning weeds at the time a moth
is laying eggs, drives it away, and thus affords a local cure ;
the webs also, by a careful gardener, may be picked off and
burnt when the caterpillars are young and clustered together;
and thus, in gardens, the vegetation may be completely saved.

The jumping weevil,'' which I alluded to in my last as in-
festing the beech-trees, is a very impotent enemy; it attacks
the leaves just as they are preparing to open, and, whilst still
unfolded, di"ills little holes through them, so that when fully
open they look as though they had been shot at. The elm
feeds another beetle of the same tribe, but of a brown colour,
spotted with black ; it is often called the elm-flea, from its
being a most excellent leaper. These leaf-eating beetles are
scarcely worth notice, as an injury ; but there are other beetles,
scarcely bigger than these, whose visit to a tree is death, —

'^ Oixlicstcs Fagi, — Ed.

i28 OBSERVATIONS ON BLIGHT.

certain and inevitable death ;— and I have been sorry to observe,
whilst staying a few days in London, that its increase, parti-
cularly among elm-trees, is so rapid, that in thirty years' time,
if its devastations continue, there will not be an elm left stand-
ing any where round the metropolis. In Kensington Gardens,
Hyde Park, and St. James's Park, the elms are beginning to
feel its power, but to the south of the city its ravages are
frightful. In Greenwich Park the noblest trees are dying
every year, and Camberwell Grove has nearly ceased to be a
grove. The beetle^ is brownish black, and in shape something
like the great dung-chafer," but is not more than an eighth of
an inch in length ; the females may be seen flying round the
stems of the finest elm-trees in the sun-shine, like little bees.
Where this is once seen the tree may as well be cut down,
and the timber saved, for in two years the tree will be dead,
and the timber good for little or nothing. Each female beetle
bores a hole through the bark directly to the solid wood, and
there deposits a cluster of from twenty to forty eggs ; these
hatch, and become little white maggots, which, by common
consent, diverge like rays from the centre of a circle, and feed
on the bark just where it touches the solid wood ; guided by a
singular instinct, they never cross each other's tracks, but go
straight forward, without turning right or left ; thus all con-
nexion between the bark and the wood of the tree is destroyed,
and their mutual offices lost to each ; — the death of the tree is
the sure and natural consequence. When each maggot has
gnawed himself a gully about three inches long, he stops,
turns to a chrysalis, then to a beetle, then gnaws a straight
hole through the bark, comes out, and flies away in quest of a
partner. The fir has a beetle very similar, peculiar to itself;
it is quite black, rather longer, and much narrower.'^

Now, as these little rogues breed by millions in a tree
which they have once attacked, and much prefer them to fresh
vigorous trees, I would recommend all owners of such pro-
perty to cut down any tree directly he perceives, by the round
shot-holes in the bark, that the attack has been commenced ;
convert the timber and burn the bark : this done in winter,
when all are quietly housed in the bark, and no stragglers are

' Scolytus destructor. — Ed. s Geotrupes sfercorarius. — Ed.

^ Hylurgus piniperda. — Ed.

OBSERVATIONS ON BLIGHT. 429

flying about for their recreation, would so thoroughly check
their increase, that in a few years the insect would scarcely be
known ; and this might be effected without the destruction of
a single tree, but those on which the beetles had already past
their irrevocable sentence of death.

Here end my Observations on Blight; and now a word or
two on things in general. I have more than once seen posted
on a placard, at a shop window, " No connexion with the
concern next door." I am compelled to take a hint from
these worthies, and stick up, as a notice, " No connexion
with the Rusticus of the Colloquia." 1 don't know that that
Rusticus, or rather that adumbration of Rusticus, is made to
say one word that is not strictly true ; but this I know, that I
cannot relate such things as an eye-witness, because I have
never set foot on the soil of Africa, Switzerland, Germany, or
Russia ; and the Rusticus of the Colloquia appears perfectly
familiar with all those countries. You will see I attach some
importance to this matter, because on the veracity of my com-
munications their sole value must depend ; and were I once
detected launching my pen into the sea of romance, that
veracity might justly be called in question ; after this explana-
tion, your readers will be kind enough to draw a line between
what Rusticus says for himself and what others say for him ;
and, with this understanding, I assure you no one will read
the Colloquia with more pleasure than myself.

In the second place, a correspondent of yours, at p. 363,
has, I perceive, given me a hint about what I said at p. ^20,
touching the antennae of insects, for which I thank your cor-
respondent, for it gives me an opportunity of requesting you to
correct a printer's error ; for compilations read compilation —
you will see by the text one compilation only is referred to —
pray put this in your bltinderata. After thus duly thanking
your correspondent for the kind and tender interest he seems
to take in my writings, I should be acting rather unfairly
towards your correspondent, if I were not to do a little in the
same way for him ; one good turn, you know, deserves another;
and, as I suppose we are on a level in the matter of name-
ology, each having adopted a rural designation, we can the
more freely discuss these little matters, each sheltering himself
from the amicable weapons of the other under his own tempo-
rary shield. I will, therefore, in a brotherly manner, recom-

430 OBSERVATIONS ON BLIGHT.

mend your correspondent, before he puts pen to paper, to
consider whether he has anything to write about or not ; and
should he find that he is only writing for the sake of seeing
his assumed name in print, I would advise him to wait till he
has a worthier object ; perhaps it is my excessive dulness, but
for the life of me I can't make out what he means, it is for
all the world like a young walnut — all bitter husk; yet his
reader is always buoyed up by reference or promise ; he

" Never is, but always to be blest."

Your correspondent has no present tense ; the burden of his
song is ever the same, of the all he has done, or the all he is
going to do. Now I don't say that your correspondent makes
too much of his labours ; the all he has done I dare say is
stupendous! folios and quartos innumerable! the all he is
going to do, incredible! there must be quite a stir in the
manufactories of paper, steel-pens, and ink, in consequence of
his announcements. I do not pretend to say your corre-
spondent overrates his labours, but I wish to remind him that
this crabbed ill-natured world never takes a man at his own
valuation ; 'tis very perplexing, sour, ill-judged, and stupid of
the world, I own; but in reply to all our boastings, the old
lady sticks her arms a-kimbo, and laughs in our faces, allow-
ing us to trumpet away as much as we please, and delight
ourselves with sounds of our own making. I know your cor-
respondent will take my remarks in good part, as I do his.
" Nous devons de la reconnoissance a tons ceux que nous
disent nos verites."

Thirdly. I have observed that Mr. Loudon, Vol. VI.
p. 261, has given you a most friendly jog of the elbow about
the line which is left blank between each of your " Varieties:"
— " widely enough detached as to typography,'' says Mr.
Loudon, thereby implying, — oh, the facetious fellow ! — that we,
your readers, are entitled to have letter-press instead of a
blank space : he is very right in thus insisting on a reader's
having as much as possible for his money, and 1 recommend
you forthwith to adopt the course he points out of printing
close. Mr. Loudon's remark, at first reading, perhaps appears
a little too pungent; but editors are sad hands at screwing
their readers out of a little bit wherever they can ; even Mr.
Loudon himself has slipped, quite unintentionally, no doubt,

OBSERVATIONS ON BLIGHT. 431

into a little error of the same kind : liis first number of the
Magazine of Natural History contains 44 pages of small type,
equal to 66 pages of large, and 41 wood cuts; the number of
pages of small type have decreased to no?ie at oil, and of wood
cuts to 13, which makes a diiference to the subscriber of about
22 pages of letter-press and 28 wood cuts in each number.
Every body must see at once that this has happened merely
from some oversight, for Mr. Loudon has been so overwhelmed
with communications that he has seriously considered of the
necessity of publishing the Magazine monthly. This little
alteration in Mr. Loudon's plan makes no difference whatever
in his excessive kindness in pointing out your little pecca-
dilloes, a kindness which I hope you will allow me the use of
your pages thus to return ; my age entitles me to act as a kind
of Mentor to both of you; and you well know that " plus les
instituteurs aiment leurs eleves, plus ils sont attentifs a les
reprendre de leur fautes."

You will think that I have become very talkative, but the
truth is I do love a bit of gossip, and it will be a long time
before I have another opportunity : your Fire-fly will ever have
my best wishes ; in the words of your worthy and classical cor-
respondent, Mr. Haliday, Esto perpetual I don't know
how it is, but the farewell seems to stick in my throat, or
rather on my pen, — I have contracted a kind of friendship for
your readers which makes it hard to say — farewell; so I'll skip
it. Inclosed is a packet of memoranda on all manner of
subjects — the other end of the trip to the Isle of Wight that
Loudon published part of — something about wire-worms, and
crane-flies, and summer-birds, and tortoises, and bees, and
ants, — a rare medley; you may pick out what you like and
put in the Fire-fly, when crack-jaw runs short with you ; there
are also a good many pen-and-ink sketches illustrative of the
subjects.

Towards the end of 1834, Rusticus may be again in England ;
and, if his name has not passed from the memory of your
readers, he may perhaps once more address you; but that
time is too far a-head of us to make much calculation about
it now.

Interia classem velis aptare jubebat
Anchises, fieret vento mora ne qua ferenti.

Yours, &c. Rusticus.

London, 2d Jul i/, 1833.

432

Art. LI. — Entomological Sapphics. By Rusticus,
of Godalming.

[Note. — The MS. alluded to by our correspondent in the
preceding article is headed " Log, l3th May, 1801." We
intended on receiving the " Log" to have published it as it
stood, making such few alterations as might appear absolutely
necessary ; but we find it will be more convenient to arrange
the matter a little, and dele some occasional detail which might
not be thought altogether adapted to our pages ; we must
therefore give editorial headings and notes occasionally, and
omit those of the author : such editorial additions will be en-
closed in brackets. The dates of the following Sapphics
are very various, extending from 1812 to 1832. — Ed.]

[No. I. — The Butterfly. Translated from the Persian.']

Late as I wandered o'er a verdant meadow,
Hairy and loathsome creatures were devouring
Every leaf that tempted with its greenness,
Or by its fragrance.

Great was their toiling, earnest their contention.
Piercing their hunger, savage their dissension,
Selfish their striving, hideous their bearing,
Noisome their figure.

Next day* I wandered to the verdant meadow,
Each worm was spinning for himself a mantle,
It was his grave-shroud, and I watched him closely
Wrap it around him.

Once more I wandered by the verdant meadow.
Each worm was bursting from his long confinement.
Each one was spreading to the sun's bright beaming
Quivering pinions.

Hued like a rainbow, sparkling as a dew-drop,
Glitt'ring as gold, and lively as a swallow.
Each left his grave-shroud, and in rapture winged him
Up to the heavens.

Oh then shall man, on earth condemned to trouble.
Toilsome existence, warfare with his kindred,
Build for himself his last cold habitation,

Doomed to remain there ?

» " On the morrow" in the Persian, — it would not Sapphicise.

ENTOMOLOGICAL SAPPHICS. "hoo

No ! like these creatures, trouble, toil, and prison,
Chequer his pathway to a bright hereafter,
When he shall mount him to the happy regions,
Made to receive him.

[No. II. — The Firefly. Translated from the Arabic.']

After the sun has sunk into the ocean
Thou dost awaken from thy daylight slumber ;
Night is the season for thy lamp to glisten,
It is thy day-time.

So will I leave to those who love his scorching.
Day's ardent ruler, and when night approaches,
Offer my homage to the moon's pale glances,

And the sea perfume.''

[No. III. — The Cicada. Traiislated fromthe Greelt of Anacreon.]

Happy Cicada, perched on lofty branches
Deep in the forest, cheerful as a monarch,
Tasting the dew-drops, making all the mountains
Echo thy chirping —

Thine is each treasure that the earth produces ;
Thine is the freshness of each field and forest ;
Thine are the fruits, and thine are all the flowers
Balmy spring scatters.

Husbandmen fondly doat upon thy friendship,
Knowing thee guiltless of a thought to harm them ;
Thee mortals honour, sweet and tuneful songster,
Prophet of summer.

Thee, all the muses hail a kindred being ;
Thee, great Apollo owns a dear companion ;
Oh, it was he who gave that note of gladness,
Wearisome, never.

Song-skilful, earth-born, mirth and music-loving,
Fairy-like being, free from age and suff'ring,
Passionless, and pure from this earth's defilement,
Almost a spirit.

[No. IV. — The Cicada. Translated from the Greek.']

Drunk with the dew-drop, perched on twig so lofty.
Noisy Cicada, o'er the wild waste sounding.
Saw-like the feet which to thy side thou pressest.
Drawing sweet music.

'' The breeze from the Red Sea blows nightly inland, and is loaded witli the
scent of musk, roses, and a variety of spices. — Ed.
NO. V. VOL. I. OK

434 FALLACY OF THE SEPTENARY SYSTEM

Try then, my beauty, tune another measure,
Pan shall return thy labours with an echo ;
Here, 'neath the plane-tree, all my love forgetting.
Woo me to slumber.

■[No. V. — The Cicada. Translated from the Greek J]

Wandering once, I saw a spider weaving
Lithesome c his meshes, and a poor Cicada,
Struggling captive in the filmy network.

Chirped for his freedom.

Quickly I hastened to the child, song-loving ;
Quickly I loosed him from the fearful durance ;
" Fly, then," said I, " with liberty I pay thee

" For thy sweet music."

Art. LI I. — Exposure of the Fallacy of the Septenary
System in Natural History.

Sir, — Little did I imagine that I should ever again enter
the field of disputation in matters of physical relation ; but
extraordinary circumstances demand extraordinary exertions ;
and unwilling as I feel to appear again before the public —
unaccustomed as I am now to wield the pen, a voice seems to
summon me from my retirement, and to demand of me one
final effort before that pen has sunk for ever into disuse and
its master into oblivion. It has been my object, during a
longer period than most writers can boast of enjoying the
public ear, to expose error, to promote truth, and to drive
from natural science fiction and theory. How great has been
my joy to observe the decline and the dying struggles of the
Quinary system, and at length to have witnessed its existence
becoming a matter of history, and being merely remembered
as a joke against those who had the shallowness and credulity
to listen to it; but how great has been my sorrow to see
another apparition, more potent than the first, arise Phoenix-
like from its ashes, and blaze with a brightness that almost
made truth itself look dim.

That such should be the case in this country, I am not at

* " With pliant feet" in the Greek, which would make too many feet of it.

IN NATURAL HISTORY. 435

all surprised, when I reflect (and how melancholy is that re-
flection!) that whilst on the continent naturalists are engaged
in a constant search after, and a careful examination of, facts,
whilst they are diligently adding to our knowledge of animals,
both as relates to their structure and economy, nothing attracts
attention in this country but theory ; and wild indeed must be
that theory which does not obtain numerous followers amongst
our would-be philosophers.

I doubt not but that this will be disagreeable to most of
your contributors, for I find amongst all of them, from the
leading ones who write purely original papers, to the minor fry
who only venture to criticise or to abridge, the same cant about
natural genera, although the artificial nature of such combina-
tions has been fully pointed out by Dr. Fleming, in his admi-
rable Philosophy of Zoology, Vol. II. p. 140, where he proves
that natural genera, as they are called, are in reality artificial
combinations, which is proved by the genus Lepus being
reckoned a most natural genus, whilst the two last known
species, the hare and the rabbit, are, as he clearly points out,
more nearly allied, the former to the horse, the latter to the
fox, than they are to one another.

The mention of Dr. Fleming s name naturally calls to our
mind the Dichotomous system, the only one that can be con-
sidered to be at all conclusive and of any service to the lover
of nature. The ridicule that has been attempted to be thrown
on this system, and the approving nod that Mr. Newman has
given to that attack, induce me here just to shew that the
Dichotomous system is founded on nature, and that it is free
from all the inconvenience and confusion which even the
staunchest advocates of the Quinarian, Trinarian, or Sep-
tenary systems allow to exist in their favourites.

If we take a considerable number of species and carefully
examine them, we shall find that one portion of them has
some character in common which is wanting in the rest ; thus
aflbrding us a positive and a negative character. Thus in
insects we have the Mandibulata and Haustdlata, in Crus-
tacea, the Gymnohranches and Cryptobranches of Lamarck
(an author to whom I refer with regret, from the infidel ten-
dency of his doctrines). A similar dichotomy is admitted by
Lamarck in the AracJmida, namely, into Arachnides palpistes,
tubiferes, and Arachnides palpistes and tenaillcs, to say

436 FALLACY OF THE SEPTENARY SYSTEM

nothing of his first division of his Arachnides into antennistes
and jidlpistes. These divisions appear to me to be all of
equal value, at least to those of Haustellata and Mandihulata,
which MacLeay puts as two separate circles, whilst he places
the Crustacea all in one. Proceeding lower down in the
scale of divisions, we find excellent dichotomies in Coleoptera
and Dermaptera, Hemiptera and Homoptera, Trichoptera
and Neiiroptera ; but Mr. Newman, very conveniently for his
theory, says that these six orders are but three. To descend
still lower, let us take MacLeay's group Adephaga, and we
find it will divide as follows : —

r Hydradephaga .... Legs inserted in large pectoral plates.

1 ( Gyrinid^ Fore legs long, antennae short.

1 ( Dytiscid.;e Fore legs not long, antenna; not short.

^ Geodephaga.

r Fore legs not notched.

' S CiciNDELAD/E . . . Jaws, wlth the claw jointed.

^ I Carabid^ Jaws, with the claw not jointed.

^ ■ Fore legs notched.

y ScARiTEsiD^ . . . Abdomen pedunculate.

\ . . . Abdomen not pedunculate.

( Brachinid/E . . Elytra truncate.
f Harpalid.e . . Elytra not truncate.
These last divided into
^ Harpalini . . Palpi not pointed.
i Bembidiina . Palpi pointed.

If here is not enough to prove to any one the conclusive nature
of the Dichotomous system, his intellects must be most obtuse
or most strangely bewildered by some favourite theory. Let
any one who with an unprejudiced mind has compared the
long tedious characters of genera or families, given by the
modern schools, with the clear, simple, and intelligible defini-
tions resulting from the dichotomous method, — let such a person
say how infinitely superior the latter method is. I defy Mr.
Newman to point out any arrangement of the group which I
have explained above, which equals, for clearness, truth, and
utility, the one which I have given. As to circular systems,
have we not already had three different numbers proposed by
different writers, each of whom maintains the cause of his
favourite number as the only true one? First stepped for-
ward Mr. MacLeay (and I much regret that the first of these

IN NATURAL HISTORY. 437

wild theorists should be a Scotchman), maintaining that all
groups in nature were resolvable into five smaller ones, or that
if there appeared to be more or less than that number it arose
from our ignorance of the true nature of that group.

Mr. Vigors next took it up, and attempted to apply quina-
rianism to birds ; but here he utterly failed, though I
cannot join with Mr. Newman in considering that failure as a
proof of the truth of his system, but, on the contrary, am
induced to look upon Dr. Fleming's arrangement as the only
perfect one. Soon after Mr. Newman proclaimed his number
seven to be the only natural and scriptural one ; but more of
him hereafter. I must first say a few words to the champion
of number three, Mr. Swainson, undoubtedly an excellent
naturalist, but grievously led away by theory.

I wish to ask him in what way he would divide Mammalia,
reptiles, fishes, or the annulose animals, each into three equal
groups ; how, in particular, he would divide insects ; what his
three main divisions in that group would consist of; and then
the divisions into which each of these are resolvable.

Now, to return to Mr. Newman's book; notwithstanding
the extensive circulation and great consideration into which it
has risen, owing to the morbid propensity of our present race
of naturalists to run after wild and vague theories and to
desert truth, I firmly believe that it would have been better for
the cause of true science that it should have been burnt by the
hands of the common hangman.

After asserting that MacLeay is right as to the circular
arrangement of groups, the author says that he is still in want
of some number to allot them by, and then jumps at the con-
clusion that seven is the right and scriptural one ; a main
reason for thinking so, being, that Cuvier formerly divided
animals into seven groups, but had subsequently renounced
that number for four. Another reason is that he can find
amongst Mammalia, Aves, or Insects, no possible way of
making eight equal groups out of them ; but here let me ask,
are there no such orders, or, as he very properly wishes them
to be called, classes, as Dermaptera, Strepsiptera, Hymen-
optera ? Again, are there but six groups of equal rank to
Vertebrata, whilst he allows forty-nine of equal rank to Mam-
malia? Let the author answer these questions if he can.

The remarks Mr. Newman makes about the distinction

438 FALLACY OF THE SEPTENARY SYSTEM.

between Haustellata and Mandibulata, instead of proving the
incorrectness of that division, merely serve to shevi^ the author
allows himself to be led away by an ignis fatuus of his
brain, which blinds his perception of the true method of scien-
tific arrangement so apparent in this dichotomy.

To make out his favourite number seven, this author (whose
youth may, perhaps, be pleaded a little in excuse for his zeal
for innovation) forces at one time two groups into one, at
another he divides groups which even the leader of this school
of innovations left untouched ; witness, for an example of the
first, his putting the Homoptera and Hemiptera into one
group, and especially his reuniting the Trichoptera to the
Neuroptera, the distinctions between which your correspon-
dent, Clericus, has so well pointed out ; for an example of the
second, we need only refer to his separating the Egeriadce,
Zygcenadce, and GlaucopisidcB from the Lepidoptera Crepus-
cularia ; thereby making the Sphinxidce^ a group of equal
importance with the whole genus Papilio of Linnaeus.

The erroneous nature of Mr. Newman's theory shews itself
most plainly in these smaller groups ; for instance, instead of
two groups, as there are in fact in the G. Pajnlio of Linnaeus,
namely, Pajnlioyiidce and Hesperiadce , he must, in some way
which he does not point out, make seven families ; in the Lep.
Crepuscularia ten, for out of the Sjj/n?ixidce he will have to
make seven ; and though he has in the Bofubt/xidce made out
his full number, it is only by putting in two groups of insects,
belonging one to the Lep. Crepuscularia, the other to the
Noctuadcs. Thus are those who neglect the clear light of the
Dichotomous system leading us into a labyrinth from which, if
we proceed further, we shall be unable to extricate ourselves.

Although I have much to say on this subject, I shall not
trouble you any further at present with observations on a
system which I hope to see soon fall into oblivion ; because,
from the tone of all your correspondents, with one or two ex-
ceptions, I well know that such truths as mine will not be at
all agreeable. I cannot, however, conclude without observing,
that I consider this essay to be the production of a young man
whose abilities, when ripened by age and experience, will shed

* I doubt not but that some of your readers may sneer at the terminations of
the names of these groups; but, when I have Dr. Fleming for my guide, I fear
not that I shall be found erring.

NOTES ON THE HABITS OF INSECTS. 439

lustre on his country, and that the fame it has earned tlie
author is, in a great degree, merited by the lucid and forcible
manner in which he has exposed some of the absurdities of
system-makers; but, alas! such fame is little worth, when it
only lends to blind us to our own imperfections.

Yours, D.D.

Art. LIII. — Notes on the Habits of Insects. — By Delta.

Before leaving my garden, I will just point out to such of
your readers as are fond of having long rows of species in
their drawers, a method by which they may succeed in cap-
turing many species not always to be found in cabinets ; but
unless they live in the country, have a garden and a hot-bed
therein, all I am about to say will be but of little use to them.
Nevertheless, for the benefit of those who may be in a similar
situation to myself, allow me to say, that if they lay a flat
piece of old board on the dung in front of the frame, first
sprinkling a little water on the bed, if very dry, they will, on
turning it over a few days after, when the sun is full on it, find
many insects adhering to the under-side, amongst them some
rather rare.

Besides Scydmcenus tarsatus, S. JiirticoUis, S. collaris,
S. pusillus, Euplectus Karstenii, and Reichenbachii, which
come to prey on the minute Thysanoura, which mostly swarm
in such a situation, I have met with the following insects :

Sphaeridium Daltoni, Trich. minuta, and 2 Rhyzophagus rufus,

Agathidium ferrugineum, apparently new sp. Monotonia picipes,

Clambus Armadillus, Latridius cai-inatus, pallida,

Orthoperus punctum, elongatus, angustata,

Trichopteryx atomaria, Cryptophagus, several sp. Abraeus minutus ;

minima, Mycetaea fumata,

and innumerable Cercya and Brachelytra, whose names I
could not enumerate.

Mycetcea fumata, Mr. Stephens says, is very rare. I
should rather say, that it is one of the commonest of insects,
having been found in profusion in old posts, out-buildings,
and in cellars, where it often attacks the corks of bottles.

The Scydmceni are very carnivorous ; they take a small

440 NOTI-S ON THE HABITS OF INSECTS.

Podura, or one of the Acari, in their jaws, and walk about
slowly, whilst devouring it: this, no doubt, is a harmony of
nature, St. Pierre having long ago said, that what he meant
by the harmony of nature was well illustrated by a wolf eating
a lamb.

A better exemplification of this aristocratical kind of har-
mony is afforded us by the genus Dioctria, which preys on
those ruthless destroyers, the Ichneumonidce ; at least, 1 have
never found the common dark-winged species, D. celandica,
feeding on any but an Ichneumonidce, (that, I am told, is the
newest London phraseology) an Apidce, a Carah'ida, &c.,
though I have seen dozens feeding on insects of this family.

About eighteen miles from us is the pleasant little village of
Walton, which is fast becoming a fashionable place of resort
for us North-Essexians ; — a sweet spot it is, too, for any one
who loves Nature, — for one who is willing to contemplate, in
its clifTs, the remains of a former race of animals ; for, when a
high tide washes away parts of them, it often lays bare large
bones, immense multitudes of fossil shells, &c. The botanist,
too, may find many a rare plant on the shore, and in the
marshes; amongst which I will only mention one, Peucada-
num officinale, discovered here by my friend, J. Grubb.
The ornithologist may find pleasure in hstening to the plaintive
note of the ring-plover, the harsh scream of the tern, or the
hoarse croak of the cormorant; — he may watch the dunlins,
the purple sandpipers, the sanderlings, coursing along the
sands, or skimming lightly over the water ; and if he does not,
whilst walking along the shore on a calm summer's morn,
when the sun is just rising above the sea, and when no sound
is heard save the gentle murmuring of the waves and the notes
of the sea-birds, — if in such an hour he does not feel the
calmness of the scene —

" Steal to his heart, and make all summer there," —

he is altogether unworthy to be called by the name of man.

But all this is quite away from my subject; but, I am given
to wandering; and, Mr. Editor, if you do not check me, by
leaving out, now and then, such parts of my letters as are not
entomological, you will have me writing to you, not letters on
the habits of insects, but letters de omjiibus rebus et quibus-
dam aliis.

NOTES ON THE HABITS OF INSECTS. 441

To return to entomology : — In the marshes a small black
Leiodes is found on the ears of Triticum repetis, wherever
it is attacked by a disease similar to what in wheat is termed
the smut. I have never had an opportunity of making out
its habits and history fully, therefore I can only conjecture,
that, like its near neighbour in systematic catalogues, Phala-
crus, it feeds on the small fungilli which cause that disease.
Under the weeds by the sides of the ditches, especially under
the spreading branches of Atriplex partulaccoides, innume-
rable Coleoptera shelter themselves ; amongst which are
Ophojius pubescens and Pogonus chalceus in profusion ;
Ophonus obsciirus, &c. ; Amara atra, eurynota, &c. ; HaV'
pains suhccendeus, dentatus, confims, &c. ; Curtonotns
convexiusculus, Broscus cephaloles, Lopha nigra, &c. ; Sim-
plocaria semi-striata, Scijmnus, several species, amongst
which I have two apparently nondescripts.

On the flowers, by the sides of the sea-walls, may be found
Pachyta livida; and an EristaUs, of which I know not the
trivial name, and which I do not remember to have seen in
any London cabinet I have visited.

Setina irroreUa is very common at a place called Stone
Point, about four miles from the village. I have also found it
at Mercey Island, and believe it to be common along all this
part of the coast ; but Stone Point is its head quarters. I have
taken thirty or forty specimens, as fast as I could pin them ;
and my friend, J. Grubb, informs me, that about five years
back he saw, literally, hundreds lying dead on the ground, or
impaled on the blades of grass, and Psamma mariiima ; how
they came into the latter situation, I cannot imagine; but
there they were, by the dozen. They fly very early, from
three to six in the morning, but may be found sitting on the
blades of grass. The males appear a few days earlier than the
females.

Lasiocampa casirensis, and Agrotis cespUis, have also
been found here ; the former, in the larva state, on Artemisia
maritima.

I was much surprised to find, in Stephens's valuable work,
so erroneous a description of the larva of Nonagria lyphce^
as the following: "Caterpillar green, spotted with black,
with a palish lateral line." I had seen, perhaps, a hundred
larvae, and never one with the least shade of green. To be

NO. V. VOL. I. S L

442 NOTES ON THE HABITS OF INSECTS.

certain of the fact, I went this year to a pond, where Typha
latifolia abounds ; it was the first week in June ; — a few of •
the buh-ushes had the inner leaves yellowish and faded. On
opening these, 1 found the larvae of a whitish colour, like those
of Agrotis ; they are long, slender, with a corneous brown plate
on the lii'othoraxi^ and a paler dorsal and lateral line, of a
somewhat transparent appearance. By the middle of July
they had become thicker, and more of a brown hue. They
evidently do not subsist each on one plant, but having de-
voured the pith of the flower-stalk, and the base of the youngest
leaves, they quit that plant for another, eating, I believe,
downwards. When full grown, they spin a web in the upper
part of the stem, intermingling with the silk a large proportion
of the fibres of the bulrush, which they have gnawed oW,
always undergoing their metamorphosis head downward.
They remain about three or four weeks in the pupa; the
imago may sometimes be found amongst the plants on which
the larvae have fed.

Sparganium erectum is attacked by a smaller moth,^ of
which I send you specimens in all the stages of larva, pupa,
and imago. The larva above is of a lightish brown, with a
paler dorsal line, beneath whitish; on the prothorax is a
broad corneous plate ; the telum is singularly flattened, with
two or three stiffish hairs at the extremity. There are also a
few scattered hairs on some of the other segments. The pupa
is pale-brown, elongate, with a furcate horn above the eyes,
and a small protuberance behind them. Around the middle
of each of the lower segments, commencing with the octoon,
is a row of small spines pointing downwards, — something
resembling that in the xylophagous Lepidoptera. The whole
appearance of the pupa reminds us of those of some Tipidcc.

In habit, this moth resembles A'om. TyphcE ; but the larva
appears not to visit more than one plant. The pupa has the
head upwards.

I am yours, most truly,

A.

" For tlie meaning of these terms, your reader will be kind enough to refer to
Mr. Newman's highly useful paper on Osteolony, at p. 394 ; before the publication
of which it was next to an impossibility to give an intelligible description of a
larva. — A.

^ Orthulaniu nervosa. — Ed.

443

Art. L I V. — The Learned Fleas.

Juvat imbribus actis
Progeniem parvam revisere — Vikgil.

Compelled to shelter from a shower,

We whiled away a pleasant hour,

Revisiting the learned fleas. H. D.

Courteous Reader, — It is a pleasant thing to see iuunan
intellect soaring triumphantly over every obstacle and com-
manding applause. It is a pleasant thing to hear a philoso-
pher lecturing of the motions of worlds, or the combinations
of atoms, on the taming of elephants, or the breaking-in of
fleas. Large and small are terms without a meaning. Size
has no existence. Comparison is the only measure. Is our
philosophy intelligible? are we understood? Yes; we know
we are understood.

Fleas have lately obtained an unusual share of notice.
M. Dugcs supplied them with wings and antennae ; Mr. New-
man denies their claim to eyes ; and Messrs. Curtis and West-
wood give them hard names : but greater honours than these
were in store for them ; and our friend in Regent-street,^ —
worthy man, — has taught them habits of civilized life, and
sh6wn them to be exceedingly docile, if not rational, creatures;
we find, however, that their merits are still but little known
to the w^orld, and we hasten to record them.

In the exhibition-room is a large elevated table, covered
with green cloth ; on this are several small tables, say six or
eight inches square, and these are covered with white paper,
and are the stages on which the Messrs. Flea perform ; and
now, courteous reader, we will conclude this introduction of
our subject, by introducing thee to the great master of the
fleas, and allow him to explain the exhibition in his own way.

*' This, you see, ladies, is a mail-coach; it is made just like
a mail coach in every part ; take this glass and examine it ;
you will observe the wheels are perfect, and every part ; there
are four passengers inside; the horses are fleas, all harnessed
with silk harness, and all buckled on its proper place; the
coachman is a flea, with a whip, and the guard is also a flea,
with a silver tin-horn, which he puts to his mouth every now

* No. 238, opposite Hanover-street.

444 THE LEARNED FLEAS.

and then and blows. — Use this glass, Sir. — Go on [to the
fleas] — the coachman cracks his whip, and the guard blows
his horn. You may see him put it to his mouth, but the
sound is so small that you cannot hear it, — there, you see, he
drives as straight as a mail-coachman.

" This is a gig, with a lady and gentleman, drawn by a
single flea, — go on. This is a figure of a elephant, with a
castle on its back, and a good many men in it, drawn by
a single flea ; this is a very great weight for one flea — go on ;
— it shews what great strength it possess. There is Welling-
ton,— go on, you are sulky, — Blucher, and Napoleon, the
three heroes of Waterloo, mounted on fleas ; the figures are
of paper, and are all very like ; the Duke of Welhngton is
perfect likeness.

" There are two fleas settling a dispute of honour after the
ancient method ; each flea is covered with armour and pro-
vided with a lance — go on ; — there, you see them spear one
another — they do not hurt each other much. There is a flea
with a blue petticoat on, he is drawing up a bucket of water
out of a well; the chain and the bucket is gold; if you watch,
you will see the bucket come up out of the well. This is a
treadmill, in which the fleas are broke in, and cured of leaping;
when the flea leaps, he knocks his head against the top, and
he does not like that ; there is one in now, when he moves —
there ! you see it go round.

" This is a ball-room : it is the top of a musical snuff-box ;
this raised part is the orchestra; there are twenty-one fleas,
musicians — seven violins, one violoncello, three French-horns,
two bassoons, two key-bugles, four clarionets, one octave, and
one harp — all the instruments of music are of gold ; round the
room are a great number of fleas, ladies and gentlemen, on
chairs ; there are two fleas, lady and a gentleman, flirting ; and
there is an old lady in spectacles reading the Times news-
paper ; in the middle are some ladies and gentlemen waiting
for the music, to begin waltzing ; directly the music begins,
the musicians will all play their music, and the dancers begin
dancing ; there, now I will touch the key ; there, you see, —
take the glass. Miss, and look at the violin-players." " Oh,
do look, ma ! they're all fiddling" "Yes, and the waltzers are
twirling round and round. I have heard many young ladies
say they wish they could waltz so well. Take the glass,

TRANSACTIONS OF THE LINN.EAN SOCIETY. 445

Mr. D. Now the tune is almost done, and they will all
stop ; they do not move one moment longer than the music
lasts : — there, they are all stopped. In the other part of the
room is something more to be seen."

We accordingly went to the other end of the room, where
were several perfect fleas, their larvae, eggs, &c., under very
tolerable glasses ; the larvae are long, apod, white worms, and
struck us as being very like those so common in decaying
cheese; some years back we should have added — Musca
putris ; but, alas ! the insect has had so many names that we
have no idea now which is the right one, we will therefore call
it the cheese-fly. The figures of the larva of the flea, in
Roesel, are very accurate.

The fleas, in this exhibition, certainly are made to perform
a great proportion of the feats which their proprietor describes,
but we must not send our readers to Regent-street with the
impression that these operations are the result of docility and
education entirely. In those fleas which draw the mail-coach,
gig, &c., we observed, that the cause of their exertion was, an
attempt to retreat from the light, and that they invariably
travelled towards the dark side of the room, and were as inva-
riably taken back to the light and performed the same journey
over again: several of the other operations, we conceive,
would be much more easily traced to the restless activity, than
the sagacity, of the fleas ; but, even after making due allow-
ance for this, there will be found sufficient of the amusing in
the exhibition to repay the visitor for the admittance-fee,
particularly if, like ourself, he be overtaken by a hasty shower
and have half an hour to spare. H. D.

Art. LV. — Transactions of the Linncean Society, Vol. XVI.
Part III.

Page 471. Notice of several recent Discoveries in the
Structure and Economy of Spiders. By John Blackmail,
Esq., F.L.S. — This is a paper of much interest. The author,
in the first place, details the mode in which Cluhiona utrox
constructs its web. The fabrication of a flocculus, or com-
pound thread, is highly curious : on the abdominal side of the

446 TRANSACTIONS OF THE LINNiEAN SOCIETY.

first tarsal joint of the hind leg are two parallel rows of spines,
moveable at the* pleasure of the animal : the spines in the
upper row are considerably curved, and taper to a point ; those
of the lower row are stronger, more closely set, and less
curved; the spider presses its spinners against one of the
glossy lines, which are the main-stays of its snare, and,
emitting from them a small quantity of liquid gum, attaches
to it several fine threads ; the foot of one of the hind-legs is
then applied to the upper part of the first tarsal joint of the
other hind-leg, and the apparatus of spines is thus brought
immediately beneath the spinners, at a right angle with the
line of the abdomen ; the apparatus of spines, by a slight
motion of the leg, is forced backwards across the mammulcsj
the diverging extremities of which it touches in its transit ; the
operation is rapidly repeated, and the lines of the flocctdus
are produced, the spider making room for them by raising and
advancing its abdomen. Mr. Blackwall remarks that Mygale
avicularia, Drassus melanogaster, and Salticus scenicus,
have only two claws on each foot, and Epeira apoclisa eight.
Naturalists have generally supposed spiders invariably to have
but three. He further observes, that the nets of geometri-
cians are composed of three different kinds of silk ; and that
although nets lose their viscidity when exposed to the influence
of sun and weather, yet, when artificially protected from the
effects of these, they retain it almost unimpaired for many
months. With regard to the ecdysis of spiders, Mr. Black-
wall observes, that the thorax opens laterally, disuniting imme-
diately above the insertion of the mandibles and legs, not
from the centre, as Dr. Leach implies ; this line of separation
extends to the abdomen, which is next disengaged, the extri-
cation of the legs being the last and most difficult operation,
though facilitated, as Mr. Blackwall supposes, by. the spines
with which they are furnished : when the spider is quite free
from the slough, it remains for a short period in a state of
great exhaustion, suspended by a thread from the spinners,
connected with the interior part of the cast skin ; after being
perfectly quiescent for some time, in order that the new skin
may dry and consolidate in some degree, as well as, probably,
for the sake of repose, it attaches itself to the suspensory line
by its feet, and, climbing up, it returns to its retreat.

Page 487. — Remarks on the PulvilU of Insects, by John

TRANSACTIONS OF THE LINN^AN SOCIETY. 447

Blackwall, Esq., F. L. S. — The question of the structure of
the pulviUi of flies, though often agitated, can hardly yet be
considered satisfactorily settled. Mr. Blackwall, after enume-
rating various opinions pubhshed regarding it, has indeed
clearly disproved the of late generally received one of Dr.
Derham and Sir E. Home, that those parts act as suckers by
atmospheric pressure ; — for, on enclosing a house-fly in the
exhausted receiver of an air-pump, he found, that so long as its
vital powers were unimpaired, it was still able to traverse, not
only the sides, but the dome of that vessel. In the sentiment,
however, which he has himself adopted, or it may be in his
explanation of it, he does not appear equally happy. Like
Dr. Hooke, he sees the under surface of the pidvilli to be
covered with closely-set minute hairs, directed downwards ;
and he considers that insects are enabled to take hold of the
roughnesses, or irregularities of the surface of glass, by means
of these hairs, their difficulty in doing so increasing with the
goodness of the polish ; but he remarks, that Hooke was in
error in supposing the hairs to be pointed, for to him their
extremities seem somewhat enlarged; and if we understand
correctly Mr. Blackwall's reference to the preceding paper by
himself, he takes this dilated appearance of the ends to be
owing to each hair's being fringed by still finer hairs, which
form at its extremity a brush on its under surface. The mode
of adhesion he accounts to be strictly mechanical, not by the
aid of a glutinous secretion, and to depend in great measure
on the numerous points of contact presented ; — their " influ-
ence being from the tarsi outwards." But the manner in
which these points can operate in counteracting the force of
gravity is left unexplained ; and indeed we do not distinctly
comprehend the idea here intended to be conveyed. Perhaps
some light may be thrown on this obscure subject by intro-
ducing a notice of a few observations mostly made in 1825,
and recently repeated.

The appearance, under moderate magnifying power, of the
pulviUi of flies, is well known ; their shape, and other parti-
culars, differing according to the species, but maintaining a
general resemblance throughout the family. Through a good
achromatic microscope, each of the two similar parts, of which
they consist, is seen to spread out into a thin flat membrane,
more or less transparent, mostly furrowed on the upper

44'8 TRANSACTIONS OF THE LINNi^AN SOCIETY.

surface in delicate ridges, from the base to the margin, where
they terminate in hairs ; and these ridges are sometimes
crossed by others. In some species, the marginal hairs might
well be mistaken, with the less accurate instrument employed
by Sir E. Home, for a serrature; — they in reality form the
edge of that remarkable covering of the under surface which
has so much puzzled observers.

This covering is composed of pellucid elastic hairs, arranged
with beautiful regularity, which appear to have their insertion
along the ridges just mentioned ; all are inflected downwards,
and slope a little outwards ; and those near the sides of the
pulvillus are inclined also towards the margin, or project
beyond it; — each is nearly of an even thickness till near its
extremity, where it is bent suddenly into a knobbed or flat-
tened end. Hooke's comparison of them to the wire-teeth of a
card for working wool, was not an inapt one, except that all
their terminations, which he calls "tenters," are turned out-
wards from the tarsus.

The under side of the pulvilli, seen in a favourable light,
when these terminations show as a multitude of bright spots,
disposed at equal distances on a flat surface, is among the
most striking of microscopic objects. The length and distance
of the hairs is not always in proportion to the size of the fly :
— in the broad 'pulvillus, for example, of Sarcophagus carna-
rius, they are as close as in that of the house-fly, {Musca
dojnestica,) but their number is vastly greater in the larger
species. In Scatophaga stercoraria, the flat, transparent, and
apparently glandular ends, are very distinct.

To obtain a just idea of this apparatus, it should be viewed
in different positions, and by reflected, as well as by trans-
mitted light; — the creature should be living, and the linear
power employed from two hundred to five hundi-ed.

Flies use their pulvilli, or their claws, according to the
nature of the surface ; and often, when walking horizontally,
and on a soft substance, do not touch with either, but rest
entirely on other articulations of the tarsus. When they
adhere to polished glass, in a vertical position, they may be
seen, from the other side, to apply to it the bent extremities
of the hairs described. Those of nearly the whole pulvilU
will be employed when the insect is full of vigour, but some-
times, when exhausted, it will be suspended by those of a

TRANSACTIONS OF THE LINN^AN SOCIETY. 449

small portion only. The parts which touch commonly slide
very gradually over the surface, in the direction in which the
fly clings by them ; and when the foot is detached, a distinct
fluid trace will often be left by each individual hair. The
spotted pattern, thus left on the glass, seems of an oily character;
for, if breathed on, it remains after the condensed moisture is
evaporated.

A slight dewiness from the breath, or an oily film on the
glass, disables the fly fi'om climbing it, if vertical, but not from
traversing it when flat ; and the insect ascends dry glass with
ease immediately after having done so ; but on watching one
which seemed stationary on an upright piece, having just
walked over a greased surface, it could be seen to be very
slowly gliding down without any change in the relative position
of its limbs. We have not found that the cleanness, or high
polish of glass, causes any difficulty to flies in climbing.

The circumstances related imply, that it is not by the appli-
cation of extremely small points to invisible irregularities on
the surface of glass, that the pulvilli are attached, but by
simple adhesion of the enlarged ends of the hairs, assisted by
a fluid that is probably secreted there ; and we are therefore
induced to refer the effect to molecular attraction only — a
power difficult to estimate, but evidently great in some cases,
when an extremely thin flat surface is placed in contact with a
smooth body ; — and, in the present instance, the manner in
which the bent expanded ends of the congeries of elastic hairs
are applied, is particularly favourable for its exertion.

When a fly would increase the firmness of its hold, it con-
tracts its leg so as to draw the tarsi to a direction more nearly
parallel to the glass, thus bringing into contact the hairs of the
whole indvillus, and a larger portion of each hair. On the
other hand, the foot is detached by an outward and upward
impulse given to the tarsus; the tendency of which must be to
draw off" the ends of the hairs in rapid succession, beginning
with those next it. This act is, as we suspect, assisted by a
strong blunt bristle that projects from a tuft of hair between the
pulvilli, and has a motion independent of them ; and by the two
claws that spring from one base, and branch over on each side,
their ends touching the glass, and preserving the position of
the foot as the insect clings. We have seen a blue-bottle fly,
{Musca vomiioria,) when so confined as not to be able to apply

NO. V. VOL. I. o M

450 TRANSACTIONS OF THE LINN.EAX SOCIETY.

his effort in the right direction, wriggle his leg about for some
seconds before he could release an adhering portion of the
-pulv'dlus.

If we might suppose the supply of fluid at the end of each
hair to vary according to occasion, it would furnish an addi-
tional explanation of the adhesion and disengagement of
these extraordinary organs, as well as of their remarkable
freedom from dust and impurities while the insect is healthy ;
but we must not proceed further with conjecture.

Page 607. On the Paussidce, a family of Coleopterous
Insects. Bij Mr. J. O. Westwood, F.L.S.—Thxs, is a most
diffuse paper ; it is extended over seventy quarto pages : had
the essence of it been compressed into two or three pages of
this Magazine, it would have been useful as describing a few
new species, and in its place as being likely to be read by
technical entomologists. Mr. Westwood writes at great length
on the views of other authors, as to the affinities of Paussas,
none of which he seems to approve, but forgets the necessity
of adding something better or more definite of his own;
indeed, he appears to have been misled by Donovan into the
notion of connecting Paiissus and Cerapterus ; and his family,
Paussidce, in consequence, much resembles a " Refuge for
the Destitute," in which all manner of outlaws are collected
together; the characters, '^ antennce articuUs, 2 — 10," and
" Lahrum magnum'" for the family, with '' Lab rum minutum"
for one of its genera, will give the reader some idea of the
limits to which Mr. Westwood's family, Paussidce, is re-
stricted. We must say another word on this paper, a word
applicable alike to all the writings by the same author, viz.,
that we disapprove of the language of dictation which Mr.
Westwood employs : he never addresses his reader but as his
" student," and is continually referring his " student" to what
he has said in other places : now, the paper in question will
stand no chance of being read by any individual who is not
a tolerable entomologist; and no man likes to be called a
student : it is not at all inviting to the readers of scientific
works. Modesty is a jewel of inestimable value, and one
which almost invariably accompanies real merit. Let us refer
to the writings of Newton ; or, more recently, and more in our
own way, to those of the late illustrious Latreille. What
depth of research ! what capacity, what strength of mind !

BRITISH ENTOMOLOGY. 451

adorned with the purest, the sincerest, modesty. We have
still amongst us examples equally brilliant; philosophers
whose grey heads are as much loved for their meekness as
respected for their knowledge. Is there not such an one in
entomology ? is there not one placed on an eminence so far
above us that he might dictate to us all? but we see him
willing to learn of all, to bear with all, to yield to all ; the
mildest, most humble, most unassuming of men, clothed as it
were in a complete unconsciousness of his own superiority.
The fact is, that a sip of the waters of science intoxicates — a
deep draught sobers. The smatterer in learning wonders
that he knows so much ; the devoted student that he knows so
little. It is only when we have made some progress in the
paths of knowledge that we can form any just idea of their
extent. Man is somewhat like a drum, — the sound is a
symptom of its emptiness. When a man recounts his own
deeds, it is a sign that no one else thinks them worth recount-
ing : such a man's fame depends upon the length of his life ;
for after his tongue has ceased to move, and his hand to hold
the pen, no one will take enough interest in the theme to
renew it. These little observations may be trite, but they are
nevertheless wholesome, and we hope their introduction here
will not be taken amiss. Their application may be made by
each of us without risk of injury ; for who is there that can boast
of sufficient knowledge to authorize his disregard of modesty.

Akt. hNh— British Entomologij. Nos. \\.\ — \\6, By
John Curtis, F. L. S.

We never recollect addressing ourselves to a task which we
so heartily wished to avoid, as that on which we are now
about to enter ; nothing but the call of imperative duty could
induce us to undertake it. We have been angry, but we shall
not commit ourselves ; the first burst of indignation has passed
away, and in sorrow, in deep sorrow, do we ascend the tri-
bunal which we are compelled to occupy, and judge between
the offender and the offended.

452 BRITISH ENTOMOLOGY.

Most of our readers are already aware of the painful subject
to which we allude ; it is one of those unwarrantable attacks
of one author on another which, for years past, have occa-
sionally disgraced the paths of science, and, in this instance,
it appears under the peculiarly aggravated circumstances of
being unfounded in truth, and perpetrated at a time when
misfortune had entitled the subject of the attack to universal
sympathy.

Mr. Curtis has thought proper to publish, as an appendage
to a description of Cercojns, merely, as he says, because
" there is space for an observation or two," a charge against
Mr. Stephens, that, in the second edition of the Nomencla-
ture, he has " copied column after column from the Guide,"
*' adopted the plan of the Guide," and made the Nomencla-
ture " rather a second edition of the Guide than of the No-
menclature : " than the first and last of these charges, we never
met with more gratuitous or untenable assertions : we pro-
nounce this after having compared the two works word for
word. With regard to the plan, i. e. in the addition of con-
secutive numbers to the genera and species, and the adoption
of the mode of printing, Mr. Stephens has, we are aware,
imitated ; he could not have done otherwise ; but in what
manner this is an injury to Mr. Curtis, we defy human inge-
nuity to point out. Is it not the every-day custom to adopt
any new mode or fashion in the getting up of a book ? The
only portions of the two works which bear any similarity are
those in which the Iclineumonhlce occur, and the cause of the
similarity here is, not that either has copied from the other,
but that both have copied from another work, " Gravenhorst's
Ichneumonologia," and this surely can be no just cause of
complaint ; the right of copying a foreign work cannot be con-
fined to a single individual.

The cruel allusion to the affair with Rennie, — an affair which
■we consider reflects any thing but credit on the laws of this
country, is the most unfeeling of all, and betrays a spirit of
deep-rooted animosity and revenge which lowers our opinion
of our kind. We presumed that the circumstances under
which Mr. Stephens was placed had rendered him an object
of kindly feeling with all scientific men ; we imagined that
self-respect would have prevented a Briton from striking
anotlier in distress ; we supposed British honour would have

BRITISH ENTOMOLOGY. 453

revolted from such a deed ; we have, in fact, been deceiving
ourselves, — we have been leaning on a reed.

How strenuously, how enthusiastically, have we laboured
to eradicate the base and injurious party-spirit which has so
long pervaded the paths of science ; — and is this the fruit ? is
this the brotherly spirit we invoked ? is this the endeavour, of
which we urged the necessity, to forgive the past and to avoid
offence for the future ?

We see no termination to the mischief now a-foot : we see
that a fresh question may now, in self-defence, be agitated :
we see that Mr. Curtis's title to the copyright of this List may
be examined ; this attack is a fair challenge to the inquiry.
We fear that Mr. Curtis will find that he had better, far better,
have committed the whole copy of that tainted number to the
flames, than have ventured to risk it on the excited wave of
public opinion.

It is with pleasure we return from these observations to the
beautiful work before us ; for it is so much more gratifying to
applaud than to condemn, that we would fain always applaud.
In the present numbers, however, as a general observation,
we would say, that Mr. Curtis is too much inclined to yield
to the mania of the day for making genera and species, which
the wheel of science, in its rotation, must inevitably fling from
its circumference. Name-giving is one of the least important
parts of a work like this ; it were better to illustrate genera
and species already described, than venture on the intricate
task of making new ones.

The contents of the April number are, 1. Hesperia Actceon,
a new butterfly, for which we are indebted to that indefatigable
entomologist, Mr. Dale, whose important discoveries have
enriched almost every column of our list. Mr. Curtis's cha-
racter of the larva and pupa of the Hesperidce is scarcely
sufficient; we will improve it. " Larva elongate," attenuated
gradually towards either end ; " head large," porrected ; " six
pectoral, eight abdominal, and two anal, feet;"^ " pupa"
smooth, unangulated, head-case rounded, tail pointed, " en-
closed in a" slight loose " web," through which it is visible,
" or in leaves held together by threads," girted and attached
by the tail. 2. Callicerus Spencii, one of the Brachelytra.

^ The number and situation of feet is invariable in PafilionidcF.

454 BRITISH ENTOMOLOGY.

3. Molojthilus brevipennh-, in its hairy body and wings,
and in its tarsi, which are naturally more curved than repre-
sented in the plate, resembles some species of Cecidomijia ;
the prot/torax in the figure is rather too elongate. We wonder
Mr. Curtis does not allude to Dalman's genus, Chionea, which
beautifully connects Moloph'ilas with the Cecidomyice.

4. Asiraca pulchella is Cicada crassicornis of Creutzer.

5. Carahus exasperatus is C violaceiis, and totally distinct
from C. exasperatus, Duft., as may be seen by a glance at
Dejean's figure. 6. Ephyra jnctaria, one of the Geometrid(^.

7. Lasioglossum tricingulum is Halictus Xanthopus. 8. Issus
Coleoptratus , a beautiful variety ; an Hemipterous insect.

The contents of the June number are: — 1. Aspidiphortis
orhiculatus, a minute Coleopterous insect. 2. Cerapteryx
hibernicus is Chareas graminis. 3. VoluceUa injlata, a
Dipterous insect. Mr. Curtis has omitted to mention the
singular fact, that V. bombylans and V. inflata, although so
different in appearance, are but a single species. 4. Coranus
subapterus, a new genus of Hemiptera, allied to Reduvius.
5. Drypta emarginaia, one of the genera connecting the
Linnaean groups, Cicindela and Carahus. 6. Aglossa
Streatfeildii, one of the Pyralidce. 7. Gryllotalpa vidgaris,
the mole-cricket. Of the note of this insect, a word from

Dr. K ; not the Dr. Kidd to whom Mr. Curtis refers,

but Dr. K the field and forest lover — the observer of

living nature. Speaking of the fern-owl, he says : —

" I believe its very peculiar note is uttered sitting, and never on
the wing. I have seen it on a stack of turf, with its throat nearly
touching the turf, and its tail elevated ; and have heard it in that
situation utter its call, which resembles the birr of the mole-cricket,
an insect very abundant in this neighbourhood. I have almost been
induced to think this noise serves as a decoy to the male mole-
cricket, this being occasionally found in the craw of these birds when
shot. Those who may not be acquainted with the cry of the bird
or the insect, may imagine the noise of an auger boring oak, or any
hard wood, continued, and not broken off, as is the noise of the
auger from the constant changing of hands.'"'

8. Cladius pilicornis, one of the Tenthredinidcc. Is this
distinct from C. difformis ?

b Loudon's Mag. of Nat. Hist. Vol. V. p. f)03.

MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDUM. 455

The contents of the August number, are: — 1. Harpalns
riijiceps, an immature specimen of //. Hottentota of Sturm ;
to which species the H, jiifictiger oi Stephens is also referable.
2. Nonagria Vectis, one of the Noctuidce. A correspondent'" has
sent us Nonagria Typhce in all its stages. The larva is a most
singular one ; it is very elongate and slender, of a dirty brown
colour, longitudinally striped up the back and sides with
darker lines ;— it does not confine itself to an upright position,
as Duponchel observes, and Mr. Curtis repeats, but enters the
stem of the Tijpha, usually about eight inches above the water,
and continues to devour the central portion to the water's-edge ;
it then comes out, and attacks another and another. 3. Oryssus
coronatus. The description of this rare insect should have
been much more explicit, as its relation to Sirex, in a natural
arrangement, is a matter of great importance. Mr. Curtis has
dismissed the description of those segments which would
establish this, in the following words — " Thorax not larger
than the head." 5. Falagria thoracica, one of the Brache-
lijtra. 6. Adela Frischella. This is a bad plate ; too much
gilding and varnishing. 7. Mesochorus sericans, one of the
IchneumonklcB, and a beautifiul figure. 8. Pyrrhoceris
apterus, one of the Cimicida;. The description of this insect
is accompanied by some sensible observations on the probable
causes of the occasional swarming of peculiar species of
insects.

Art. l^Wl.—MonograpJda Chalcidum. By Francis
Walker, Esq. F.L.S.

( Continued from page 384.^

Genus X. Dicyclus,'' Walker.

Caput thorace latins : antennae 13-articulatae, clavatse; articulus ^'^
elongatus ; 2"^ elongato-cyathiformis ; 3"\ et 4"^ minimi ; 5"%
et sequentes ad 10"". fequales, breves ; clava elongata, articulis
9°. et 10". asqualis : mandibulae 4-dentat8e ; una arcuata, dentibus
acuminatis ; altera recta, dentibus fere obtusis : maxillae elongata^,
apicera versus interne in lobum productaj : palpi maxillares fili-
formes ; articulus 1"'. mediocris ; 2"'. paullo longior; 3"'. brevior;

"^ A. , " 5k l)is, kvkKos circulus.

456 MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDUM.

4"^ 2°. et 3°. aequalis, acuminatus : mentum elongato-ovatum :
labium antice latum, rotundatum : palpi labiales articulo 2°.
minuto : thorax brevis : prothoracis scutellum parvum : meso-
thoracis scutum magnum ; suturae laterales vix conspicuoe ;
epimera et paraptera majuscula ; scutellum ovatum, convexum,
mediocre : metathoracis scutellum parvum, canaliculatum : peti-
olus brevis : abdomen elongato-ovatum aut fere rotundum ; seg-
mentum 2""". maximum ; sequentia parva : pedes graciles ; tibias
rectae.

Sp. 1. Die. aeneus. Fern. Vlridi-cBneus, ante/mis nigro-

fuscis, pedibus rufis, alls hyalinis. (Alarum longitude,

1— U lin.)

August ; grass in fields ; near London. T have sometimes
found it wingless.

Sp. 2. Die. eirculus. Fern. /Eneo-vtridis , antennls nigro-
fuscis, jiedihus mfo-fuscis, alls suhfuscis. (Alarum longi-

tudo, 1 lin.)

September ; Isle of Wight.

Sp. 3. Die. fuscieornis. Mas. et Fem. Viridis mas aut
csneo-mridis fem., antennis fuscis, jjedibns rufis, fem.
femorihus csneis, alts suhfuscis mas aut fuscis fem.
(Alarum longitudo, | — 1 lin.)
September ; Isle of Wight.

Sp. 4. Die. tristis. Fem. ALneo-viridis, obscurus, abdo-
mine nitido, antennis nigris, pedibus rufis, alis subliyalinis.
(Alarum longitudo, 1^ lin.)
September ; Isle of Wight.

Sp. 5. Die. brevicornis. Fem. j^neo-viridis, abdomine
viridi, antennis nigris, p)^dibus rufis, alis fuscis. (Alarum
longitudo, 1 lin.)

August ; grass in fields ; near London.

Genus XI. Pachylarthrus,** Westwood.

Caput magnum, thorace latius : oculi mediocres : antennae 13-arti-
culatae, maris filiformes,/em. subclavatae ; articulus l''^ elongatus,

>> Since I published the characters of Cyrtogaster, Mr. Westwood has kindly
sent to me a description of the male of Cyrtogaster riifipes, under the name of
Pacliylariltrus tihidVis. Having dissected the mouth of the female only, I was

MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDUM. 457

longitudine fere triens ; 2"'. elongato-cyathiformis ; 3"'. et 4"'.
minimi ; 5"'. et sequentes ad 10"". sequales, latiores ; clava tri-
articulata, ovata, articulis 9°. et 10°. sequalis : mandibulas 4-den-
tatas, elongatae, validse, arcuatas ; dens basalis obtusa : maxillae
ovatae, antice in lobum elongatum productse externe pilosum ;
palpi maxillares 4-articulati, graciles ; articulus 1"°. mediocris ;
2"^ longior ; maris 3"% et 4"'. dilatati ; fem. 3"'. 2". brevior ; 4"'.
2°. asqualis, acuminatus : mentum ovatum : labium antice dila-
tatum, rotundatum : palpi labiales filiformes ; articulus 1"*.
elongatus ; 2"^ minutus ; 3"'. 1°. aequalis, apice acuminatus :
prothorax parvus : mesothoracis scutum mediocre ; suturae non
bene determinatae ; paraptera, epimera et scutellum magna :
metathoracis scutellum magnum, medio carinatum : petiolus
brevissimus : maris abdomen parvum, vix convexum, apice
latum ; segmenta subtus versus abdominis basin retracta ; 2"".
maximum, abdominis fere dimidium occupans ; sequentia mi-
nima : fem. abdomen ovatum, subtus carinatum, apice acumi-
natum ; oviductus in carinula ventrali receptus, segment! 3'.
apicem versus apparens, non ultra abdomen exertus : pedes
graciles ; tibi^ rectas.

Sp. 1. Pach. smaragdinus. Mas. Ci/aneo-viridis, antennis
rufis, pedibus fiav'is, femoribus posticis fusco-macidatis,
alts hyaUnis. (Alarum longitude, 3 lin.)

Phagonia smaragdina. — Curtis, Brit. Ent. 427.

Fem. ? — Cyanea, antennis nigris, femoribus cyaneis.
July ; on a currant-bush ; near London.

Sp. 2. Pach. flavicornis. Mas et Fem. Lcete viridis, an-
tennis maris rufis apice fuscis, fem. nigris, pedibus riijls,
femoribus fem. viridibus, alis fuscis. (Alarum longitudo,
11— 2 lin.)

not aware that the males of the above-mentioned genus have the tips of their

maxillary palpi incrassated. This is Mr. Westwood's description : —

" Viridis, palpis nigro-viridihus, tibiis tarsisque intennediis nigris. $ . (Long-.

corp. lin. |; expans. alar. 1|.)

Habitat prope Londinum. — In Mus. Lewis.

Caput thorax et abdomen viridia, aureo vix tincta, ilia punctatissima, hoc nitidum
basi depressum, longius quam in Pach. patellano : mandibulse ochreae apice
fuscae : palpi maxillares nigri cseruleo-viridi nitentes : antennae pedesque
obscure fulvescentes, tarsis anticis et posticis apice fuscis, pedum intermedi-
orum tibiis (nisi ad basin) tarsisque fusco-nigris : alae albae viridescentes,
nervis pallidis."
It is requisite to add to my character of Cyrtogaster — Maris palpi maxillares

apice incrassati.

NO. V. VOL. I. 3 N

458 MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDUM.

Phagonia flavicornis. Haliday. — Curtis, Brit. Ejit. 427.
June ; on ferns ; near London. Windsor. Hampshire.

Sp. 3. Pach. patellanus. Mas. Lcete viridis, antennis rufiSf
2)edibusjlavis, alts hyalinis. (Alarum longitudo, ^ — 1| lin.)
Diplolepis patellana . Dolman. Stock. Trajis. 1822.
Pachylarthrus insignis. Westivood. Lond. 8f Edifib. Phil.
Mag. §' Journ. of Science. Third
Series. No. II. p. 127.
August; grass in fields; near London. September; Isle
of Wight.

Genus XII. MiscogasteRj'^ Walker.
Caput mediocre : maris antennae 14-articulatae, filiformes, nonnun-
quam extrorsum crassiores, pubescentes ; articulus l"^ elongatus ;
2"^ brevis, rotundus ; 3"^ et 4"'. brevissimi ; 5"^ et 6 sequentes
elongatae, remotag, lineares ; clava triarticulata, apice acuminata,
articulo 11°. multo longior : /em. antennae 13-articulatae, sub-
clavatae aut clavatae; articulus 2''^ brevis, cyathiformis ; 5"'. et 5
sequentes asquales, lineares ; clava articulis 9°. et 10°. paullo
brevior : mandibulae 4-dentata3, elongatae, validae, arcuatae ; dens
basalis obtusa : maxillae ovatae, antice in lobum elongatum pro-
ductae, externe pilosae : palpi maxillares 4-articulati, filiformes ;
articulus 1"'. brevis ; 2"'. longior ; 3"*. 2°. longior ; 4"'. 3°. aequa-
lis, interne convexum et setosum : mentum breve, obconicum :
labium elongatum, convexum, antice paullo latius : palpi labiales
articulis 3; 1"'. apice latior ; 2"^ brevis; 3"^ 1°. longitudine
oequalis, angustior, apice setosus : prothorax non bene determi-
natus, antice capite obtectus, medio angustior : mesothoracis
scutum bene determinatum, suturae optime conspicuae ; paraptera
trigona, maxima ; scutellum bene determinatum, angustum ;
sternum magnum : metathoracis praescutum et scutum angusta ;
paraptera trigona, maxima ; scutellum optime determinatum,
medio canaliculatum ; postscutellum parvum : petiolus brevis,
crassus, punctatus : maris abdomen thoraci longitudine aequalis,
sublineare, depressum, medio vix concavum ; segmentum 2"".
maximum, abdominis triens ; 3""". 4"". et 5"". parva ; 6""". lon-
gius ; 7"". breve ; segmentis dorsalibus subtus basin versus
retractis ventralia, apice excepto, omnino abscondita : fern, abdo-
men breve, contractum, ovatum, supra et subtus convexum ;
segmenta 3"". et sequentia ad G"™. subsequalia ; 7""". minimum ;

' yUi'fTxo? petiolus, ya(TT)}p venter.

MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDUM. 459

scgmenta ventralia nonnulla versus abdominis apicem conspiciia ;
oviductus in cannula ventrali receptus, segmenti penultimi api-
cem versus apparens, non ultra abdomen exertus : pedes graciles,
subaequales ; tibiae rectse.

•i" Stigma magnum.^
Sp. 1. Misc. gibba. Fem. Viridis, antennis tiigris, clava
graciliore, pedibus ritfis, alls hyalinis. (Alarum longitude,
2 lin.)
June ; grass beneath trees ; near London.

Sp. 2. Misc. elegans. Mas et Fem. Viridis, ceneo varie-
gata, antennis nigris, clava graciliore, jJcdibus riifis, alis
subhyalinis. (Alarum longitudo, 2 — 21 lin.)
July; grass in fields; near London.

Sp. 3. Misc. rufipes. Mas et Fem. ^neo-viridis, antennis
nigris, fem. clava crassiore, pedibus rufo-fuscis, alis sub-
fuscis. (Alarum longitudo, 1| — 2 lin.)
August; grass in fields ; near London. September; Isle of

Wight.

Sp. 4. Misc. maculata. Mas et Fem. Viridi-cenea, an-
tennis nigris, fem. clava crassiore, pedibus rvfo-fuscis, alis
fuse-is. (Alarum longitudo, H — If lin.)
June ; grass in woods ; near London. September ; Isle of

Wight. May ; Southampton. New Lanark. Scotland.

Sp, 5. Misc. fuscipennis. Mas et Fem. ^nea, antennis
nigris, fem. extrorsum crassioribus, piedibus rufis, tarsis
fuscis, alis fascis, quam M. maculatas angustioribus.
(Alarum longitudo, 1 lin.)
June; grass in fields ; near London.

Sp. 6. Misc. notata. Mas. Viridis, prcecedenti gracilior,
ahdomine ceneo-viridi, antennis nigris, pedibus riifs, fusco
cingulatis, alis subfuscis. (Alarum longitudo, | — 1 lin.)
August ; grass in fields ; near London.

Sp. 7. Misc. obscura. Mas et Fem. Viridi-cenea, antennis
nigris, fem. clava crassiore, jjedibus rufis, femoribus viridi-

^ In the descriptions of the species of Decatoma, and of Var. 5. oi Megastigmus
dorsalis, Tp. 26 — 29, and 117,/or "stigma," read "jnacula,"and/or"productum,"
read " prodiicta,"

460 MONOGRAPIIIA CHALCIDUM.

ceneis, alls obscure fuscis. (Alarum longitude, 1| — 2|

lin.)

July ; grass beneath trees ; near London. September ;
Westmoreland.
Sp. 8. Misc. fuscipes. Mas. JEneo-viridis, cntennis nigris,

pedibus alisque fuscis. (Alarum longitudo, 1 1 lin.)

August ; grass in fields ; near London.

Sp. 9. Misc. obscuripennis. Mas et Fem. Viridis aut

ceneo-viridis, M. fuscipede graciUor, antennis nigris,

clava crassiore, pedibus alisque fuscis. (Alarum longitudo,

U-1^ lin.)

August ; grass in fields ; near London. September ; Isle
of Wight.
Sp. 10. Misc. antennata. Fem. y^neo-viridis, antennis

nigris, clava graciliore, ptedibus viridibus, alis subhyalinis.

(Alarum longitudo, 1| lin.)

July; grass in fields; near London.

Sp. IL Misc. maculipes. Fem. JEnea, antennis nigris,
clava crassiore, pedibus rufis, alis fuscis. (Alarum lon-
gitudo, 1| lin.)
September ; Isle of Wight.

Sp. 12. Misc. hortensis. Mas et Fem. Viridis, antennis
nigris, fem. clava crassiore, j^edibtis rufis, iarsis fuscis,
alis fuscis. (Alarum longitudo, 1—1 5 lin.)

Halticoptera hortensis. Curtis' s Guide, 118. 638. 7.

August; grass in fields ; near London. September ; Isle of

Wight; Westmoreland.

Sp. 13. Misc. lucida. Mas. Viridis aut cyaneo-viridis,
abdomine viridi-ceneo, antennis nigris, pedibus rufis, fusco
cingulatis, alis hyalinis. (Alarum longitudo, \\ — \\ lin.)
August; grass in fields; near London. September; Isle

of Wight.

Sp. 14. Misc. diffinis. Mas. Viridi-cenea, abdomine siib-
petiolato, antemiis nigris, clava crassiore, pedibus rufis,
fusco cingulatis, alis hyalinis. (Alarum longitudo, \\ — 1^
lin.
August; grass in fields; near London. New Lanark,

Scotland.

MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDUM. 4G1

-j-j" Stigma mediocre aut minimum.
Sp. 15. Misc. chrysochlora. Mas et Fern. Viridis, ceneo
variegata, antennis vigris, fem. clava graciUore, pecUhus
riijis, alls hyaUnis. (Alarum longitude, 'Zh — 3 lin.)
Halticoptera chrysochlora. Hcdiday. Curtis, Guide, 118.

6o'8. 1.
August, September ; on box-trees and thistles ; near London.
Westmoreland. Mr. Wailes has taken it near Newcastle.

Sp. 16. Misc. annularis. Mas et Fem. Viridis, cmtennis
nigris, fem. clava graciUore, pedihus rujis, tarsis ptosticis
fuscis, alls subJujalinis. (Alarum longitude, 2 lin.)

Halticoptera annularis. Curtis, Guide, 118. 638. 8.

September ; grass in fields ; near London ; Westmoreland.

Sp. 17. Misc. viridis. Mas et Fem. Viridis, antennis
nigris, fem. clava crassiore, pedihus rujis, fusco maculatis,
alis hyalinis, stigmate mediocri. (Alarum longitudo, \\ —
lilin.)
August; grass in fields; near London. September; Isle

of Wight.

Sp. 18. Misc. annulipes. IMas et Fem. j^meo-viridis, an-
tennis nigris, fem. clava crassiore, pedihus ruJis, fusco
cingulatis, alis suhfuscis mas, aut fuscis fem. (Alarum
longitudo, 1 lin.)
August; grass in woods; near London. September; Isle

of Wight.

Sp. 19. Misc. Scotica. Mas. Viridis, antennis nigris,
pedihus nigro-viridihus, alis fuscis. (Alarum longitudo,
I lin.)
New Lanark, Scotland.

Sp. 20. Misc. aenea. Mas. A^nea, antennis fuscis, pedihus
fusco-riifis, alis fuscis. Fqm. Cuprea, antennis nigris,

clava crassiore, ahdomine ceneo aut viridi, pedihus viridi-
fuscis. (Alarum longitudo, 1| — Ig lin.)

June ; grass beneath trees ; near London.

Sp. 21. ]\Iisc. tarsalis. Mas et Fem. Viridi-aut c?tpreo-
(cnea, antennis nigris, pedihus rufis, fusco-cingulatis, alis
suhhyalinis, (Alarum longitudo, \\ — 1| lin.)

462 MONOGRAPIIIA CIIALCIDUM.

August ; grass in fields ; near London. New Lanark,
Scotland.

Sp. 22. Misc. nitidipes. Mas. Viridi-cenea, t/iorace cupreo,
antennis nigris, extrorsum crassioribus, pedibus flavis,
femoribus viridibus, alts hyalims. (Alarum longitudo,
1| lin.)
September ; grass in fields ; near London.

Sp. 23. Misc. breviventris. Mas. Viridis, thorace cyaneo-
firidi, antennis nigris, extrorsum crassioribus, pedibus
flavis, fuscofasciatis, tarsis 4-posticis J'uscis, alis hyalinis.
(Alarum longitudo, If lin.)
August; grass in fields ; near London.

Sp. 24. Misc. lugubris. Mas. Viridis, abdoniine ceneo-cu-
preo, antennis nigro-fuscis, pedibus flavis, tibiis interme-
diis apice nigris, alis subhyalinis. (Alarum longitudo,
n lin.)
August ; grass in fields ; near London.

Sp. 25. Misc. tenuicornis. Fem. Viridis, antennis fuscis,
l^edibus rufis, 4 poslicis fuscis, alis liyalinis. (Alarum
longitudo, \\ lin.)
August ; grass in fields ; near London.

Sp. 26. Misc. ovata. Fem. Viridis, thorace ceneo-viridi ,
antennis nigris, pedibus rufis, alis subhyalinis. (Alarum
longitudo, 2 lin.)
July; grass in fields; near London.

Sp. 27. Misc. nitida. Mas et Fem. Viridi-cenea, abdoniine
ceneo-cupreo, antennis nigris, pedibus rufis, alis subhyalinis.
(Alarum longitudo, 1| — If lin.)
July; grass in fields ; near London.

Sp. 28. Misc. cinctipes. Fem. Viridi-csnea, abdoniine
cyaneo-viridi, antennis nigris, pedibus fuscis, femoribus
viridibus, alis subhyalinis. (Alarum longitudo, 1 1 lin.)
July ; grass in fields ; near London.

Sp. 29. Misc. nigro-aenea. Fem. JEnea, abdoniine nigro,
antennis nigris, pedibus fuscis, alis subfuscis. (Alarum
longitudo, II lin.)
September; Isle of Wight.

MONOGRAPIIIA CHALCIBUM. 463

Sp. 30. Misc. convexa. Mas. ^neo-viridis, antennis nigris,
quam M. annulipedis gracilioribiis, pedibus rujis, fusco
cingulatis, alls subfuscis. (Alarum longitude, 1| lin.)
May ; Southampton.

Sp. 31. Misc. apicalis. Fem. Cyaneo-viridis, abdomine
ceneo-viridi, antennis Jiigris, pedibus rufis, nigro et fusco
cingulatis, alis subfuscis. (Alarum longitudo, 1 lin.)
August ; grass in fields ; near London.

Sp. 32. Misc. tumida. Fem. ^neo-viridis, antennis nigris,
pedibus fuscis, alis subfuscis. (Alarum longitudo, l^ lin.)
August ; grass beneath trees ; near London.

Sp. t\S. Misc. tristis. Fem. Obscure viridis, antennis nigris,
pedibus rufis, fusco cingulatis, alis fuscis. (Alarum lon-
gitudo, 1| lin.)
New Lanark, Scotland.

Sp. 34. Misc. dissimilis. Mas et Fem. Viridis mas, ant
ceneo-viridis fem., antemiis fuscis, pedibus rufis, fusco
cingulatis, alis subfuscis. (Alarum longitudo, 1 — \\ lin.)
August ; grass in fields ; near London.

Sp. S5. Misc. semiaurata. Mas et Fem. Aureo-viridis,
abdomine ceneo-viridi, antennis fuscis, pedibus flavis, fusco
cingulatis, alis pallide flavescentibus. (Alarum longitudo,
1— U lin.)
August; grass in fields; near London. New Lanark,

Scotland.

Sp. SQ. Misc. costalis. Mas. Cyaneo-viridis, abdomine
ceneo-cyaneo, antennis fuscis, pedibus flavis, fusco-cincju-
latis, alis fuscis. (Alarum longitudo, 1 lin.)
July ; grass in fields ; near London.

Sp. 37. Misc. philochortoides. Mas. j^neo-viridis, capite
inter oculos impresso, abdomine ceneo, antennis fuscis,
pedibus flavis, fusco cingulatis, alis subfuscis. (Alarum
longitudo, I lin.)
September ; grass in fields ; near London.

Sp. 38. Misc. cyanea. Mas. Viridi-cyanea, abdomine nigro-
cyaneo, antennis fuscis, pedibus flavis, fusco cingulatis.

464 MONOGRAPHIA CIIALCIDUM.

cdis siihfuscis, qimm M. philoch. lalioribus. (Alarum

longitude, I lin.)

July ; grass in fields ; near London.

Sp. 39. Misc. brevis. Mas. Prcecedentibus brevior, viridis
aid viridi-csnea, abdomine nigro ant cupreo-viridi, antcnnis
fuscis, pedibus flavis, fusco citig/datis, alts sidifuscis.
(Alarum longitudo, | lin.)
September ; grass in fields ; near London.

Sp. 40. Misc. contigua. Mas. Viridis, abdomine ccneo,
antennis fuscis, pedibus Jlavis, fusco cingtdalis, alis sub-
hyalinis. (Alarum longitudo, 1 lin.)
New Lanark, Scotland.

Sp. 41. Misc. linearis. Mas. Cyaneo-viridis, antennis fuscis,
jyedibus Jlavis, fusco cingulatis, alis subfuscis. (Alarum
longitudo, I lin.)

Obs. — Prsecedenti gracilia ; antennae breviores ; als angustiores.
August ; grass in fields ; near London. New Lanark,

Scotland.

Sp. 42. Misc. filicornis. Mas et Fem. Viridi-cyanea mas,
aut viridis fem., abdomine nonnunquam viridi-ceneo, anten-
nis fuscis, pedibus jlavis, fusco-cingulatis, alis hyalinis.
(Alarum longitudo, | — 1 lin.)
August; grass in fields; near London.

Sp. 43. Misc. femorata. Fem. Viridis, antennis nigris,
pedibus rufis, fusco-cingulatis, alis hyalinis, stigmate
minimo. (Alarum longitudo, 1 — 1| lin.)
August ; grass in fields ; near London.

Genus XI IL Micromelus,*' Walker.
Caput prsesertim in maribus magnum, thorace latins : oculi me-
diocres : maris antennae 13-articulatas, extrorsum crassiores ;
articulus 1"'. elongatus ; 2"'. elongato-cyathiformis ; 3°'. et 4"\
minimi ; 5°'. minutus ; 6"^ et 4 sequentes aequales, lineares ;
clava triarticulata, elongato-ovata, apice conica, articulis 9". et
10°. aequalis : fem. antennas subclavatae ; articulus ultimus seti-
formis: mandibulas arcuata? ; una tridentata; altera quadriden-
tata : maxillae elongataj, angustos : palpi maxillares triarticulati,

•■ /xiKphs parvus, jueAos iiicnibnim.

MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDUM. 465

breves, filiformes ; articulus P'. brevis ; 2"'. longior ; 3"'. 2°.
longior, acuminatus : mentum elongatum, angustum, postice
conicum : labium breve, antice rotundatum : palpi labiales 2-arti-
culati, breves : thorax ovatus : prothorax parvus : mesothoracis
scutum breve, suturse vix conspicuae ; scutellum magnum, latum ;
paraptera magna : metathoracis scutellum magnum : petiolus
brevissimus : maris abdomen latum, fere rotundum, supra minime
convexum, subtus planum ; segmentum 2""". elongatum ; 3"".
brevius ; sequentia brevissima : fern, abdomen ovatum, supra
convexum, subtus carinatum ; pedes graciles ; tibiae rectse.

Sp. 1. Micr. rufo-maculatus. Mas et Fem. Viridis aid
viridi-csneus, abdominis disco riifo, antennis fuscis, pedibiis
rufis, alis subfuscis aiit hyalinis. (Alarum longitude,
1-1 lin.)

June ; grass in fields ; near London. New Lanark, Scot-
land.

Sp. 2. Micr. pyrrhogaster. Mas et Fem. Viridis aid
viridi-ceneus, ahdomine rufo, apice nigro, antennis fuscis,
pedibus rufis , alis vix tdlis. (Corporis longitudo, I —
1 lin.)

Pteromalus pyrrhogaster. Haliday. Curtis' Guide.

Grass in fields ; throughout the year ; near London. New
Lanark, Scotland.

Genus XIV. Isocyrtus,^ Walker.

Caput magnum, thorace multo latins : oculi mediocres : antennae
12-articulatse, subclavatae, thorace breviores ; articulus 1"\ vix
elongatus ; 2"^ cyathiformis ; 3"\ et 4"% minimi ; 5"^ et sequen-
tes ad lO"". aequales ; clava triarticulata, elongata, apice conica,
articulis 8°. et 9". paullo longior : thorax elongatus : prothoracis
scutellum mediocre : mesothoracis scutum magnum, suturae
laterales indistinctae ; paraptera et epimera bene determinata ;
scutellum magnum, convexum : metathoracis scutellum conspi-
cuum, supra carinatum : petiolus brevis : abdomen elongato-
ovatum, supra depressum, subtus carinatum, apice acuminatum ;
segmenta 2"™. et 3"". magna ; sequentia parva : pedes sub-
aequales, graciles ; tibiae rectae.

f "iffos sequalis, Kvpros curvus.
NO. V. VOL. I. 3 O

46G M. straus-durckheim's

Sp. 1. Isoc. loetus. Fem. Viridis, ahdomine imrpureo,
antennis nigro-fuscis, pedihiis flams, alis suhhyaUnis.
(Alarum longitudo, 1^ lin.)
August ; grass in fields ; near London.

Genus XV. Spaniopus,s Walker.
Caput mediocre, thorace latius: oculi mediocres : antennas 13-arti-
culatae, extrorsum crassiores ; articulus l"^ elongatus ; 2"^ cyathi-
formis ; 3"'. et 4"'. minimi ; 5"'. et sequentes ad 10""". subaequales ;
clava triarticulata, elongata, apice acuminata, articulis 9". et 10".
longior : thorax elongato-ovatus : prothoracis scutellum parvum :
mesothoracis scutum magnum ; suturae laterales satis conspicuas ;
paraptera et epiraera majuscula ; scutellum convexum, ovatum :
metathoracis scutellum magnum : petiolus brevissimus : abdomen
breve, ovatum, supra depressum ; segmentum 2"". magnum ; 3""".
mediocre ; sequentia parva : pedes graciles ; tibiee rectte, inter-
medias apice incrassatae.

Sp. 1. Span, dissimilis. Mas. Aureo-virldis, antennis Juscls,
pedibus stramineis, alis flavotinctis. (Alarum longitudo,
1 lin.)
August ; grass in fields ; near London.

Art. LVIIL — Abstract of M. Slraus-DurcJchehns " Co7isi-
deratiojis Generates sur VAnatomie Cornparee des Animaux
Articides." By Edward Doubleday, Esq.

(Continued from p. 283. j

" Quelle admirable structure, quelle sagesse, quelle toute-puissance dans le
moindre objet sorti des mains du Createur !"

Part. L — Tegumentary System.
Section L
In all the Annelida, and in the greater part of the larvae of
insects, the skin still preserves that flexibility which it pos-
sesses in the Vertehata ; consequently, the skeleton being
wanting, their bodies are soft and more or less cylindrical,
and their motions confined to crawling or swimming; but
Nature, wishing to introduce in the more perfect articulated
animals many of the functions of the Vertebrata, has, by
increasing the proportion of earthy substances in the skin,
given it nearly the consistence of bone, whilst, by means of

^ airavios rarus, ttovs pes.

CONSIDERATIONS. 467

articulations in different directions, it retains a sufficient degree
of flexibility. This constitutes the chief difference between
the teguments of vertebrate and articulated animals, although
the armadillos in the former offer a similar example of an
ossified skin.

In the Annelida abranc/iia, especially in the genus Hirudo,
the skin presents the same structure as in the Vertehrata,
except that the papillary tissue is apparently wanting; the
mucous matter,^ which is very abundant and nearly fluid, is
placed immediately beneath the corneous and nearly colour-
less epidermis ; the dermis is a very thick membrane, of a
close texture, formed of fibres irregularly transverse to the
direction of the body ; it appears to consist of but one layer.

In the genus Limulus the teguments consist of two lamina,
easily separable ; the first, corneous, brown, thick, analogous
to the epidermis ; the second, analogous to the dermis, still
thicker, of a pale yellowish colour, corneous, but of a less
compact structure than the first: beneath this is a copious
black mucous matter.

In insects the teguments consist also of three layers, as in
the Annelida and Linmlus, but they present peculiar charac-
ters. The mucous, or more properly the colouring matter, is
composed of two separate substances ; the one soluble in
alcohol, forming in many insects, especially the Coleoptera,
the outer layer, giving those brilliant colours with which many
are adorned ; the other, not soluble in alcohol, generally of a
brown or blackish hue, is mostly contained in the tissue of the
dermis and epidermis. In Coleoptera the epidermis forms
the second layer of the teguments ; is thin, hard, brittle,
friable, and without any trace of fibres ; its colour is gene-
rally black or brown. The dermis consists of many distinct
layers, easily separable, composed of fibres more distinct in
proportion as the layers are more internal. The dermis is
paler than the ejjidermis, being brownish or white.

The internal prolongations of the teguments appear to be
formed by the dermis, intermixed with a small quantity of
the colouring matter.

The colouring matter is found sometimes between the

' I use the term mucous matter, as employed by M. Straus, in preference to
rete mucosum, because I conceive the latter term hardly applicable to an almost
fluid substance as this is in insects. — D.

468 M, straus-durckiieim's

epidermis and dermis, sometimes beneath the last, and is
sometimes external, as may be seen in the Libellulidce.
The Arachnida exhibits a similar structure.

In the Onisci, the teguments, from the large quantity of
calcareous matter they contain, have become hard and brittle ;
the epidermis and dermis are not distinct, and present no
trace of fibres ; they are colourless, and only owe their
appearance of being coloured to the mucous matter which is
internal. The decapod Crustacea in general only differ from
the Onisci in having the colouring matter external : in the
articulations the colouring matter is wanting, and the epidermis
and dermis are distinct.

At certain epochs, variable according to the species, the
articulated animals change their skins, precisely as do the
snakes. Those with soft teguments, as the Annelida, only
renew the epidermis, whilst those whose teguments are solid
renew also the dermis. The internal prolongations of the
dermis, from their situation, cannot be renewed in this manner ;
the calcareous matter is, therefore, merely absorbed at the
time of the change, and re-deposited after it.

The teguments of articulated animals differ much from those
of the Vertcbrata in their component parts ; they even differ
in the different families.

According to the analysis of M. Odier, the elytra of Melo-
lontha vulgaris consists of albumen, an extractive matter, solu-
ble in water ; a brown animal substance, soluble in a solution
of potass, but not in alcohol ; a coloured oil, soluble in alcohol;
a peculiar matter (chitine), forming one-fourth of their weight ;
sub-carbonate of potass ; phosphate of lime ; and phosphate of
iron. Chitine is insoluble in potass, is soluble in hot sulphuric
acid, does not turn yellow with nitric acid, burns without
melting, and does not contain azote.

The teguments of the common crab {Cancer pagurus) are
composed of

Chlorure of sodium and salts of soda ... 1*6

Phosphate of lime 6*0

Phosphate of magnesia 1 '0

Carbonate of lime 62*8

Water and animal matter 28-6

100-0

CONSIDERATIONS. 469

In the lobster {Astacus marinus) the proportion of car-
bonate of lime is less, and of animal matter and water greater.
The proportions of the other component parts do not differ much.

In the more perfect Vertehrata, the skin, being merely
intended to protect the parts beneath from the immediate
contact of external objects, presents merely a layer uniformly
spread over the whole body ; but, in the articulated animals,
the teguments, having to perform the functions of the skeleton,
exhibit many internal prolongations and articulations neces-
sary for the new uses to which they are destined. In the
fishes, the skin sends off internal prolongations at different
distances, which serve for the attachment of the muscles of
the trunk ; these, in the genus Ammoccetes, corresponding to
faint transverse folds of the skin, cause the body to appear
articulated. The Annelida ahranchia {Cryptobranchia)
offer the same appearance ; but in the other Annelida, the
folds of the teguments are more distinct, and we find appen-
dages serving as locomotive organs, furnished with muscles,
and articulated. The Myriapoda have the teguments solid,
the feet fully developed, furnished with numerous muscles, and
internally the teguments are produced into many apophyses to
which these muscles are attached.

Lastly, in Insecta, Crustacea and Arachnida, the teguments
acquire all the development of which they are susceptible,
and become as complicated as the skeleton of Vertehrata.

The Annelida abranchia have the body composed of a
greater or less number of segments, nearly similar, and without
any distinct head; but in the others {Gyninobranchia) the
first segment becomes a true head, bearing eyes more or less
distinct, and tentacula. In some species the head is composed
of many segments united, the first prelude of its more perfect
organization in the following groups. The body of some
Annelida is divided into two parts, one bearing cirrhi, which
might be considered as the trunk, the other without cirrhi,
representing the abdomen ; but this distinction is very uncer-
tain, as in some it is the posterior, in others the anterior
segments which bear the cirrhi. In the Myriapoda the body
is composed of segments uniformly or alternately similar ; the
head is composed of several segments united. Insects have
the body divided into eleven, twelve, or thirteen'' segments,

*• Evidently wrong; the true number being always thirteen, including the
head.— D.

470 M. straus-durckheim's

besides the head. In the larvce they are, as in the Myria-
poda, nearly similar ; but they undergo great changes in the
metcmiorphosis, becoming divided into four principal parts,
namely, the head, the corselet {prothorax), the thorax, and
the abdomen; the first and two last are also composed of more
segments than one, united. It appears, from a comparison of
the head of Coleoptera with that of the Scolopendra inorsi-
tans, that the head of insects is formed by a union of seven
segments, represented by the lahrum, clypeus, epicranium,
and inandibulce, labium, prebasllar, and the two last by the
basilar, of which the appendages form the maxillce. Perhaps
the labrum or clypeus forms part of the segment to which the
lahiiwi belongs, and the epicranium may also be part of the
segment of which the prebasilar forms part ; in this case the
head consists but of five segments.*^

The Crustacea present more numerous modifications in the
form of the body, and less sudden transitions from one genus
to another, than the Myriaptoda and insects ; and here, as well
as in the Arachnida, the change of the feet to organs of man-
ducation is so clear as to leave no room for doubt. Many genera
of the Jsopoda have the body similarly formed to the Myria-
poda, except that the last segments undergo some modification
on account of the change of the feet into respiratory organs.
The head is distinct, and probably composed of several
segments. In the Amjyhipoda the posterior segments dimi-
nish in bulk, marking out the distinction between the trunk
and abdomen, which becomes complete in the Decapoda,
where the segments of the trunk are intimately united, and
where the anterior segments constitute a head confounded
with the trunk, whilst the posterior remain moveable, dimi-
nishing gradually from genus to genus until they are reduced
to mere rudiments in the Brachyura. Lastly, in Limulus,
the head has disappeared, and the food is masticated solely by
the feet. The body is divided into two segments, the trunk
and abdomen ; but the distinction of their respective segments
is scarcely visible, except the last, which is styliferous. We
now arrive at the Arachnida, the organization of which in
general nearly resembles that of Limulus. The body is com-
posed, according to the families, of two or three parts. In
Thelyphonus the trunk bears the members and the mouth ;

■^ Ctrtaiiily not a correct view of the structure of the head. — D.

CONSIDERATIONS. 471

the abdomen has the segments distinct, and terminates in a
tail, which, being articulated, appears to be the last rudiment
of a series of segments in a state of atrophy. In Phryniis
and Galeodes the body is formed of but two parts ; in the last
the segments are apparent, but they are not so in the rest of
the Arachnida. In Mygale the maxillce, with their jua/pz,
differ only from the feet in size, but in the other genera the
transformation is more complete. Nature, wishing to give
insects the faculty of flying, as in birds, necessarily changed
considerably the general form of the body from that of the
Myriapoda, their nearest allies. This new function required
that the thoracic segments should be shortened, but at the
same time increased in width, and also that the motion of the
aliferous segments should be very small or even none. There
is a striking resemblance between these changes and those
which we find in comparing the skeleton of birds and Mam-
711 alia.

We find, amongst the articulated animals, ten kinds of arti-
culations of the teguments: —

1. The suture, which is always harmonic, is precisely the
same as in the Verteh-ata.

2. An articulation (to which M. Straus gives the name of
adherejice) formed by the close union of two parts by their
faces.

3. Symphysis, which is only a suture in which there exists
a slight movement.

4. An articulation, which may be termed linear, takes place
between two parts usually flat, touching by a straight margin,
and united by a ligament, which only allows a ginglymous
movement.

5. An articulation, which may be termed syndesmoidal,
only differing in the ligament being very wide, which permits
a movement in every direction, but chiefly ginglymous.

6. We may give the name of squamose to syndesmoidal
articulations, where one of the portions is so placed as partly
to cover the other.

7. Enarthrosis, which resembles the same kind of articu-
lation in the Vertebrata, except that the soft parts in the
articulated animals being internal, the condyle is mostly per-
forated to allow of the passage of the nerves and vessels.

8. An articulation, only differing from the last in the fact that

472 M. straus-durckheim's

the extremity of the one part is not received by a cavity of the
other, being simply united by a circular dermoid membrane.
(M. Straus terms this Articulation a tiles disjointcs.)

9. Ginglymus, where there exists but a motion in one direc-
tion, as that of a hinge.

10. Two solid parts are sometimes separated by a space so
thin as to permit a greater or less degree of motion to the
two solid portions. This, which though equivalent to, cannot
be considered as, a real articulation, may be termed, movement
by flexion.

Section II.

Structure of the Teguments in Melolontha vulgaris.

In the last section I have endeavoured to give a much
fuller and more regular abridgement of our author than it is
my intention to do in the present one ; but my friend, Newman,
being now engaged in elucidating the external anatomy of
insects, it would be occupying too much of your Magazine
with one subject, were I to venture much on the same ground
with him ; and, moreover, some one, knowing how far more
able he is than I am to undertake such a subject, might remind
me of Boileau's lines : —

Un ane, pour le moins instruit par la Nature
A I'instinct qui le guide obeit sans murmure,
Ne va point follement de sa bizarre voix,
D^fier aux chansons les oiseaux de la bois.

I shall, therefore, confine myself to pointing out M. Straus's
terminology of the different parts, in as few words as possible,
just noticing any of his remarks calculated to throw light on
the subject of systematic arrangement. I had intended to give
also Kirby's nomenclature of the different parts ; but, on a re-
examination of the third and fourth volumes of his Introduction
to Entomology, I found so much confusion in the nomenclature,
a certain indistinctness and unintelligibleness in the plates, that,
fearful of misleading, I almost entirely gave up this idea. I
trust, however, that this subject has now fallen into the hands
of one who will not abandon it until he has furnished us with
a clear and intelligible nomenclature ; every one who has
consulted works giving detailed characters, particularly Mr.
Curtis's, in which the dissections are so beautiful and accurate,

CONSIDERATIONS. 473

must have been struck with tlie total want of uniformity and
intelligibihty in the nomenclature.

The head, according to M. Straus, may be considered to
consist of several parts ; one, all the parts of which are fixed,
he calls the cranium ; the others are the moveable parts ;
namely, the antennce, and parts of the mouth.

The cranium is composed of four parts, which he terms,
ejiicrdne, cliaperon, piece hasilaire, piece 2ii'^basilaire, and
of the two cornece of the eyes.

The piece prebasilaire is that part immediately behind the
labium ; its form is an elongate trapezium : the |;iece hasilaire
is placed immediately behind this, reaching from it to the
foramen occipitale ; internally, its anterior margin offers two
apophyses, to which the maxillce are articulated. The clia-
peron {chjpeus of Fabricius) is the part immediately behind
the labrum; the remainder of the cranium is the epicrane,
or piece epicrdnienne of our author. On its sides, near the
anterior margin, are fixed the cornece of the eyes ; and imme-
diately in front of these is a small opening, in which are
articulated the antennae. The epicranium is prolonged
inwards, beneath the eyes, so as merely to leave an opening
for the passage of the optic nerve. Near each antenna is
a long internal apophysis connected with that of the piece
hasilaire.

The maxilla he divides into four parts, besides the palpus
and galea. The first piece is Kirby's cardo, which he calls
branche transverse. The second is the p>^^ce dorsale ; to the
internal margin of which is articulated the third, the inter-
maxillaire. The fourth, j)i^C6 palpifere, occupies the upper
surface of the maxilla, contiguous to the mandible : it is
nearly triangular, articulated by its external margin to the
piece dorsale. The galea is the part termed, by MacLeay,
the outer lobe. There is little new in his description of the
other parts of the mouth and of the antennse.

Our author gives the name of pieces jugulaires to two con-
secutive plates contained in the inferior part of the skin of the
neck, and uniting the head to the prothorax. The first, or
jugulaire anterieure, is articulated by a small condyle at its
extremity to a tubercle placed on the internal side of the hinder
apophysis of the piece basilaire. At its opposite extremity it
is articulated to the second, or jugulaire jiosterieure ; and this

NO. V. VOL. I. 3 p

474 M. straus-durckheim's

last is articulated to the anterior apophysis of the sterman of
the prothorax '' {corselet).

These parts, which always are two in number on each side,
in the Coleoptera, are the last i-emains of two segments, which
have disappeared between the head and prothorax (corselet).

In Forjicula they form two small rings surrounding the neck.
They are also very distinct in Blatta and the Orthoptera.

M. Straus-Diirckheim, without assigning any reason for the
change, has altered the names usually given to the three seg-
ments, included by Kirby under the general name of tr uncus;
calling the jjrothorax the corselet, the two remaining ones,
when taken together, the thorax; and, when separately, the
prothorax and metathorax. But, in order to avoid confusion,
I shall uniformly adhere to the received terms ; because, I
conceive, a name once given, ought only to be changed on the
ground of its being inapplicable.*^

The whole upper part of the prothorax is occupied by a
large convex plate, {le boucUer), which curves laterally, and
inwards, until it meets the prosteriinm. The anterior part of
the lateral margin unites with the alee of the prosternum ;
and, posteriorly, the same margin is prolonged into a strong
apophysis, {apophyse scuto-sternale,) which unites with the
prosternum : between this apophysis and the al<x of the pro-
sternum is a large opening, in which is placed the leg. The
prosternum {sternum anterieur) occupies the lower part of the
prothorax ; it presents a central part and two pairs of lateral
apophyses ; one of which, the alee of the prosternum, forms
part of the external envelope of the prothorax, uniting the
prosternum by its anterior part to the boucUer. From the
union of these, and that of the scuto-sternal apophyses with
the prosternum, arises the apertures mentioned above. The
lateral margins of the prosternum are prolonged into these

■i Not of M. Straus; his prothorax is what is commonly called the mesoihorax.
—Ed.

» It is much to be regretted that so able an author should, by substituting new
names for those previously given, without any reference to the former ones, have
induced so much confusion that even that great entomologist, whose death we
have lately had to deplore, was compelled to own that he could not unravel it. 1
trust that should I (who even amongst the least of your correspondents may be
said merely argufos infer streperc anser olores) fail in making myself so clearly
understood as I could wish, your readers will pardon me, or only blame my rash-
ness, in attempting a task so far above my abilities.

CONSIDKRATIONS. 475

apertures, so as partly to cover the internal side of the coxce.
From this prolongation arises, on each side, a stout, broad,
but short apophysis, forming the second pair spoken of above.
These may be named the " anterior episternal apophyses.'''
Two small pieces placed within the thorax, and articulated to
the coxce, are called the rotulce. They are nearly triangular ;
very convex on the interior surface; the posterior margin is
straight, and articulated with the corresponding margin of the
opening of the coxa ; the opposite side is nearly circular, with
a small notch fitting a crescent-shape projection of the bouclier,
upon which these parts move; whilst at the same time they
fix indirectly the coxa to the bouclier. Two corneous rings,
of an elongate-oval form, suspended in the membrane, which
unites the prothorax to the mesothorax, near to the scuto-
sternal apophyses, surround the stigmata, and are termed the
" cadres des stigmates."

The prothorax of Coleoptera varies much in different genera:
that of Forficula is intermediate between that of Coleoptera
on the one hand, and of the Lepismcc and Scolopendra on the
other; the upper part resembling the former — the lower, the
latter. Though differing much from the jirothorax of Coleop-
tera, it resembles it much more than that of the Orthoptera.
The structure of the legs is so well known, as to render it
needless for me to say more, than that our author uses the
terms commonly employed by French writers.

The mesothorax is, in Coleoptera, generally one-half
smaller than the metathorax ; as the elytra, not being much
used in flight, do not require such powerful muscles as the
wings. It is composed of fourteen parts, besides several
small ones connected with the elytra, {proalce, Newman).
The upper surface consists of a triangular slightly convex
piece, {Vecusson) ; the anterior part of which is emarginate ;
but the emargination is filled by an almost membranous plate,
{le limbe de Vecusson). Another triangular plate occupies
about two-thirds of the anterior part of the lateral margin — is
directed downwards, and terminates in two slender apophyses.
This is called the " lateral apophysis " of the ecusson ; the
two branches are the anterior and posterior cornua, [comes
mittrieure et posttrieure).

In some Coleoptera these are separated from the body of
the apophysis, and may then be called the " anterior scapulars."

476 M. straus-durckheim's

What is commonly called the eciisson, {scutellum), is merely
a portion of this part, which is elevated, and visible between
the elytra. The external margin of the " limbe,'' and the
base of the lateral apophysis of this part, are united by a small
horizontal and triangular plate, to which is attached the long
extensor muscle of the coxa of the second pair of legs. A
small thread-like part, arising from the anterior angle of the
ecusson, and united to the first ''piece iliaque" is the anterior
clavicle.

The lower part of the mesothorax is occupied by the meso-
sternuin, {sternum moyen), which in many Coleojjtera is so
closely united to the metosternum as not to leave the least
trace of a suture. Its form is similar to that of the prosternum,
offering a central part and two ake, with an internal apophysis
{episternale moyenne), corresponding in its situation to the
anterior episternal. On each side of the mesothorax is a
tetragonal plate, composed of two parts; the first of which, the
first ilium,^) (premiere piece iliaque), is united below to the
al(^ of the mesostermitn, and above to a membranous space in
which the elytra are fixed. The second ilium is united to the
first by its anterior margin ; its inferior margin closes laterally
the opening of the mesosternum, which receives the coxa of
the second pair of legs ; behind it is united by a membrane
to the metathorax^ and above, to the same membranous space
as the first ilium. At the point of union between the first and
second ilium, is a short apophysis, formed by a fold of their
margins, to which is articulated the coxa. Superiorly, this
fold is prolonged, and continued with the anterior margin of
the first ilium, sending forth two apophyses ; one {apophyse
transverse des iliaques) directed inward, forward and down-
ward, serving for an attachment to many muscles ; the other
{apophyse alifere du prothorax), shorter, horizontal, serving
as the point of articulation of the elytra. The second pair of
stigmata are placed in the second ilium, but are not visible
externally. In the supra-anterior part of the cavity, which
receives the coxa, is a moveable piece, analogous to the rotida
of the protliorax. The elytra present, near the middle of
their anterior margin, a strong bifurcate apophysis, receiving

^ Not an appropriate name; for can we fancy any analogy between parts of
the mesothorax and metathorax of insects and the ossa iunominala of the higher
animals ? — D.

CONSIDERATIONS. 477

between its two divisions the external branch of the aUferous
apophysis. Besides this direct articulation, each elytron
articulates indirectly with the " ecusson " and first ilium by
four small moveable pieces; one {preepauliere), placed in
front of the bifurcate apophysis of the elytra ; the others,
{epauUeres anterieure, moyenne, et posterieure), placed
behind the same apophysis. Their situation and structure
can only be learned by a very careful examination of the
animal itself.

The mctathorax is formed of eighteen parts, ten of which
have their analogues in the mesotJiorax, Its under surface is
occupied by a sternum resembling that of the mesothorax, but
double its size ; its wings are rhomboidal, and extend from the
mesothorax to the coxcb of the last pair of legs {tnetapedes,
Newman), to which they are united by a squamose articulation.
The lateral angle of these wings presents a small apophysis,
on which are articulated, on one hand, the coxce of the meta-
pedes, and, on the other, the second ischium. On the medial
line of the sternum {inetasternuvi of authors) rises a stout verti-
cal plate, terminated by three long apophyses, one directed
forward, the other obliquely, outward and upward. The ver-
tical plate is the posterior episternal apophyses ; the branches
are its anterior and lateral cornua.

On each side of the mesothorax are two parts analogous to
the ilia, but differently formed; these are the ischia, or
pieces ischiatiques. The second ischium is a flat semi-oval
plate, placed above the wing of the metasternum, occupying its
whole width, and united to it by a squamose articulation. Its
upper margin is united to the first ischium, which is of a very
irregular form, presenting behind a quadrangular external part
placed on a level with the second ischium; to which it is
united by its inferior margin ; posteriorly, it borders upon the
hinder coxa ; above, it partly covers the membranous band of
the first segment of the abdomen, (^propodeon, Newman) ; its
anterior part is united to the piece costale. Its antero-inferior
angle is prolonged into a narrow band, bounding the upper
margin of the second ischium for about two-thirds of its length,
when it rises, and forms a long apophysis, {alifere posferieure,)
directed upwards, forward, and inwards, serving to support the
wing.

The costal {piece costale) is an almost membranous plate,

478 M- straus-durckiieim's

situated above the first ischium, occupying the space between
its posterior angle and the posterior aliferous apophysis. In
the interior of the mesothorax are two parts, resembhng, in
form, the bell of a trumpet. These, which are in fact merely
the tendons of certain muscles, are called the cupulcs of the
wings. The first, {grande cupule tie Vaile^ is situated at the
anterior part of the first ischium, and receives the anterior
extensor muscle of the wing ; — the second, {petite cupule de
Vaile,) is placed at the posterior part of the jo?ece costale, and
receives the posterior extensor muscle of the wing.

The upper part of the metathorax is formed by a large very
convex piece, {clt/peus,^) which is however, in reality, formed
of seven parts ; one only of which is distinct in the Melo-
lonthce ; and in most of the Coleoptera their sutures are scarcely
visible. In the other oi'ders they are not to be traced. In this
insect the chjpeus, which occupies all the upper part of the
metathorax, is nearly a trapezium, of which the larger parallel
side is foremost, emarginate in the middle, forming, in part, a
large opening closed by a thin transparent membrane, {la toile.)
The upper surface of the clypeus is marked by a deep channel,
{gouttiere medlane,) throughout its whole length ; its anterior
margin, on each side of its emargination, forms a very pro-
jecting tubercle ; in front of which, forming the antero-lateral
angle of the clypeus, is the axillifere. The diaphragme is a
large trapezoidal piece, curving obliquely downwards, and
partly separating the mesothorax from the metathorax ; at each
of its anterior angles is a small rounded piece analogous to
the clavicle of the mesothorax, — hence this may be termed the
posterior clavicle. Two triangular pieces, placed one on each
side of the clypeus, near the posterior angles, are the posterior
scapulars.

The name tergum, or p)i^ce tergale, may be given to a large
triangular plate, which descends from the posterior margin of
the clypeus and of the scapulars into the interior of the body,
to furnish an attachment to many muscles, and also to separate
the abdomen from the metathorax. The wings are articulated
to the metathorax by means of five parts analogous to the

K This name cannot with propriety be applied to this part, having been given
by Fabricius to a totally different part. M. Straus is too much disposed to over-
look what has been done by others.

CONSIDERATIONS. 479

prt'tpcmlitre and ipaulieres of the mesothorax. The first is
termed preaxillaire ; the others j)re7niere, seconde, troisieme,
and quatrieme axillaire.

The mesothorax, and metatJiorax, of the other Coleop-
tera, offer but httle different from that of the Melolonthce ;
but there are modifications which may be pointed out as
serving to throw hght on the subject of classification and com-
parative anatomy. In Forficula, the thorax^^ is much nearer
in form to that of Lepisma than to that of Coleoptera or
Orthoptera, differing most, however, from that of the last
order. In fact, it is precisely intermediate between that of
Lepisma and Stapliylinus. In Staphylinus olens, the seven
pieces which form the clypeus are separated by very distinct
sutures. In the Apterous Coleoptera the absence of wings
causes considerable difference in the form of the tliorax. The
membranous space in which the wings are inserted is wanting,
or, rather, is filled by the greater development of the neigh-
bouring parts ; the tergiim, which is curved inwards where the
wings exist to serve as an attachment for the muscles, now
regains its primitive form, as the upper portion of the first
abdominal segment. Lastly, the upper surface of the meta-
thorax becomes membranous ; and the different parts of which
it is composed no longer present the different apophyses which
were necessary in the winged species.

The abdomen, bearing no external member which can
influence its structure, its segments take the most simple
structure possible, — each, with the exception of the first, being
merely composed of two principal parts, one superior, the other
inferior, united by a membranous space, becoming less and less
wide towards the extremity. This allows the abdomen to
dilate, or contract according to the state of the viscera.

Edward Doubleday.

■• In this instance and another, seven lines below, our correspondent has
applied this term to the meso- and metathorax, united ; in all other instances he
has made his names conform with those of Mr. Newman, at p. 394. — Ed.

(To heconliimed.)

480

Art. LIX. — Essay on the Classification of Parasitic
Hymenoj)tera, %c. By A. H. Haliday, Esq. M.A.

{Continued from page 350.)

Of the Ichneiimones of the Second Line, (Ichneumones adsciti,
Essenbeck.)

The authors who have treated of the family at large are
enumerated and noticed in detail by Professor Gravenhorst,
in the Prolegomena to his Histoi-y of European Ichneumones.
It was not till the year 1811 that this supplemental branch
was distinguished from the proper Ichneumones, by Doctor
Nees Von Essenbeck, whose system is more fully unfolded in
the ninth volume of the New Series of Transactions, published
by the Imperial Academy of the Physical Sciences,'' and has
been followed by modern entomologists with few exceptions.
That of Spinola, which Latreille adopted, and has adhered to
in his latest works, differs in result (as detailed by them) from
that first mentioned, only as respects the position of the
genus Agathis, whose affinity to the Bracones is admitted by
Latreille himself.^ But, accurately examined, this method
will be found to fail, as the variations of the palpi (on which
it is founded) are much more extensive than those it compre-
hends. That of Von Essenbeck is therefore as superior in
certainty as it is in facility of application; while the few
Apterous species'^ are, by their habit, easily assigned to their
proper station in the family. He has, however, employed the
principle of Spinola for the distinctive characters of his second-
ary groups, the Bracones and Bassi, a division which is
accordingly defective in a similar degree. The difficulty of
applying such a test appears from the fact that this most
accurate observer has made glaring transpositions,*^ even
among the genera strictly reducible to the lines of his own
method. Professor Fallen, in a recent Essay, while he adopts
the primary division of Von Essenbeck, has rejected these
minor groups ; but, in reducing the number and extending the

* Nova Acta Phys.-Med. Acad. Csesar. Leop. Carol. Nat. Curios.
" R^gne Animal, N. E. Tom. V. p. 288.

" I am acquainted with but two, Aphidius Ephippinm and Ahjsia aptera.
'^ Ctrlinius, Spatldus, Hormius, Blacus, Perilitus.

PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA. 481

limits of tlie genera, has produced an arrangement which
seems less simple and natural. Of the genera, seven^ had
been previously established (but not all equally well defined)
by Fabricius, Latreille, Schranck, and Jurine; the rest we
owe to the labours of the same accomplished naturahst, who
has besides described at length a considerable number of the
European species ; of which, also, several will be found
dispersed among the Fabrician genera, and more collected
and arranged in the Ligurian Fauna of Spinola. Seven
species only are noticed by Linne ; two of which are placed
among his Ichneiimones majores, four with the minuti, and
one is appended to the genus Cynijis. The little that is
known of their instincts and economy is to be sought in the
pages of Reaumur, and of the incomparable Swede, in patient
observation almost his equal, and in his systematic views (may
I not say) unrivalled among his contemporaries. A few of the
more familiar species have also been figured, and their habits
noticed, by some of the older writers upon insects, as Madame
Merian, Frisch, &c. ; and some interesting contributions to
their history, in recent publications, are to be consulted under
their respective heads.

As the general form is similar throughout the family, the
second chapter of Gravenhorst's Prolegomena may be referred
to for an elaborate account of the external anatomy. I shall
merely allude to some characters which pervade the present
branch, reserving the consideration of other distinctions for
the minor groups to which they are confined. In general it
may be remarked, that these exhibit greater variety in the
details than exist among the proper Ichneumones : the defined
white or yellow markings there so prevalent are wanting here ;
the white ring of the antennce is also excluded from the cha-
racters of the group, by Von Essenbeck ; but I am acquainted
with one instance where the female has such a distinction.^
In the upper wings the exterior areolet of the disk is always
open, the anterior is mostly complete, which is never the case
in the others ; the cubital area is usually of more uniform
breadth, and the second areolet of moderate or ample dimen-
sions ; sometimes that area is contracted in the middle, and

* Agathis, Bracon, Sigalphus ( Sphceropyx), Microgaster, Cheloniis, Incuhus
(Aphidius), Altjsia.
Rogas dispar. Hal.
NO. V. VOL. I. 3 Q

482 HALIDAY ON

this areolet becomes very minute. Of tlie lower wings, also,
the nervures are disposed after a peculiar type, to which,
among the proper IcJmeiiniones, Porizon and some of the
Cremasti make an approach ; a few have two radial areolets,
some also two cubital, and, in one extensive group, the com-
mencement of a complete discoidal areolet beyond the second
brachial is traced by a recurrent nervure.

Their habits, so far as ascertained, present no broad distinc-
tion from the rest of the family. I am not aware that any of
them are hyperparasitic ; but in their earlier states they are
themselves obnoxious to the attacks of certain of the proper
Ichneumones, of the Chalcides, and the Oxyuri. For their
transformation, the majority enclose themselves in a silky
cocoon; this is dispensed with in a' few instances, where
the nature of their nidus renders such a protection unneces-
sary.

Tabula SynopHca.

isub pectus incurvatile Apihdini.
/'contigiia conipleta • Sigalphini.
baud incurva-1 ^^^^j.^ s.incompleta:['nervum unicum Braconii.
tile : Areolai^ irachialis posterior a-)
disci anhca I, ,/ ., {
I larumposttcarumemit-\

\tevs ' iiervos binos .' Agathenses.

Trihus 1. — Aphidini. Haliday.
Comjjlectitur genus unicum.

Gen. I. — Aphidius. Essenbeck.
Incubus. Schrank.
Hybrizon. Fallen.

Thorax brevis gibbus : abdomen sub pectus incurvatile :
aculeus breviter exertus, compressus : valvtda ventralis
carinata amnn siqierans.

Caput postice contractum : vertex late rotundatus : occiput angus-
tum truncatum undique marginatum : mandibulas forcipatoe,
cuneatae, parum curvatae, apice emarginatas s. acute bidentes :
labrum subtrigonum apice appendiculatum : palpi varii maxil-
lares ad summum 4-articulati : caput et abdomen thoraci annexa
solito inferius : thorax brevis antice gibbus : alae superiores areola
disci antica vel subcontigua, vel sa^pius incompleta : inferiores
nervis longitudinalibus binis tantum, areolam brachialem sajpius

PARASITIC IIYiMENOPTERA. 483

apice indiscretam indudentibus : abdomen sub pectus incurvatile ;
segmenta anteriora inter se et cum metathorace liberrime articu-
lata, secundum insuper in medio flexile : sextum ventrale com-
pressum ultra septimum dorsale productum, aculeum inferne
fulciens : aculeus breviter exertus, valvulis latis compressis formae
variae.

Larva in aphidibus solitaria interiora corporis consumens : meta-
morphosin subit intra cutem induratam Aphidis foUiculo nuUo
confecto : imago intra paucos dies evolat per anum ejus debis-
centem : abdomen sub pectus incurvatum ejaculans aculeo resu-
pinato apbidem eminus pungit.

Species plerseque perparvse : Aphides speciei propriee sectantur
singulae, perpaucis exceptis quae liberius vagantur : marum
colores utplurimum obscuriores unde feminarum discrimen faci-
lius. — Ob multitudinem specierum et habitum discrepantem genus
in sectiones plures s. subgenera dispertiendum videtur.

Tabula Synoptica Suh-generum.

r /^ unica in apicem alae efFusa . . Praon.

1 completa : )

\cuhUaUs Ures: C lanceolatum . . Ephedrus.

Areola disci antica I \ °^^^ ( orbiculatum . . Trionyx.

I rorbiculatum Monoctonus.

(, ventralis ( inermis . . . Aphidius.

Subgen. I. — Praon. Halidaij.
Aphidius. Essenbeck. Fam. III.

Areola disci antica completa cubitalis unica in ajncem alee
effusa: stigma intus attenuatum : abdomen lanceolatum
subsessile : antennarum articidornm numerus varius, mari
auctus : jjalpi maxillares 4-, labiales S-articulati.

Caput oblato-globosum : mandibulse profundius et acute bidentes :
mesothoracis scutum sulculis 2 ordinariis ante scutellum conni-
ventibus impressum, tomentosum : abdomen lanceolatum ; seg-
mentum 1 '""'". breve basi utrinque angulatum : aculeus conicus
horizontalis aut nonnihil ascendens : abdomen maris brevius lineari-
obovatum: — huic ut et reliquis subgeneribus quotquot areola
disci antica completa guadent, postica apice latior est quam
reliquis, nervi exinde ducti baud ortu contigui, stigma interne

484 HALIDAY ON

atteniiatum et productum, areola brachialis insuper alarum posti-
cariun completa.
Subgenus optime distinctum. Abdominis et aculei forma Ephedras
refert, /i. validum insuper thorace pubescente et petiolo brevi,
sed trophi, antennas, alaeque satis dirimunt. Trionyx antennis et
tropbis propior est, plura vero discrepant. Reliqua subgenera
longius recedunt.

Sp. 1. A. p. dorsalis. Hypostomate, antennis basi,pectorei
pedihusque flavo-ferrugineis. (Long. .14— ; alar. .29—).

Femina. — Caput nigro-fuscum nitidum, hypostomate et ore flavo-
ferrugineis : palpi praelongi pallidiores : antennae 20- 21-articu-
latae basi late flaveseentes : thorax nigro-fuscus nitidus subtus
flavo-ferrugineus : pedes longi graciles : alae longissimas araplae
hyalinas sub radio infumatse, stigmate piceo-pallido (in vivis
flavescente), nervis fuscis radice et squamulis piceis : abdomen
fusco-ferrugineum, segmento primo nigro-fusco postice coarctato :
aculeus niger. Rarior : adsunt tres femince tantum. — (/« Museo
Societatis Entomologicce.)

Sp. f 2. A. P. exoletus. Hypostomate antennis basi pec-
tore pedibus et abdomine flavo-ferrugineis. (Long. ? ,
.07-, ^,.06.)

Bracon exoletus. Berl. Mag. V. 30, Sp. 47.

Apliidius exoletus. Ess. Act. Acad.

Preecedenti simillimus videtur. Descriptionem fusiorem petas Ac-
torum Berolinensium loco infra laudato.

Sp. 3. A. P. volucris. Pedibus ferrugineis, antennis feminae
circiter 20-articulatis. (Long. .12—; alar. .24, aut minor.)

Fern. — Caput et thorax nigra, os lutescens : antennae 18- 21-arti-
culatae nigrse vel basi ferrugineae : palpi paulo breviores : pedes
ferruginei aut flavo-ferruginei : coxse posticae, nonnunquam etiam
femora basi infuscata : alas obscure hyalinas stigmate piceo
pallido, in vivis lutescente, nervis fuscis : abdomen fuscum basi
dilutiils aut fulvescens : segmentum primum fuscum brevius quam
in J. dorsali et minus coarctatum : aculeus niger. — Mas. an-
tennae totas nigrse 21- 23-articulata? : pedes obscuriores, femora
postica infuscata.

Hah. in memoribus satis frequens, prsesertitn in salicetis. — {Mas.
Soc. En I.)

PARASITIC IIYMENOPTERA. 485

Sp. 4. A. p. flavinodis. Ore, antennis basi, pectore, pedibus
et abdominis basi fiavo-f err ugmeis. (Long. .11 ; alar. .24.)

Fern. — Caput nigrum, os et palpi flavescentes : antennae 18- 19-arti-
culatse basi late flavescentes : thorax niger, subtus flavo-ferru-
gineus : alse hyalina? stigmate flaveseente, nervis fuseis : pedes
flavo-ferruginei : abdomen fuscum, segmento 1"^°. toto, 2''°. basi
flavo-ferrugineis.

Habitat cum prsecedente rarius.

Ohs. — Hujus et prsecedentis alse minores, pedes breviores quam in
specie prima.

Sp. 5. A. P. abjectus. Pedibus fusco-ferrugineis, antennis
feminae circiter 14'-articulatis. (Long. .08 — ; alar.
.16-.)

Fem. — Caput et thorax nigra : antennae capite cum thorace paulo
longiores, 14-, rarius 13-articulatas, articulo 3*'°. basi pallescente :
pedes fulvo-ferruginei, posteriorum femora basi, tibiae medio, tarsi
apice, fuscescentes : alae obscure hyalinae stigmate piceo-pallido,
nervis fuseis : abdomen piceum, basi media dilutius segmento
primo nigricante. Statura multo brevior quam prsecedentium.

Hab. inter Aphides Angelicce sylvestris autumno passim ; etiam in
Salice obvius. — {Mtis. Soc. Ent.)

Subgen. II. — Ephedrus. Haliday.

Aphidius. Ess. Fam. I.

Areola anttca disci completa ; cubitales ires : abdomen lan-
ceolatum subsessile aut snbpetiolatmn : stigma intus at-
tenuatum : antennce utriusque sexus 1 1 -articulatce : 2)alpi
maxillares 4-, labiales 2-articulati.

Caput oblato-globosum : antennae femince articulo tertio longiore,
sequentibus decrescentibus ; maris articulis subequalibus vel
tertio parum elongato : mesothoracis scutum sulculis ante scu-
tellum conniventibus, pubescens aut glabrum : alae anticae areola
cubitali intermedia oblonga prope basin nervum recurrentem
excipiente : abdomen femince lanceolatum apice compressum,
warn brevius lineari-obovatum : aculeus conicus parum ascen-
dens.

Sp. 6. A. E. validus. Abdominis segmento primo brevi sub-
rectangido, stigmate angusto intus parum elongato. (Long.
.1 + ; alar. .2 +.)

486 HALIDAY ON

Fem. — Caput et thorax nigro-picea, punctulata, pubescentia : antennae
breviores quani in A. lacertoso articulo 3"°. luteo : alse fumato-
hyalinae stigmate dilute piceo, nervis fuscis : stigma angustius
quam in A. plagiatore sed latius et minus elongatum quam in
A. lacertoso : pedes ferruginei : abdomen oblongo-lanceolatum
piceum, plaga media baseos pallescente : segmentum primum gra-
nulatum opacum fuscum, brevius et crassius quam reliquis, sub-
rectangulum basi gibbum : aeuleus crassior fere vomeriformis
apice ascendens niger. Alas, simillimus. Antennae totse nigrae.
Statura tota multo brevior quam sequentium.

Hab. rarissime. — (Mus. Soc. Ent.)

Sp. 7. A. E. plagiator. Abdominis segmento prtmo lineari,
stigmate latiore intus parum elongaio. (Long. .1 ± ;
alar. .2±.)

Fern. — Nigra nitida : antennae breves compressse : alaj obscure
hyalinse nervis fuscis stigmate piceo : pedes antici rufo-picei,
intermedii infuscati, postici obscuriores trochanteribus et tibiis
basi aut latius rufescentibus : abdomen lineari-lanceolatum,
piceum, plaga media baseos pallida, petiolus linearis in medio fere
obsolete tuberculatus : aeuleus gracilis, conicus, niger. Mas,
similis plerunque minor, pedibus obscurioribus.

Hab. in memoribus passim minus frequens. — (Mms. Soc. Ent.)

Bracon plagiator. Berl. Mag. V.

Obs. — A sequente facile distinguendus colore obscuriore, alls baud
infumatis, stigmatis forma, antennis brevibus, plerunque etiam
statura minore.

Sp. 8. A. E. lacertosus. Abdominis segmento primo linearis
stigmate angusto, intus valde elongate. (Long. .14—;
alar. .26-.)

Fern. — Nigra nitida: antennae concolores pedicello ferrugineo, articulo
tertio longissimo : alse quam in praecedentibus longiores, fumato-
hyalinae nervis fuscis, stigmate piceo (in vivis lutescente) : pedes
ferruginei, femora postica fusca : abdomen lineari-lanceolatum
plaga media baseos pallescente, petiolus ut in prsecedente : aeu-
leus gracilior niger : stigma huic angustius et interne attenuato-
elongatum unde areola cubitalis prima solito longior. Mas,
antennis nigris.

Habitat, in agris passim Aphides Ervi forsitan et alias pungens s.
{Mus. Soc. Ent.)
s In oviposition it carries the abdomen like the genuine Aphidii, but pierces

the hack of the Puceron, for which the slight inclination of the borer seems adapted,

and the contact is less instantaneous, being often prolonged for several seconds.

PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA. 487

Variat. femina, minor : antennae basi ferruginese, scapo fusco : pedes
toti ferruginei : abdomen obscure ferrugineum lateribus infus-
catum : aculeus concolor.

Hab. in salicetis et alibi hand infrequens.

Subgen. III. — Trionyx. Haliday.
Areola aniica disci compleia, cubitales ires: stigma intus
attennativm : abdomen orhiculatum, petiolatum : antenna-
rum articidormn numerus varius marl auctus : palpi max-
illares 4-, labiates 3-articulati.

Caput transversum rotundatum : palpi longiusculi : mandibulje
profundius et acute bidentes : mesothoracis scutum sulculis ordi-
nariis ante scutellum conniventibus impressum, glabrum : alae ut
in Ephedra : abdomen orbiculatum planum, petiolo gracili lineari
ante medium utrinque denticulato, segm*°. 2'^°. maximo Isevi,
reliquis brevissimis linearibus : aculeus decurvus inferne valde
dilatatus, deltoideus, apice tricuspis.

Alse hujus subgeneris et prsecedentis omnino similes, sed statura tota
antennae, petiolus, et abdomen (aliquatenus etiam aculei forma)
Monoctonum referunt. Trophi ab utroque discrepantes cum
Praone melius congruunt.

Sp. 9. A. T. deltiger. (Long. .1 ; alar. .2.)

Femina. — Caput et thorax nigra, nitida, os et palpi lutescentes : an-
tennae 19 — 21-articulat8e fuscse articulis 4 aut 5 baseos flavo-
ferrugineis: alae hyalinae nervis fuscis, stigmate luteo-piceo : forma
stigmatis fere qualis A. valido : pedes, abdomen et aculeus
flavo-ferruginea : abdomen lateribus vel etiam dorso postice infus-
catum. — ■ Mas, antennae 21-articulatae fuscas, articulo tertio
flavescente : os piceum palpis lutescentibus : abdomen paulo
angustius, fuscum basi dilutius, petiolus saturatius ferruginous.

Hah. in agris rarius. — Mas semel captus femina pluries. — (Mms. Soc.
Ent.)

Subgen. IV. — Monoctonus. Haliday.

Areola disci antica et cubitales interior conjluentes : stigma
intus attenuato-elongatum : abdomen orbiculatum petiola-
tum: antennarum articulorum numerus varius mari auctus:
palpi maxillares 4-, labiates 2-articulati.

Caput transversum rotundatum : palpi labiales brevissimi : meso-
thoracis scutum glabrum lasve, vel antice sulculis abbreviatis

488 IIALIDAY ON

obsoletis impressum : alae apice longitudinaliter nigulosse, stig-
mate angustissimo introrsum valde elongate : cubitus a stigmate
fere recta descendens, angulatus et mox abruptus : areola magna
irregularis brevior est quam subgeneri ultimo, fere sub stigmate
clausa : abdominis et petioli forma quales Subgeneri praecedenti :
aculeus decurvus, cuspidatus, basi inferne angulato-dilatatus.
De relatione hujus cum proxime prsecedente pauca prsemissa sunt :
— mares nonnulli minores areola indistincta a maribus Subgene-
rum sequentium similiter deficientibus, forma stigmatis perspecta
discerni poterunt. A. Crepidis, (Sp. 21.) autem petioli formft
propior, quoad csetera longe discrepat.

Sp. 10. A. M. nervosus. Antennis feminge l6-articulatis,
areola disiinciissima. (Long. .9; alar. .18 — .)

Fern. — Nigra ; antennae basi fiavescentes scapo fusco : aloe obscurae
stigmate pallide-piceo, nervis validis fuscis : pedes ferruginei,
femora postica infuscata : petiolus fuscus : abdomen antice dilute
piceum, postice fuscum : aculeus piceus.

Hab. Rarius : femince binae tantum adsunt.

Sp. 11. A. M. Caricis. Antennis feminse IS-aiiictdatis,
areola suhtiUssime delineata. (Long. .07; alar. .13±.)

Femina. — Nigro-fusca : antennae plerunque basi lutescentes scapo
fusco : alae obscure hyalinae stigmate pallido, nervus areolam
externa ambiens tenuissimus vix conspicuus : pedes lutei aut
ferruginei: abdomen dilute piceum s. fusco-ferrugineum apice
fuscum : petiolus brevior quam praecedente : aculeus piceus aut
lutescens. — Mas mgex: antennae longitudine corporis 16-articu-
latae nigrae : geniculi pedum picei aut ferruginei : abdomen
angustius quam femince, dilute piceum apice nonnunquam petiolo
fuscis : variat colore dilutiore.

Hah. in Festuca fluitante, Carice, &c. pallidum ; in gramine locis
humidis. — {Mus. Soc. Ent.)

Subgen. V. — Trioxys. Haltday.

Areola disci antica et cuhitales una effusce : stigma trigonum :
abdomen lanceolatum petiolatum: valvula ventralis hicor-
nis : antenncB feminas 11-, rarius 10- aut 12-aiticulatce,
maris lo-articulatce : jmlpi maxillares 4-, labiales
2-articulati.

Caput transversum rotundatum crassius quam prascedentibus :
antennae femincE breves nonnunquam apice crassiores: mesotho-

PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA. 489

racis scutum Iffivissimurn glabrum: areolae in medio alae ne vesti-
gium qviidem adest : cubitus baud angulatus sed arcuatus, ante
apicem alae abruptus, longior tamen quam Ajphidiis genuinis :
petiolus linearis tuberculis vario situ prominulis : aculeus fere ut
in Monoctono, decurvus inter cornua bina acuta ipso longiora e
valvula ventrali (segmento 6'°.) orta et apice nonnihil sursum
curvata.
Mares nonnulli minores e subgenere ultimo areola indistincta
similiores, cubito breviore, antennarum articulis pluribus, ple-
runque etiam stigmate angustiore diffevunt. — Feminarum vero
discrimen statim patet ob apparatum insolitum aculei.

Sp. 12. A. T. auctus. Antennis {eminde 12-articulatis petiolo
ante medium tuberculaio. (Long. .07; alar. .13.)

Fern. — Caput et thorax nigra nitida, os fulvescens ; antennae basi
fulvescentes : alas obscure hyalinae stigmate (in vivis luteo)
nervisque dilute piceis : stigma angustius quam reliquis : pedes
fulvo-ferruginei, posteriorum coxis, femoribus tibiisque medio
tarsis apice fuscis : abdomen piceum basi, media dilutius aut
fulvescens: petiolus fulvo-ferrugineus crassiusculus ante medium
utrinque denticulatus. — Mas, antennae graciliores et longiores
quam in A. Heraclei $ , nigras : femora antica supra, tibiae
medio infuscatse : pedes posteriores obscuriores quam/emmce.

Hah. in Salicihus baud infrequens. — {Mus. Soc. Ent.)

Sp. 13. A. T. pallidus. Pallide flavus : capite thoraceqiie
nigris, antennarum articulis septem exieriorihiis fuscis :
{antennis femiriEe ll-articulatis gracilibus, pettolo ante
medium tuberculato.) (Long. .08; alar. .15.)

Fern. — Os flavum ; antennae filiformes graciles et ratione corporis
longiores quam in reliquis : alae hyalinae stigmate flavo-pallido,
nervis dilute fuscis, radice et squamulis piceo-stramineis : pedes
vel toti pallide flavi vel posticorum femoribus tibiisque medio
fuscescentibus : abdomen gracile segmentis intermediis, vel etiam
posticis infuscatis.

Hah. in Carice paludum rarius ; etiam in Coryli foliis semel captus.

Sp. 14. A. T. Angelicas. Antemiis basi j^edibus anticis et
geniculis fulvo-ferrugineis : {antennis feminae ll-articulatis
Jiliformibus,petiolobituberculato,) (Long. .08; alar. 15.)

Fern. — Caput et thorax nigra: os et palpi lutescentes : antenn£e
breviores quam in sequente, apice baud incrassatae : alae (ut in
NO. V. VOL. I. 3 R

490 HALIDAY ON

sequentibus etiam) hyalinae nervis fuscis, stigmate dilute ])iceo
(in vivis lutescente), radice et squamulis piceis : pedes fulvo-
ferruginei, posteriorum femora supra, tibiae medio, tarsi apice
infuscati : coxae posticae fuscae : abdomen lineari-lanceolatiim
fuscum aculeo concolore, basi media et petiolo dilutius : valvida
ventralis et cornua lutescunt : petiolus gracilis utrinque bidentatus
medio infuscatus.
Hah. inter Aphidis Amjclicce sylvestris autumno parum frequens. —
(Mns. S'oe. Ent.)

Sp. 15. A. T. Centaurese. Pedibus anticis et genicidis liites-
cetitibus: {antennis feminae W-artictilatis Jiliformibus,
petiolo pone medium tuber cidato.^ (Long. 11.; alar. .19.)

Fern, — Caput et thorax nigra : antennae graciles nigrae, breviore,
quam in A. aucto : palpi picei : pedes antici lutescenti-ferruginei,
postici picei trochanteribus et basi tibiarum ferrugineis : abdomen
lineari-lanceolatum nigro-piceum, segmenti secundi medio palles-
cente : petiolus gracilis inter medium et apicem denticulatus.

Hah. in Aphidibus Centaurece nigrce minus frequens.^

Sp. 16. A. T. Aceris. Pedibus anticis et geniculis abdo)ni-
nisque basi et aj^ice luteis : {antennis feminae \\~articulatis
longiusculis apice crassioribus, petiolo ante medium tiiber-
culato.) (Long. .12; alar. .21.)

Aphidius Cirsii. Curt. B. E. 383.

Fern. — Caput nigrum, os lutescens : antennae multo longiores quam
in sequentibus, sensim incrassatae articulo ultimo magno
oblongo : thorax niger : pedes lutei, posteriorum femora, tibiae
medio, tarsi apice, fuscescentes aut picei : coxae posticae fuscae :
abdomen dorso fuscum postice lutescens fere croceum : petiolus
sordide luteus, ante medium denticulatus.

Prodiit mihi ex Aphidibus Aceris Pseudoplatani Julio mense.

Sp. 17. A. T. Heraclei. Hypostomate antennis basi, pedibus
anticis et geniculis, abdoministpie basi et apice luteis :
{antennis feminae W-articulatis brevibus apice crassioribus,
petiolo bituberculato.) (Long. .09; alar. .17.)

Fern. — Caput nigrum, facie tota sub antennis et ore luteis : antennae

^ I have observed this species attacking the pucerons of the Centaury ; its
pi-oceedings are similar to those of the true Aphidii (see the note under A. Roscb,
Sp. 27) : it pierces the under side of the puceron, and by an equally in-
stantaneous touch; nor could I perceive that the singular anal horns serve any
purpose in this operation.

PARASITIC HYMENO-PTERA. 491

sensimincrassataearticulo ultimo magno, basi clare liitescentes : tho-
rax niger collo luteo rarius piceo : pedes lutei, posteriorum femori-
biis et tibiis basi denita tarsisque apice fuscis : coxae posticse
fuscas : abdomen luteum medio fuscescens : petiolus utrinque circa
medium denticulis 2 minutis, sive crenulatus : cornua analia
apice sursum curvata insignius quam in prtecedentibus. — Mas,
fere totus niger antennis concoloribus : pedes antici posteriorum
trochanteres tibiae tarsique basi sordide lutei : abdomen nigro-
piceum basi sordide lutescens.
Habitat in Aphidibus Heraclei Sphondylii florentis Julio mense
vulgatissimus, posthac vix obvius. — {Miis. Soc. Ent.)

Sp. 18. A. T. letifer. Capite thoraceque ?iigris pedibus
anlicis geniculis et abdominis basi ojnceqne bitescentibus :
{antennis et pet iolo fere ut in prcecedente.) (Long. .08;
alar. .15.)

Fern. — Prsecedenti similis : caput totum nigrum : antennae paulo
breviores nigrae prope basin pallescentes scapo ipso fusco : thorax
niger : pedes obscuriores, tarsi breviores : abdomen antice sor-
didius lutescens petioli medio infuscato.

Prodiit mihi ex Aphidibus Salicis idmi-folidc, Junio mense.

Sp. 19. A. T. minutus. Capite thoraceque tiigris, pedum

geniculis fulvescentibus : {antennis feminas W-articulatis

brevissimis.) (Long. .07; alar. .13.)
Fern. — A. brevicorni simillimus sed antennae 11-articulatae, articulis

taraen duobus apicis arete conjunctis, ultimo baud elongate.

Pedes picei geniculis ferrugineis aut fulvis : tarsi breviores :

abdomen piceum ano obscure lutescente.
Captus in Buxo Balearica Aphidibus scatente Junio mense.

Sp. 20. A. T. brevicornis. Antennis feminae lO-articulatis.
(Long. .06; alar. .1 +.)

Fe7n. — Nigra : antenute perbreves apice crassiores articulo ultimo
magno oblongo, tertio basi pallescente : pedes picei ; geniculis,
anticorum etiam femoribus tibiisque subtus ferrugineis : abdomen
pallide piceum lateribus infuscatum, ano obscure lutescente:
petiolus fere in medio obsolete denticulatus, nonnunquam bitu-
berculatus.

Hab. in umbelliferis, Angelica sylvestri praecipue, parum frequens.
— {Mas. Soc. Fnt.)

{To hi: continued.)

492
Art. LX. — Colloquia Ento7nologica.

(This contribution is not by the autlior of the former series.)

Scene — An open space in a Beech-wood^ Gloucestershire.
Entomologus and Tyro seated on the ground.

Tyro. See, Macroglossa stellatarum ! — I knocked him
down with my hat as he was banqueting on the sweets of a

honey-suckle

Ent. — thrusting his long tongue into the flowers ; and, if
alarmed, darting off like an arrow.

Tyro. Yes ; directly he caught sight of me, he whisked
away: and I should have taken him for one of those moths
that wear their good-looking name in the shape of a Greek
letter embroidered on their cloak, which we so often see flying
about flowers in the sunshine.
Ent. Plusia gamma.

Tyro. Probably. But my quarry quickly returned to his
feast ; and, as I took care to stand perfectly still, he seemed
to be better reconciled to me, and 1 had time to take more
notice of him, as he quaffed cup after cup of the delicious
nectar; — I soon saw what he was, and quickly pounced on
him.

Ent. They are by no means common. I have a large
plant of Centranthus latifoUus, which they regularly frequent
every year : two or three sometimes humming (for the motion
of their wings makes a melodious, though not loud hum — as
I dare say you observed) about it; at once inserting their
elongate maxilltje into its little upright tubular corollas ; and,
as they fly with their body nearly parallel to the ground, they
are obliged to bend them to get to the bottom of the flowers ;—
and I notice, they do not describe a curve, as one would sup-
pose would be the case with so flexile an instrument, but are
bent quite at an angle.

Tyro. I think I noticed something of the sort just now
in some butterflies which were flitting about a bed of thistles
on the edge of the wood. I watched them, as they alighted on
a head, turn completely round ; and, after examining it on all

COLLOQUIA ENTOMOLOGICA. 493

sides, as if in search of a tit-bit, began their meal ; and I
observed, when they wished to taste the sweets of a floret near
their mouth, they did not alter their position, but, bending
their trunk in the shape of a syphon, plunged it into its
nectary.

Ent. Look at those butterflies, full of enjoyment, basking
in the bright sunshine, now spreading out their wings —
maculis insignts et auro — or, if the shadow of a cloud passes
over, suddenly closing them, and in an instant shooting up a
dark line against the sky, which, standing out from amidst the
florets, reminds one of a furled banner towering above the
bristling lances of some warlike host ;

Tyro. — or, " parva componere magnis" — like the spiry
aloe, piercing out from the lion-haunted brushwood of South
Africa ; which, seen by some pious missionary, as he addresses
himself to repose after a weary day's journey, pointing upwards
to the calm moon-lit sky, raises his thoughts to Heaven, and he
forgets the fatigues and dangers of his toilsome way, in the con-
templation of peaceful realms of everlasting rest, to gain which
for himself and his fellow men, he has exchanged a happy home
for the dangers that now surround him. — I want to know, and
I don't doubt you can tell me, the name of a bee which sadly
disfigures Stachys lanigera in ray garden ; it seems as great
an enemy to this plant as the leaf-cutter bee is to the rose,
making holes in its leaves ; and this it does not effect like that
insect, by cutting pieces out, but by despoiling them of their
down, often in little patches; — the portions of the leaf thus
deprived of their natural covering, dry up, and soon decay,
from exposure to the influence of the sun and rain.

Ent. Your little depredator is the female of Anthldium
manicatum.

Tyro. I was a good deal amused with them ; they are
remarkably industrious little creatures : one I watched was so
intent on her work as to let me get near enough to hear her
pluck up the down, which she did with a noise like that of a
horse grazing. Every successive mouthful was thrust under
her body, where it seemed to be formed into a little ball ;
when she had collected enough, she flew off" with it, bending
in her head and tail to keep he\; load in its place — but I never
could track her home.

Ent. I believe she uses it to cover the outside of her cells :

494 COLLOQUIA ENTOMOLOGICA.

but I have a nidus under observation, and I hope soon to be
able to satisfy your inquiries about them.

Tyro. I shall expect to learn all about them ; — you seem
to have such good opportunities for observation. I can't help
fancying to myself how pleasantly you wile away many an
otherwise care-full hour in your delightful garden, amidst
" omnia copia narium^'' watching your favourites, who, like
little familiars, reveal to you, as if by the force of some secret
spell, what they conceal from more superficial, or less talented
observers.

Ent. Such pursuits possess, above most others, the power
of tranquillizing the agitations of a troubled spirit, — of in-
ducing those feelings, that mood of mind, in which, if past
sorrows are not all forgotten, their remembrance recurs to the
mind deprived of its poignancy. Often have I perceived them
to be

*' Deforrais agrimonise
Dulcibus alloquiis," —

and it is ])leasant to think that the happiness afforded by these
pursuits is accessible to all, or most of us, how or wherever
situated. As a French naturalist has well observed, — he is
addressing those engaged in the study of natural history: —
" Dans les vastes plaines et au milieu des bois touffus, sur le
haut des raonts et dans le fond de la vallee solitaire, vers le
bord des ruisseaux paisibles et sur I'immense surface de
I'ocean, vous serez sans cesse entoures des objets de votre
etude."

Tyro. Very true ; yet how many are so regardless — take
so little note of what passes around them, that they would
go to their graves without discovering half the beauties of
nature, if no one unfolded its leaves for them; — thus losing
some of the purest pleasures the embodied soul is capable of
enjoying, for want of an interpreter. Such interpreters, while
they open to many a new and inexhaustible source of pleasure,
are of great utility ; and we must love and venerate the man
who employs his talents in thus increasing the amount of
human happiness. With what a host of delightful associa-
tions such names as Ray, Kirby, and White, are connected !

Ent. I will confess to you, I have no higher ambition
than thus

COLLOQUIA ENTOMOLOGICA, 495

" To huild myself, in gentle hearts,
A shrine of lasting memory."

But I think, after all, it is to the study of Entomology, as a
science, that your observations will most forcibly apply.

Tyro. Well, I hardly know ; though I have sometimes
thought, as I have been resting in the shade of some lofty —

Ent. —

" Qua pinus ingens, albaque populus
Umbram hospitalem consociare amant
Raucis ; at obliquo laborat

Lympha fugax trepidare rivo."

Tyro. Leave out the poplar and it will do very well, even
to the Lympha fugax ; for, where I lay, the sleep-inviting
murmur of a viewless stream falls gently on the ear. I was
just thinking of a favourite spot.

Ent. Where ?

Tyro. Oh, just by us. Mij pine stands on a little knoll,
overlooking a beautiful piece of water that, almost surrounded
by woods, seems to repose on the green lap of the forest: on
one side is a hill which, after many an undulating swell, slopes
gradually off to the water's edge ; and so deep is its repose,
one feels some difficulty in persuading oneself that the wood
ends with the bank, as it is reflected on the bosom of the quiet
lake.

Ent. You forget the trees must be upside down — a posi-
tion which wptdd be very unpicturesque.

Tyro. Oh ! you don't know the place, so you can hardly
judge. I must tell you, my position is some considerable height
above the water, and looks down abruptly on it, for the hill
just here on this side suddenly becomes precipitous ; the bank
rises, rampart-like, from the water, and, on the opposite side,
the margin is fringed with low-growing trees and shrubs, so
that no deflected stems appear in the lake, to prove it an illusion,
which is, indeed, so perfect as would need immersion to dispel,
if it were not for that pair of swans which, more like appa-
ritions than material beings, noiseless as a mist-wreath floating
across the midnight sky, move, queen-like, along, and scarcely
disturb the sleeping surface of that dark silent flood ; the
ripple in their wake dying ere it reach those Nymphce lidece,
which, with their broad island-like leaves, the resort of water-
beetles, and golden flowers rising up amongst them, like the

4'96 NOTICE OF ENTOAIOLOGICAL WORKS.

crescent-tipped minarets of an eastern city, come too to the aid
of the senses, and act as counsel for reason against imagina-
tion. Then the humming in the air —

" That undefined and mingled hum,
Voice of the forest never dumb,"

which you entomologists, I think, are not yet agreed as to the
cause of. No sign of animal life, but the gambols of various
kinds of insects disporting around me ; and, as I have amused
myself with observing them, and have watched brilliant flies
hovering over the flowers, and hardly ever alighting, seeming
to live on their most delicate breath, the very acme of insect
happiness, — and the tiny beetle climb slowly up to the top of
a bent, suddenly take flight on some instinct-directed errand, —
and listened to the wilding-bee humming his evening orisons
as he darted into the cup of the hare-bell, where he is soon
lost in forgetfulness, perhaps, even before his nature-provided
hammock has recovered the equilibrium his entrance dis-
turbed,— and as hundreds of silver-bedropped moths — but it
is idle to re-detail these things to you — you who are so well
acquainted with Nature's " shews and forms," and have so
often roamed through field and forest engaged in pursuit of
these interesting creatures.

Ent. Let us then admire them as the creation of a Divine
Architect — let us enter the vestibule of that temple, to the
unveiled glories of whose interior, the science v/hich makes
us more perfectly acquainted with this wonderfully-beautiful
portion of Nature's works, v/ould introduce us.

Tyro. It is there we are permitted to trace —

*' The unambiguous footsteps of the God
Who gives its lustre to an insect's wing,
Aud wheels his throne upon the rolling worlds."

(^Exeunt.)

Art. LXI. — Notice of Entomological Worls.

1. Die Arachniden. Getren nach der Natur abgehildet
mid beschrieben von D. Carl Willi. Haln. Erster Band.
Viertes Heft. Mit scchs fein aiisgemalten Tafeln. Nvrn-
burg. 1833. — In this number are figured one species of

^'OTICE OF ENTOINIOLOGICAL WORKS. 497

Mijgale, two of Lycosa, and thirteen of Theridion, of which
eight are now described for the first time.

2. Iconographie, ^'C. des Coleopteres d' Europe; par M.
le Cotiite Dejean, et M. le Docteitr J. A. Boisduval. Tome
troisieme. 5""". Livraison. — The group Ferotiia is com-
pleted in this number ; it also contains figures of the genera
Camptoscelis, Myas, and Cephalotcs.

S. Magasin de Zoologie ; par M, Guerin. — It would be
waste of time and space to enumerate all the Anmdosa lately
figured in this interesting work; we shall, therefore, only
point out some of the most remarkable. In plate 41 (part
Insecta) there is the figure of a larva, stated to be that of
Anthia sex-guttata ; it is so decidedly different from that of
any Adephagous insect we have hitherto seen, that we find
our credulity somewhat taxed in believing it. Our corre-
spondent, Mr. Newman, has given a very correct outline of
this remarkable larva, Plate III., Fig. 6, to which we invite
our readers' attention. Metopias curculionkles, a new genus
of PselapJndcs, found in Cayenne, remarkable for the anterior
part of the head being produced into a horn, at (he end of
which are placed the antennae. Calodromus Mellyi (PI. 34),
a new genus of Coleoplera, allied to the Brentidce, and
found on the coast of Cororaandel : this is a truly remarkable
insect; the basal joint of the metatarsi^ is three times the
length of the rest of the leg. Cephaleus infumatus, a new
Hemipterous genus. There is a clever monograph on the
Crustaceous genus, Mithrox, by Milne Edwards. De La-
porte's excellent Essay on the Hemiptera is concluded.

4. Annales de la Sociele Ento?nologique de France:
Tome L, Trimesire^!, et Tome II. Trimestre 1 et 2. — These,
like the preceding number, contain many interesting and clever
essays ; the principal are, " Notice on the Entomology of
French Guiana, by M. Lacordaine;" " Observations on
Dahlborn's Monograph of the Scandinavian Bombi, by M.
Pelletier St. Fargeau;" " Memoir on fifty Species of Insects,
either new or little known, by M. de Laporte ;" " Continua-

a Tarsi of the pns/crior legs ; we adopt the word from Mr. Newman. J'ide
ante, p. 415.

NO. V. VOL. I. 3 S

498 NOTICE OF RNTOMOLOGIC/VL WORKS.

tion of a Catalogue of Corsican Lepidoptera, by M. Ranibur ;"
" On the Structure of the Nest of Mygalefodicns, by M. Au-
douin ;" a figure of the nest is given, shewing the singular
door by which its entrance is closed. " Division of the genus
Satyrus into nine groups, by characters taken from the
nervures of the wings and from the antennae, by M. Dupon-
chel ;" " Essay on the genus Lampyris, by M. de Laporte ;"
Lampyris is here divided into nineteen genera, fourteen of
which are new; we admire the elegance of M. de Laporte's
names, and wish that our English entomologists could avoid
those clumsy and barbarous compounds with which they often
disgrace their compositions. " On the Metamorphosis of
Ceratopogon, with the descriptions of two new species, by
M. F. E. Guerin ;" " A century of new Carabidce, by M.
Gory ;" " Essay on the Buprestidce, by M. Solier ;" charac-
ters of thirty-four genera are given, with accurately executed
dissections of all but three of them. " M. Fisher on some
genera of Orthoptera." We look on these " Annales" with
kindly affection, and recommend them to all scientific ento-
mologists.

5. Catalogue des Coleopteres de la Collection de M. Le
Comte Dejea7i, Liin-aison V. et 2'''. — This catalogue, with
synonyms and habitats, is essential to the general collector.
The author pays too little attention to the names of genera
established in this country; we cannot help thinking, that
courtesy should suggest their adoption, where they enjoy
the right of priority. However, let us endeavour to make
ourselves of that importance which shall demand notice ; we
have hitherto been too much engaged in making beautiful draw-
ings, in inventing hard names, in theorizing, in criticizing, in
petty bickering ; all the time thus spent is lost to science, and
our neighbours have gone by us while we have been busied on
mere nothings ; they have embraced the substance, we the
shadow ; let us cease to be superficial, and we shall not have
to complain of want of fair dealing.

6. Observat'iones nonnullcc in Coleoptera Indice Orientalis,
&)C. ^c. MaximiUanus Perty. 1831. — Ours reader will
conclude, and with justice, that it must be something unusually
flowery that can tempt us to notice a book two years old.

NOTICE OF ENTOMOLOGICAL WORKS. 499

How we came to have omitted it until now we cannot imagine,
but we hasten to repair the injury the learned author has
suffered at our hands. The work begins with twelve theses,
which we give at length, because we admire such of them as
we can understand, and because we are astonished at the
depth of those we don't understand, risum teneatis, that is
no mistake, though, perhaps, a little egotistical ; we mean, we
are astonished to find anything which we can't understand.
What connexion exists between these theses and the beetles
of the East Indies, we cannot at present make out.

Theses.
I.
Per antithesin factus est mundus, et per antagonismum conser-
vatur.

11.
In corporum coelestium genesi theoria aggregationis moment!
majoris est quam Vulcanismus et Neptunismus.

III.

Maris decrescentia non tam ab evaporatione, aut consumtione per
naturam organicam, quam ex penetratione versus orbis terrarnm
centrum deducenda.

IV.

Ignis in terrarum orbe centralis sane est admittendus.

V.

Quod sunt vires mechanicae in natura organica, id sunt vires
organiciE in regno animali et vegetabili ; quod sunt. vires organica;
in natura organica, id sunt vires psychicae in gente humana ; per
omnem naturam perpetua analogia, vires eaedem non qualitate sed
evokitione tantum diversas.

VI.

Expone mihi graminis humillimi indolem, tunc ego phantasiam
et mentis humanae agitationem tibi explicabo.

VII.

Conditio animalium psychica certo et exclusive ex eorum organi-
zatione derivari potest.

VIII.
Oxygenum et pbotogenium sunt potentiae vivificoe universales.

IX.

Limites exacti inter initia regni utriusque oiganici non inve-
nicndi sunt.

500 NOTICE OF ENTOMOLOGICAL WORKS.

X.

In generatione plantarum et animalium simplicissimorum a causis
elementaribus destinatur, utrum particula aliqua materias organi-
zandse planta, an animal futura sit.
XI.

A massae nervosa copia proportionali et processus respiratorii
gradu in genere animalium magnitudo dependet : ideo Insecta et
Ara;nidae molis tam exiguoe sunt.

XII.

Organisatio infusoriorum perfectior, a celeberrimo Ehrenberg
nuperrime detecta generationi eorum spontaneag non contradicit.

And then the gauntlet is thrown down to all who choose to
enter the lists in the way of disputation; for our part, we
would admit the central penetration of sea, or spontaneous
generation, or any thing, rather than accept the challenge.

Hasce theses defendere paratus sum si forte T. T. opponentes ex
iis, quam ex dissertatione materiam disputandi eligere maluerunt.

We would have translated all these theses, but found our
little store of school Latin is grown mouldy for want of use,
and we bartered our Ainsworth, the day before we left, for a
double-bladed knife, and gave our lexicon in; we began the
task, but the words antagonismum, Vulcanismus, Neptunis-
mns, psychiccs, &c., &c., made us pause.

7. The Entotnology of Australia, in a series of Mono-
gra'phs ; by George Robert Gray, Sfc. Part I., containing
Phasma. — This work, as far as the plates are concerned, is
admirable, and does the artist infinite credit. The scientific
cliaracter of the work would have been raised, by anatomical
figures of the mouth of each genus; but we suppose these
have been omitted as likely to injure the general appearance
of the plates, with which we are so delighted, that we feel
little inclined to say anything about the letter-press ; but duty
must be attended to, and we therefore inform our readers that
this part of the work is no improvement: how Mr. Gray
could trust himself on such a task, we cannot think ! he
should have taken Stoll and Audinet-Serville, and studied
them for vveeks, before he ventured on Ortlioptera. He says
of the Piiasmidce, " they belong to the first section, Cursoria,
or walkers, and differ very much from the other family of the

NOTICE OF ENTOMOLOGICAL WORKS. 501

same section, termed Mantidce" &c. From this it follows,
that there are but two sections of the Cursoria ; so that Blatta
must be invested with the powers of leaping, and placed
dixnongthe Saltatoria, or — an equal violation of nature — joined
hand in hand with Phasma, whilst this last is separated from its
near neighbours, Mantis, Evipusa, and Phyllium. Forficula
and T/irij)s are also Orthopterous ; the former has long since
been included among the Cursoria, which, by the way, we
would, with Mr. Gray's permission, Gallicise " Coureurs," and
Anglicise " Runners." Audinet-Serville was wrong, as we
conceive, in separating Mantis and Spectrum, not but what
these constitute distinct families, but because they naturally fall
into two others equally so, and the stirps Phasmina, MacLeay,
thus divides into five distinct families, the first, however, being
excluded by that author : —

1. MANTispiDiE. Alls 4 sequalibus.

2. Empusid^ . . Capite in cornu producto.

3. Mantid^e . . Capite simplice.

4. Phasmid^ . . CoriDore lineari, plerumque aptero.

5. Phylliid^ . Corpore dilatato, alato.

The detailed characters of these families should have been
supplied, and then those particular families to be described
should have been subdivided into genera, and these genera
again into species. As it is, we are left entirely to our option
as to what genus we choose to refer each species : the de-
scriptions, we observe, are in the neuter; thus agreeing with
Phasma, yet we can find no characters of such a genus. The
whole of the letter-press, moreover, is turned out of hand in
a careless unscientific manner, which we really regret, seeing
the beauty and accuracy of the plates. We observe the name
of one of our most eminent entomologists'^ is given throughout
incorrectly ; — colours are described in a way no entomologist
can understand, and violations of orthography and grammar
might be pointed out. We intreat Mr. Gray to exercise a
little more care, if he ever expects his work to obtain the
patronage of the scientific.

8. Genera Dyticeoriim auctore, Dr. Gtiil. Ferd. Erichson.
Berlin, 1832. — This is a little book that every body should
" The Ruv. Frederick William Hope.

502 NOTICE OF ENTOMOLOGICAL WORKS.

have ; it is a sitie qvd non to the entomologist ; the price is
almost nothing, and it is full of information. For the benefit
of those who do not choose to purchase, we will transcribe the
following

Synopsis Generum.

A. Coxae posticae amplae.

I. Tarsi anteriores articulo quarto distincto.
a. Tarsi antici maris patellati.

1. Cybister. Pedibus anterioribus extus, posticis in

utroque sexu utrinque ciliatis, his unguiculo, unico,
porrecto, fixo.

2. EuNECTES. Pedibus anterioribus intus, posticis in

utroque sexu utrinque ciliatis, unguiculis duobus
subasqualibus, porrectis.

3. AciLius. Pedibus anticis extus, posticis in utroque

sexu utrinque ciliatis, his unguiculis duobus in-
agqualibus, porrectis superiore fixo : tarsis subtus
articulis tribus primis ciliatis.

4. Hydaticus. Pedibus anterioribus extus, posticis in

utroque sexu utrinque ciliatis, his unguiculis duobus
insequalibus, superiore fixo ; tarsis subtus articulis
quatuor primis ciliatis.

5. Dyticus. Pedibus anterioribus extus, posticis in mare

utrinque, in femina modo supra ciliatis, his ungui-
culis duobus eequalibus mobihbus.
h. Tarsi antici maris simpliciter dilatati.

G. CoLYMBETES. Scutello couspicuo ; pedibus posticis in
mare utrinque, in femina modo supra ciliatis ; un-
guiculis inasqualibus superiore fixo, inferiore hoc
triplo breviore ; palporum labialium articulo secundo
tertio evidenter longiore.

7. Ilybius. Scutello conspicuo ; pedibus posticis in mare

utrinque in femina modo supra ciliatis, unguiculis
insequalibus superiore fixo, inferiore hoc parum
breviore ; palporum labialium articulo secundo tertio
suba^quali,

8. Agabus. Scutello conspicuo ; pedibus posticis in mare

utrinque in femina modo supra ciliatis : unguiculis
insequalibus mobilibus.

9. CoPELATUs. Scutello conspicuo ; pedibus posticis in

utroque sexu utrinque ciliatis ; unguiculis insequa-
libus mobilibus.

NOTICE OF ENTOMOLOGICAL WORKS. 503

10. Laccophilus. Scutello inconspicuo; aiitennis tenuibus

setaceis ; pedibus posticis uiiguiculis inaequalibus
superiore fixo, porrecto.

11. NoTERUs. Scutello inconspicuo ; antennis crassiusculis

fusiformibus ; pedibus posticis unguiculis aequalibus,
mobilibus.
II. Tarsi anteriores articulo quarto obsolescente.

12. Hyphydrus. Tarsis posticis compressis, unguiculis

inaequalibus porrectis ; superiore fixo.

13. Hydroporus. Tarsis posticis filiformibus, unguiculis

inaequalibus, mobilibus.
B. Coxae posticse angustae.

I. Antennae 11-articulatse, infra oculos insertae.

14. Pelobius.

II. Antennae 10-articulatae, in fronte insertae.

15. Haliplus. Palporum maxillarium articulo ultimo

minuto, subuliformi.

16. Cnemidotus. Palporum maxillarium articulo ultimo

reliquis majore conico.

A detailed character of the whole group, as to internal and
external anatomy, habit, &c., and a detailed description of
each genus, is given in the same clear and intelligible manner
as this synopsis.

9. Magazine of Natural History. — The principal ento-
mological papers that have appeared in this excellent magazine,
since our last notice, are by the Rev. W. T. Bree, Mr. Yarrell,
and Dr. Johnson. So great a proportion of our readers see
this work, and we have already swelled our reviews to so
unusual a length, that we must dispense with quotations or
criticisms. One of our correspondents alludes to the decrease
of matter and wood-cuts; this, however, we trust is merely
casual, and we hope to see the original quantity again. We
miss Rusticus in the late numbers ; he complained to us, some
time since, that Mr. Loudon had " pruned" his epistles with
rather too free a hand ; but we hope he has forgiven this, and
enriched Mr. Loudon, as he has ourselves, by a twelve-months'
store. The July number contained some laughable obser-
vations about ourselves, from the pen of Mr. Westwood : we
believe we had been reviewing him, but the particulars have
escaped our memory.

504 NOTICE OF ENTOMOLOGICAL WORKS,

10. A/ifialc's des Sciences NuiureUes, par M. Adoidn. —
This is a work of great value; its editor is talented as a writer
and reasoner, and one of the most accomplished entomologists
of the day. In the number of these Annales for January 1833,
is a very long and philosophical memoir, by Professor Baer,
which contains some allusions to insects. In the same num-
ber is a memoir, by Milne Edwards, on the mouths of some
Crustacea. In Vol. XXVII., page 316, is a paper by Mr.
Westwood, on Crustacea, In Vol. XXVI., p. 369, a memoir
by M. Pictet, on Nenioura; and another, (Vol. XXVIII.,
p. 44,) by the same author, on Perla. M. Pictet remarks,
that the Nemource part with their tails, and the Perlce pre-
serve them, when they arrive at perfection : we were aware
the presence or absence of this appendage was a distinguishing
characteristic of the imagines of these families ; but certainly
did not know that both possessed it in the prior stages. The
author remarks on the fact of these tribes possessing an active
jnipa, as being new ; we have known this from our childhood ;
and have often picked the skin of the pupa from reeds, &c.
after the imago had burst from it and taken wing. M. Pictet
accuses Mr. Curtis unjustly of having drawn the nervures of
the wings of Perla cephalotes incorrectly, seemingly not
aware that these nervures differ, not only in different specimens,
but even in the opposite wings of the same insect.

11. London and Edinburgh Philosophical Magazine, ^r.,
Vol.11., p. 443. — Mr. M''estwood has here concluded his
" Descriptions of several new British Forms among the
Parasitic Hymenopterous Insects." 1. Monodontomerus ;
this genus is the same as Priomertis, Walker; the species
described by Mr. Westwood has fewer denticulations beneath
the metafemora than the species described by Mr. Walker;
however, from the figure given, Mr. Westwood's species
appears to have two slight denticulations near the apex of the
thigh, besides the one mentioned. Dalman's Torymus dentipes
is a totally different genus, and we think may be the same as
Mr. W^alker's Torymus caliginosus. 2. Mesopolobus is not
at all allied to Pachylarthrus ; the abdomen is sessile ; — the
species described, M. fasciiventris, is very abundant in the
vicinity of London. 3. Platymesopus ; one species of this
genus is very common near London in May ; the mesotibicE

ENTOMOLOGICAL NOTES. 505

in the female are not dilated. 4. Gastrocistrus ; in this genus
the second and third joints of the antennas are very minute ;
it has more affinity to Spalangia than to CalUmonw or EupeU
miis. 5. Trichogramma ; the species described is only one-
seventh of a line in length ; it has the scutum of ihemesothorax
very much developed, the scutellum very small ; we believe its
tarsi are tetramerous. 6. Ajjrostocetus, likewise, has the
tarsi tetramerous ; the oviduct is exserted. 7. Emholemus ; a
singular genus, having wings like Ahjsia; and antennce like
Proctrotrupes. 8. Hemisius ; allied to T(^/e«ow^^^5, Haliday.

Art. LXII. — Entumulogical Notes. By Edward Newman,
Esq., F.L.S.

{Continued frovi page 416.)

Class. — Diptera.

Natural Order. ? ined.

Genus. — Tephritis. Latreille.

Teph. Alciphron. Fem. Griseo-iiridis ; proalis liyal'inis,
macuUs 4 marginaUbus fuscis.

Head, between the eyes, deep oohreous; mesothorax, grey-green
approaching to brown after death; it has several darker shades,
and two black spots, near the hinder margin of its scutum ; the seg-
ments then are greenish-brown and unicolorous to the teluni,
which is, in the female, elongate, and of a clear ferruginous brown.
The wings are clear, with the exception of four small fuscous
spots either on or near their upper margin; the first of these
is situated half-way from the insertion towards the tip, and is
quite marginal ; the second is a little farther from the insertion,
and not quite marginal ; the third and fourth are still exterior,
and are perfectly marginal. The legs are brown. (Breadth 5hn.)

Taken in June, July, and August, in the Isle of Wight,
Coombe, Birch, and Darent woods, on the Centaurea nigra ;
in size and form it much resembles Teph. Curnuta.

NO. V. VOL. I. 3 T

506 ENTOMOLOGICAL NOTES

Teph. Theora. Obscure griseo-viridis ; fem. telo nigro;
proalis fiisco reticnlatis.

Head, between the eyes, somewhat ochreous; mesothorax and follow-
ing segments, dirty greyish -green, until the telum, which in the
females is black ; wings reticulated with brown, which forms a
stronger double irregular blotch on the costal margin ; another
near the middle of the lower margin, and a third towards the
tip ; — these three are at their edges united. The legs are pale.
(Breadth 3h lin.) {Mus. Soe. Ent.)

This insect is nearly allied to Teph. Leontodontis of Meigen,
than which however it is less, and, in other respects, suffi-
ciently distinct. It is also related to Teph. Jiavicauda of
Meigen, from which it is readily distinguished by the colour of
the terminal segment; the three or four segments before
these have occasionally a pair of black dots on each. It is
one of the commonest species in Britain, having been taken
in abundance in Scotland, Cambridgeshire, Oxfordshire, &c.,
and in the neighbourhood of London, at Hampstead, South-
gate, Coombe, Camberwell, Deptford, Birch, and Darent.

Teph. Alethe. Nigra, proalis nigro contaminatis.

Entirely black ; wings reticulated, and clouded with black. (Breadth

3 lin.) {Mus. Soc. Ent.)

Taken at Birch-Wood and at Southgate, in considerable
abundance, somewhat resembling Teph. jlamcauda in the
mai'kings of its wings, but is constantly less.
Teph. Hebe. Brunnea ; mesothoracis scutello'^ ochraceo ;

proalis hyalinis fasciis sex brunneis longitudine variis.

Brown ; with the head between the eyes, and the legs paler ; the
scutellum of the mesothorax ochraceous : the wings are very
transparent, with six transverse fasciae, and the costal margin
brown, — the first, counting from the insertion of the wing, is
broad, obscure, and extends from margin to margin ; the remain-
ing five are very distinct; the second is medial, not reaching
either margin ; the third touches the upper margin, and extends
three-parts of the way towards the lower ; the fourth is very short,

* I use the term scutellum more in conformity with general practice than to
express any belief of my own in its accuracy. 1 suspect the part in question will
prove tlie fourth section of this segment, or the mesothorncic postsculellum. I
prefer, however, adhering to a possible error, to the risk of falling into a new one.

BY EDWARD NEWMAN. 507

touching the upper margin only ; the fifth is very long, attached
to the upper margin, and, at half its length, taking a bend towards
the body of the insect ; the sixth resembles the fourth, and is
nearly apical.

Taken by Mr. Walker at Southgate. I have seen but one
specimen of this very beautiful insect.

Natural Order. — Muscites, ined.

Genus. — Trixa. Meigen.

Trix. scutellata. Nigra; mesoihoracis scutello, pcdibusque
ferrugine'is.

Black, slightly clouded and variegated with grey : head, above,
black ; below, including the front and antennae, ferruginous :
mesothoracic scutellum, and legs, also ferruginous : the remainder
of the trunk black : wings, exteriorly, smoky ; interiorly, the
upper portion stained with saffron. (Breadth 1 inch.)

Taken in Epping Forest by Mr. Doubleday.

Class. — Coleoptera.

Natural Order. — Silphites, ined.

Genus. — Catops. Paykul.

Cat. nubifer. Fuscvs; prothorace medio fiisco, laterihus
ferriigineis.

Head black : antennae, with the three basal joints, pale ferruginous,
and shining ; then, to the apex, fuscous, with the exception of
the apical joint, which is paler : prothorax ferruginous, bearing a
fuscous cloud centrally, which extends to none of its margins :
mesothorax, ferruginous : elytra fuscous : the latter, at the shoulders,
more or less ferruginous, in some specimens, which are possibly
immature, the latter colour pervades nearly the whole of the
elytra: legs fusco-ferruginous, (Length \\ lin,)

Taken at Halifax ; and is apparently very distinct from
any species described as British.

Cat. frater. Pullus, leviter villosus ; pedibus fusco-ferrugi-

neis.
Head black ; antennae, with the two basal joints, ferruginous, then

fuscous, with the exception of the apical joint, which is paler ;.

508 ENTOMOLOGICAL NOTES

prothorax black, with a brown villosity ; elytra perfectly without
the usual striae, excepting the pair which runs parallel with the
suture, black, slightly tomentose and rugose ; legs, fusco-ferru-
ginous. (Length, 1| lin.)

Taken at Halifax. It somewhat resembles Cat. forme at us
at first sight, but is very much smaller, ako blacker ; and the
elytra want the striae, so apparent in that species, and have the
appearance of rugosity, rather than reticulation, which dis-
tinguishes C.fornicatus. These appearances, both of reticu-
lation and rugosity, are merely the effect of a different
arrangement of minute punctures.

Cat. soror. Niger, elytris pedibusque piceis.

Head black ; antennae, with the four basal joints, and half of the
fifth, ferruginous ; prothorax black, with a brown villosity ; elytra
and legs pitcliy-bla,ck ; the former rugose, faintly striated.
(Length 1^ lin.)

Taken at Halifax. It is more round, and rather shorter in
proportion than any other species with w^hich I am acquainted.
The antennae also differ ; but the general appearance of this,
and the preceding species, is very similar excepting in size;
the present is the smaller. These three species are in the
eabinct of Mr. Davis..

Natural Order. — Byrrmites, ined.

Genus. — Byrriius. Lhuiceus.

Byr. rufiventer. Aureo-Juscus,. toviciUosus ; ventre pedi-
busque ferrugincis.

Head, prothorax, and elytra, brown, with a villosity of a golden-
brown hue ; antennae black ; the whole undcr-surface and l(^s
ferruginous. (Length Z\ lin.)

Taken round. London, and in many other situations, in
abundance ; it has usually been confounded with B. pilula;
than which, however, it is smaller, rounder, and different, in
beincf invariably of a clear red-brown beneath ; whereas,
B. pilula, in the same parts, is invariably jet-black. I find,
by iiaving kept specimens alive, that age does not incline the
two species to assimilate.

BY EDWARD NEWMAN. 509

Natural Order. — Scarab^ites, ined.
Genus. — Phyllopertha. Kirby.
Phyl. suturalis. Chalyhco-atra ; elytris testaceis, margine
circvmdata nigra.

Head black, with a chalybeous tinge : antennae, with the shaft, testa-
ceous, the club black: prothorax and mesothorax black, with a
chalybeous tinge : elytra testaceous, with black hairs, and the
entire margins black : the legs and whole of the under-surface
are black, with testaceous hairs. (Length 3 1 lin.) {Mus. Soc. Ent.)

Taken by Mr. Bevington, in immense profusion, on the
sea-coast in the north of Ireland. In the black line, which
completely surrounds each elytron, and the black hirsuties of
the elytra, it differs from every species with which I am
acquainted.

Natural Order. — Elaterites, ined.
Genus. — Athous. Eschscholtz.
Ath. Campyloides. Ferriigineus, oculis nigris.
Ferruginous, the eyes only being black. (Length 4| lin.)

This species was beaten out of elder, at Ramsgate, by my
friend, R. Foster ; it appears distinct from the Elater longi-
collis of Fabricius, in having the elytra less deeply striated
and less flat, and in being altogether wider ; the prothorax is
not quite so acutely angled posteriorly, and the general appear-
ance of the insect is that of Cami^ylus d'lspar. I have but
three specimens, all of which agree in the above distinctions,
and also in wanting entirely the margin which usually distin-
guishes E. longicollis.

Natural Order. — Cerambicites, ined.

Genus. — Cylindera. ^ Newman.

Caput prothoracis latitudo : oculi prominentes: antermarum articulis
1°. paull6 incrassato, 2". parvo, caeteris ad apicem pedetentim at-
tenuantibus : prothorax elongatus fere cylindricus medio pauUa
incrassatus: elytra parallela: femora incrassata. Characteribus
aliis vix Callidio difFert.

'' KuAij/Spos cijlindrtts, Sept] collum.

510 ENTOMOLOGICAL NOTES

Cyl. pallida. Testacea, oculis fuscis.

The head, antennae, prothorax, elytra, and legs, are entirely of a
pale brown colour ; the eyes alone are darker : the prothorax and
elytra are slightly rugose ; the former has an indented ring near
the anterior, and another near the posterior, margin. (Length
4 lin.)

Mr. Bently's rich cabinet contains a specimen of this insect.
Mr. Ingpen has taken it more than once, and I possess one
which was taken at Camberwell. I have reason to believe
that it is not an uncommon insect, but, from a similarity of
colour, has been taken for Callidium variahile, a species to
which widely differing insects appear to have been frequently
referred.

Genus. — Tritomacrus.'' Newman.

Caput prothorace paullo angustius : mandibulis elongatis, porrectis,
vix dentatis, apice arcuatis : oculi prominentes : antennis corpora
valde longioribus, articulo 1°. incrassato, 2". brevissimo, 3°. lon-
gissimo, caeteris longitudine decrescentibus, et ad apicem pede-
tentim attenuantibus : prothorax elongatus, depressus, indentatus,
lateribus convexis : elytra postice paullo angustiora ; femora prse-
cedente minus incrassata. Characteribus aliis vix Obrione difiert.

Trito. testaceus. Testaceus, oculis fere concoloribiis, an-
tennis corpore valde longioribus.

Testaceous, the eyes being nearly of the same colour : the antennae
are much longer than the body, pubescent, and taper gradually
to a point. (Length 5 lin.; antenno3 8 lin.)

The only specimen I have seen of Trilomacrus testaceus
is in Mr. Bently's cabinet, and named Obrium pallidum ; it
was taken by Mr. Whitecroft, in Ireland. I should have
been very glad to have retained the specific name, but thought
it more applicable to the preceding species, and did not like
to give them both the same name. From the descriptions, I
think it will be seen, that Tritomacrus is more nearly allied
to Obrium, Cylindera to Callidium, forming, together with
those genera, a beautifully connected series.

« T^iTos tertius, fxanpos longus : — third joint long; in all the Cerambicites this
is partially the case, but in the present instance very remarkably so.

by edward newman. 511

Class. — Neukoptera.
Natural Order. — Libellulites, hied.
Genus Lihellulam ut a Doct. Leach circumscriptum, audeiido iterum
dividere in terram ambiguam periclitor : niliilominus mihi videtur,
character unicus " metalce sexihus ambohus coinpares" non suffi-
cit, propterea distinctiones novas in corporis figuram conditas,
attentavi : instrumenta cibaria haud examinavi, quoniam genus *
satis determinatum instanter universus monstrat aspectus, san-
ciuntque characteres enumerati existimo.

Genus. — Sympetrum.'^ Newman.
Caput metathorace latius : propodeon, podeonque in commisura
incrassata : segmenta sequentia lateribus compressa : protelum ae
adjacentia plus minusve incrassata : tetum minutum : teli appen-
dices notas cseteris distinctas vix praebent : alarum stigma utrin-
que convexum.

The remaining species of Dr. Leach's genus, Libellula,
widely differ from each other in the form of the posterior
segments, and in the length of the superior caudal appendages
of the male ; but in none of them are these segments com-
pressed as in the genus Symjietrum ; they will, in all proba-
bility, resolve eventually into three distinct genera, and as
such I had once prepared them for publication, together with
Sympetrum, as below,^ but a dislike to name-giving induced
me to relinquish them.

A, Sexus colors discrepantes.
Symp. Scoticum. Mas, purimreo-nigrum, maculis flavis ;
alls hyalinis : pedibvs nigris. Fem. olivciceum, macidis
flavis : suhtus n'lgrinn ; alls hyaUnis hasi flavis. Mas et
Fem. stigmate nigro, pedihiis nigris.

"* SuyUTTiefco comprimo, rirpov abdomen.

« Sympetrum ; abdomen laterarty compressed. Ex. Vulgatum, Linn. &c.
Orthetrum ; abdomen laterally parallel. Ex. Ccerulescens, Fab. CanccUa-

tum, Linn.
Platetrum ; abdomen depressed and dilated. Ex. Deprcssum, Linn. Con-

spurcatum, Linn.
Leptetrwn ; abdomen conical and pointed. Ex. Quadrimacutum, Linn. Pio'-
nubilum, Newman.
I may add that it is with great pleasure I have seen the divisions of Clairville's
genus, Colymletes, lately raised by our friends on the continent to the rank of
genera. They had long since been similarly divided and labelled with MS. names
in my own cabinet — causing much good-humoured raillery among my acquaint-
ance, at my love of making divisions.

512 ENTOMOLOGICAL NOTES

Libellula Scotica. Leach. E. E. IX. 186, descr.
Id. Donovan. XV. PI. 52^, icon.

Male, purply-black, with an oblique, yellow, elongate blotch on the
mesothorax ; another on the metathorax, besides several smaller
spots of the same colour : the decaton and protelum likewise bear
on each two distinct yellow spots : the wings are very clear,
without any saffron tint at the base. Female, olivaceous, with
the yellow spots on the anterior segments, as in the male ; the
posterior segments having the inferior portion black. The male
and female have the stigma of the wings, and the legs, entirely
black. (Length 12^ lin. ; breadth 19 lin.) {Mus. Soc. Ent.)

Taken in Scotland and some parts of England.

Symp. rufo-stigma. Mas. Rufum. Fern. Olivaceiim
linea dorsali nigra. Mas et Fern. Alis sordide hyalinis
basi croceis stigmate, marihus prcecipue, rufo; pedibus
7iigris,

Male, brilliant red. Female, olivaceous, the lateral portions of the
meso- and metathorax inclining to yellow, variegated with black
oblique lines : the acute keel of the posterior segments is tipped
with black, the lower portion is also inclining to black. In both
sexes the wings have a tinge of brown over the whole surface, and
a saffron-coloured spot at their base : the stigma of the males,
particularly, is bright red : the legs are black, with the under
surface of the profemora in the females excepted, which is yellow.
(Length 13 lin, ; breadth 21 lin.) {Mus. Soc. Ent.)

This species is particularly abundant. I have examined no
London collection without observing specimens of it ; it is not
allied to any described species ; the red male instantly distin-
guishes it from S. Scoticinn, the black legs and diminutive
size from S. viilgatum.

Symp. vulgatum. Mas. Rvfescens. Fem. Olivaceum: alls
sordidr hyalinis basi vix croceis, stigmate infumato ; femo-
rihus tibiisqtw Jlavis, lineis nigris ; tar sis nigris.
Libellula vulgata. Linn. Syst, Nat. I. 901 ? (alis hyalinis
corpore griseo cauda simplici.)
Id. Fab. Lat. Charp, Vand, &c.

Id. Scha^ff, Tab. 92, fig. 1 (mas) ; Tab. 137,

fig. 1 (fem.) : icon.
Male, red. Female, olivaceous, the lateral portions of the meso-
and metathorax inclining to yellow, and streaked with black ; a

BY EDAVAUD NEWMAN. 51.'i

slender black line passes centrally along the sides of the posterior
segments, though occasionally interrupted ; another black line,
below this, is never interrupted : the wings in both sexes have a
saffron tinge at the base, — in the females, extending along the
costal margin : the stigma is smoke colour : the legs are yellow,
with slender black lines, excepting the tarsi, which are totally
black. (Length 16 to 17 lin. ; breadth 25 lin.)

This species is also abundant round London, but never seen
in company with the last. I have examined the authentic
Linnffian specimen, and find it does not perfectly agree with
this insect ; but probably time has so altered its colours, that it
would be scarcely fair to introduce a new name.

Sexus colore assimilanies.

Symp. basale. Mas et Fem. Flavescens ; alls, basi et
marginihus costalibus, croceo tenuiter stiffusis, stigmate
infumato, pedibus riigris, profemoribus subtus Jlavis,

Libel, basalis. Steph. Syst. Cat. I. 309.

Male and female, dull yellow, approaching in parts to olivaceous :
a series of irregular black spots, on the sides of the posterior seg-
ments, form an interrupted line : the meso- and metathorax
are likewise marked with black, in the same manner as Symp.
vulgatum : the wings are beautifully stained with saffron-colour
at the base, and along the costal margin : the stigma is smoke-
coloured : the legs are black, with the exception of the under
surface of the profemora, in the female, which is yellow, and the
coxae and trochanteres, which are of peculiarly pale and delicate
straw-colour. (Length 15 lin. ; breadth 22 lin.)

Mr. Stephens, who kindly transmitted me his typical speci-
men, has the credit of first noticing this species as distinct
from the others, and I have adopted his name, although I
should have preferred a more distinguishing one, as the one
he has chosen is more or less applicable to every species of the
restricted genus Libellula. It does not appear an abundant
species, though occasionally found near London. I have never
met with it.

Symp. flaveolatum. Mas et Fem. Flavescens ; alts, metalis
prcesertim, late croceis ; stigmate Jlavo ; pedibus nigris
extus jlavo lineatis.
NO. V. VOL. I. 3 u

514 VARIETIES.

Libellula flaveolata. Linn. Faun. Succ, descr.

riaveola. Fab. Latr. Charp. Fond., &c.
Id. Schocff., Tab. 4, fig. 1, icon.

Male and. female, yellow, with a continuous black line extending on
each side from the metathorax to the teluni : fore-wings with a
saffron-coloured blotch at the base, and another, in the females,
near the centre of the upper margin : hind-wings with a large
blotch of the same colour at the base : stigma opaque, straw-
coloured : legs black, with a yellow line externally on the femora
and tarsi. (Length 15 lin. ; breadth 222 lin.)
Taken, but rarely, in the neighbourhood of London ; more
abundant in Scotland. Most of these species vary in the
disposition and mode of marking ; they are also subject to
have pale legs, when killed immediately on emerging from the
pupa, and to change their colour by being kept : if due allow-
ance is not made for these variations, much confusion will
ensue. I shall feel obliged to any of your correspondents
who can supply me with either of the two last described
species, or any remarkable LibelluUtes, on loan.

Should these Notes meet with approbation, I hope, in
another volume, to renew them, having made but slender
progress with the stores on hand.

Edw^ard Newman.

Art. LXIII. — Varieties.

46. Moths attracted by Sugar, (Vid. ante, p. 310.)— I
have observed that the bottles filled with sugar and water
which are frequently hung against walls to attract wasps, and
so preserve the wall-fruit, will attract moths also. I once
knew an instance of Catocala mq)ta getting into one of them.
If sugar barrels are heated, they will attract moths much
sooner than when cold ; some gauze should be so placed as to
prevent the moths from injuring themselves, and a person
should stand near with a net ready. Sphinges, and other
moths, come to feed on honeysuckles and all sweet flowers.

J. C. Dale.

47. Names of Captain Blomer's Insects, (Vid. ante,
p. 317.) — As some doubt seems to be attached to the names
sent by Captain Blomer to the Entomological Magazine, I

VARIETIES. 515

may state, that the Captain sent them to me for names, and
I beg to make a few corrections. Polia bicaitdata should be
Perla bicaadata; Ceria conojjsoides should be Doros co-
nopseus; Bombus Harrisellus should be B. subterraneus ,-
Osmia maritima should be Megachile maritima ; Andreiia
aurata should be A. armata ; Tabanus viltatus is in Curtis's
Guide, G. 1185, Sp. 5. The remainder I cannot at present
explain. J. C. Dale.

48. Acanthosoma incta, (Vid. ante, p. 287.) — I saw this
insect, with the same name attached, in the Linngean cabinet.
I took four or five in Middleton Park, near Oxford, on the
juniper-bushes ; and Mr. Matthews has taken them through
last winter in great abundance at the same place.

J. C. Dale.

49. Genus Charissa. — I have taken C. serotinaria on a
chalk soil, as in the Isle of Wight, for instance, and always
whitish; C Pidlaria, on stony chalk, at Dover, is rather
darker; and another variety, on Portland stone, darker still;
besides a variety at Monk's Wood, which appears inter-
mediate. I have taken C. dilucidaria at Teignmouth,
between grass and heath ; and one, very nearly allied, on the
Mendip Hills, out of furze and on old walls. C. obscuroria,
which I have taken on Parley Heath, is very dark indeed.
Is it not possible that all these are but one species ?

J. C. Dale.

50. Genus Carabus. — I first detected C. cancellatus as
being distinct as British, in Mr. Ingpen's cabinet, where it
was ticketed C monilis, and had been overlooked by several
entomologists for some time previously. C. auratus is stated
to have been found at Exmouth. On looking at the cabinet of
insects in the British Museum, I find a specimen of this insect
ticketed thus, " Ex Mas. D. Pitt qui legit prope Exeier"
Mr. Wailes has also a specimen, found by a gentleman near
Canterbury, and conveyed home in a snuff-box.

J. C. Dale.

51. Generic Names should be of Greek derivation, (Vid.
ante, p. oil.) SiK, The zeal of A, in support of this canon,

516 VARIETILS.

has led him into the inadvertence of charging to my friend,
Mr. Curtis, as an innovation, a practice adopted by many
other of the most eminent entomologists. As A seems to
restrict his remarks to the present practice, it is needless to go
back to the authority of Linne or Fabricius ; but opening the
entomological parts of Le Regne Animal, and Stephens's
Catalogue, I take a few out of the numerous examples I find
there, not to defend the principle, but to shew how far it is an
innovation. Yours, &c. A. H. Haliday.

[Mr. Haliday gives a considerable list from Latreille, La-
marck, Stephens, &c., of generic names decidedly of Latin
origin; it is no innovation, yet still we are disposed to recommend
the use of Greek-compounded words in preference. — Ed.]

52. Burroiving Hymenoplera. — Sir, The following brief
enumeration comprehends all the Hymenojitera of the burrow-
ing tribes which have occurred to me on the eastern coast of
Ireland, from Dublin northwards: — Ceropales macidatus;
Ponipilus pidcher, niger, gibbus, fiiscus, exaltatus ; Larra
ichneuvionijormis * ; Mellimis arvcnsis ; Stigjm/s Troglo-
dytes^ ; Pemphredon lugiibris*, unicolor ; Crabro 4<-macu-
latus, pahnipeSi eloyigatulus* , bidetis*, (Haliday) ; Rhopalum
tibiale*, rnfiventre* ; Oxybellus uniglumis. Of Crabro
bidens, I subjoin the following description : —

Cra. bidens. Mas. Niger, nitidissimus ; capite, tlioraceqne
jnibescentibus, ocellis in triangidnm ceqidlatus positis, cly-
peus utrinque rtmcronato, abdomine latitudine et longi-
tudidine thoracis.

Statura et iiiagnitudo Cr. Leucostomce caput robustum, supra
subquadratum, fusco pubescens, facie ut in reliquis argentea :
antennae breviusculae, haut ciliatae ; metathorax breviter rotun-
datus, laevis sulculo medio longitudinali, scutello (cordiformi)
indistincto ; abdomen fere latitudine thoracis et vix longius, niti-
dissimum, apice flavescenti-pellucido ; pedes graciles coxis baud
lanatis, metatarso antico lineari recto, calcaribus posticis dilutius
fuscis.
Taken on the sand-hills. Bay of Dundrum; August.

A. H. Haliday.

53. Observations respecting the Genus Castnia, (Vid. ante,
p. 309.)— Sir, When I alluded to the fact that Castnia sits
with its wings deflexed, I was not aware that Mr. Swainsan

VARIETIES. 517

had recorded it in his " Zoological Illustrations," or I should
have alluded to him with all the respect due to one of no little
knowledge in entomology, and who is justly regarded on the
continent as the first ornithologist of Great Britain. I may
just say, that I have more than once seen Castnia sitting with
its wings deflexed, and that I hope ere long to see it again, if
any are yet to be found in a land far dearer to me

" in its darkness and showers,

Than the rest of the world in its sunniest hours."
I am, Sir,
The Anonymous Reviewer of Sphinx V.
Hall, April 15, 1833.

54. Ohservations on Mr Newmans Osteology, (Vid. ante,
p. 409.) — Sir, It was my wish to have made an observation or two
on Mr. Westwood's article (XLL); but, as I may give offence,
I shall confine myself to Mr. Newman's Osteology. I know
not how Mr. Newman can have made so great a mistake, as
to state that the anterior wings, or pseiidehjtra, in Strej^siji-
tera, were attached to the prothorax ; such certainly was the
opinion of Mr. Kirby and of M. Latreille, but / had the good
fortune to clear up the doubt by dissection, and in the three
genera I have published, it is distinctly stated in the letter-
press, that they are attached to the mesothorax ; Mr. New-
man has unfortunately referred to my genera Elenchns and
HaUctophagus, and I had not sufficient materials to illustrate
those interesting genera so fully as might have been wished ;
but if Mr. Newman will do me the favour to refer to the
genus Stylops, which I engraved myself that it might be accu-
rate, and published in August 1828, he will see the different
parts of the insect separated, and placed in their relative
positions ; and at figures D.9. and K. 9. the pseudelytra are
represented attached to the mesothorax. This being the only
insect of the order I have had an opportunity of fairly investi-
gating, any trifling errors in the other two genera must be
attributed to the want of materials for examination ; and I have
stated in my remarks upon Halictophagus (folio 433''), allud-
ing to the situation of the pseudelytra, " they are so placed
that, without dissecting the Stylops, it would be utterly im-
possible to ascertain to what part they w^ere attached."

I am. Sir, yours, &c. John Curtis.

Upper Charlotte Street, 2Zd of Aucjust, 1833.

518 VARIETIES.

55. Insensibility in Insects. (Vide ante p. 105.) — Sir, A
word with reference to Mr. Bird's interesting paper on the
sensations of insects. On the 5th of July last, while resting
from the heat and fatigue of the morning in the midst of the
fens near Whittlesea Mere, I caught a dragon-fly, {/Eschna
maculatissima, Lat.), which was temporarily reposing on a
blade of grass near me, and I was induced to try an experi-
ment with it in regard to its sense of feeling. I held the
insect by the wings, and then directed its tail to its mouth,
anticipating, from the pre-eminent voracity of these insects, it
would at least attempt to bite itself; but, to my astonishment,
it not only seized upon its caudal appendages, but actually bit
off a portion, which it swallowed, and proceeded gradually to
consume its body until the four terminal segments thereof
were completely eaten up! — by accident the insect then escaped,
and fled away as briskly as ever ! Does not this experiment
obviously show that the sense of feeling in insects, (if it exist
at all,) must be extremely obtuse ?

J. F. Stephens.

5(j. Portrait of Lord Brougham. — On the reverse, as a

medalist would say, of Hipparchia Janlra, is to be traced a

very tolerably defined profile, in some specimens no very bad

likeness, of the Lord Chancellor Brougham. If this curious

feature in a very common butterfly has not before been noticed,

which I believe to be the case, perhaps it may be admitted as

a " Variety" in a corner of the Entomological.

I am, respectfully, Tykensis.

Lark-hall Lane, Claphum,
Aug. 12, 1833.

57. Public Entoiuological Collection, — Sir, May I venture
a suggestion, which perhaps may appear futile or impracticable?
Tn justice to those who undertake the elucidation of some
extensive branch of entomology, or the more arduous labour
of a Fauna, as one of the irregulars of the camp, I feel it
imperative on us, if we do nothing in clearing, at least not to
contribute towards encumbering the Augean stable. Were
there any public collection in which the describers of new
genera and species might deposit examples, labelled with the
names, adding to their lucubrations a reference to such cabinet,

VARIETIES. 519

or enumerating in tlie Entomological Magazine the deposits
made ; it would, I imagine, prove a facility to future inquirers,
at least with regard to such species as are not rare, and there-
fore of most importance. I doubt not that the possessors,
even of unique specimens, although they may be unwilling to
transfer them to other private collections with equal risk of
dispersion, would in many cases cheerfully yield them for the
sake of more permanent utility. In order to put this idea into
practice, it would be necessary to find some depot where such
would obtain room, and be generally accessible; and being
unacquainted with the state and economy of the musea of the
metropolis, I do not know if these requisites could be fulfilled.
Yours, &c. A. H. Haliday.

[The establishment of the Entomological Society exactly
supplies the desideratum ; if it will be any convenience to our
correspondents to transmit through our hands any contribu-
tions to the general collection now forming by the Society,
we shall feel gratified in obliging both the donors and the
Society. — Ed.]

58. Rather remarkable Beehive. — For some years past a swarm of
bees has been observed about the chimney of the Robin Hood public-
house in Bedford ; on removing some bricks from a cavity or dumb
chimney yesterday se'nnight, three regular tiers of combs were
found, from which was extracted between thirty and forty pounds of
honey. It is calculated that this industrious fraternity has sojourned
in this singular retreat for the last eleven years. — Northampton
Mercury.

59. Moths swallowed alive. — I was surprised the other even-
ing on looking at a Cajorimulgus, which my brother had shot in
the forest, to see a moth come out of its mouth, perfectly alive,
and fly away : and, what is still more remarkable, on opening
the crop the next morning, it contained several other moths,
all Noctuites, which had lived all night in this strange prison,
and when thus released, ran about the table fluttering their
wings. Edward Doubleday.

60. Wire-worm. — Sir, I take the liberty of inclosing you a
couple of what I believe are wireworms, and which are com-
monly called so in this neighbourhood. Whatever they may

520 VARIETIES.

be, their vuvagcs lor many years have been very considerable.
Wheat and potatoes are the great objects of their attack :
wheat is cut through towards the crown of the root ; the pota-
toes are not sensibly affected in their growth, but when dry in
the autumn are found to be much hollowed. Grass-land I
have never seen injured here by any grub ; we have no old
meadow ; our general system is the convertible husbandry, —
three years ley, and then two or three course crops. The
ravages of these grubs are partial ; some fields are laid waste,
while others, within a quarter of a mile, remain perfectly free
from them ; again, they continue for some years in one place,
and then disappear.

J. P BOSKENNA.

61. IVireworm? — Another grub closely resembling the
enclosed, but in reality different, is found amongst the wire-
worms ; but I cannot at this moment procure a specimen :
these grubs appeared in a ley field which had been pared by a
breast-plough in February last. On moving the paring about
six weeks afterwards, in order to burn it, the grubs were found
collected in great numbers immediately under ; the opportunity
of destroying them was not lost, but several still appeared in
ploughing the ground. My principal object in addressing you
is to inquire, whether any effectual and economical method is
known of stopping the progress of this ravager ?

J. P — BoSKENNA.

G2. Tm-nijJ-Jiy.—ln common with other parts of the coun-
try, we suffer severely from the turnip-fly {Haltica Netnorum.)
They are discovered easily enough in the turnip-grounds, but
unhappily we are not acquainted with any means of checking
them, with the exception of elder-bushes ; and these, however,
are very inefficient remedies for the evil.

J. P BoSKENNA.

[The writer of these remarks and queries particularly en-
joins non-publication ; we should however consider ourselves
unpardonable in withholding them. We hope our corre-
spondent will furnish us with a sheet-full of such notes for
every number ; — he will not only elicit information from
others, but he is himself giving information. We should
prefer publishing his name, but will not insist on that. — Ed.]

VARIETIES. 521

63. Inquiry resjJecting Ants. — Sir, I shall feel obliged by
your asking, as an anonymous query in your valuable maga-
zine, whether any mode of destroying ants in gardens is
known. G. T.

Bristol.

64. Genus Altica. — Sir, Allow me to comment on the mode
of spelling Haltica, adopted by yourself at p. 364. It cer-
tainly should be Haltica, if it means "given to jumping," —
aXriKa, the original word, having the aspirate corresponding
to our h. C. S. Bird.

Burghfield, 2d Jtilij, 1833.

[We feel obliged to the Rev. Mr. Bird for this criticism,
which is classically a correct, scientifically and technically an
erroneous one : there are many generic names to which we
should be glad to apply the laws of elegance, euphony, &c. —
but we must bow to custom. Mr. Bird, perhaps, may not be
aware, that Altica, not Haltica, is the original name; — it
strikes us, at this moment, that he may have supposed us
guilty of an innovation of which we had no idea. — Ed.]

Q5. Entomological Society. — Sir, In the account that you
gave us at p. 390 of the formation of the Entomological
Society of London, you state that all the entomologists whose
addresses could be obtained received notices that such was to
take place : — now, Sir, I must beg you will contradict that
statement; for there are four practical entomologists with
whom I am acquainted, as well as myself, that received no
such notice, whose addresses were well known. You will
oblige many of your entomological readers by giving publicity
to this ; for, to them, it does appear there has been great neg-
lect, or party feeling has actuated some of the officers.

J. Chant.

3, Critchell Place, New North Road,
August, 1833.

[We have received many other letters on this subject, some
abusive ones, and all but Mr. Chant's nameless. Mr. Chant
is quite right and justified in taking up the matter in the open,
manly, and spirited manner which he has done ; and we wil-
lingly retract our assertion, that invitations were sent " to all

NO. V. VOL. I. 3 X

522 VARIETIES.

entomologists whose addresses could be obtained :" such ought
to have been the case ; and we presumed too readily that it
was so ; — but we must add our firm conviction, that there was
no other reason for the omission, so justly complained of, than
the neglect of the parties by whom the task was undertaken ;
the onus is not with the Society, or any of its officers, — for let
us call to Mr. Chant's recollection, that the Entomological
Society dates its existence from the day on which the meeting
we gave an account of was held at the Thatched House; — at
that meeting the officers were appointed ; — before that meeting,
therefore, there could be no officers ; and whatever party feel-
ing was exhibited previously is not chargeable on the officers
then appointed ; — we know of no such feeling ; — and, did it
exist, there is no more effectual way of anjiihilating it than
for all honest and independent men, like Mr. Chant, to join
the Society instantly ; and, by a majority of votes, stultify all
attempts at illiberal measures, supposing that any should be
proposed. We appeal to Mr. Chant's good sense, whether he
ought to say " party feeling has actuated some of the officers,"
when he confessedly refers to what took place before those
officers were even thought of. We hope to see Mr. Chant
and his four friends, at eight o'clock on the first Monday in
November, enter all their names, as original members, at
17, Old Bond Street ; and we hope we may meet them, and
all other right-spirited entomologists, on the first Monday of
every succeeding month, for many, many years. — Ed.]

Q>G. Observations on Varieties. — Sir, Every entomologist
resident in the country, who consequently has not the privi-
lege of inspecting, any day, the unrivalled cabinet of Mr.
Stephens, or some other of the larger metropolitan collections,
must frequently be at a loss to satisfy himself whether any
variety of the species of an insect differing much from the
type, especially amongst the Noctuiche and subsequent families
of the Lejndoptera, is in reality a mere variety, or an unde-
scribed species. On the other hand, the London entomologists,
from the nice distinctions which the number of species they
possess enables them to draw, are too ready to consider such
varieties as distinct species, especially if the insect is not found
near town ; and few specimens have got into their cabinets. I
need not here allude to the numerous supposed species of the

VARIETIES.

V2S

genus Agrotis, which Mr. Haworth describes, and which have
now been satisfactorily reunited, but would only refer to one
or two recent instances. Polia CM is stated to be almost
peculiar to the more northern parts of this island ; and, I
presume, most of the specimens found in the London cabinets
have been collected in Derbyshire and Yorkshire. The great
uniformity in the general colouring of these specimens would
almost induce one to suppose they had been taken by only a
few collectors. It was not therefore much to be wondered at,
that Mr. Curtis should have pronounced one of the dark
varieties a new species, nor that Mr. Stephens, liaving never
seen the collecting links, should subsequently have described
a similar variety received from Edinburgh, under the name of
P. olivacea. Near Newcastle the insect is rather common,
and occurs of every shade, from the hoary tinge of what is
described as the typical variety in Mr. Stephens' Illustrations,
or even from an almost pure white, to the olive-green of his
P. olivacea. The diversity of cplouring in an extensive series
is really beautiful ; for, besides meeting with specimens of both
sexes, having all the wings dark-coloured, or dark anterior
and light posterior, and vice-versa, or all light coloured, some
are scattered over with fulvous spots, like P. clysodea, whilst,
in others, the strong black markings form a striking contrast
with the hoary tints of the wing. In fact, scarcely two spe-
cimens are precisely similar. It has generally been supposed
that the larva of this moth feeds on the Sonchi, Lactucce,
&c. : — but I am inclined to believe that its food is lichens.
My reason is, that the perfect insect, when discovered in
repose,^ is always to be met with on walls overgrown with
lichens ; and every entomologist knows that moths in ge-
neral, with the exception of the species whose larvae feed on
the Crypiogamia encrusting stones, or at least are presumed
to do so as the BrynphUce, Aids muraria, Aploccra ccssiata,
Sec, dislike roosting on stones. Besides, I have taken speci-
mens in such situations so very recent, that they could not
have quitted the pupa state more than a few minutes pre-
viously. I regret that my attempts to rear the insect from the
egg, or to discover the larvae, have hitherto been unsuccessful.

* I never knew of more than a single example being taken on tlie vi'iug, anil
that was in the immediate vicinity of the park-wall at Meldon, wliich is a very
ancient one.

524 VARIETIES.

Like most other moths, Polia Chi may be found in the winged
state for several weeks; and I consider its season as extending
from the middle of August to the middle or latter end of
October.

Mr. Curtis has, from a similar paucity of specimens, fallen
into an error in describing as a new species Cliareas Hibernica.
His insect is only C. graminis, which is subject to consi-
derable variation in the light or antler-shaped markings of the
anterior wings. I was very much struck with the size of the
specimen figured by Mr. Curtis ; but he shewed me another
of the usual variety, quite as large, captured by himself in
Norfolk. Either the climate must have had great influence,
or the particular larvce from which the above were produced,
must have been, />ar excellence, gourmands ; for I never took
a specimen hereabouts much exceeding 1 inch 1 line from
tip to tip.

George Wailes.

67. Economy of the Hive-Bee. — Sir, The common Hive-
Bee {Apis mellifica, Linn.) has long and deservedly been the
theme of many writers on the wonders of the Insect world.
The following observations relative to it may, perhaps, prove
new and not altogether uninteresting. Against the south front
of our house, in the vicinity of this town, several plants of the
Pass/flora ccendea^ are trained, which cover it to the height of
some twenty feet, or thereabouts ; and, from July to Novem-
ber, the constant succession of its beautiful flowers attract
great numbers of the Hive-Bee, especially during autumn,
when flowers productive of much honey are scarce. Every
one knows the passion-flower, and need hardly be told that
one series of the rays of the nectary closely surrounds the
stipes or shaft, whilst other two are beautifully spread over
the horizontal leaves of the corolla ; but, perhaps, few are
aware that the tube of the calyx contains several drops of
pure and delicious honey. On the arrival of each Bee, I can
at once tell whether it has been a prior visitor or not, by its

■^ Though foreign to Entomology, I may mention that two years ago the plants
perfected their fruit, both in the open air and greenhouse, being, as that eminent
horticulturist and true lover of nature, Mr. Ncill, of the Canon Mills, near Edin-
burgh, informed me the other day, the most northern spot where they had yet
done so.

VARIETIES. 5'^5

mode of procedure. Should it be a first visit, the httle busy
creature is for a time quite at a loss : it, of course, scents the
honey, but cannot discover the entrance to the store-house.
Convinced that there is plenty of the object of its search in the
flower, the Bee hurries over the surface in all directions, now
running its head fast between the corolla and the outer double
series of the rays of the nectary, now entangling itself amongst
the beautiful rays themselves, and anon mounting the stipes
and ransacking the parts of fructification. At length, after a
bustling scene, which frequently lasts for two or three minutes,
and which the Bee's certainty that honey is concealed some-
where in the neighbourhood prevents its quitting in despair,
sometimes apparently by mere chance, at others by running
the scent home, its indefatigable labours are rewarded. Now,
with its tongue inserted amongst the rays surrounding the
shaft, and past the projecting rim which almost closes the
entrance to the tube of the calyx, it drinks its fill, and flies off"
for the hive to deposit its treasure and profit by experience on
a future trip. Far different is the manner of the Bee that has
been at the work before ; it wastes not a moment of the time,
which the approach of winter renders doubly valuable, but at
once alights on the flower, runs to its centre, and plunging its
tongue into the liquid sweet, hurries back loaded to the hive.
Yours, &c. George Wailes.

68. Death of Mr. Haworth. — Adrian Hardy Haworth, a
Fellow of the Linnsean and Horticultural Societies of London,
and author of Lepidoptei-a Britannica, and several Essays on
various subjects connected with Zoology and Botany, died of
cholera, on Saturday, the 24th of August, 1833, aged QG.
The previous evening he had enjoyed his usual health. Mr.
Haworth was sincerely and justly esteemed by a large portion
of the scientific world.

69. Discovery of Sphinx Nerii in England. — Sir, Another
addition has been made to our visiting Sjihingidce, by the
capture of the splendid Deihphila (may I call it ?) Nerii, at
Dover, about ten days since. From the state of the specimen
which I have this day examined it must have been very
recently disclosed, the tips of its wings and the top of its
head alone being slightly injured by its captor, a lady residing

526 VARIETIES.

in the above town. As this insect, in its larva state, feeds on
an exotic plant, the Nerium Oleander, its appearance must be
purely accidental : its geographical limits I believe terminating
in the south of France. J. F. Stephens.

Sejit.lQth, 1S33.

70. Longevity of Lepisma saccharina, and other Insects. —
Sir, Had not an unexpected occupation, incidently connected
with entomology, unfortunately prevented me, I intended to
have composed a short monograph upon some neglected group
of insects, and to have forwarded it to you for your present
volume; and my time being now fully engaged in preparing
for the recommencement of my " Illustrations,"'" still hinders
me from carrying my design into execution: however, there is
one subject to which I wish to direct attention, viz. the longe-
vity of insects, and other annulose animals; my notice having
been called thereto by the following occurrence. In June, 1831 ,
I obtained a considerable number of the common " Wood-"
or " Sugar-fish," {Lepisma saccJiarina, L.), out of a box
imported from India ; these were packed away in pill-boxes in
a place of safety for future investigation; but, as they belonged
to a group of annvlosa, to which my attention was but slightly
devoted, they were suffered to remain untouched : — my surprise
was great, when, in June last, [1833], in clearing my boxes for
a projected excursion to Cambridge, &c., I found one of the
Lepismce alive and merry, after so protracted a confinement —
about two years — in the box were only a few grains of mag-
nesia, or the white powder employed by chemists in packing
their pills. I this year kept a specimen of Clo'con pallidum —
one of the reputed short-lived Ephemeridcc — alive from the
20th of May to the 9th of June. In February, 1832, I saw a
living specimen of Hcematicherns Lleros, that was taken in
the preceding August at Padua ; a proof that insects belonging
to the section Longicornes, Lat., occasionally survive the
winter — a fact which I believe has hitherto been doubted.'^ I

•^ A numbei- of which, Mr. Stephens informs us, will appear on the 31st of
October.— Ed,

*• A Saperda Carcharias, which I bred on tlie 5th of July last, from a pupa that
was given to me by my friend, J. A. Power, Esq., who dug- it out of an aspen on
the 30th of June preceding, in Bottisham Fen, died on the 21th of July following- :
of this insect more than 200 specimens have been taken this year.

VARIETIES. 527

have elsewhere mentioned tlie circumstance of a ConocepJialus,
now in my collection, which was caught in China, and brought
alive to England, where it lived several weeks, having sub-
sisted on tea during its captivity. Cicadcs and Achetce have
frequently been kept a long time in confinement, it is said on
account of their chirping, which the natives, who thus keep
them, are supposed to be very partial to ; but no authentic
record of the longevity of any particular individual specimen
has been commemorated. The almost marvellous account by
Mr. Marsham, in Vol. X. of the Linnaean Transactions, con-
cerning a Buprestis splendens, which was cut out of the wood
of a desk which had been upwards of thirty years in an office
at Guildhall, London ; and the history of a Trogosita mmiri-
tonica, by Mr. Kirkup, who kept it alive twenty-one months,
as related in the Entomological Transactions, Vol. I. p. 329,
with an additional note by my late lamented friend, A. H.
Haworth, Esq., may be pointed out.

Yours, &c. J. F. Stephens.

71. Remarkable Capture of Butterflies. — Sir, Perhaps the
following notes of the capture of about half our British butter-
flies, in the course of a few days, and without any particular
searching for them, may be interesting ; if so, they are at your
service.

Papilio Machaon. The larva in various stages of growth on 29th
June, Sedge Fen, Camb., by W. Christy, Esq. ; and 4th and 5th
July at Whittlesea Mere.

Gonepteryx Rhamni. W. M. 4 and 5 July ; M. W. 6 July ;
H. 11 July.

Pontia Brassicce,

'.SSlCCe, \ -nr

n. f

M. not abundant ; in bad condition, remains

' I of the spring brood.
Napi. J ^ "^

Maneipium Cardamines. W. M. 4 July ; H. 10 July.

Pieris Cratcegi. W. M. and M. W. 4 — 6 July ; in great plenty,

but going off.

Argynnis Aglaia. W. M. 4 and 5 July ; plentiful.

Paphia. M. W. 4— 6 July ; H. 10—13 July; D. 18

July-

Vanessa C-album. M. W. 5 and 6 July ; three specimens.

lo. Ranisgate, 17 July; Coombe Wood, 28th; two
specimens.

528 VARIETIES.

Vanessa Urticce. W. M. 5 and 0 July; in great abundance.

Polychloros, M.W. 4 July ? H. 10 and 1 1 July ; sparingly.

Atalanta. Ramsgate, 17 July ; one specimen only.

Cynthia Cardui. Madingley Wood, Cambs. 1 July ; Devil's Ditch,

4 July.

Apatura Iris. M.W. 6 July ; several; H. 11 and 12 July; just

appearing. This insect was also taken at Caen Wood, Hampstead,

in July.

Hipparchia Semele. D. 18 July; one specimen only.

Mqeria. M. W., &c. ) ^

_ --^ ,,^ -„r \, i iiot very common.

Megcera. M. W., &c. ) ^

Galatea. M. W., 4 July ; W.M. 5 and 6 July; H. 10—

13 July; D. 18 July; abundant in each locality.

^. , ' J M. W., &c. ; common : borders of woods

lithonus, > -, ,

-._. \ i and meadows.

liyperanthus. J

Pamphilus. H. 10 — 13 July; abundant.
Thecla W-album. Madingley Wood, 1 July ; one specimen.

Pruni. M. W. 4 — G July ; in plenty, but in shattered

condition.
Quercus. H. 10 — 12 July; common.
Lyecena Phlceas. M.W. 4 July ; H. 10 July; D. 18 July.

Dispar. W. M. 5 and 6 July ; in plenty.
Polyommatus Alsus. Madingley Wood, 1 July; Dover, 18 July.
Acis. Madingley Wood, 1 July; not common.
Arion. M. W. 4 July. This insect I did not take
myself ; but, as I understand, a single and remarka-
bly fine specimen was found by a labourer, and given
to Mr. Strickland.
Corydon. Devil's Ditch, 4 July.
Adonis. D. 18 July; just appearing.
Alexis. M. W., &c. ; common.
Argus. D. 18 July ; common.
Agestis. D. 18 July ; just appearing.
Thymele Tages. D. 18 July; just appearing.
Pamphila Sylvanus. M. W., &c. ; common.
Linea. M. W., &c. ; plentiful.
{Note. — W. M. Whittlesea Mere ; M. W. Monk's Wood ; H.
Hertford ; D. Dover.— J. F. S.)

Yours, &c. J. F. Stephens.

Hermitage, South Lambeth,
Aug. 31, 1833.

INDEX GENERUM, &c.

Abstract of Straus Durckheim, 5,
277, 466.

Acanthosoma, 287, 51.5.

Actora, 168.

Adelius, 262.

Ademon, 266.

^geria, 74.

Agallia, 193.

Agathis, 263.

Agromyza, 173.

Aleyrodes, 313.

AUoea, 265.

Altica, 521.

Alphabet of Insects, Ronnie's, R. 60.

Alysia, 264.

Amblycephalus, 192.

Amphimalla, 84, 310.

Amphibolus, 292.

Anagrus, 269, 346.

Anaphes, 269, 346.

Anarete, 156.

Ancylus, 261.

Aneurrhynchus, 275.

Annales de la Societe Entomologique
de France, R. 304, 497; — des Sci-
ences Naturelles, R. 305, 504.

Anopheles, 151.

Ants, inquiry, 521.

Aphaniptera, observations on, 359.

Aphelinus, 268.

Aphelopus, 273.

Aphides, 315.

Aphidius, 261,482.

Aphrodes, 195.

Apparatus for collecting, 316.

Arachnida, Hahn's, R. 308, 417,496.

Aspidiphorus, 85.

Aspidotoma, 196.

Athoiis, 509.

Audinet-Serville's Revue des Orthop-
teres, R. 304.

Audouin's Annales des Sciences Na-
turelles, R. 305, 504.

Baeus, 270.

Bee, habit of, 524.

Beehive, remarkable, 519.

Bembecia, 76.

Bibio, 157, 179.

Blacus, 262.

Blight, observations on, 33, 143, 217,

363, 425.
Blood, circulation of, 239.
Book of Butterflies, Brown's, R. 85.

303.
NO. V. VOL. I.

Borborus, 177.

Bracon, 263.

Bridgend, Insects captured at, 316.

British Entomology, Curtis's, R. 29,

301, 451.
Brown's Book of Butterflies, R. 85,

303.
Burmeister's Manual of Entomology,

R. 308.
Butterflies, capture of, 527.
Byrrhus, 508.

Calathus, 286.

Calleptiles, 340.

Callimome, 118.

Camarota, 172.

Capture of two new Elaphri, 37 ; of
Insects at Castle Eden Dean, 39;
of Aspidiphorus orbiculatus, 85 ;
of Obrium cantharinum, 90 ; at
Shellness, 92 ; at Holywood, 147 ;
of Leptura scutellata, 212; of Pla-
typus cylindrus, 212; of Polypogon
derivalis, 213; of Deilephila Elpe-
nor, 214; of Noctuae, by a sugar-
hogshead, 310; of Croesus septen-
trionalis, 1. 313 ; of Aleyrodes, 313;
of Lyda sylvatica, 1. 313 ; at Bridg-
end, 317; of Sphinx Nerii, 525; of
Butterflies, 527.

Carabus, 515.

Castnia, 309, 516.

Catalogue of Diptera, 147 ; of Coleop-
tera, Dejean's, R. 498.

Caterpillars, flight of, 317.

Catocha, 156.

Catops, 507.

Cecidomyia, 157.

Centurie de Lepidopteres, Poey's, R.
304.

Ceraphron, 272.

Ceratopogon, 152.

Chancellor, Lord, Portrait of, 518.

Charissa, 515.

Chareas, 199.

Charmon, 262.

Cheimaphasia, 190.

Chelonus, 265.

Chironomus, 152.

Chlamvdatus, 198.

Chlorops, 172.

Choragus, 290.

Chorebus, 264.

Chremylus, 266.

Chrysocorys, 191.
3 Y

530

INDEX GENERUM.

Cinetus, 274.

Circulation of Blood in Insects, 239.

Clinocentrus, 266.

Clytus arcuatus, note on, 212.

Coccus, note on, 312.

Ccelinius, 264.

Coslopa, 167.

Colastes, 266.

Colias, 85.

Collecting Apparatus, 316.

Colloquia Entomologica, 93, 321, 492.

Conopia, 81.

Corebus, 264.

Coruna, 379.

Crabro, 516.

Crantor, 268.

Cratomus, 367.

Croesus, note on, 313.

Criomorphus, 195.

Crustacea, inquiry respecting, 312;

answered, 421.
Culex, 151.
Curtis' British Entomology, R. 29.

301. 451.
Cuvier, monument to, 212.
Cylindera, 509.
Cychrus, note on, 213.
Cyrtogaster, 381.
Cyrtoma, 158.

Dacnusa, 264.

Dasystoma, 190.

Death of Latreille, 320; of Haworth,

525.
Decatoma, 26.
Dejean's Iconographie, R. 48, 418,

497; Catalogue, R. 498.
Deilephila Elpenor, note on, 214.
Devonshire, tour in, 180.
Deutschland's Insecten. Schaeffer's, R.

417.
Dicondylus, 273.
Dicranomyia, 154.
Dicyclus, 455.
Diospilus, 262.
Dipara, 373.
Diplozon, 263.
Dolichopeza, 43.
Dolichopus, 163.

Downshire, Diptera captured in, 147.
Drosiphila, 174.
Dryinus, 273.
Dryomyza, 167.

Economy of Hive-bee, 524.

Ederessa, 191.

Elaphrus, 37.

Emjiis, 158.

Enicoccrus, habits of, 256.

Enicopus, 253.

Entomology of Australia, Gray's, R.

500.
Entomological, Notes, 283,413,505;

Archives, Thon's, R. 417 ; Sapphics,
432 ; Society, establishment of, 390 ;
Note on, 521; Collection, 518;
Cabinet, Samouelle's, R. 32; Ex-
cursion to Snowdon, 50 ; Tour in
Devonshire, 180.

Ephydra, 174.

Ephydrus, 261, 485.

Epimacrus, 368.

Erichson's Genera Dyticeorum, 501.

Erycydnus, 268.

Essay on Classification of Ichneumones
minuti, 259, 333, 480.

Eubazus, 262.

Eupteryx, 192.

Eurytoma, 23.

Eustochus, 269, 349.

Existence of Natural Genera, 296.

Fauna Insectorum, Germar's, R. 417.
Fleas, Learned, 443.
Flight of Caterpillars, 317; of Insects,
318.

Galeatus, 196,

Galesus, 275.

Generic names should be of Greek

derivation, 314, 515.
Genera Dyticeorum, Erichson's, R.

501.
Geranomyia, 154.

Germar's Fauna Insectorum, R. 417.
Godart's Papillons de France, II. 49.
Gory's Monographie des Cetoines, R.

418.
Gnamjitodon, 265.
Gray's Entomology of Australia, R.

500.
Gryon, 271.
Guerin's Magazine de Zoologie, R. 49.

305. 497; Iconographie du Regne

Animal, R. 418.

Habits of Insects, 385, 439 ; of Enico-
cerus, 256; of Chareas Graminis,
199; of Microsetia, 422.

Hahn's Arachnida, R. 308, 417, 496;
Hemiptera, R. 308, 417.

Haworth, A. H., Death of, 525.

Hebrus, 198.

Hcleodromia, 159.

Helobia, 284.

Helomyza, 168.

Helorus, 274.

Hemerodromia, 158.

Hemiptera, Hahn's, R. 308, 417.

Heteromyza, 168.

Heteroneura, 171.

Hilara, 158.

Holoparamecus, 186.

Homceosoma, 190.

Hop-fly, 217.

Ilormius, 266.

INDEX GENERUM.

531

Hydraena, 2!)2.

Hyinenoptera, burrowing, 516.

Iclineumones Minuti, Essay on Classi-
fication of, 259, 333, 480.

Iconographie, &c., Dejean's, R. 48,
418, 497 ; du R^gne Animal, Gue-
rin's, R. 418.

Ignis Fatuus, 216, 315, 350.

Illustrations of British Entomology,
Stephens', R. 30.

Index Entomologicus, Wood's, R. 420.

Inostenima, 270.

Insects, captured at Bridgend, 316;
names corrected, 514; flight of, 318 ;
habits of, 385, 439 ; sensation of,
105, 211, 518; longevity of, 52C.

Introductory Address, 1.

Isocyrtus, 4C5.

Isogenus, 415.

Isosoma, 14.

Ixodes hexagonus, note on, 91.

Labeo, 273.

Lsesthia, 268, 335.

Lampetia, 189.

Latreille, Lines on the Death of, 320.

Lauxania, 171.

Learned Fleas, 443.

Leiophron, 263.

Leistus, 286.

Leptosceles, 160.

Leptura, 287 ; scutellata, note on, 212.

Leucopis, 173.

Libellula, 416.

Limnobia, 153.

Linnaean Society, Transactions of, R.
445.

Lispe, 166.

Lissodema, 187.

Litus, 269, 345.

Longevity of Insects, 526.

Loricula, 197.

Loudon's Magazine of Natural His-
tory, R. 89, 305, 503.

Lucanus Cervus, note on, 86.

Lyda, note on, 313.

Macrocentrus, 187, 262.

Magasin de Zoologie, Guerin's, R.

49, 305, 497.
Manuel of Entomology, Burmeister's,

R. 308.
Megaspilus, 272.
Megastigmus, 116.
Megophthalmus, 193.
Merismus, 375.
Meromyra, 172.
Metederus, 163.
Microdus, 263.
Micrognster, 262.
Micromelus, 464.
Microps, 272.
Microsetia, habit of, 422.

Mi rax, 263.

Miscogaster, 458.

Monoctonus, 261, 487.

Monographia; British Sepsida?, 245 ;
Chalcidum, 12, 115, 367, 455; Mge-
riarum, 67; Notiophilon, 202 ; Hy-
draenarnm Angliae, 292; of the
Carabidae, Zimmermann's, R. 306
of the Ploteres, Schummel's, R. 307
of Raphidia, Schummel's, R. 307
of Mycetophila, Stann's, R. 307
des Cetoines, Gory's, R. 418.

Monument to Cuvier, 212.

Moths, attracted by sugar, 310, 514;
swallowed alive, 519.

Musca, 165.

Mycetophila, 156.

Mymar, 269, 349.

Names should be of Greek derivation,
314, 515.

Natural Genera, existence of, 296.

Natural History Magazine, Loudon's,
R. 89, 305, 503.

Nemopoda, 251.

Newman's Sphinx Vespiformis, R. 44 ;
approved, 224 ; condemned, 232 ;
refuted, 236; defended, 282; re-
viewer questioned, 309; exposed,
434; question answered, 516.

Noctua?, Note on, 310.

Nomenclature of British Inseets, Ste-
phens', R. 419.

Notiophilus, 202.

Notiphila, 173.

Nyssia, 413.

Obrium cantharinum, capture of, 90.

Observations on Blight, 33, 143, 217,
363, 425 ; on Circulation of Blood,
239 ; on the British Sepsidee, 244 ;
on the Enicoceri, 256 ; on Saitato-
rial Powers, 288; on Ignis Fatuus,
350 ; on Aphaniptera, 359 ; on "
Species and Varieties, 355 ; on E. I.
Coleoptera, R. 498.

Omphale, 339.

Ooctonus, 269, 343.

Opitia, 162.

Opomyza, 177.

Orgilus, 262.

Ormyrus, 139.

Orthnephila, 156.

Osteology, Paper on, 394 ; refuted, 517.

Pachylartlirus, 456.

Pachyneuron, 380.

Pandora, 169.

Pantilius, 197.

Pai)illons de France, Godart's, R. 49.

Paramecosoma, 186.

Paramesius, 274.

Paranthrene, 83.

532

Parasitic Hymeiioptera, Westwood's,

R. 85, 504.
Perilampus, 140.
Perilitus, 264.
Perty's Observations on E. I. Coleop-

tera, R. 498.
Phora, 179.
Phrynomorplius, 194.
Phylloniyza, 171.
Phyllopertlia, 509.
Piophila, 169.
Pipiza, 165.
Pipunculus, 162.
Pirene, 336.
Plancus, 188.
Platygaster, 270.
Platypus cylindrus, note on, 212.
Poey's Centurie des Lepidopteres, 304.
Polynema, 269, 347.
Porphyrops, 163.

Polypogon derivalis, capture of, 213.
Praon, 261, 483.
Priomerus, 118.
Proctotrupes, 274.
Prosodes, 374.
Psilocera, 373.
Psilus, 275.
Pygostolus, 263.
Pyropteron, 75.

Rennie's Alphabet of Insects, R. 60.
Revue des Orthopteres, Audinet-Ser-

ville's, R. 304.
Rhizolitha, 189.
Rhyssalus, 266.
Rogas, 266.

Saltatorial Powers, Observation on,

288.
Saltella, 255.
Samouelle's Entomological Cabinet,

R. 32.
Sapphics, Entomological, 432.
Scatopse, 157.
Scelio, 270.
Schaeffer's Deutschland's Insecta, R.

417.
Schummel's M'mograph of Ploteres,

R. 307 ; Monograph of llaphidia,

R. 307.
Sciophila, 156.

Sensation of Insects, 105, 211, 518.
Sepsis, 170, 246.
Shoenomyza, 166.
Sigalphus, 262.
Silo, 188.
Sirex, 414.

Snowdon, tour to, 50.
Spalangia, 268, 333.
Spania, 162.
Spaniopus, 466.
Sparasion, 272.
Spathius, 266.

INDEX GENERUM.

Sphasromyas, 152.

Sphoeropyx, 266.

Sphinx Nerii, capture of, 525; Ves-
piformis, Newman's, R. 44 ; ap-
proved, 224 ; condemned, 232 ;
refuted, 236; defended, 282; re-
viewer questioned, 309 ; exposed,
434 ; question answered, 516.

Spider, note on, 311.

Spilomycrus, 274.

Stann's Monograph of Mycetophila,
R. 307.

Stegana, 172.

Stephens v. Rennie, 88, 318; Illus-
trations, Brit. Ent, R. 30; Inquiry
respecting, 318; Nomenclature of
British Insects, R. 419.

Sympetrum, 511.

Synanthedon, 77.

Syntomopus, 372,

Systole, 22.

Tachypeza, 161.

Teleas, 271.

Telonoraus, 271.

Tephritis, 170, 505.

Tetanocera, 168.

Themira, 254.

Thon's Entomological Arcliives, li.

417.
Thoron, 271.
Tipula, 155.
Torymus, 118.
Toxeuma, 378.
Trachionus, 265.
Transactions of Linnsean Society, R.

445.
Trichina, 158.
Tricocera, 155.
Trionys, 261, 488.
Tryonyx, 261, 487.
Tritomacrus, 510.
Trixa, 507.
Trochilium, 78.
Turnip-fly, 383, 520.

Ula, 153.

Varieties, 84, 211, 309, 421, 514;

Note on, 215, 355, 522.
Vespa vulgaris, habit of, 90.

Water-beetles, habit of, 315.
Westwood's Parasitic Hymenoptera,

R. 85, 504 ; Conduct, note on, 423.
Wireworm, question respecting, 519,

520.
Wood's Index Entomologicus, 11. 420.

Zele, 262.

Zeuzera jEscuH, anecdote of, 87.

Zimmermann's Monographic, R. 306.

LIST OF THE GENERA AND SPECIES

DESCRIBED IN THIS VOLUME.

ISOSOMA Walk.
atrum Walk.
longulum Dal.
fumipeiine Walk.
crassicorne Walk.
simile Walk.
angustipenne Walk,
brevicorne Walk.
hyalipenne Walk.
longicorne Walk.
breve Walk.
minor Walk.
elongatum Walk.
petiolatum Walk.
cornutum Walk.
tenuicorne Walk.
pusillum Walk.
breviventre Walk.
angustatum Walk.
dissimile Walk.
fulvicolle Walk.
depressum Walk.
lineare Walk.
attenuatum Walk.
SYSTOLE Walk.
albipennis Walk.
EURYTOMA III.
verticillata Fab.
longipennis Walk.
Abrotani Panz.
apicalis Walk.
curta Walk.
collaris Walk.
nitida Walk.
gracilis JVal/c.
annulipes IValk.
minuta Walk.
rufipes Walk.
DECATOMA Sphi.
Cooperi Curt.
biguttata Swcd.
obscura Walk.
inimaculata Walk.
plana Walk.
mellea Walk.
variegata IValk.
minuta Walk.

unicolor Walk.
tenuicornis Walk.

ELAPHRUS Fab.
splendidus Esch.
Lapponicus Gyll.

BYRRHUS Lin.

Alpinus Newm.
COLYMBETES Clair.
Snowdonius Newnt.

iEGERIA Fab.
Apiformis Lin.
Bembeciformis Hub.
PYROPTERON Newm.
Chrysidiforme De Vil.
BEMBECIA Hub.
Ichneumoniformis Fab.
SYNANTHEDON Hub.
QSstriforme Bork.
TROCHILIUM Scop.
Tipuliforrae Lin.
Muscseforme V. T. V.
Allantiforme Newm.
Sphegiforme W. V.
CONOPIA Hub.
Myopseformis Bork.
Formicseforrais Esp.
Culicitbrmis Lin.
PARANTHRENE Hub.
Vespiformis Lin.

COLIAS Fab.
Electra Lin.

MEGASTIGMUS Dal.

transversus Walk.
dorsalis Fab.
PRIOMERUS Walk.
})achymerus Walk.
TORYMUS Dal.
caliginosus Walk.
CALLIMOME Spin.
regal is Walk.
cynipedis Lin.
Roboris Walk.

LIST OF THE GENERA AND SPECIES

quadricolor iralfc.
Geranii Curt.
pretiosus Walk.
Bedeguai-is Lin.
varians Walk.
formosus Walk.
scutellaris Walk.
Hedera? Walk.
Arundinis Curi.
macropterus Walk.
fiavipes Walk.
Dauci Curt.
basalis Walk.
confinis Walk.
autumnalis Walk.
nitens Walk.
brevicauda Walk.
abdominalis Walk.
mutabilis Walk.
microstigma Walk.
chloromerus Walk.
lati}^ Walk.
microcerus Walk.
sequalis Walk.
cblorinus Walk.
leptocerus Walk.
micropterus Walk.
bicolor Walk.
leucopterus Walk.
viridi-aeneus Walk.
curtus JValk.
meridioiialis Walk.
Euphorbise Walk.
CapresD Walk.
terminalis Walk.
inconspectus Walk.
mcestus Walk.
apicalis Jralk.
aifinis Fons.
littoralis Walk.
tarsalis Walk.
arvernicus Walk.
notatus Walk.
njgritarsus Walk.
straminei-tarsus Walk.
attenuatus Walk.
laetus Walk.
versicolor Walk.
fuscipennis Walk.
minutus Walk.
gracilis Walk.
posticus Walk.
exilis Walk.
fuscicornis Walk.
nitidulus Walk.
ater Walk.
pubescens Walk.
stigma Fab.
ORMYRUS West.
punctigor West.
nigro-cyaneus Walk.

PEUILAMPUS Lat.

pallipes Curt.
nigricornis New7n.
Italicus Fab.
aureo-viridis Step.
auric eps Step.
femoralis Step.

CULEX

detritus Hal.
CERATOPOGON
distinctus Hal.
brachialis Hal.
gracilis Hal.
ULA Hal.
mollissitna Hal.
LIMNOBIA
decora Hal.
senilis Hal.
demissa Hal.
pavida Hal.
DICRANOMVIA
oscillans Hal.
GERANOMYIA Hal.
unicolor Hal.
TIPULA Lin.
dispar Hal.
SCIOPHILA
pictipennis Hal.
AN ARETE Hal.
candidata Hal.
CATOCHA Hal.
latipes Hal.
SCATOPSE
infumata Hal.
BIBIO

nigriventris Hal.
hybridus Hal.
CYRTOMA
melsena Hal.
TRICHINA
elongata Hal.
HILARA
matrona Hal.
HEMERODROMIA
melanocephala Hal.
HELEODROMIA Haf.
imniaculata Hal.
bipunctata Hal.
stagiialis Hal.
fontinalis Hal.
LEPTOSCELES Hal.
guttata Hal.
irrorata Fall.
exoleta Hal.
TACHYPEZA
arenaria Hal.
graminum Hal.
umbrarum Hal.
PIPUNCULUS
modestus Hal.
exiguus Hal.

DESCRIBED IN THIS VOLUME.

SPANIA

Fallenii Hal.

MEDETERUS

alpinus Hal.

DOLICHOPUS

jucundus Hal.

plumijjes Hal.

Jitoreus Hal.

rupestris Hal.

campestris Hal.

patellatus Hal.

PIPIZA

iiiterrupta Hal.

MUSCA

Chloris Hal.

degener Hal.

macellaria Hal.

LISPE

adscita Hal.

SCHOENOMYZA Hal.

DRYOMYZA

mollis Hal.

COELOPA

gravis Hal.

simplex Hal.

parvula Hal.

sciomyziiia Hal.

TETANOCERA

vittata Hal.

PIOPHILA

luteata Hal.

PANDORA

basalis, Hal.

SEPSIS

putris Hal.1

superba Hal.

minor Hal.

TEPHRITIS

Plantagiiiis Hal.

LAUXANIA

amica Hal.

sordida Hal.

PHYLLOMYZA Hal.

HETERONEURA

spurca Hal.

STEGANA

annulata Hal.

CAMAROTA

aurifrons Hal.

MEROMYZA

viridula Hal.

CHLOROPS

lateralis Hal.

fulvifrons Hal.

agnata Hal.

AGROMYZA

flavo-notata Hal.

LEUCOPIS

obscura Hal.

NOTIPHILA

madizans Fall. ?

DROSOPHILA

tristis Fall.
ingrata Hal.
melanogaster Hal.
eameraria Hal.
EPHYDRA
defecta Hal.
pygmaea Hal.
fossarum Hal.
Hecate Hal.
infecta Hal.
micans Hal.
sibilans Hal.
aestuans Hal.
paludum Hal.
lutosa Hal.
graminum Hal.
compta Hal.
interrupta Hal.
cesta Hal.
OPOMYZA
tremula Hal.
asteia Hal.
BORBORUS
hamatus Hal.
nivalis Hal.
Zosterae Hal.
fuscipennis Hal.
vagans Hal.
aterrimus Hal.
PHORA
debilis Hal.
similis Hal.
galeata Hal.

EUPETHECIA

nigropunctata Chant.

HOLOPARAMECUSC^

Depressus Curt.
PARAMECOSOMACar.
Bicolor Curt.
LISSODEMA Curt.
Heyana Curt.
MACROCENTRUS Cur.
Bicolor Curt.
PXANCUS Curt.
Apicalis Curt.
SILO Curt.
Flavipes Curt.
RHIZOLITHA Curt.
LAMPETIA Curt.
HOMCEOSOMA Curt.
Gemina Cti.rt.
DASYSTOMA Curt.
. Salic ella Hub.
CHEIMAPHASIACurif.
Gelatella Lin.
EDERESA Curt.
Semitestacella Ctirt.
CHRYSOCORIS Curt.
Angustipenella Guide.

LIST OF THE GENERA AND SPECIES

EUPTERYX Curt.
Hortensis Curt.
AMBLYCEPHALUSC^.

Germari Curt.
AGALLIA Curt.
Consobrina Curt.
MEGOPHTHALMUSC.
Bipunctatus Cuit.
PHRYNOMORPHUSC.
Nitidus Curt.
APHRODES Curt.
Testudo Curt.
CRIOMORPHUS Curt.
Albo-maririnatus Curt.
GALEATUS Curt.
Spinifrons Fall.
ASPIDOTOMA Curt.
Capitata Wolff.
PANTILIUS Curt.
Tunicatus Fab.
LORICULA Curt.
Pselapliiformis Curt.
CHLAMYDATUS Curt.
Marginatus Curt.
HEBRUS Curt.
Pusilla Fall.

NOTIOPHILUS Dum.
aquaticus Lin.
metallicus Wat.
nitidulus Wat.
parallelus Wat.
Davisii Wat.
Newmanni Wat.
tibialis Step.
brevis Wut.
latior Wat.
] usillus Wat.
parvulus Wat.
ritfipes Ku^.
striatus Wat.
latus Wat.
nitidus Wat.
l)iguttatus Fab.
SLibstriatus Wat.
Quadripunctatus Dej.

SEPSIS Fall.
cynipsea Lin.
fulgens Hoff.
hilaris Mei.
flavimana Mei.
maculipes Walk.
concinna Walk.
ruficornis Mei.
nigripes I'.Iei.
violacea Mei.
punctum Fab.
ornata Mei.
NEMOPODA Desv.
cylindrica Fab.
stercoraria Desv.

nigricornis Mei.
tarsalis Walk.
fumipennis Walk.
ENICOPUS Walk.
annulipes Mei.
THEM IRA Desv.
putris Lin.
pilosa Desv.
minor Hal.
Leachi Mei.
SALTELLA Desv.
nigripes Desv.

HELOBIA Leach.
lata Newm.
varicornis Newm.
impressa Newm.
LEISTUS Frm.
nigricans Newm.
Janus Newm.
indentatus Newm.
CALATHUS Bon.
apicalis Newm.
ACANTHOSOMA Curt.
picta Newm.

AMPHIBOLUS Wat.
atricapillus Wat.
HYDRiENA Kug.
riparia Kug.
pulchella Mull.
concolor Wat.
nigropicea Wat.
melanocephala Wat.
testacea Curt.
nigrita Mull.
pygmaea Wat.
minutissima Step.
gracilis Mull.

SPALANGIA Lat.
hirta Hal.
nigra Lat.
LiESTHIA Hal.
vespertina Hal.
PIRENE Hal.
varicornis Hal.
chalybia Hal.
exiniia HaL
graminea Hal.
OMPHALE Hal.
salicis Hal.

CALLEPTILES Hal.
latipennis Hal.
OOCTONUS Hal.
insignis Hal.
vulgatus Hal.
hemipterus Hal.
litoi-alis Hal.
pictus Hal.
LITUS Hal.
cynipseus Hal.
dimidiatus Hal.

DESCRIBED IN THE VOLUME.

-vNAPHES Hal.
tuscipeniiis Hal.
ANAGKUS Hal. '
atomus Lin.
incariiatus Hal.
ustulatus Hal.
POLYNEMA Hal.
ovulornm Lin.
pusillus Hal.
fuscipes Hal.
atratus Hal.
euchariformis Hal.
MYMAR Hal.
])iilchellus Hal.
EUSTOCHUS Hal.
atripennis

CRATOMUS Dalm.
megaceplialus Fab.
niorripes Step.
EPIMACRUS Walk.
rufus Walk.

;YjSITOMOPUS Walk.
thoracicus Walk.
incurvus Walk.
DIPARA Walk.
petiolata Walk.
PSILOCERA Walk.
obscura Walk.
PROSODES Walk.
ater Walk.
MERISMUS Walk.
aculeatus Walk.
fronto Walk.
flavi?ornis Walk.
megapterus Walk.
clavicornis Walk.
rufipes Walk.
TOXEUMA Walk.
fuscicornis Walk,
Ericoe Walk.
CORUNA Walk.
clavata Walk.
PACK YNEURON Walk.
formosum Walk.
CYRTOGASTER Walk.
vulgaris Walk.
Scotica Walk.
tboracica Walk.
pusilla Walk.
clavicornis Walk.
obscui'us Walk.
rufipes Walk.
tenuis Walk.
cingulipes Walk.

NYSSIA Goda.
Tau-aria Newm.
SIREX Lin.
nigricornis Fah.
ISOGENUS Newm.
nubecula Newm.

NO. V. VOL. I.

LIBELLULA Lin.
praenubila Newm.

DICYCLUS Walk.

seneus Jfalk.

fuscicornis JFalk.

tristis Walk.

brevicornis Walk.

PACK YLARTHRUS W.

Smaragdinus Curt.

flavicornis Hal.

patellanus Dal.

MISCOGASTER Walk.

gibba Walk.

elegans Walk.

rufipes Walk.

maculata Walk.

fuscipennis Walk.

notata Walk.

obscura M^alk.

fuscipes Walk.

obscuripennis Walk.

antennata Walk.

maculipes Walk.

hortensis Jfalk.

lucid a Walk.

diffinis Walk.

chrysochlora Walk.

annularis Walk.

viridis Walk.

annulipes Walk.

Scotica Walk.

aenea Walk.

tarsalis Walk,

nitidipes Walk.

breviventris Walk.

lugubris Walk.

tenuicornis Walk.

ovata Walk.
nitida Walk.
cinctipes Walk.
nigro- aenea Walk.
convexa Walk.
apicalis Walk.
tumida Walk.
tristis Walk.
dissimilis Walk.
semiaurata Jfalk.
costal is JJ^alk.
philochortoides Walk.
cyanea Walk.
brevis Walk.
contigua Walk.
linearis Walk.
filicornis JValk.
femorata JJ'alk.
MICROMELUS Walk.
rufo maculatus Walk.
pyrrogaster Hal.
ISOCYRTUS Walk.
laetus JValk.

3 z

LIST OF THK GENERA AND SPECIES.

SPANIOPUS jralk.
dissimilis IFalk.

APHIDIUS
PR A ON Ha/.
dorsalis Hal.
exoletus Est).
volucris Hnl.
flavinodis Hal.
aljjectus Hal.
APHIDIUS
EPHEDRUS Hal.
validus Hal.
plagiator Beil. Mug.
lacertosus Hal.
APHIDIUS
TRIONYX Hal.
deltiger Hal.
APHIDIUS
MONOCTONUS Hal.
iiervosus Hal.
Caricis Hal.
APHIDIUS
TRIONYS Flal.
auctus Hal.
jiallidus Hnl.
AngelicsB Hal.
Centaureae Hal.
Aceris Hal.
Ileraclei Hal.
letifer Hal.

minutus Hal.
brevicornis Hal.

TEPHRITIS Latr.
Alciphvon Newm.
Tlieora Newm.
Alethe Newm.
Hebe Newm.
TRIXA Meig.
scutellata Newm.
CATOPS Paxjk.
nubifer Newm.
frater Newm.
soror Newm.
BYRRHUS Lin.
rufi venter Newm.
PHYLLOPERTHA Kir.
suturalis Newm.
ATHOUS Esch.
Campyloides Newm,
CYLINDERA Newm.
pallida Newm.
TRITOMACRUS Newm.
testaceus Newm.
SYMPETRUM Newm.
Scoticum Lea.
i-ufo-stigma Newm.
vulgatutn Lin.
basal e Step.
flaveolatum Lin.
CRABRO
bidens Hal.

END OF VOL. I.

K. CLAY, PKINXEH, liUE AU-ST KEET- II ILL.

ERRATA.

Page 7, line 30, /or anterior rear/ posterior.

12, — 3 /row 6o«o»2, /or scutelliim reaf/ scutum.

— — 2 /rom 6o«om, /or scutum rea<i scutellum.

38, — 1 9, /or Escli re»«? Esch.
_ _ 23, /or 139, read 130.

39, — ■ 2, foi- has read have.

(33^ — 16, fur Epistoraa read Episterna.

106, — 14, /or shun read shew.

110, — 11 /ro?w bottum, for be read are.

— — 4 /ro?« 6o«oOT, /or began rearf begun.
151^ — 6/roTO 6o«ow, /or hedges reac? sedges.
1C)1, — 1 6, /or irrorata read guttata.

170, — 2/om bottom, after approximate insert :

176^ — 6, /or sides r^ad grey colour of the sides.

220, — 2 o/?io<e, /or compilations read compilation.

261, — 7, before 4-articulati insert ad summum.

262, — 21, add as a synonym, Microdus obscurator, N.

— — 23, before 5-articulati insert ad summum,

— — 25, /or Adelius read Acaelius.

— — 26, for radicales read radiales.

263, — 8, read A. Os breve. Microdus.

12, read B. Os rostriforme. Agathis. Ag. malvacearum, Lat.

— — 13, 14, 15, 16, erase entirely.

— — 26, read Cyanopterus. Bracon flavator, F.

Br. denigrator, E. B.

264 — 24 and 26 erase the words in parentheses.

265 — erase the last three lines.

271 — 21, /or ll-articulatae read 12-articulata2.

274 — 2, for 12-articulatce read 13-articulatEe.

275 — 21, /or H-articulatse read 13-articulatae.

389 — 6/ro7n bottom, for La Lep6de read La Cepede.

417 — 10, 9, and 8, from bottom, dele, being errojieous.
Several other mistakes occur, most of them too obvious to need correction.

DIRECTIONS TO BINDER FOR PLACING THE PLATES.

Plate I. ... to face . . . Title page.

— II. . . . — ... p. 239.

— in. . . — ... 400.

— IV. . . — ... 412.

THE

ENTOMOLOGI CAL

MAGAZINE.

VOL. II.

^ARE LUM

LONDON:
FREDERICK WESTLEY AND A. H. DAVIS,

STATIONERS'-HALL-COURT ;

WAUGH & INNES, EDINBURGH ; AND W. F. WAKEMAN, DUBLIN.

M DCCCXXXIV.

" Truth must be sought with a pure and simple heart ; it is only to be found in nature,
and it should be communicated only to good men."

Chateaubriand.

" The philosopher has conferred on the moralist an obligation of surpassing weight. In
unveiling to him the living miracles which teem in rich exuberance around the minutest
atom, as well as throughout the largest masses of ever-active matter, he has placed before
him resistless evidence of immeasurable design."

Babbage.

LONDON :

R. CtAY, TRINTER, BREAD-STREET-HILL.

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS.

Babington, C. C, M.A. M.E.S., Bath, 118.

Bass, Isaac Gray, M.E.S., Brighton.

Bird, Rev. C. S., M.A. F.L.S. M.E.S., Burghfield, 39.

Blomer, Captain Charles, M.E.S., Burton Crescent, 116.

Christy, William, jun., F.L.S. Z.S. M.E.S., Clapham Road, 438.

Cooper, A., R.A,, 115.

Corderius Secundiis, 1, 329, 441.

Dale, Charles James, M.A. F.L.S., 324, 325.

Davis, A. H., F.L.S. M.E.S., Camberwell, 322.

Davis, Arthur, Deptford, 376.

Delta, Colchester, 44, 280, 451.

Denny, Henry, Norwich, 114.

Doubleday, Edward, M.E.S., Epping, 121.

E. N. D., 260, 326, 327, 328, 440.

Fennell, James, 318, 319, 320.

Haliday, A. H., M.A., Belfast, 93, 119, 219, 225, 458.

Moore, G., Denmark Hill, 321,

Newman, Edward, F.L.S. Deptford, 60, 120, 200, 313, 379, 437.

Newman, George, jun., Leominster, 327.

Ogilvie, R. A., 119.

Paget, C. J., M.E.S., Great Yarmouth, 434.

R. F * * * * *, 320.

Rudd, Rev. G. T., M.A. F.L.S., Croft, near Dariington, 180, 324.

Rusticus, Godalming, 144.

Smith, James B., Epsom, 440.

Stephens, J. F., F.L.S. Z.S. M.E.S., Hermitage, South Lambeth, 436.

Swainson, William, F.R.S. L.S. M.E.S., Tittinhanger Green, St. Albans,

114, 190, 438.
Wailes, George, M.E.S., Newcastle, 324.
Walker, Francis, F.G.S. L.S., 49, Bedford Square, 13, 117, 148, 262, 286,

340, 439, 468, 476.
Walton, John, M.E.S., Byard's Lodge, Knaresborough, Yorkshire, 205,

277.
Waterhouse, George R., M.E.S., 11, Gloucester Road, Old Brompton, 373.
Westwood, J. O., F.L.S. M.E.S., the Grove, Hammersmith, 112, 212.
Wood, C. M.E.S., 114.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

Plate V.—Sec Art, VI.
Fig. 1. Scull of Hydrous piceus, upper side.

2. Ditto ditto, lower side.

3. Head of ditto.

4. Mandible of ditto.

5. Maxilla of ditto.

6. Labium of ditto.

7. Antennae of ditto.

8. Labrum of ditto.

9. Maxilla of Melolontha vulgaris.

10. Ditto Acilius sulcatus.

11. Ditto Cychrus rostratus.

12. Ditto Acheta domestica.

13. Ditto Perla bicandata.

14. Ditto Trichiosoma lucoruni.

15. Scull of .^schna maculatissima.

16. Ditto VespaCrabro.

Plate VI.— See Art. VI.

Fig. 1. Labrum and mandibles of Amaryssus Machaon, (from Savigny.)

2. Ditto ditto Vanessa Carduii, (from ditto.)

3. Ditto ditto Pontia Daplidice, (from ditto).

4. Ditto ditto Zygaena Scabiosae, (from ditto).

5. Head of Crambus cannarum, (from ditto).

6. Maxilla of Zygaena Scabiosas, (from ditto).

7. Ditto Crambus cannarum, (from ditto).

8. Ditto Pontia Daplidice, (from ditto).

9. Labium of Crambus cannarum, (from ditto).

10. Head of a Py rails from North America.

11. Scull of a Bombus, under side.

12. Mouth of Tabanus bovinus.

Plate Vll.-See Art. XVI.
Fig. 1. Rhipipteryx Marginatas.

2. Mouth of ditto.

3. Scull of ditto.

4. Hind-leg of ditto.

5. Fore-leg of ditto.

6. Telum, &c., of ditto.

7. Antenna of ditto.

M. Epicranium.
ae. Clypeus.

oe. Ocelli.
JS. Gula.

6B. Mentum.
CE. Oculi.

y. Antenna.

j. Mouth.

a. Labrum.

e. Lingua.

i. Mandible.

0. Maxilla.

Letters in Plates V. VI. and VII.

II. 1. Insertio of Maxilla.

0. 2. Maxilla proper.

0. 3. Palpifer of Maxilla.

o. 4. Lacina of ditto.

i). Galea.

(i. Maxipalpus.

«. Labium.

u. 1. Insertio of Labium.

u. 2. Labium proper.

u. 3. Palpiger of Labium.

«. 4. Ligula.

li. Labipalpus.

Plates VIII. and IX.-Sec Art. XXXIV.

Plate VIII. Deilephila Euphorbiae.
Middle figure, male ; lower figure, female; upper figure, under side.

Plate IX. Deilephila Euphorbiae.
Eggs; Euphorbia Paralias, with newly-hatched larvae; larva 5 weeks old, uncolourtd ;
full-grown larva; pupa.

CONTENTS.

Page

Introduction 1

Art. I. Colloquia Entomologica 1

Art. II. Monographia Chalciditum. By Francis Walker .... 13
Art. III. Capture of Insects at Burghfield. By the Rev. C. S. Bird o9
Art. IV. Thoughts on the Geographical Distribution of Insects. By

Delta 44

Art. V. Entomological Society 54

Art. VI. Osteology, or External Anatomy of Insects. By Edward

Newman 60

Art. VII. Essay on the Classification of Parasitic Hymenoptera. By

A. H. Haliday 93

Art. VIII. Notice of Entomological Works 106

Art. IX. Varieties 112

Art. X. Abstract of M. Straus Diirckheim's " Considerations Gene-
rales sur I'Anatomie Comparee des Animaux Articules." By

Edward Doubleday 121

Art. XI. The other end of a Trip to the Isle of Wight. By Rusticus,

of Godalming 144

Art. XII. Monographia Chalciditum. By Francis Walker . . . 148
Art. XIII. Observations on Hesperophilus arenarius and on Zabrus

gibbus. By the Rev. G. T. Rudd 180

Art. XIV. Entomological Society 183

Art. XV. Hints relative to the present Plans, and future Prospects,

of the Entomological Society. By WiUiam Swainson .... 190
Art. XVI. Entomological Notes. By Edward Newman .... 200
Art. XVII. Capture of Nocturnal Lepidoptera on Yew Trees in

Norbury Park. By John Walton . . 205

Art. XVIII. On Leucospis ; a Genus of Hymenopterous Insects.

By J. O. Westwood 212

Art. XIX. Notes on the Bethyli and on Dryinus pedestris. By

A. H. Haliday 219

Art. XX. Notice of Entomological Works 222

Art. XXI. Essay on the Classification of Parasitic Hymenoptera, &c.

By A. H. Haliday 225

Art. XXII. Notes on Names. By E. N. D 260

Art. XXIII. Observations on the British Species of Pipunculidae.

By Francis Walker 262

Art. XXIV. The Honey Bee. By Edward Bevan, M.D. . . . 270
Art. XXV. Entomological Captures at Mickleham and Neighbour-
hood. By John Walton 277

Art. XXVI. Thoughts on the Geographical Distribution of Insects.

By Delta 280

Art. XXVII. Monographia Chalciditum. By Francis Walker . . 286
Art. XXVIII. Entomological Society 309

VI CONTENTS.

Page
Art. XXIX. Entomological Notes. By Edward Newman . . . 313

Art. XXX. Notice of Entomological Works 315

Art. XXXI. Varieties 318

Art. XXXII. Colloquia Entomologica 329

Art. XXXIII. Monographia Chalciditum. By Francis Walker . . 340

Art. XXXIV. Notes on Deilephila Eupliorbise 369

Art. XXXV. Description of some Coleopterous Larvse. By G. R.

Waterhouse . . . , 373

Art. XXXVI. Two Letters, written by Mr. Addison, in the year
1708, to the Earl of AVarwick, (afterwards his Son-in-Law) when
that Nobleman was very young. Communicated by Arthur Davis,

Esq 376

Art. XXXVII. Attempted Division of British Insects into Natural

Orders. By Edward Newman 379

Art. XXXVIII. Entomological Society 431

Art. XXXIX. Varieties 434

Art. XL. Colloquia Entomologica . • 441

Art. XLI. Remarks on various Insects. By Delta 451

Art. XLII. Essay on Parasitic Hymenoptera. By A. H. Haliday . 458
Art. XLIII. Characters of some undescribed New Holland Diptera.

By Francis Walker 468

Art. XLIV. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London . 473
Art. XLV. Monographia Chalciditum. By Francis Walker . . . 476
Art. XLVI. Notice on the Entomological Peculiarities of Van
Dieman's Land ; being Extracts from a Letter by Thomas
AVinter, Esq. Communicated by William Swainson .... 502

Art. XLVII. Private Lives of Insects. By Rusticus 505

Art. XLVIII. Entomological Notes. By Edward Newman . . . 512
Art. XLIX. On the Description of Species. By the Rev. G. T. Rudd 516
Art. L. Descriptions of some British species of Anacharis. By

Francis Walker 518

Art. LI. Notice of Entomological Works 522

Art. LII. Varieties 529

List of Subscribers for Five Copies of this Volume, to ivhom we
return our most sincere thanks.
W. Bennett.
J. Bevington.
Rev. C. S. Bird.

J. S. BoWERBANK.

J. F. Christy.
A. H. Davis.

E. DOUBLEDAY.

S. Hanson.

J. HoYER.

J. Milne.

E. Newman.
G. Newman.
W. Swainson.

F. Walker.

J. J. Walton.

INTRODUCTION.

In presenting the Second Volume of our Magazine to the
public, we feel ourselves called upon to express our gratitude
for the liberal support which it owes to our Subscribers,
and for the valuable contributions with which they have
enriched it.

We are particularly indebted to Mr. Ingall and Mr.
Raddon : the former engraves gratuitously for the Maga-
zine, and the latter has presented us this year with two
beautiful plates illustrating Deilephila EuphorbicB.

We are delighted to observe the increasing regard for
the study of insects, which is sufficiently manifested by the
Entomological Societies both at home and abroad. The
Entomological Society of London, warmly advocated in its
progress by this Magazine, has arrived at a degree of pro-
sperity never previously attained by an Entomological Society
in this country, although so many have been formed. The
first part of the Transactions of this Society has already
been published in a neat and compendious form, embellished
with seven copper-plate engravings, and is a work well worthy
the attention of entomologists. The Entomological Society
of France, contemporaneous with that in which this Maga-
zine originated, has continued publishing quarterly numbers,
keeping pace with our own, and containing papers of great
and rare merit.

We trust that we have maintained the promises given in the
Introduction to our First Volume. We have alternated our
scientific essays with many of a popular character, or of
public utility. Our pages are free from party feeling; and in
our judgments we have been regardless of the approbation or
displeasure of others.

Vlll INTRODUCTION.

Both tlie periodical publications on British Entomology so
often commended in our pages are continued with regularity
and with wonted utility and beauty. We recommend Mr.
Swainson's " Discourse on the Study of Natural History "
(lately published in " Lardner's Cyclopsedia ") to the attention
of entomologists ; it is well worthy their perusal. Among
the entomological works announced for publication, we may
mention " A Grammar of Entomology," by Mr. Newman ;
a similar work proposed by Mr. G. R. Gray ; a volume on
Genera, by Mr. Westwood ; '' An Essay on the British
Fossorial Hymenoptera," by Mr. Shuckhard ; a second edition
of Dr. Bevan's " Honey Bee ;" and also of Mr. Samouelle's
" Entomologist's Useful Compendium," &c. &Cv On the
continent, Leon Dufour's " Recherches sur les Hemipteres,"
and Pictet's admirable " Recherches sur les Phryganides,"
deserve our highest praise. Perty " On the Insects collected
in Brazil by Spix and Martins ;" Klug's " Symbolae Physicae,
or an Account of the Insects collected in Northern Africa and
Occidental Asia by Hemprich and Ehrenberg ;" and the Atlas
to the " Voyage de la Coquille," are all splendidly illustrated
folio works. Professor Gravenhorst, so justly celebrated for
his '^ Ichneumonologia Europaea," is about to publish descrip-
tions of the Staphilinites. Nees ab Essenbeck has issued a
second edition of his " Ichneumones Adsciti." Lastly, some
valuable observations on the Tenthrediuites and the Histeri-
tites, with characters of many genera and species before unde-
scribed, will be found in Klug's work on the Insects in the
Royal Museum at Berlin.

We may add, that the increased, and still increasing, circu-
lation of the Entomological Magazine, renders its continuance
a matter of certainty. It was not projected as a source of
profit, nor has it hitherto yielded any ; what little may accrue
will be instantly expended in the colouring of plates, the
engraving of wood-cuts, or any other manner that may be
deemed acceptable to our Subscribers.

Ttg 2

ENTOMOLOGICAL MAGAZINE.

JANUARY, 1834.

Art. I. — CoUoquia Entomologica.

Vvii)Qi aeavroi'.

Scene — T/ie Parlour at the Bull Inn, Birch-wood-corner.

Venator, Ambulator, Entomophilus, and Erro, seated
at a round table.

\_Argument. — They extol each other's contributions to the first volume of the
Fire-fly : they bewail the opposition made to the Fire-fly : they hope for better
times : the conversation turneth — they speak of the Entomological Society :
the conversation turneth again — they speak of Rusticus, of Mr. Yarrell, of
Dr. Grant, of Mr. Bell, of Mr. Kirby, of Dr. Leach, of Mr. MacLeay, of
Mr. Curtis, of Mr. Charles Curtis, of Mr. Stephens : the conversation again
turneth — they elect an Editor for the second volume of the Fire-fly: the
retiring Editor chargeth the Editor- elect. Corderius secundus.]

Venator. I've been thinking

Entomophilus. I saw you were fatigued.

Erro. He! he! that's too bad: — MofFy supposes no one
has a right to think but himself.

Ambulator. Yes. I overheard Chrysis-cyanea congra-
tulate him on having entered the field of thought, and ever
since

Erro. Now that 's a shame — nobody knows who I meant
by Chrysis-cyanea.

Ven. Nobody does not know — if ever you let out who the
triangle belongs to, you may expect a challenge from more
than one.

Ent. What does the triangle mean, Am. ?

Amb. His own initial, to be sure, D ; sometimes he signs
double D.

NO. I. VOL. II. B

2 COLLOQUIA ENTOMOLOGICA.

Ven. In exposures, and those kind of things, the D to be
pronounced broad, as in the French.

Ent. Roey — was that you ?

Ven. As sure as my name 's .

Ent. Oh ! very well, very well ; I'll expose the fallacy of
the triangle next number.

Erro. It 's all their nonsense ! I should have been
ashamed to have written it.

Amb. Never mind 'em, Mr. Moffy, I intend to read Sphinx
Vespiformis myself this winter ; I have tried a dozen times,
but I always fall asleep over it.

Erro. It had rather that effect on me.

Ent. a proof of its value. I am sometimes rather rest-
less in the night, and then I open the Magazine at Chalcy or
Straus, and either sends me off like an opiate. I keep the
Mag. by the bed-side for the purpose.

Amb. The medical properties of Clericus and double D,
I should imagine, to be sudorific.

Erro. And Osteology occasions cough, by sticking in the
trachea: — but John Curtis has put an extinguisher on that.

Ent. The Osteology 's nothing to me ; one of 's

writers say it isn't mine.

Erro. What envious mortal has done that?

Amb. Who does he say wrote it, then ?

Ent. Haliday.

Ven. Haliday ! he '11 very soon set that at rest ; Haliday 's
one of the most honourable men I know.

Ent. I think he '11 look queerish, when he sees all my
rigmarole fathered upon him.

Amb. What shall you do?

Ent. Do! nothing! laugh and grow fat.

Erro. I say. Ambulator, — (leaning across the tahle) —
Parca non meiidax dcdit et nialignum
Spernere vulgus.

Ent. How does that run in the vernacular ?

Amb. Something in this way : —

Th' indulgent fates to you have given
A glorious boon, a boon of heaven,
A joyous soul, that laughs to scorn
The envy of the lowly born.

Ven. Capital ! — good ! — very good !

COLLOQUIA ENTOMOLOGICA. 6

Ent. Born! Pedigree has nothing to do with it.

Erro. Verbatim. The malignum vulgiis requires that.
I never could string two hnes of rhyme together.

Amb. What ! Yes, Osteology was only a kind of prop to
Sphinx Vespiformis, a buttress to support it a little longer —
it must fall. I agree with double D, in thinking we are too
fond of theory ; what he says is very good.

Erro. Yes, Doctor Dichotomy 's right enough ; it 's all true.

Ven. What unmerciful fellows ; I 'ra right glad you have
not me to quiz. Why, you have offended half the publishing
entomologists in England, without a quarter of the lashing
you give one another.

Amb. Oh! no, not offended. We have never ventured
beyond fair criticism. No one would lower himself by taking
offence at fair criticism.

Erro. We hold up our Fire-fly to enlighten them ; it 's
all intended kindly ; they can't have any reason to be enraged.

Amb. Neither had the jailers of poor Mary ; yet, who was
so ill-treated ? the light of her lovely countenance, turned on
them, seemed to demonize them.

Ent. Why not give that in verse.

Languidly over the water,

Each echoing bugle-note
Gave warning, to Scotia's daughter,

Of cruel oppressor's boat.

And so with our lovely rover,

The voice of each favoured sage
She illumined in passing over

Repays for her hght with rage.

Amb. Pretty.

Ent. Venator, we wait.

Erro. He 's glad enough to quit the subject of theory —
you

Ent. Theory, theory! by constant bandying from mouth
to mouth, the gloss of the originality, of the outcry against
it, begins to wear off; — down with theory, down with
theory ! Give us facts, we want facts ! poor fools ! — Come,
Venator, begin, " Unaccustomed as I am" — ■

Ven. Gentlemen, our loyalty being unquestionable, we
need not waste words in displaying it. With your leave, let
us begin with " Success to the Fire-fly, and good-will to her

4 COLLOQUIA ENTOMOLOGICA.

opponents ; " for we all know that we have been severe, very
severe; let us, therefore, recollect this, and not resent or
notice those little ebullitions of ill-feeling towards us, which
our own criticisms have called forth. I find that individuals
expected that we should notice nothing but attacks upon
ourselves, that no crime against the public was to come under
our notice ; our plan in this respect is now better known : we
have shown our impartiality, and not only returned measure
for measure, but have given handsome interest into the
bargain — the warning will be salutary. The operations going
on against us, both privately and publicly, are evident ; but
let us appear not to see them. No ; let us do even more than
that ; let us select some two or three of the most active of our
enemies, and say every good of them that we can, consistently
with truth ; that will be a noble revenge. Gentlemen, " Suc-
cess to the Fire-fly, and good-will to her opponents."

Omnes. Excellent. " Success," &c.

Amb. I think that we have found that it would be wiser to
refrain in future from expressing any opinion on the affairs of
others, when unconnected with science ; some of my ento-
mological friends have thought we had better not have inter-
fered in a recent case, not on account of our observations
being undeserved, but because the matter was below our
jurisdiction.

Erro. And then we should have been loudly and fairly
charged with partiality.

Incidit in Scyllam qui wilt vitare Charybdim.

Ven. We could have done no other than we have done,
without laying ourselves open to that charge which would be
the most injurious of all : depend upon it, we are right as far
as we have gone. Now, if you please, conciliate.

Amb. Don't you think we shall find that very difficult?
we have certainly done nothing yet to allay the feeling against
which we have declared war; but really, I think, we have
made matters worse. We seem to have raised a storm we
cannot control ; the waves of opposition threaten the Fire-fly
on all sides.

Erro. Down she must go —

Ast illani tcr fliictus ibidem,
Torquet agens circuin, ct inpidus vorat tpquore vortex.

COLLOQUIA ENTOMOLOGICA. 5

Amb. I hope not —

Excutitur pronusque magister
Volvitur in caput.

Ent. English only, to-night.

Erro. They '11 shake the captain by the collar, and then
give him a thump of the head. I see Chry —

Ent. Very elegant, indeed !

Erro. — sis-cyanea has imitated my monstror.

Amb. Yes, and aped Rusticus.

Erro. What profanation !

Ven. No, no, it won't come to that.

Amb. What!

Ent. 1 agree with you about disregarding all attacks, aye,
even returning good for evil ; but we must persevere in well-
doing. Ambulator observes, we can't conti'ol the storm ;
what of that? does not the sun illumine that ocean whose
restless waves he has no power to allay?

Erro. —

Like moonlight on a troubled sea,
Brightening the storm it cannot calm.

Ent. And shall our Fire-fly refuse her ray to enlighten
a science whose votaries are at war? Never, never! Let
them oppose her ; let them speak evil of her ; let them go
about persuading others to mutiny, and desert her : heed them
not ; they shall not prevail against her, while her rays are the
rays of genius, her light the light of truth.

Ven. I believe it ; people don't like to be told that they
ought to see the difference ; that there is a want of the merit
it promised at first, and so on. It is vei*y difficult to mislead
those who really read; they like to judge for themselves.

Ent. And wherefore should they not? man is an inquiring
animal ; his mind, perchance, may wander, perchance may
waver, perchance may bend from its own weakness, may be
lured by interest, warped by pride, case-hardened by obsti-
nacy, blinded by ambition, — but these are the exceptions :
believe me, the mind of man naturally, instinctively, aye
unwittingly, turns towards the truth, as a sun-flower towards
the sun.

Amb. I hope we shall find it so ; indeed, I believe it ; I
think too well of mankind to doubt it ; and we need not mind
about these little troubles, if we triumph at last.

b COLLOQUIA KNTOMOLOGICA.

Ven. Trouble does not harm us ; it very often teaches us
wisdom.

Erro. But it weighs us down by a perpetual weight,
and teaches us unhappiness also.

Ent. Trouble, in harrowing the soul, also chastens and
enriches it, as the balmy breezes of Arabia, in breaking up
the surface of the Red Sea into multitudinous billows, impreg-
nate it with their perfume. But, as for the Fire-fly, trouble
will do her no harm ; she will float, like the petrel, securely
on the roughest sea. Opposition may assail her and threaten
her, as the clanging blast of brazen trumpets, or as the lurid
painted pile of sunset clouds, staining ocean with their lustre ;
yet shall it shortly, surely cease, from its want of power
to exist, as those trumpet-notes melt into nothingness among
the hills, or as those clouds, — like the cities of the island of
Atalantis sinking turret after turret, dome after dome, below
the insatiable waters, — subside beneath the sea-girt horizon.

Ven. Mr. Entomophilus, we wait.

Ent. " Success to the Entomological Society."

Omnes. " Success," &c.

Amb. I am glad to see the Society in such a thriving
condition; at first I was rather fearful there was a little
spirit of opposition to us, but I was soon undeceived on that
head.

Erro. What a delightful scene it was, when that dear old
man took the chair, and the whole room rang with applause ;
he would have spoken, but his emotion was too great, — vox
faucibus hcesit ; he would have bowed to us, but he had lost
the power ; his feelings conquered him, and he sank back into
his seat, voiceless and unmanned. I wonder how many of
the present race of entomologists will live to be so greeted. I
would not, for the world, have lost that meeting.

Ven, What becomes now of the idea that the Society is
the offspring of a party ?

Erro. It would be a good bit of fun to talk to them about
it now: — The party-Society met, &c. ; Kirby in the chair;
Ambulator, Venator, and I, standing behind him; Children,
Spence, Entomophilus, Blomer, Bennett, Waterhouse, &c.
round the table ; and crowded benches of entomoes filling up
the room, dotted here and there with a Horsfield, a Yarrell,
a Stephens, a Sykes, a Bowerbank

COLLOQUIA ENTOMOLOGICA. 7

Ven. Better avoid it, the sarcasm would be too biting :
a party, headed by Kirby, Spence, Children, Horsfield, Yarrel,
and Sykes ! !

Ent. How infinitely ridiculous ! I know no men more
completely above all such paltry feehng.

Ven. Nothing can possibly be more liberal, than the
mode in which the affairs of the Society have been conducted.
One thing we must insist on — collection and library — before
any publication is thought of.

Erro. I understand that there are some members publi-
cation mad. I was told of a paper, ready cut and dried, by
our friend Chrysis-cyanea, as Ambulator terms him ; as it was
about myself, I obtained a copy of the title, (reads from a

slip of paper.) " Notes upon the impropriety of Mr. 's

placing the double dot over the u in Straus, and omitting it
over the u in Durckheim, at page - — of the Entomological
Magazine; together with philosophical remarks upon the
affinities of my new genus Hypothenemanogarthroides, by
A. E. J. , Esq. F.L.S. &c."

Ven. An excellent quiz.

Ent. It is the rock on which the Society will probably
split. I have induced ten individuals to join the Society ; all,
except one of whom, inquired whether we should publish that
kind of rubbish. I assured them not.

Amb. The president is a man of sense, and a man of spirit ;
— he never will —

Ent. Some thanks to me for proposing him. Eh ?

Ven. Yes : the Society owes you a vote of thanks. There
is no individual in England so well adapted for the chair.

Amb. He never will encourage such rubbish.

Ent. Not he : — Come, Ambulator, we wait.

Amb. What ?— Me ?— Oh !— " Success to the Study of the
Economy of Nature."

Omnes. " Success," &c.

Amb. I shall be understood as expressing my admiration
of the great revealer of Nature's secrets, when I merely say.
Success to that branch of our study. I can imagine nothing-
more beautiful in poetry than the first of his Sapphics.

Hued like a rainbow, &c.

is exquisite.

8 COLLOQUIA ENTOMOLOGICA,

Erro. The sentiments are beautiful; but 1 don't like
Sapphics altogether ; I was made read them at school, and, par
consequence, don't much like them now I've left ; and, it's my
opinion, Sapphics don't do for the English language. There
is one part, the last verse I think it is —
Amb. —

No ! Like these creatures, trouble, toil, and prison,
Chequer his pathway to a bright hereafter,
When he sliall mount him to the happy regions,
Made to receive him.

Erro. It is that alone makes life worth living for — the
belief in that ; there is but little on this earth —

Ent. Pish ! Excuse me, Roey. I must stop that strain.
Melancholy, avaunt! This earth has lots of flowers worth
plucking, and you can find them as easily as any one.

Ven. How any one, with his stores of knowledge, can
indulge in that stupid, nervous, Byronic kind of misanthropy,
I can't think.

Ent. a contented mind, like the rosy morning sun, tinges
every earthly object with its own beauteous hue, bathes in
sunshine the face of universal nature : fame is not honourable ;
the bad attain it as easily as the good; and riches, to me,
seem scarcely to gild the future more than the present.

Amb. But fancy does paint for us a future brighter than the
present, though beyond the reach of riches, or any earthly
gratification.

Ent. Alas, fancy has no pinions that will bear us beyond
the tomb !

Ven. We have wandered into a useless discussion from
talking of the Sapphics of Rusticus. As Erro observes, they

will not do for English. I shewed them to my friend Dr. S ,

who I consider an excellent judge; he acknowledged they
were full of beauty, and as good as English Sapphics could be ;
but the fact is, Sapphics do not suit the genius of our lan-
guage.

Ent. Genius of our language ! Not suit the genius of
those people who have no genius, I take you to mean. Oh,
Genius, thou undefined and undefinable creature ! — thou art
not talent, nor wisdom, nor learning ! What art thou, then,
airy being, that floatest around and about and above us, instan-
taneously wafting from thy bright — thy ambrosial wing — to

COLLOQUIA ENTOMOLOGICA. y

some selected favourite, a thought, that others might ponder
for in vain ; anon, hghting up the eye of sorrow hke sunshine
in a shower ? Where is thy site, and where thy home ? Oh,
give me wings, that I may mount up above the — ■

Amb. — heads of common men !

Erro. Yet I have seen genius weighing hke an incubus on
trembhng brains, till all was dark; or, if the eye retained
the power to flash, flashing in mockery.

Ven. Mr. Erro, I believe we wait for you.

Erro. I must adopt your plan, and wish — " Success to the
Study of Zoology."

Omnes. " Success to the Study of Zoology."

Amb. The mind does not point to a single individual so
forcibly as in the former instances.

Erro. I intended the compliment, if from me it is one, to
three of our countrymen.

Ven. Grant, Bell, and Yarrel.

Erro. Yes, those are the three. I don't know which
stands first.

Ent. Nor I ; when I reflect on the merits of either, I con-
sider him for the time the first. The sterling sense and clear
head of Yarrel ; the indefatigable energy of the Doctor ; and
the accomplished accuracy of Bell, are equally to be admired :
the humility with which these great men receive, and the
modesty with which they impart information, must raise them
high in the estimation of all who know them.

Amb. I wonder that neither Mr. Yarrel nor Mr. Bell has
been elected a Professor of Zoology.

Ent. Bell would make an excellent one. What a lustre
he would confer on a college ! — rJiis lectures are exquisitely
clear and beautiful. I have never heard Yarrel lecture ; I
believe he does not. Dr. Grant's matter is sound; his style
clear and concise, with just sufficient repetition to force every
head, not wooden, to comprehend.

Amb. His lectures, that we attended together last winter at
Bruton Street, were really admirable; but he allowed rather
too little time to entomology.

Ven. Allow me the pleasure of proposing — " Success to
the Study of Entomology."

Omnes. " Success," &:c.

Ven. I would from courtesy exclude the present company,

NO. I. VOL. II. c

10 COLLOQUIA F.NTOMOLOGICA.

otherwise a reply would be requisite. Of those not present —
Kirby, Leach, and MacLeay, seem to be the most eminent.

Ent. Decidedly. But the accurate pencil of Curtis !

Erro. Which ?

Ent. The elder brother, John Curtis ; — his " British Ento-
mology" is, beyond all comparison, the most valuable work on
Entomology our country has produced ; — and I consider it far
from being a credit to us that its circulation is so limited.

Erro. His brother is a good artist: his drawings in Mr.
Stephens' early numbers are very beautiful ; equal to any
thing I know of.

Ent. We must not refuse our meed of praise to Stephens ;
his undertaking is a most laborious one.

Amb. Yes ; I hope he will have courage to complete it.

Ven. Gentlemen; — Is it not time that we proceed to the
grand business of this meeting — the appointment of an Editor
for 1834?

Ent. I have the straws prepared : — Are you ready ?

Amb. Oh, Mr. Entomophilus will take it again, I hope !

Ent. Not I ; once in four years is quite often enough.

Erro. I shan't draw.

Ven. Yes, yes ! Fair play ! — The compact was so made
at first.

Ent. Is the longest or shortest to be the lucky man ?

Ven. If length decides it — the matter is easily settled.
{Bowing to Ambulator.)

Ent. Straws, I mean. {Hands the straws ; they draw lots.)

Erro. Oh, the shortest is the man ! I'll draw last. No ;
— pass it on.

Amb. Delta's is the shortest. ]

Ven. Mr. Erro's the man. v o- 7^ /

^ - . . > Simultaneously.

Erro. Its mme. I

Ent. And the lot fell upon the triangle. J

Erro. How tiresome !

Ent. It will be capital fun for you, Roey.

Erro. The Boys and the Frogs.

Ent. You'll find it so pleasant, Roey !

An Editor leads an easy life ;

The pleasures, believe me, are many : —
Plague, jealousy, envy, fear, and strife,

The evils — I never found any.

COLLOQUIA ENTOMOLOGICA. 1 1

There, one contributor sends me a new invention for catching-
tadpoles ; another, sixteen sheets, closely written in black ink,
and closely crossed in red, and wishes it set up in large type,
as Mr. How-d'ye-call-him always prints in that way, and
allows six guineas per sheet paid in advance, which you are
respectfully requested to remit directly ;— a third wants a
receipt for killing fleas ; — a fourth sends one for kilUng bugs ;
— a fifth selects original poetry from the Penny Magazine, at
the moderate charge of one-pound-one ; — a sixth gives a long
tale about a monster which frightened his wife into fits, and
sends the monster itself in a wine-glass, with the lid of a
tobacco-box tied on the top for fear of accident, — the monster
turns out to be a common honey-bee ; — a seventh transmits
nineteen hundred and fifty-three insects, to be named, which
have been collected in sugar-bottles, but which have been duly
dried in the sun, and squeezed into a tea-cup; — an eighth
ingeniously economises space, by striking four on one pin,
and kindly permits me to print the list when named ; — a ninth
questions whether the Magazine is not too large ; — a tenth
questions whether it is not too small ; an eleventh suggests
that it should be printed in twelvemo ;— a twelfth recommends
quarto ; — a thirteenth insists on its being monthly ; — a four-
teenth thinks that once a year would be often enough ; — a
fifteenth declares it is too scientific ; — a sixteenth, that it is too
popular, et cetera, et ceterae, et cetera. Oh ! —

An Editor leads an easy life ;
The pleasures, &c.

One author complains, that his work has been published two
months, and I have not noticed it ; — another, that i have pointed
out his defects, and not his merits ; — a third, that I have mis-
understood his meaning; — a fourth, that his errors were only
typographical ; — seven, that I don't make enough of them ; —
(O, I should like to buy all the Entomologists at my valuation,
and sell them at their own !) — A twelfth, that I was influenced
by envy ; — a thirteenth, that I espouse a party ; — a fourteenth,
that his philosophy deserved an analysis — which, by the way,
I had tried, and found the only element, smoke ; — a fifteenth
looks hot at me ; — a sixteenth looks cold at me ; — a seven-
teenth looks lukewarm ; — an eighteenth grumbles that I
praised So-and-so's book ; — a nineteenth grumbles that I did

12 COLLOQUIA ENTOMOLOGICA.

not praise it enough. Then come a ream of errors in my last
number, philosophically and argumentatively pointed out; —
thirteen abusive letters for delaying publication ; — twenty-one
for giving worse contributors a better place ; — fifteen on
allowing errors to pass the press ; — and forty-three on giving
too much editorial matter, to the exclusion of more important
and original communication; et cetera, et ceterae, et cetera.
Oh!—

An Editor leads an easy life;

The pleasures, &c.

Then the printer puts me off and off, till it comes to the
last day, and I have to let half the mistakes go by after
all, and have to stay in town till all the coaches are gone,
and then walk all the way home through the mud, and, wet
through with rain, get robbed of my watch, stopped by the
police, and experience, in one night, half the miseries of
human life. Well, at last, the Firefly comes out; the public
beholds it, but don't touch ; the publisher {bowing across the
table to Venator) meets me with a most gracious smile, talks
to me of his love of science, of his desire to promote the study,
of my eminent qualifications, of the increasing sale, of the
certainty of eventual success, of the mildness of the weather,
of the hardness of the times, of the war in Portugal, of the
improvements at London Bridge ; and adds, a la postcript, as
a thing of minor importance, that the Mag. has incurred a
pecuniary loss of so many pounds, so many shillings, and so
many pence ; for which, in the pleasantest way in the woi'ld,
he reminds me that I am responsible, et cetera, et ceterae,
et cetera. Oh ! —

An Editor leads an easy life ;

The pleasures, believe me, are many : —
Plague, jealousy, envy, fear, and strife,

The evils, — I never found any.

Erro. Ah ! there is trouble. Well, I must, — I suppose, —
there ought to be some fame.

Amb, You can praise yourself, as does.

Ent. Poor empty fellow ! — I suppose he fancies he can
trumpet loud enough for posterity to hear him !

{They remain sitting.)

13

Art. II. — Monographia Chalciditum. By Francis
Walker, Esq. F.L. S.

( Continued from Fol. I. page 466. J

" the green myriads in the peopled grass."

Family. — ^Leucopsid^.
Genus Leucopsis/ Fabricius.

Vespa . . Swammerdam, Suher, Christ.

Cynips . . De la Tourette, Gmelin.

Leucospis. Fabricius, Gmelin, Laireille, Olivier, Fillers,
Rossi, Ciivier, Panzer, Jiirine, Walckenaer,
Illiger, Spinola, Fuessly, Dalman, Klug,
Fonscolombe.

Leucopsis. Lamarck, Dumeril.

Corpus punctatum, supra pubescens : caput mediocre, transversum,
thorace vix angustius, antice ubi scapi insident excavatum :
oculi mediocres : ocelli 3, supra verticem trigone dispositi : an-
tennae maris et fera. similes, medio frontis insertas, 14-articulatse,
clavatffi, pubescentes ; scapus in canaliculo frontali receptus ;
flagellum subincurvum ; articulus l"^ s. scapus elongatus ; 2"*.
brevis, cyathiformis ; 3"^ elongato-cyathiformis ; 4"^ et 7 se-
quentes fere lineares, latiores, breviores ; 12"^ mediocris, apice
angustior ; 13"^ et 14'^^. minimi, vix conspicui : labrum breve,
transversum, antice impressum : mandibulae fere rectse, sequales,
bidentatse ; dentes obtusi ; internus brevis, latus, fere geminus :
maxillae elongatae, graciles, apice acuminatae, externe pilosae,
interne apicem versus in lobum productse bipartitum tenuem
mollem ciliatum : palpi 4-articulati, filiformes ; articulus 1"^.
elongato-cyathiformis; 2"^^. longior ; 3"^ 2". brevior; 4"^ 2°.
longior : mentum elongatum, angustum, apice trispinosum : palpi
3-articulati, fere filiformes, menti apicem versus inserti ; articuli
subclavati, 2'^*'. 1". brevior, 3"^. longior : labium fere cordiforme,
molle ; anguli antici producti ; margo anticus ciliatus, medio
impressus : thorax ovatus : prothoracis scutellum maximum,
subquadratum, antice paullo angustius ; segmenta reliqua dorsalia
supra occulta ; pectus parvum : mesothoracis scutum maximum ;

a AeuKos albus, o\^i% facies. I think, with Dumeril, that the name of the
genus is derived from these words.

14 MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM.

parapsides scuto in unum confusse ; scutellum magnum, semi-
circulus ; paraptera et epimera trigona ; sternum magnum, medio
canaliculatum : metatlioracis scutellum parvum, plerumque apice
bispinosum ; postscutellum maximum ; epimera et paraptera
trigona; sternum magnum: propedes^ graciles ; coxae trigonae,
mediocres ; trochanteres parvi ; tibiae paullo arcuatae, apice
latiores, et dentibus nonnullis minutis et spina elongata valida
subarcuata armatae : mesopedes longiores, graciliores ; tibiae
rectae, femoribus paullo longiores, externe basim versus impressae ;
spina apicalis brevior, tenuior ; caeteri propedum : metapedum
coxae maximae, angulus internus serratus; femora maxima,
ovata, externe convexa, interne plana, subtus dentibus plurimis
armata ; tibiae valde arcuatas, subtus canaliculatae, femoribus
appressae, apicis angulus internus productus, acuminatus ; caeteri
propedum : tarsi omnes subtus ciliati, articulus 1^^ elon-
gatus, sequentes longitudine decrescentes, ultimus 2°. longior ;
ungues arcuati, subtus basi dentibus plurimus minutis armati ;
pulvilli minimi : proalae plicatae ; nervus subcostalis costam alae
medium versus attingens, et inde fere ad apicem productus, ubi
costam attingit ramulum emittens furcatum ; furca antica mox
abrupta; postica alae apicem versus producta; nervus in alae
disco, brevis, insulatus ; nervus 3"^ longitudinalis alae basi pro-
veniens, medio crassior, apicem versus furcatus ; furcse ambae
marginem posticum attingentes ; nervus 4^5. marginis postici
medium occupans ; areolae paucae, apertae, non bene determinatae :
raetalas parvae ; nervus subcostalis a basi, ubi costa jungitur, fere
ad alae apicem productus ; nervi duo longitudinales indistincti ;
hamus nervo subcostal! ante alae apicem insertus : abdomen
sessile, elongato-ovatum, compressum, apice rotundum ; maris,
segmentum 1^™. magnum ; 2™\ maximum, fere omne abdominis
dorsum occupans ; 3^™. minimum, vix conspicuum ; subtus
abdomen segmenta 5 ventralia conspicua, subaequalia: fern.
abdomen dorso ubi oviductus insidet canaliculatum ; segmentum
1"™. maximum; 2^'^. minimum, 1". fere occultum ; 3"™.
mediocre ; 4^™. majus, latera latiora ; 5^". parvum ; 6™\ max-
imum, 5'. dorso recurvum, subtus quoque recurvum ; subtus
abdomen lamina elongata, angusta, carinata, segmenta omnia
ventralia occultat : oviductus segment! 6^ apice emersus, dorso
recurvus.

These insects, in the larva state, are parasitic upon the

^ I have adopted this and similar terms, from Mr. Newman's letter on
Osteology, published in Vol. I. p. 400.

MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM. 15

mason-bees and wasps. The trophi, particularly the lingua
and maxillae, are more developed than in most Chalcidites.

Divisio I. Metafemora subtus dentibus 8 armata.

Sp. 1. Leuc. grandis.

Leucospis gigas . . Rossi Faun. Etrusc. ed. Illiger. II.

130 ; Fonsc. Ann. Sci. Nat. 26. 273.
Leucospis gallica . . Rossi Mant. 135. 298.
Leucospis dorsigera. Var. Hochenwarth Schrift. Berl. Ges.

VI. 341. Taf. 8. fig. 1, 2; Christ.

Bienen. 225. Tab. 19. fig. 9.
Leucospis grandis . King. Act. Nat. Cur. Berl. VI. QQ. 1.

Sp. 2. Leuc. gigas. Mas et fem. Nigra, Jlava variegata,
prothoracis scutello Jlavo marginato, mesoscuti dorso
bimaculato, oviductu abdominis basim non attingente.

Cynips nigra, &c. . . De la Tourette Acad, des Sci. 9. 730.

fig. 1-5.
Cynips lugdunsea . . Gniel. 1. 5. 265S. 26.
Sphex dorsigera . . Sulzer. Gesch. 196. Tab. 27. fig. 11.
Leucospis dorsigera. Fabr. Syst. Ent. 361. 1 ; Si^ec. Ins.

1. 457. 1 ; Mant. Ins. 1. 284. 1 ;

Gmel. 2739. 1 ; Oliv. Encyclop.

Hist. Nat. Ins. VII. 352. 1. PI. 100.

fig. 8.9; Fuessly Archiv. 2. Tab.

18. 51. fig. 1—10.
Leucospis gallica . . De Villers Ent. III. 261. Tab. 8.

fig. 18.
Leucospis gigas . . . Fabr. Ent. Syst. II. 245. 1 ; Syst.

Piezat. 168. 1. ; Panz. Faun. Ins.

Germ. 84. Tab. 17. 18.; Coqueb.

Illustr. Icon. I. 23. Tab. 6. fig. 1.;

Spin. Ins. Zi^. fascic. 1. QS.; Latr.

Hist. Nat. des Ins. XIII. 219. 2.;

Gen. Crust, et Insect. IV. 24. ; Regne

Anim. III. 475. ; Nouv. Edit. V.

296. ; Nouv. Diet, a Hist. Nat. XVII.

514.; Klug. Act. Nat. Cur. Berl.

VI. m. 2.

16 MONOGRAPIIIA CHALCIDITUM.

Leucopsis gigas . . . Lam. Anim. sans Vertebres. IV. 151.;
DumerilDict. des Set. Nat. XXVI.
169.

Mas. — Nigra, flavo pubescens : caput inter oculos flavo bimacu-
latiim : labium rufescens : oculi fusci : ocelli sordide albidi :
antennae apice rufse ; articulus 1^^. flavus, extus et apice supra
niger : prothoracis scutellum flavo marginatum ; mesothoracis
scuti dorsum flavo bimaculatum, latera flavo vittata; super scutelli
dorsum macula flava, antice valde emarginata ; epimera fere
tota flava : metathoracis scutellum apice acute bispinosum :
abdomen flavo bifasciatum et apice maculatum : pedes flavi ; pro-
et mesocoxa^ nigrse ; metacoxae nigrae, flavo supra basi et subtus
apice maculatae ; trochanteres fusci ; pro- et mesofemora basi
nigrofusca aut nigra ; metafemora nigra, extils flava nigro
maculata ; dentes nigri ; l^^ brevis ; 2"^. et 3*^^. elongati, acumi-
nati ; caeteri obtusi, longitudine decrescentes ; metatibiae subtus
nigrofuscae ; tarsi fulvi : alae iridescentes, fuscae ; costa satu-
ratior.

Fern. — Abdomen supra flavo 4-fasciatum, subtus rufofuscum, niti-
dum ; fasciae dissimiles, interruptae : abdominis segmenti 1"".
oviductus medium attingens, fuscus ; tegmina nigra. (Corp.
long. 4| — 6 lin. ; alar. 9 — 12 lin.)
July; South of France. M. F. de Laporte has taken it

near Paris.

Sp. 3. Leuc. nigricornis.*^ Fem. Nigra, jlavo-variegata,
prothoracis scutello Jlavo-hifasciato, mesoscuti dorso im-
maculato, oviductu abdominis basim non attingente.

Leucospis dispar. a. Fonscol. Ann. Sci. Nat. 26. 275.

Nigra, flavo pubescens : caput immaculatum : labium rufescens :
oculi fusci : ocelli sordide albidi : antennae apice fuscae : protho-
racis scutellum flavo bifasciatum ; fascia antica medio angustior :
mesothoracis scuti latera flavo vittata ; epimera flavo maculata :
metathoracis scutellum inerme ? ; super dorsum macula flava,
antice valde emarginata : abdomen utrinque supra flavo 4-ma-
culatum, subtus rufo-fuscum ; maculae dissimiles : abdominis
segmenti 1"*^ oviductus apicem attingens, fuscus ; tegmina
nigra : pedes flavi ; coxae nigrae ; metacoxae supra basi et
subtus apice flavo maculatae ; trochanteres nigrofusci ; pro- et
mesofemora basi nigra ; metafemora nigra, externe flava nigro
maculata; dentes nigri, 1"^ brevis, 2"s. et 3"^ elongati, acumi-

"= This, and many of the following species, were sent to me by M. F. de
Laporte, with the MS. names which I have adopted.

MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM. 17

nati ; caeteri obtusi, longitudine decrescentes ; metatibioe subtus
nigro-fuscse ; tarsi fulvi : alae iridescentes, fuscse ; costa saturatior.
(Corp. long. 6 lin. ; alar. 12 lin.)

Taken near Paris, by M. F. de Laporte.

Sp. 4. Leuc. intermedia. Fem. Nigra, jlavo variegata,
prothoracis scutello flavo-marginato, mesoscuti dorso
ummaculato, oviductu abdominis basim superante.

Leucospis dorsigera . Rossi Mant. 134. 297. De Fillers

Ent. III. PI. 8, fig. 17. Panz.

Faun. Ins. Germ. 15. Tab. 17.
Leucospis intermedia . Illiger. Edit. Faun. Etrusc. II. 130.

Klug Act. Nat. Cur. Berl.

67. 4.

Nigra, flavo pubescens : caput inter oculos flavo bimaculatum :
labium rufescens : oculi fusci : ocelli sordide albidi : anten-
nae nigrae ; articulus 1"^ flavus, extus et apice supra niger:
prothoracis scutellum flavo marginatum : mesothoracis scuti
dorsum flavo unimaculatum, latera flavo vittata; super scutelli
dorsum macula flava, antice valde emarginata ; epimera flavo
maculata : metathoracis scutellum apice acute bispinosum : ab-
domen flavo 4-fasciatum, subtus rufo-fuscum ; fasciae dissimiles,
basalis et apicalis interruptas : oviductus mesothoracis ad scu-
telli medium productus, fuscus ; tegmina nigra : pedes flavi ;
coxae nigrae ; metacoxae supra basi flavo maculatae ; trochanteres
fusci ; pro- et mesofemora basi nigra ; metafemora nigra, extCis
flava, nigro maculata ; metatibise subtus nigro-fuscae ; tarsi fulvi :
alae iridescentes, fuscse ; costa saturatior. (Corp. long. 5 lin. ;
alar. 9 lin.)

July ; South of France.

Sp. 5. Leuc. varia. Fem. Nigra, Jlavo variegala, protho-
racis scutello flavo bifasciato, mesoscuti dorso bimaculato,
oviductu abdominis basim non attigente.

Leucopsis intermedia . Lamarck. Anim. sans Vertebres.

IV. 152.
Leucospis varia . . Klug Act. Nat. Cur. Berl. VI. 67. 3.

Nigra, flavo pubescens : caput inter oculos flavo bimaculatum :
labium rufescens : oculi fusci : ocelli sordide albidi : antennae
NO. I. VOL. II. D

18 MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM.

apice nifo-fuscae ; articulus 1"^. fulvus, apice fuscus ; 2"^ nigro-
fuscus ; 3"^^ et 4"^ rufi : prothoracis scutellum flavo bifaseiatum ;
fascia antica medio angustior, postice incisa : mesothoracis scuti
latera flavo vittata, dorsum flavo bimaculatum ; super scutelli
dorsum macula flava, antice valde emarginata ; epimera fere tota
flava : metathoracis scutellum apice acute bispinosum : abdomen
supra flavo 4-fasciatum, subtus fuscum ; fasciae dissimiles, inter-
ruptse: abdominis segmenti 1'^". oviductus fere basim attin-
gens, fuscus ; tegmina nigra : pedes fulvi; coxae nigrse ; metacoxae
supra basi et subtus apice flavo maculatae ; trochanteres nigri ;
pro- et mesofemora basi fusca ; metafemora utrinque nigro
maculata; dentes nigri; 1"^. brevis ; 2^^^ et 3"^. elongati, acu-
minati ; sequentes obtusi, longitudine decrescentes : alae irides-
centes, fuscas ; costa saturatior. (Corp. long. 4 — 4| lin. ; alar.
9—9^ lin.)

July ; South of France.

Sp. 6. Leuc. aculeata.

Leucospis aculeata . King. Act. Nat. Cur. Berl. VI. 68. 5.
Divisio II. Metafemora subttis dentibus 10 armata.

Sp. 7. Leuc. Biguetina. Mas et Fem. Nigra, flavo varie-
gata, jwotlioracis scuteUo flavo bifasciato, fascia postica
abbreviata.

Leucospis gibba . . Klug. Act. Nat. Cur. Berl. VI. 70. 8.
Leucospis Biguetina Jurine, Nouv. Method. Hymenopt. 8fc.
307. PI. 13. 45.

Mas. Nigra, pubescens : caput immaculatum : labium rufescens :
oculifusci: ocelli sordide albidi : antennae omnino nigrae : protho-
racis scutellum flavo bifaseiatum ; fascia antica medio angustior,
postica abbreviata : mesothoracis scuti latera flavo vittata ; super
scutelli dorsum fascia flava, antice valde emarginata ; epimera
fere tota flava : metathoracis scutellum apice acute bispino-
sum : abdomen gibbum, supra flavo trifasciatum : pedes flavi ;
coxae nigrae ; trochanteres fusci ; pro- et mesofemora basi fusca ;
metafemora nigra, apice supra flava, subtus dentibus 10 nigris
armata, dens basalis magnus, caeteri minimi ; metatibiae subtus
pallide fuscae ; tarsi fulvi : alae iridescentes, subfuscae ; costa et
apex, saturatiores.

MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM.

19

Fern. Abdomen flavo 4-fasciatum ; fasciae 3^ et 4^. interruptae, hasc
quoque abhreviata : oviductus abdominis medium attingens.
(Corp. long. 3 1 lin. ; alar. 6| Hn.)

Var. /3. — Fern. Mesothoracis scuti dorsum flavo bimaculatum.

Described from specimens taken near Paris by M. F. de
Laporte.

Divisio III. Metafemora subtus dentibus 15 armata.

Sp. 8. Leuc. dorsigera. Mas et Fem. Nigra, flavo varie-
gata, prothoracis scutello flavo bifasciato, fascia antica
abbreviata.

Leucospis coelogaster

Leucospis dubia .
Leucospis dorsigera

Leucospis dispar . .
Leucospis intermedia

Leucopsis dorsigera .

Schrank SchriftenBerl. Gesellschaft.l.

SOL Tab. 8. fig. 4— 6. FaunBoica

IL 2. 221. 1980. Gmel. 2741. 2.

Oliv. Encycl. Hist, Nat. Ins. Tom.

Vn. 532. 3. Hochemvarth. Schriften

Berl. Ges.Yl. 344. Tab. 8. fig. 34.
Schrank. Fauna Boica. II. 2. 222.

1981.
Fabr. Ent. Syst. 2. 246. 2. ; Syst.

Piezat. 168. 2. Latr. Hist. Nat.

des Ins. Xlll. 281. 1. Gen. Crust.

et Insect. IV. 24. Regne Anim.

III. 475; Nouv. Edit. V. 296.

Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. XVIL 513.

PI. G. 3. 7. Panz. Faun. Ins. Germ.

58. 15. IlUg. Edit. Faun. Etrusc.

II. 130. et 280. 856. j3. Spi7i. Ins.

Lig. Fasc. I. 6S. De Vill.Ent. III.

260. 1. Tab. 8, fig. 17. Klug Act.

Nat. Cur. Berl. 69. 6.
Fabr. Syst. Piezat. 169. 6.
Spin. Lis. Lig. Fascic 4. 236. Fonscol.

Ann. Sci. Nat. 26. 274.
Lam, Anim. sans Vertebres. IV. 151.

Dumeril. Diet, des Sci. Nat. 26.

169. PI. 34, fig. 2.

Mas. Nigra, pubescens : labium nifescens : oculi fusci : ocelli sordide
albidi: antennae nigrae ; articulus 1"^. flavus, apice et supra fuscus :

20 MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM.

prothoracis scutellum flavo bifasciatum ; fascia antica abbreviata ;
postica per scutelli latera producta : mesothoracis scutum im-
maculatum ; super scutelli dorsum fascia flava integra aut paullo
emarginata ; epimera flavo maculata: metathoracis scutellum
inerme : abdomen supra flavo 4-fasciatum ; fasciae 1"^. et 4'^.
abbreviatas : pedes flavi ; coxae nigrae ; metacoxae subtus apice
flavo maculatae ; trochanteres nigro-fusci ; pro- et mesofemora
basi fusca ; metafemora nigra, subtus versus basin et supra flava ;
dentes nigri, basalis magnus, cseteri minimi ; metatibiae subtus
nigrae ; tarsi fulvi : alae iridescentes, subfuscse ; costa et apex
saturatiores.
Fem. Scapi omnino flavi : abdomen supra flavo trifasciatum, subtus
rufo-fuscum ; fasciae interruptae, inter 1»™. et 2^1". maculae du^^
laterales flavae : oviductus abdominis basim attingens : profemora
nigro-fusca, apice flava ; intermedia pallidiora : protibiae extus
fusco vittatae. (Corp. long. 2f — 4 lin. ; alar. 4—6 lin.)

Var. /3. — Mas. Antennae omninc> nigras : prothoracis fascia postica
non per scutelli latera producta : metacoxae nigrae, apice subtus
fusco maculatae ; pro- et mesofemora nigro-fusca, apice flava ;
metafemora nigra, basi subtus et supra apice flavo maculata ;
pro- et mesotibiae extiis fusco vittatae ; metatibiae subtus et
intiis nigrae. — Species distincta ?

Var. y. — Fem. Abdominis fascia apicalis angusta, abbreviata : meta-
femora nigra, supra apice flava.

Described from specimens taken near Paris, by M. F. de
Laporte.

Sp. 9. Leuc. bifasciata.

Leucospis, &c. . . Fuessly Archiv. III. Tab. 18. fig. 11.
Leucospis bifasciata . Klug. Act. Nat. Cur. Berl. 70. 7.

Family Chalcidid^.

Structura varia : reliquis hujus ordinis characteres sequentes immu-
tati eam distinguunt ; oviductus infra abdomen occultus ; metapedes
femoribus et coxis maximis, tibiis arcuatis ; proalae ultra medium
nervus ordinarius ramulum emittens brevissimum, nonnunquam
furcatum : ocelli 3, supra verticem trigone dispositi : pro- et
mesocoxae trigonae, mediocres : tarsi plerumque graciles ; articulus
1"». elongatus ; sequentes longitudine decrescentes ; ultimus 2°
longior.

MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM. 21

Characteres Generum.
^elonga- ^ medio frontis insertae I. Smiera.

itUS.

Antennae ^prope os insertae II. Epitranus.

inerme.

Petiolus'^ fmedio frontis insertae III. Chalcis.

revissi- I /^ acuminatae IV. Halticella.

Imus. ^prope os '

Caput\ Antennae ) insertae. ) ^ -i ^r u „,.

V. /Metatibiael"°"^''"' S^''^"^''^- V. Hockeria.
jminatae. <

'^^ ( Metatarsi ( crassi . . VI. Notaspis.

armatum VII. Dirhinus.

Genus I. — Smiera, Spinola.

Sphex. LinncBus, Fabricius, Villers, Sulzer, Schrank, Christ.

Chrysis. Fabricius.

Vespa. Geoffroy, Fourcroy.

Chalcis. Fabricius, Gmelin, Panzer, Hubner, Rossi, La-
treille, Stewart, Olivier, Spinola, Donovan,
Lamarck, Leach, Samouelle, Dolman, Fonsco-
lombe, Cuvier, Jurine, Illiger, Walckenaer,
Dumeril.

Smiera. Spinola, Curtis.

Corpus punctatum, pubescens : caput mediocre, transversum, thorace
vix angustius, antice ubi scapi insident excavatum : antennae
13-articulata2, medio frontis insertae, maris fusiformes aut fili-
formes, /em. clavatae ; articulus 1"^ eiongatus, in-canaliculo fron-
tali receptus ; 2"^ minutus ; 3"^ minimus, vix conspicuus ; 4"^.
eiongatus ; 5"^. et 5 sequentes longitudine decrescentes ; clava
triarticulata, ovata: labrum breve, transversum, apice ciliatum :
mandibulae parvae ; una ferfe recta, subquadrata, tridentata ;
altera arcuata, bidentata ; dentes obtusi : maxillae elongatas,
apicem versus interne in lobum productse latum ciliatum apice
incisum ; palpi 4-articulati, filiformes ; articuli l"^ et 3^^ bre-
viores ; 2"^ et 4"^ longiores : mentum elongatum, angustum ;
palpi 3-articulati, subfiliformes, articulus 3"^ acuminatus,
setosus : labium angustum, fissum : thorax ovatus : pro thoracis
scutellum minimum, postice incurvum ; pectus parvum : meso-
thoracis scutum maximum ; parapsides optime determinatae ;
scutellum maximum, semicirculus ; paraptera et epimera trigona,
maxima ; sternum parvum : metathoracis scutellum parvum ;

22 MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM.

postscutellum maximum ; paraptera et epimera trigona ; ster-
num parvum : petiolus elongatus, linearis, abdomine brevior :
abdomen glabrum, gibbum, compressum, coarctatum, nonnun-
quam apice elongatum et acuminatum; segraentum lum^d max-
imum ; caetera breviora ; segmenta ventralia pauca maris abdominis
apicem versus conspicua : fern, lamina angusta segmenta omnia
ventralia et oviductum nisi ad apicem abscondit : propedes breves ;
trochanteres parvi ; femora subclavata ; tibiae apice spina elon-
gata valida armata ; ungues elongati, subarcuati : pulvilli mi-
nuti: mesopedes longiores et graciliores, caetera propedum :
metapedum coxae maximoe, elongatse ; femora maxima, ovata,
subtus dentibus plurimus armata, quorum basalis maxima ; tibiae
valde arcuatae, subtus canaliculatag, femoribus appressae ; apicis
angulus internus productus, acuminatus ; caetera propedum :
proalae nervus ordinarius ante medium costae junctus, inde
per costam fere ad alas apicem productus : nervi duo longitu-
dinales sinuati, indistinct!, anticus furcam emittens ramulo
stigmaticali junctara : metalae angustas ; nervus ordinarius ultra
medium productus, apice hamo armatus.

Divisio 1. Abdomen breve, vix longtus qiiam latum.

Latreille supposed that these insects infest the Stratiomydce,
or other Diptera, that are aquatic in their larva state.
C. xaMhostigma, Dahn. is parasitic upon a species of
Hylotoma.

Sp. 1. Srai. nigrifex. Mas et Fem. Nigra, petiolo et j)edi-
bus Jlavis, his nigro variegatis.

Sphex nigrifex. . . Suker, Hist. Ins. 191. 1. fig. 27. 1.

Vespa &c Geoffroy, Ins. Par. II. 380. 16.

Vespa dearticulata. Fourc. Ent. Par. Tom. II. 437. 16.
Sphex sispes . . . Fabr. Sp. Ins. I. 446. 61. Villers, Ent.

Tom. I. 222. 6.
Chrysis sispes . . . Fabr. Syst. Ent. 359. 15.
Chalcis sispes . . . Fabr. Mant. Ins. I. 272. 1. Ent. Syst.

II. 194. 1. Syst. Piezat. \59. 1.

Gmel. Syst. Nat. I. 5. 2742. 1.

Hubn. Naturf. 24. 54. 18. Tab. 2.

"i The second segment of my preceding descriptions ; the petiole being con-
sidered as the first. The other alterations require no explanation.

MONOGRAPHIA CFIALCIDITUM. 23

fig. 22. Pan^. 77. 11. Stew. 11.

236. Rossi, Faun. Etrusc. II. 58.

802. Oliv. Encycl Method. V. 438.

2. Spin. Ins. Lig. fasc. 1. 62.

i«^r. Regne Anim. III. 474; iVow?;.

Edit. V. 295. iVoMy. Z)ic^. d'Hist.

Nat. VI. 23. 10. Lam. Anim. sans

Vertebres, IV. 153. Fonscol. Ann.

Sci. Nat. XXVI. 275. 1.
Smiera sispes . . . Spinola. Ann. du Museum d'Hist. Nat.

Tom. XVII.
Smiera petiolatus . Curtis Brit. Ent. 472.

Mas. — Nigra, pilis canis vestita : caput inter oculos fiavo bimacu-
latum : oculi ocellique fusci : antennae fusiformes, corporis dimidio
longiores ; scapus nitidus ; clava articulis 2 praecedentibus paullo
brevior: palpi maxillares articulis 4; 1^^ mediocris ; 2"^. vix
longior ; 3"*. brevior ; 4"^. elongatus, fusiformis, setosus : palpi
labiales articulis 3; 1^^. et 2"^ breves ; 3"^. longior : mesotho-
racis scutellum apice bisponosum ; squamulae flavae : petiolus
flavus : abdomen nitidum ; segmenta 1"™. et 2^™. maxima ;
sequentia parva, subaequalia : pedes nigri ; metacoxae supra
apice spinosae ; pro et mesofemora apice flava ; metafemora flava,
apice et supra basi nigra, subtus dentibus 13 nigris armata ; pro-
et mesotibiae fuscae, apice basique flavae ; metatibiae apice flavae ;
tarsi fulvi, apice fusci : alse subfuscae ; nervi fusci.

Fern. — Antennae breviores, tenuiores, clavatae : metafemorum dens
basalis multo longior et crassior : petiolus brevior : abdominis
segmenti 1'. latera latiora ; 2™°. parvum, 1'. margine fere occultum ;
3™^. magnum, latera 1 '. margine fere occulta ; sequentia minima :
oviductus rufo-fuscus. (Corp. long. 3 lin. ; alar. 5 lin.)

Common in the South of Europe ; rare in the North. July ;
South of France ; on aquatic plants. M. F. de Laporte has
taken it near Paris.

Sp. 2. Smi. sispes. Mas et. Fern. Nigra, metafemoribus
tarsisque rufis.

Sphex sispes . . Linn. Sijsi. Nat. XII. 2. 943. 13. Faun.

Suec. 1657.
Chalcis clavipes. Fabr. Mant. Itis. I. 272. 2. Ent. Syst.

III. 2. 195. 2. Syst. Piezat. 159. 2.

Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 5. 2742. 2. Hiibn.

24 MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM.

Naturf. 24. 5(j. 19. Tab. 2. fig. 23.

Oliv. Encycl. Method. V. 438. Rossi

Faun. Etrus. II. 58. 803. Latr. Regne

Anim. III. 474; Now. Edit. V. 295.

Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. VI. 13. PI. B.

23. 10. Panz. 78. fig. 15. i>ow. XI.

57. 379. Lam. Anim. sans Vertehres,

IV. 153. Leach, Ed. Encycl. IX. 144.

Samouelle, 271. PI. 8. fig. 6. Fonscol.

Ann. Sci. Nat. XXVI. 276. 2.
Smiera clavipes . Spin. Ann. du Museum, 8fc. Tom. XVII.
Chalcis sispes . Dalm. Act. Kongl. Vetensk. Acad. Handl.

fiir dr. 1820.
Smiera sispes . . Curtis, Brit. Ent. 472.

Mas. — Nigra, pilis canis vestita : oculi ocellique fusci : antennae
subfiliformes, corporis dimidio breviores ; scapus nitidus : palpi
maxillares articulis 4 ; 1^^ brevis, exti»s excavatus ; 2"^. mult6
longior ; 3"^ brevis, 1°. sequalis : mentum quam S. nigrificis latius :
palpi articulis 3 fere aequalibus ; 2"^. paullo brevior : mesotho-
racis scutellum apice bisponosum ; squamulse fuscae : petiolus
quam ^S*. nigrificis brevior : abdomen nitidum : pedes nigri ; pro-
et mesofemora apice rufa ; metafemora rufa, apice nigra, subtus
dentibus 8 inaequalibus armata ; pro- et mesotibiae nigro-fuscae ;
metatibise nigras; tarsi rufi, apice fusci; alse subfuscse, apice
fuscae ; nervi fusci.

Fern. — Antennae paull6 breviores, clavatse : oviductus rufo-fuscus.
(Corp. long. 2| — 3| lin. ; alar. 4|— 5| lin.)

Far. B. — Metafemora extus flavo maculata.

Described from specimens taken at Paris by M. F. de La-
porte. Unlike C. nigrifex, it abounds more in the North
than in the South of Europe.

There are three more described European species ; viz. —

Sp. 3. Srai. melanaris.

Chalcis melanaris . . Dalm. Act. Kongl. Vetensk. Acad.

Handl fur dr. 1820.
Smiera Macleanii . . Curtis, Brit. Ent. 472.

Taken lately in Essex.

MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM. 25

Sp. 4. Smi. biguttata.

Chalcis biguttata. . . Spin. Lis. Lig. Fasc. 4"^ 231.

Sp. 5. Smi. xanthostigma.

Chalcis xanthostigma. Dalm. Act. Kongl. VetensJc. Acad.
Handl. fdr dr. 1820.

Divisio II. Abdomen apice elongatmn et acuminatum.

The exotic species of this division, and of some genera
nearly allied to it, are very numerous.

Sp. 6. Smi. subpunctata. Mas et Fem. Flava, nigro varie-
gata, alis hyalinis.

Mas. — Flava, vix pubescens : caput subtus nigro fasciatum : oculi

■ virides : ocelli fusci : antennae subfusiformes, fuscse, subtus fulvje :
mesothoracis scutum antice nigrum, medio nigro vittatum ; parap-
sides nigro maculatae ; paraptera nigro maculata, maculae inter
scutum et scutellum conjunctse ; super scutelhim macula teli-
formis nigra ; pectus nigro bimaculatum : metathoracis scutellum
nigro fasciatum : petiolus abdominis dimidio brevior : abdomen
elongato-ovatum, nitidum, fulvum ; maculae 5 dorsales et apex
nigrse ; segmentum 1"™. flavum, magnum ; caetera parva ; pedes
flavi ; metacoxae extiis nigro maculatae ; metafemora subtus basi
et apice nigro maculata, subtus dentibus 14 nigris armata; dens
basalis magna, caeteri minimi ; metatibiae basi, apice et subtus
fuscae ; ungues et pulvilli fusci : alae hyalinaj, iridescentes ;
nervi fulvi.

Fem. — Antennae subclavatas : abdomen apice acuminatum ; seg-
mentum 1"™. magnum ; 2""!. et 4 sequentia minuta ; caetera
elongata : oviductus fuscus. (Corp. long. 2^ lin. ; alar. 3 lin.)

Var. (3 — Mas, abdomen fulvum, fusco fasciatum.

Taken in St. Vincent's island, by the Rev. Lansdown Guild-
ing : described also from a Cayenne specimen in the collection
of M. F. de Laporte.

Sp. 7. Smi. fulvescens. Mas et Fern. Lcete ferruginea,
abdomine fusco, alis hyalinis.

NO. I. VOL. II. E

26 MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM.

Mas. — Ferriiginea, subtus pallidior, vix pubescens : oculi virides:
ocelli fusci : antennae subfusiformes, fuscae, subtus fulvse : peti-
olus gracilis, abdominis dimidio brevior: abdomen elongato-
ovatum, nitidum, ferrugineum, supra fusco fasciatum : pedes
flavescentes ; metafemora subtus dentibus 14 nigris armata ;
dens basalis magna, casteri minimi ; metatibiae subtus fuscae ;
ungues et pulvilli fusci : alae hyalinae, iridescentes ; nervi fulvi.

Fern. — Antenna? subclavatae : petiolus quam maris brevior : abdo-
men acuminatum ; segmenta apicalia elongata ; apex nigro-fusca :
oviductus omnin6 occultus. (Corp. long. 2| lin. ; alar. 3 lin.)

Var, j3. — Mas, abdomen fuscum, basi fulvo fasciatum.

Taken in St. Vincent's island, by the Rev. Lansdown
Guilding.

Geisjs II. — Epitranus,^ Walker.

Fern. — Corpus punctatum, sparse pubescens : caput mediocre, trans-
versum, fere trigonum : antennae 14-articulatfie, subfusiformes,
corporis dimidio breviores, basi approximatae, prope os insertae :
articulus 1"^. valde elongatus, flagelli dimidio longior ; 2"*.
brevis ; 3"^. minimus ; 4^^. et 1 1 sequentes subaequales ; clava
3-articulata, conica, articulis 10". et 11°. brevior et angustior:
mandibulse angustae ; una recta, bidentata, dentes acuti, externus
magnus ; altera apice arcuata, dente brevi acuto terminata :
thorax ovatus: prothoracis scutellum mediocre, postice incur-
vum ; pectus parvum : mesothoracis scutum mediocre ; parapsides
optime determinate, maximae, convexae ; paraptera et epimera
trigona, magna ; scutellum maximum, fere rotundum ; sternum
parvum: metathoracis scutellum et postscutellum parva ; sternum
magnum : petiolus linearis, abdominis dimidio longior : abdomen
elongato-ovatum, vix compressum, subtus carinatum, apice acu-
minatum ; segmentum 1"™. maximum, fere ad apicem productum ;
ctetera minima, brevissima : oviductus occultus : pro- et meso-
pedum coxae parvae ; femora clavata ; tibiae apice spina elongata,
valida, arcuata armatae ; ungues et pulvilli minuti : metapedum
coxas apice angustiores ; femora subtus dentibus 9 araiata ;
quorum basalis maximus, obtusus ; caeteri minimi, acuti ; tibiae
Smierce : alae breves ; nervi indistincti.

Sp. 1. Epi. fulvescens. Fem. Riifo-fuscus, tarsis flavis^
alls albls.

^ iir\ ante, rpuvSs planus.

MONOGRAPIIIA CHALCIDITUM. 27

Caput punctatum : oculi ocellique fusci : antenna? fuscse ; articuliis
1"^. fulvus: thorax punctatus ; squamulae flavaj: petiolus striatus :
abdomen nitidum, glabrum : metatibias subtus fuscse ; tarsi flavi ;
ungues et pulvilli fusci : alas albge, iridescentes ; nervi flavi.
(Corp. long. 1^—2 lin. ; alar. 2— 2| lin.)

Taken in St. Vincent's Island, by the Rev. Lansdown
Guildinsf.

Genus III. — Chalcis, Fabricius.

Vespa .... LinncBus, Geoffroy, Fourcroy.

Chalcis . . . Fabricius, Gnielin, Rossi, Latreille, Panzer,

Olivier, Lamarck, Cuvier, Spinola, Dumeril,

Dalman, Leach.
Brachymeria. Westwood.

Corpus punctatum, pubescens : caput mediocre, breve, transversum,
thorace non latius, antice ubi scapi insident excavatum : oculi
mediocres : ocelli trigone dispositi : antennae 13-articulatae, plus
minusve fusiformes, medio frontis insertag ; articulus V^^. elongatus ;
2"^ mediocris ; 3"'. minimus ; 4^'^ et 6 sequentes crassi, sub-
asquales, longitudine decrescentes ; clava 3-articulata, conica,
articulis 2 prsecedentibus brevior : mandibulae arcuatre, biden-
tatse ; dentes obtusi, internus brevior : maxillae elongatse, an-
gustae, intus apicem versus in lobum tripartitum productae : palpi
4-articulati, fere filiformes ; articuli 1"^. et 3"^. breves ; 2^^ lon-
gior ; 4^^ multc> longior, fusiformis : mentum ovatum : palpi
articulis 3 ; 1"^ et 3"^ apice crassiores ; 2"^ brevis : labium
angustum, fissum : thorax ovatus : prothoracis scutellum magnum,
subquadratum, postice excavatum, antice angustius ; pectus
parvum : mesothoracis scutum maximum ; parapsides ben^ deter-
minatae ; scutellum maximum, latius quam longum, apice ple-
rumque bispinosum ; paraptera et epimera magna, trigona ;
sternum parvum : metathorax parvus ; scutellum mediocre : peti-
olus brevissimus : maris abdomen gibbum, vix duplo longius
quam latum; segmentum l"'". maximum, dimidium occupans ;
2™\ mediocre ; sequentia minima ; segmenta 7 aut plura ventralia
subtus abdomen conspicua, quorum 1™\ et 2"™. magna, reliqua^
minuta : fern, abdomen paull6 longius et acutius, infra carinatum •
segmenta ventralia vix conspicua : propedes mediocres ; coxa2
trigonae ; trochanteres parvi ; femora paullo incrassata ; tibice
subclavatae, rectae, apice spina magna arcuata armatas ; ungues et

28 MONOGRAPHIA CIIALCIDITUM.

pulvilli mediocres : mesopedes paull6 longiores et tenuiores ;
spina tibialis brevior et gracilior ; caetera propedum : metapedes
et alse Smierce.

Sp. 1. Chal. femorata. Mas. Nigra, pedibmjlavis, meta-
femoribus nigrofasciatis.

Chalcis femorata . Panz. Faun. Ins. Germ. Fasc. 84. fig. 16.
Chalcis flavipes . Latr. Gen. Crust, et Insect. IV. 26.

Nigra, pilis canis vestita : oculi fusci : ocelli rufo-fusci : antennge
subfusiformes, nigrs;, apice rufo-fuscae : mesothoracis scutellum
apice acute bispinosum ; squamulae flavae : abdomen nitidum,
punctatum : pedes flavi ; coxae nigrae ; trochanteres fusci ; pro- et
'mesofemora basi nigra; metafemora nigro cingulata, subtus den-
tibus 12 inaequalibus armata ; pro- et mesotibiae subtus fusco
maculatae ; metatibiarum canaliculorum margines fusci ; ungues et
pulvilli fusci : alas subhyalinee ; nervi fusci. (Corp. long. 2| — 3
lin. ; alar. 45 — 5 lin.)

Taken near Paris, from the pupae of Zygcena Filipendulce,
by M. F. de Laporte.

Sp. 2. Chal. flavipes. Fem. Nigra, pedibusjlavis, meta-
femoribus basi nigris, alis subhyalinis.

Chalcis flavipes • Fabr. Ent. Sijst. II. 197. 10. Sysi. Piezat.
167. 32. Latr. Hist. Nat. dcs Ins. XIII.
220. Panz. Fasc. 78, fig. 16. Fonscol.
Ann. ScL Nat. XXVI. 276.

Nigra, pilis canis vestita : oculi fusci : ocelli rufo-fusci : antennae
fusiformes, nigrae, apice rufo-fuscse : mesothoracis scutellum inerme ;
squamulee flavae : abdomen nitidum, fere glabrum : pedes flavi ;
coxse nigrae ; trochanteres fusci ; pro- et mesofemora basi nigra ;
metafemora nigra, apice flava, subtus dentibus 13 aut 14 inaequa-
libus armata ; pro- et mesotibiae subtus fusco maculatae ; meta-
tibiae subtus fuscae ; ungues et pulvilli fusci : alae subhyalinae ;
nervi fusci. (Corp. long. 3 lin. ; alar. 5 lin.)

Taken near Paris, by M. F. de Laporte. It may be the
female of the preceding species.

MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM. 29

Sp. 3. Chal. distinguenda. Mas et Fem. Prcecedentiy
minor, nigra, pedibus flavis, metafemoribus basi nigris, alls
hyalinis.

Mas. Nigra, pilis canis vestita : oculi fusci : ocelli rufo-fusci : antennae
subfusiformes, nigras, apice rufo-fuscse : mesothoracis scutellum
dentibus 2 brevissimis obtusis armatum ; squamulse flavse : abdomen
nitidum, sparse punctatum : pedes flavi ; coxae nigrse; trochan-
teres fusci ; femora nigra, apice flava ; metafemora subtus denti-
bus 12 armata ; pro- et mesotibise subtus fusco maculatae ;
metatibiaj subtus fuscae ; ungues et pulvilli fusci : alse hyalinse ;
nervi fusci.

Fem. Antennae fusiformes, paullo breviores et crassiores : meso-
thoracis scutellum inerme. (Corp. long. 2 — 2^ lin. ; alar.
11 lin.)

Taken near Paris, by M. F. de Laporte. July ; South of
France.

Sp. 4. Chal. tibialis. Mas. Nigra, pedibus jlavis, pro- et
mesotibiis nigro inaculatis.

Nigra, pilis canis vestita : oculi fusci : ocelli rufo-fusci : antennae
nigrse, apice rufo-fuscae : mesothoracis scutellum apice bispinosum ;
squamulae flavae : abdomen nitidum, sparse punctatum et pubes-
cens : pedes flavi ; coxas nigrae ; trochanteres fusci ; femora nigra,
apice flava; metafemora subtus dentibus 12 armata; pro- et
mesotibise extiis et subtus nigro maculatae ; metatibias subtus
nigrse ; ungues et pulvilli fusci : alae hyalines ; nervi fusci.
(Corp. long. 2 lin. ; alar. 4 lin.)

Taken near Paris, by M. F. de Laporte.

Sp. 5. Chal. annulipes. Mas et Fem. Nigra, ^?et/«6wir
Jlavis, tibiis omnibus nigro maculatis.

Chalcis flavipes . . Fahr. Ent. Sijst. II. 197. 10. StjsL Piezat.
167.32.?

Mas. Nigra, pilis canis vestita : oculi fusci : ocelli rufo-fusci : antennae
nigrae, apice rufo-fuscae : mesothoracis scutellum apice tubercu-

30 MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM.

latum ; squamulae flavae : abdomen nitidum, sparse punctatum
et pubescens : pedes flavi ; coxae nigrae ; trocbanteres fusci ; pro-
et mesofemora basi nigra ; metafemora nigra, apice supra flavo
maculata, subtus dentibus 12? armata ; pro- et mesotibiae extiis
et subtus nigro maculatse ; metatibise basi et medio nigro-fuscse,
subtus quoque nigro-fuscae ; ungues et pulvilli fusci : alag hya-
linae ; nervi fusci.
Fern. Antennae paullo breviores et crassiores : scutellum inerme.
(Corp. long. U— 2J lin. ; alar. 2^—4^ lin.)

Described from specimens taken in St. Vincent's Island, by
the Rev. Lansdown Guilding : also, from a Cayenne one in the
collection of M. de Laporte.

Sp. 6. Chal. cingulata. Fem. Nigra, pedibusjlavis, tibiis
omnibus fusco niaculatis.

Nigra, pilis canis vestita : oculi fusci : ocelli rufo-fusci : antennee
nigrae, apice rufo-fuscse : mesothoracis scutellum inerme ; squamulse
flavae : abdomen nitidum, fere glabrum, sparse pubescens : pedes
flavi ; coxae nigrse ; trocbanteres fusci ; femora nigra, apice flava ;
metafemora subtus dentibus 12 armata ; pro- et mesotibiae extus
et subtus fusco maculatse ; metatibiae supra medio et subtus
omnino fuscse ; ungues et pulvilli fusci : alas hyalinre ; nervi
fusci. (Corp. long. 2 — 21 lin. ; alar. 4 — 4^ lin.)

Taken near Paris, by M. F. de Laporte.

Sp. 7. Chal. minuta. Mas. et Fem. Nigra, pedibus Jlavis
nigro variegatis, tarsis rujis.

Vespa minuta . . . Linn. Sijst. Nat. 952. 28.
Vespa, &c. . . . Geoffroy. Ins. II. 380. 15.
Vespa femoralis . . Fourc. Ent. Par. II. 437. 15.
Chalcis minuta . . Fabr. Mant. Ins. I. 272. 3. Ent.

Syst. II. 195. 4. Syst. Pie^at. 165.

23. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 5. 2742.

3. Latr. Hist. Nat. des Ins. XIII.

220. Regne Anim. III. 474 ; Nouv.

Edit. V. 296. Nouv. Diet. d'Hist.

MONOGRAPIIIA CHALCIDITUM.

31

Chalcis femorata

Brachymei'ia rainuta.

Nat. VI. 13. Rossi, Faun. Etrusc.

II. 58. 804. Oliv. Encycl. Method.

V. 439. 5. Panz. Fasc. 32. Tab. 6.

Lam. Anim. sans Verteh. IV. 153.

Dum. Diet, des Sci. Nat. VIII. 69.

PI. 34. fig. 1. Leach, Edin.EncijcL

IX. 144. Fonscol. Ann. Sci. Nat.

XXVI. 277.
Dalm. Kongl. Vetens. Acad, fur dr

1820.
IVestw. Lond. Sf Editib. Phil. Mag.

Third Series. Vol. I. 127.

Mas. Nigra, pilis canis vestita : oculi fusci : ocelli rufo-fusci : an-
tennae nigrae, apice rufo-fuscae : mesothoracis scutellum apice
bispinosum ; squamulas flavse : abdomen fere glabrum, sparse
pubescens : pedes flavi ; coxae nigrae ; trochanteres fusci ; femora
nigra, apice flava ; metafemora subtus dentibus 12 armata ; tibiae
%sco cingulatae ; metatibiae subtus quoque fuscae, basi rufo-fuscae ;
tarsi pallide rufi ; ungues et pulvilli fusci : alas subfuscae ; nervi
fusci.

Fern. Antennae paull6 breviores et crassiores : scutellum inerme :
abdomen longius. (Corp. long. 2 — 2^ lin. ; alar. 4 — 4^ lin.)

Far. /3. — Mas. Tibiae nigro cingulatae.

Taken near Paris, by M. F. de Laporte. July ; South of
France. September ; Lizard Point, Cornwall.

Sp, 8. Chal. podagrica. Fem. Nigra, jjedibus rufis,jlam
variegatis.

Chalcis podagrica. Fabr. Mant. Lis. I. 272. 5. Ent. Syst.

II. 196. 6. Syst. Piezat. 166. 24.

Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 5. 2743. 5. Hubn.

Naturf. 24. 57. 20. Tab. 2. fig. 24.

Oliv. Encycl. Method. V. 439. 7.

Fonscol. Ann. Sci. Nat. 26. 277.
Chalcis femorata. Fem. Z)a/wi. Kongl. Vetens. Acad. Handl.
fur dr 1820.

Nigra, pilis canis vestita : oculi fusci : ocelli rufo-fusci : antennae
nigrae, apice rufo-fuscae : mesothoracis scutellum apice tubercu-

32

MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM.

latum ; squamulae flavae : abdomen fer^ glabrum, sparse pubes-
cens : pedes rufi ; coxae nigrae ; metacoxae apice rufae ; femora
apice supra flava : metafemora subtus dentibus 12 armata ; tibiae
basi et apice flavo maculatae ; metatibife subtus fuscse ; ungues
et pulvilli fusci : alae hyalinse ; nervi fusci. (Corp. long. 2 — 2^
lin. ; alar. 4 — 4J lin.)
Va7'. j3. Pro- et mesopedes fere omnino rufi.

Taken by M. F. de Laporte, near Paris. July ; South of
France.

Sp. 9. Chal. vicina. Fem. Nigra, pedibus nigris, femo-
ribus apice tarsisqnc riifis.

Nigra, pilis canis vestita : oculi fusci : ocelli rufo-fusci : antennae
nigrae : mesothoracis scutellum inerme ; squamulae flavee : abdomen
fere glabrum, sparse pubescens : pedes nigri ; trochanteres fusci ;
pro- et mesofemora apice rufo-flavescentia ; metafemora apicem
versus rufescentia, apice supra flavo notata, subtus dentibus 12
armata ; pro- et mesotibiee nigro-fuscae, apice basi subtusque
rufescentes ; metatibiae nigras, supra basim versus et apice flavo
maculatae ; tarsi pallide rufi ; ungues et pulvilli fusci : alae sub-
fuscae; nervi fusci. (Corp. long. 1| — 2lin. ; alar. 3| — 4 lin.)

Taken near Paris, by M. F. de Laporte.

Sp. 10. Chal. parvula. Mas et Fern. Nigra, pedibus nigris,
femoribus apice tarsisque Jlavis.

Chalcis minuta. Dalnu Kongl. Vetens. Acad. Handl. fur dr
1820.

Mas. Nigra, pilis canis vestita : oculi fusci : ocelli rufo-fusci : antennae
nigrae, apice rufo-fuscae: mesothoracis scutellum apice bispinosum;
squamulae flavae : abdomen fere glabrum, sparse pubescens : pedes
niori ; trochanteres fusci ; femora apice flava ; mesofemora subtus
dentibus 1 2 armata ; pro- et mesotibiae nigro-fuscae, apice basi
subtusque flavae ; metatibiae extiis basi et apice flavescentes ;
tarsi flavi ; ungues et pulvilli fusci : alae hyalinae ; nervi fusci.

Fem. Antennae paullo breviores et crassiores : scutellum inerme;
abdomen longius. (Corp. long. 1 — If Hn. ; alar. 2 — 3| lin.)
Taken near Paris, by M. F. de Laporte. July ; South of

France.

MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM. 33

Genus IV. Halticella/ Spinola.

Chalcis . . Fabricius, Gmelin, Rossi, Hiibner, Olivier, La-

treille, Spinola.
Halticella. Spinola.

Caput mediocre, transversum, thorace vix angustius, antice ubi insi-
dent scapi excavatum : antennae 1 S-articulatae, prope os insertse ;
maris subfusiformes, fern, subclavatse, pauUo breviores ; articulus
1"^. elongatus, 2"^. cyathiformis, 3"^ minimus, 4"^. et 6 sequentes
subaequales, magni ; clava triarticulata, conica, articulis 2 prsece-
dentibus brevior : mandibulse arcuatae, apice bidentatae ; dentes
vix acuti : maxillae elongatac, apice intus in lobum quasi articu-
latum productae ; palpi 4-articulati, breves ; articulus l"^ medi-
ocris ; 2*^^. crassior, cyathiformis ; 3"^. parvus ; 4"^. elongatus,
fusiformis, setosus : mentum elongato-ovatum ; palpi 3-articvilati,
menti apice insertae, breves ; articulus 2"^. minimus : labium ro-
tundum, integrum, antice ciliatum : thorax ovatus : pectus parvum :
prothoracis scutellum mediocre, subquadratum, postice incisum :
mesothoracis scutum magnum ; parapsidum suturse distinctse ;
scutellum magnum, subrotundum : metathoracis scutellum,
paraptera et epimera magna ; ilium medio canaliculatum : petiolus
brevissimus : maris abdomen ovatum, convexum ; segmentum
1™^. maximum, abdominis dimidio vix brevius ; 2™\ mediocre ;
sequentia parva ; subtus abdomen segmenta 6 ventralia con-
spicua, quorum 1™^. et 2""^. magna, caetera parva : fern, abdomen
elongato-ovatum, subtus carinatum ; segmenta ventralia occulta :
propedes mediocres ; femora subincrassata ; tibiae apice spina
elongata valida arcuata armatae : mesopedes paullo tenuiores ;
spina tibialis multo brevior et gracilior : metapedes coxis femori-
busque maximis ; has subtus dentibus 12 minutis armata ; tibias
arcuatag, subtus canaliculatae, apice intus productae, acuminatae
et spina armatje : alae Chalcidis.

Sp. 1. Hal. pusilla. Mas et Fern. Nigra, femoribus apice
flavis, tarsis fiilvis, alts subj'uscis.

Chalcis pusilla . . Fabr. Mant. Ins. I. 272. 5. Ent. Sijst.

II. 197. 8. Syst. Piezat. 167. 29.

Gmel. Syst. Nat. I. 5. 2743. 6. Hilbn.

Naturf. 24. 57. 21. Tab. 2. fig. 25.

Ross. Faun. Etriisc. II. 59. 807. Oliv.

Encycl. Method. V. 439. 8.
Halticella pusilla. Spiti. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Tom. XVII.

^ aXTticbs saltator, Ke,\Aa> celei'iter moveo. It is usually spelt Haltichella.
NO. I. VOL. II. F

34 MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM.

Nigra, punctata, pilis canis vestita : oculi fusci : ocelli rufo-fusci :
mesothoracis scutellum inerme ; squamulae flavse : abdomen
iiitidum, glabrum, basi nudum : pedes nigri ; pro- et mesofemora
apice fulva ; metafemora apice flava ; pro- et mesotibise fuscae, basi,
apice et subtus fulvse ; metatibise apice et macula basim versus ful-
vae ; tarsi fiilvi ; ungues et pulvilli fusci : alas subfuscae, medio ob-
scuriores : nervi fusci. (Corp. long. 1| — Iflin.; alar. 2J — 2| lin.)

Taken near Paris by M. F. de Laporte.

Genus V. Hockeria,^ De Laporte^

Chalcis . . Fabricius, Gmelin, Olivier, Latreille.
Halticella. Spinola, Olivier, ^c.
Hockeria . De Laporte.

Caput Halticellce : antennae IS-articulatse, prope os insertae ; maris
subfusiformes, corporis dimidio longiores ; fern, subclavatse, paull6
breviores ; articulus 1^^. flagelli dimidii longitudinem ; 2"^ cya-
thiformis; 3"^ et 8-sequentes subaequales ; 12^^ et IS'i^ minimi,
vix conspicui : os Halticella; : thorax ovatus : pectus parvum :
prothoracis scutellum magnum, quadratum : mesothoracis scutum
magnum ; parapsides bene determinatae ; scutellum magnum,
subrotundum ; paraptera et epimera mediocria : metathoracis
scutellum maximum, medio canaliculatum : maris abdomen
sessile, ovatum, convexum ; segmentum P™. magnum; sequentia
parva, apicem versus longitudine decrescentia ; subtus abdomen
segmenta 7 ventralia conspicua, basalia apicalibus longiora : fern.
abdomen elongato-ovatum, subtus carinatum ; segmentum 1""*.
maximum, abdominis dimidio paulld brevius ; 2"™. mediocre ;
3um_ 4um, et 5um_ parva ; G""". latius ; segmenta ventralia vix
conspicua : propedes mediocres ; tibiae apice spina armatae ;
tarsi breves ; ungues et pulvilli minuti : mesopedes paullo tenui-
ores : metapedes elongati ; coxae maximae, trigonae ; femora
magna, ovata, subtus apice dentibus 2 magnis obtusis armata ;
tibiae arcuatse, subtus canaliculatse, apice latiores et spinis
2 armatae : proalse nervus ordinarius costae partem brevissimam
occupans; ramulus stigmaticalis minimus, vix furcatu.s.

This genus forms the second division of Chalcis, in La-
treille's Gen. Crust, et Ins. &c. Spinola placed it with Chalcis
pusilla in his genus Halticella, which was probaljly formed on
the species belonging to it ; but this being uncertain, I have

R ojK-qpos tiimidus.

MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM. 35

adopted De Laporte's generic name. The peculiar form and
low insertion of the antennge, and the very short part of the
costa occupied by the ordinary nervures of the superior wings,
are characters possessed also by the Encyrtklce.

Sp, 1. Hoc, bispinosa. Fem. Nigra, pro- et mesotibiis
tarsisque omnibus rvfis, proalis medio fuscis, albo macu-
latis.
Chalcis bispinosa . . Fabr. Si/st. Piezat. 166. 28. Fonscol.

Ann. Sci. Nat. 26. 279. 9.
Halticella bispinosa. Spin. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Tom.
XVII. Oliv. Nouv. Diet. cVHist. Nat.

Nigra, nitida, punctata, vix pilosa : oculi fusci : ocelli rufo-fusci :
mesotlioracis scutellum apice bispinosum ; squamulaj rufo-fuscas :
abdomen nitidissimum, glabrum, acuminatum, subtus rufo-fuscum ;
pedes nigri ; pro- et mesotibise omnino, et metatibiae apice rufae :
tarsi rufi ; ungues et pulvilli fusci : alas subfuscae ; proalse
medio fuscae, albo bimaculatae ; nervi fusci. (Corp. long.
2 lin. ; alar. 2£ lin.)

Taken near Paris, by M. F. de Laporte.

Sp. 2. Hoc. bifasciata. Fem. Nigra, tarsis rufis, proalis
fusco bifasciatis.

Chalcis bimaculata. Fonscol Ann. Sci. Nat. XXVI. 280. 11.

Nigra, obscura, punctata, pilosa : oculi fusci : ocelli rufo-fusci :
antennae nigrse, graciles, thorace longiores : mesothoracis scu-
tellum inerme ; squamula? nigrse : abdomen H. bispinosce sed
brevius, nitidum, glabrum, basi nudum, subtus rufo-fuscum :
pedes nigri ; femora postica subtus fusca ; coxas, tibiae apice
tarsique rufescentes ; ungues et pulvilli fusci : alae subfuscae ;
proalarum fasciae medio connectse : nervi fusci. (Corp. long.
1—11 lin. ; alar. 2— 2J. lin.)

Taken near Paris, by M. F. de Laporte.

Sp. 3. Hoc. hetera. Mas. Nigra, pedibus rufis, meta-
femoribus et tibiis nigris, mesothoracis scutello integro.

Nigra, nitida, punctata, pilosa : oculi fusci : ocelli rufo-fusci : an-
tennae nigrse, gracillimse, corporis dimidio longiores ; scapus
perlongus : mesothoracis scutellum inerme ; squamulee rufo-

36 MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM.

fuscae : metathoracis scutellum maximum, apice utrinque pro-
ductum : abdomen nitidum, glabrum, subtus apice rufo-fuscum :
pedes rufi ; coxae nigrse ; trochanteres fusci ; pro- et mesofemora
basi nigra ; metafemora nigra, apice supra rufa ; metatibiae nigrte,
apice rufae ; tarsi et ungues fusci : alae subfuscse ; proalse medio

Taken near Paris, by M. F. de Laporte.

Sp. 4. Hoc. nigra. Mas. Nigra, metafemoribus tarsisque
omnibus rujis.

Chalcis Dargelasii.^ Latr. Hist. Nat. des Crust, ^c. XIII.

Nigra, obscura, punctata, pilosa : oculi fusci : ocelli rufo-fusci :
mandibuljE rufae : antennae nigrae, thoraci breviores : mesotho-
racis scutellum inerme ; squamulae nigro-fuscas : metathoracis
scutellum maximum : abdomen nitidum, glabrum : pedes nigri ;
metafemora rufa, basi extiis, nonnunquam quoque supra et subtus
nigra ; tarsi rufi ; ungues et pulvilli fusci : alae hyalinae ; nervi
pallide fusci. (Corp. long. 1^ — 2 lin. ; alar. 2h — 2^ lin.)

Taken near Paris, by M. F. de Laporte.

Sp. 5. Hoc. nigripes. Mas. Nigra, tarsis rvjis, viesotho-
racis scutello integro.

Chalcis nigripes. Fonscol. Ann. Sci. Nat. XXVI. 280. 10,

Nigra, obscura, punctata, pubescens : oculi fusci : ocelli rufo-fusci :
antennae nigrae : mesothoracis scutellum convexum, integrum ;
squamulae nigrae : metathoracis scutellum maximum, striatum :
abdomen nitidum, glabrum, basi nudum : pedes nigri ; metacoxae
nitidissimae ; trochanteres, ungues et pulvilli fusci : tibiae apice
rufae : tarsi rufi : alae subhyalinae ; nervi fusci, basi pallidiores.
(Corp. long. If lin. ; alar. 2J lin.)

Taken near Paris, by M. F. de Laporte.

Sp. 6. Hoc. rufipes. Mas. Nigra, pedibus rujis, meta-
femoribus et tibiis mgris, mesothoracis scutello bispinoso.

Chalcis rufipes . Oliv. Encijcl. Method. V. 440. 11.

Chalcis clavipes ? Rossi.

Chalcis armata . Dalm. Kongl. Velens. Acad. Handl. fur dr.

1820. Var. ?
Cynips armata. . Panz. Faun. Insect. Germ. 74. 9. Var.?

MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM. ^7

Nigra, obscura, punctata, pilosa : oculi fusci : ocelli rufo-fusci :
antennse nigros, graciles, corporis dimidio longiores : mesothoracis
scutellum elevatum, apice spinis duabus longis obtusis armatum ;
squamulse nigro-fuscae : abdomen nitidum, glabrum, fere nudum :
pedes rufi ; coxse nigrae ; trochanteres fusci ; pro- et mesofemora
fusco cingulata ; metafemora nigra ; metatibias nigrae, apice rufaa ;
tarsi et ungues fusci : alas subfuscae ; proalee medio obscuriores,
macula prope stigma hyalina : nervi fusci. (Corp. long. 1 — 2
lin. ; alar. 2 — 2| lin.)

Var. ft. Pro- et mesotibioe fu.sco cingulatae.

Taken near Paris, by M. F. de Laporte; also in England,
by Mr. Curtis. Var. |3 is described from an English specimen.

Sp. 7. Hoc. unicolor. Mas. Nigra, jjedibus omnino nigris,
alls hyalinis.

Nigra, obscura, punctata, pilosa : oculi fusci : ocelli rufo-fusci :
antennae nigrae, corporis dimidii longitudinem : mesothoracis
scutellum elevatum, apice spinis duabus brevissimis armatum ;
squamulas nigrae : abdomen nitidum, glabrum, fere nudum :
pedes nigri : alae hyalinae ; nervi fusci. (Corp. long. 1 lin. ;
alar. 1| lin.)

July ; South of France.

Genus VI. Notaspis,'^ Walker.

Mas. — Caput magnum, transversum, thorace latius, antice ubi
insident scapi excavatum : oculi magni, prominentes, globosi :
antennae 13-articulatae, subclavatae, apice acuminatae, prope os
insertae, corporis dimidio breviores ; articulus 1"^. antennjB triente
longior ; 2^^ mediocris ; 3"^. minimus ; 4"^. et 6 sequentes
mediocres, subaequales ; clava conica, articulis 9°. et 10°. longior:
thorax ovatus : pectus parvum : prothoracis scutellum mediocre,
subquadratum : mesothoracis scutum mediocre ; parapsides bene
determinatae, magnae, convexae ; squamulae maximae, globosae ;
paraptera magna ; scutellum maximum, metathoracem abdomi-
nisque basim transiens, apice acuminatum : metathorax parvus :
abdomen sessile, ovatum, convexum ; segmentum 1"^^\ maximum;
caetera minima : pro- et mesopedes mediocres, femora subclavata,
tarsi graciles ; metapedes magni, coxae trigonae, femora ovata,
tibiae subtus canaliculatae, tarsi crassi brevesque : alae Hockerice.

h uwTos dorsum, aanis clypeus.

38 MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM.

Sp. 1 . Not. formiciformis. Mas. ^neus, antennis fuscis,
tarsisfulvis, alls alhis.

^nea, obscura, punctata, baud pubescens : oculi fusci : ocelli rufo-
fusci : antennas fuscae ; articulus 1*^^ seneus : thorax punctis
magnis profundeque excavatis scaber ; latera fere glabra ; squa-
mulse rufo-fuscae, nitidse ; mesotboracis scutellum elevatum,
subtus apicem unidentatum : abdomen nitidum, glabrum : pedes
nigro-aenei ; trochan teres fusci ; tibiae apice fulvse ; tarsi fulvi ;
ungues et pulvilli fusci : alae albi, iridescentes ; nervi pallidi, vix
conspicui. (Corp. long, -f- lin. ; alar. \\ lin.)

Taken in St. Vincent's island, by the Rev. Lansdown
Guilding.

Genus VII. Dirhinus, Dolman.

Chalcis. Jiirine, Latreille, Spinola.

Mas. — Caput magnum, thorace non angustius, multo longius quam
latum, antice inter oculos tuberculis duobus armatum, posticfe
sub prothorace productum ; tubercula lata, obtusa, apice serrata :
oculi mediocres, globosi : antennae 13-articulatae, subclavatae,
per longum striatae ; articulus l'^^ elongatus ; sequentes me-
diocres ; ultimus minimus, vix conspicuus : mandibulas arcu-
atae ; una bidentata ; altera tridentata : thorax elongato-ovatus :
pectus parvum : prothoracis scutellum magnum, subquadratum :
mesotboracis scutum angustum ; parapsides bene determinatas ;
scutellum mediocre : metatborax magnus : abdomen ovatum,
petiolatum, supra planum, subtus carinatum, apice retusum :
segmenta dorsalia subtus abdomen marginem formantia : 1^™. s.
petiolus crassum ; 2™\ maximum ; caetera minima : segmenta
nonnulla ventralia conspicua : tibiae apice spina armatas : pro- et
mesofemora clavata : metapedes magni ; coxae elongatse ; femora
ovata, subtus serrata ; tibiae arcuatse, subtus canaliculatae ; tarsi
o-raciles : proalae angustae ; nervus ordinarius costam longum
occupans ; ramulus stigmaticalis vix ullus.
This genus is allied to Cerocephala, Spalangia, Sfc.

Sp. 1. Dir. cornigerus. Mas. Ater, genubus tarsisque

ritfis, alls hyalinis.
Chalcis cornigera. Jnr. Nouv. Method. Hijmenopt. 315. PI.

13. 47. Spin. Ins. Lig. Fascic. 3"^

164. 8.

CAPTURE OF INSECTS, &C. 39

Nigra, obscura, punctata, pubescens : oculi fusci : ocelli rufo-fusci :
antennae nigrae : caput scabrum : thorax lasvior : squamulse rufo-
fuscse : metathorax carinatus, utrinque spinosus : abdomen niti-
dum, glabmm, basi striatum : pedes nigri ; trochanteres fusci ;
pro- et mesofemora apice rufa ; metafemora basi unidentata ; pro-
et mesotibiae basi apiceque rufse ; tarsi rufi ; ungues et pulvilli
fusci : alse hyalinae ; proalae ad costam fuscae ; nervi fusci.
(Corp. long. 2 lin. ; alar. 2^ lin.)

Taken near Paris, by M. F. de Laporte.

Art. III. — Capt?/re of Insects at BurgJifield. — By the Rev.
C. S. Bird, M.A. F.L.S.

Burghfield Hill House, near Reading, Aug. 1833.

Sir, — Having resided at this place about ten years, and
employed my leisure hours in making an Entomological Col-
lection, I think I have ascertained pretty nearly what this
locality affords, amongst the more conspicuous insects at
least ; and, with your permission, I shall be happy to register,
in your Magazine, the result of my researches. The country
around me is woody, particularly abounding in elms, and my
house is close to several copses, containing large, though not
old, oaks, &c. ; and at the distance of half a mile I have the
range of a heathy common, terminating in fir-groves. There
is no chalk, that I am aware of, within six miles.

I am particularly attached to Lepidoptera, — probably only
because I have been most successful in this order. This suc-
cess I owe to the use of a lamp to attract moths. During the
moonless nights of summer, I sit with a Sinumbra-lamp, and
perhaps one or two smaller lamps, placed on a table, close to
the window. The moths speedily enter the room, if the weather
be warm. I have had a levee of more than a hundred between
the hours of ten and twelve. In the spring, too, and autumn,
I have been frequently fortunate, though generally having my
patience sufficiently tried. In March, for instance, I have
taken many specimens of Biston prodromarius in one evening ;
Glcea rubricosa, and Lytcea leucographa, have accompanied
them. In April and May, CiiculUa fissina, and Peridcsa
serrata, have visited me. When November has arrived.

40 CAPTURE OF INSECTS

Petasia cassinea and Pcsctlocawpa poptili have crowded
into my room. Of course, at such cool times of the year the
window must be kept shut, till the moths knock for admit-
tance. If at any time of the year a warm mist pervade the
air, there is almost a certainty of success. But should any
one be induced by this account to try the lamp, he must make
up his mind to experience more of unfavourable evenings than
favourable. There is, however, this advantage in my sedentary
plan of mothing, that it can be combined with reading or
writing ; and the intervals between the arrivals need not be
lost.

Moths are extremely sensible of any keenness in the air ;
a north or east wind is very likely to keep them from ven-
turing abroad. Different species have different hours of flight.
Thus, on a mild and dark November evening, Pcecilocampa
populi will occupy from seven to ten o'clock, after which it
will make way for Petasia cassinea, which will fly till one or
two in the morning. I have, for experiment-sake, sat up
in the summer till three o'clock, when the whole heaven was
bright with the rising sun, and moths of various kinds have
never ceased arriving in succession till that time. Some of
them must come from a considerable distance. Scotophila
porphyrea, being a heath-moth, must come nearly a mile.

Moths, like butterflies, have their peculiar modes of flight,
by which I can generally distinguish them on their entrance,
before I can see their colours. Some announce themselves
by a loud knock on the floor ; this is the case with Leiocampa
dictcea. Some ascend instantly to the ceiling; as Agrotis
corticea. Many, I might say the majority, pass the lamp
rapidly ; and this shews the comparative inutility of using a
lamp out of doors, where only those that loiter about it can
be taken. Some have a soft and gentle flight ; as, for instance,
Cosmia pyralina, one of my most welcome visitors, whose
entrance I am usually made aware of by seeing something drop
down on the table, as quick as hail, but as light as a fleece of
snow; whilst, on the contrary, the conceited vagaries and
absurd violence of Clisiocampa neustria, are absolutely
amusing ; and cratcegi and populi are nearly as bad. It is not
the Nocturna ^ alone that come to me in the night, — many of

=» When I use the terra, Nocturna, I do it in the enlarged sense of Latreille;
though Stephens prefers the term, Pomcridiana, for the families Heplalidee,

AT BURGIIFIELD. 41

what Mr. Stephens calls the Semidiurna, the Geometridce,
accompany them at all hours. Nor, indeed, is it Lepidoptera
alone, — many Coleopterous insects are attracted, particularly
Oncomera podagragrice ; and, as might be expected, the male
o{ Lamjjyris noctihica. I have also occasionally been plagued
by Harpalidce, far from odoriferous, in great numbers ; and
now and then I have caught a Colymbetes. I am sometimes
teased by swarms of small gnats ; and the house-cricket has
once or twice entered. Reduvws jjersoyiatus has been amongst
my captives. A few common Ichneumons and Tipulce are
frequent guests. But I must not weary you with details. At
the same time, it may be worth while to say a word on my
method of securing my prey. Suppose that, with or without
using a bag-net, I have imprisoned a moth under an inverted
wine-glass, I then light a small piece of German tinder, half
the size of a sixpence, or less, and introduce it under the edge,
and by means of the smoke the insect is stupified almost
immediately . It is then wholly in my power, though it would
quickly revive : — I pierce it ; and, by means of a pin dipped
in oxalic acid, and thrust into the body beneath the thorax, I
prevent its revival, and fix it on the setting-board. The
German tinder does not injure the colours, as brimstone
would, whilst it puts the moth so completely in my power for
a few moments, that the specimens I thus take and kill, are
often as perfect and beautiful as if I had bred them. Of
course I use it for insects taken in the day, or bred, as well as
for those captured by the lamp.

Let me now proceed to give a List of the Insects, not quite
common, which occur at Burghfield, particularly the Lepidop-

Bombicydse, Notodontidae, and Arctiidae. The males of many genera in these
families do indeed fly in pursuit of the female in the afternoon, (Pomeridianum
tempus), but I have taken males of the genera Pygsera, Clostera, Cerura, Stau-
ropus, Notodonta, Leiocampa, Lophopteryx, Ptilodontis, Chaonia, Petasia,
Peridea, Saturnia, Lasiocampa, Trichiura, Paecilocampa, Clisiocampa, Odenestis,
Psilura, Dasychira, Demas, Leucoma, Porthesia, Arctia, Phragmatobia, Spilo-
soma, Nudaria, in the dead of the night. It is obvious, therefore, that they fly
in the night also, probably for the same purpose ; and if they have a name to
distinguish them from the rest of the Nocturna, it should be indicative merely
of the force of attraction in the female. Perhaps the males have the bump of
amativeness unusually developed. But if such a distinguishing name were given
them to shew their peculiar propensity of what is called " assembling," it must
include 'several genera, of what even Stephens calls the Nocturna ; as, for in-
stance, Anarta, Brepha, Plusia, Heliothis, Phytometra, Euclidia, &c.
NO. I. VOL. II. G

42

CAPTURE OF INSECTS,

terous ones. I'hose which I do not take by the lamp, I wilt
mark with an asterisk : —

I.— LEPiDOPTERA.CS/ey^/i.Ca/.) Graphiphora brunnea

Catocala sponsa •

triangulum

Brepha parthenias •

Colias Electra, and tlie pale

baja

Fidonia ericetaria *

variety *

C. nigrum

Bupalus piniarius »

Leueopliasia slnapis *

Orthosia munda

favillacearius

Pieriserataegi*

sparsa

Lampetia prosapiaria

Nemeobius Lucina *

miniosa

Amphidasis hispidaria

Melitaea Artemis •

pistacina
lunosa

Biston prodomarius

Selene *

Crocallis elinguaria

Argynnis aglaia *

lota

bidentata

paphia *

flavilinea

Geometra illunaria

Vanessa polycliloros *

macilenta

angularia

Cynthia cardui *

Mythimna turca

quercinaria

Apatura Iris *

grisea

alniaria

Hippai-chia Galathea •

Grammesia trilinea

canaria

Thecla Betulae *

bilinea

illustraria

W. Album *

Glaea rubricosa

Ellopia fasciaria

Quercus *

Amphipyra pyramidea

Hipparchus papilionarius

Rubi*

Dypterygia pinastri

vernarius

Polyommatus Argiolus *

Xylina rhizoUtha

cythisarius

Corydon *

Xylophasia epomidion

viridatus *

Smerinthus Tilice *

combusta

Cleora bajalaria *

Acherontia Atropos •

Hadena contigua

Alcis conversaria

Sphinx Convolvuli *

ochracea

roboraria

Deilephila Elpenor •

lithoriza

Azinephora pulveraria

Sesia Fuciformis •

cucubali

Larentia cervinaria

Trochilium Crabroniforme »

capsincola

Cidaria quadrifasciaria

jEgeria Cynipiformis •

saponariae

Harpalyce immanata *

Hepialus Hectus •

Heliophobus popularis

psittacata

VeUeda •

Mamestra furva

Electra testata *

Carnus *

pisi

Xerene albicillata *

Zeuzera ^sculi •

Euplexia lueipara

Phibalapteryx vitalbata

Clostera curtula

Hama basilinea

Scotosia vetulata

Cerura furcula

Apamea didyma

Rhamnata

latifascia

nictitans

Triphosa undulata

bifida

Miana latruncula

Charissa obscuraria *

Stauropus fagi

aethiops

operaria *

Notodonta ziczac

humeralis

Chesias spartiata

Leiocampa dictsa

terminalis

simulata *

dictaeoides

fasciuncula

Lobophora henapterata

Ptilodontis palpina

Scotophila porpliyrea

sexalisata

Chaonia roboris

Achatea piniperda •

dentistrigata

dodonaea

Miselia compta

Eupithecia linariata

Petasia cassinea

Polia advena

subfulvata

Peridea serrata

tincta *

venosata

Lasiocampa rubi »

Serena

succenturiata

Trichiura crataegi

Acronycta alni •

elongata

PEecilocanipa populi

Thyatira derasa

Minoa euphorbiata

Psilura monacha

batis

Bapta bimaculata *

Dasychira fascelina

Ceropacha fluctuosa

punctata

Demas coryli

duplaris

Emmelesia decolorata

Hypercampa dominula »

diluta

luteata

Euthemonia russula •

flavicornis

alchemillata

Arctia villica •

Tethea subtusa

sylvata

Phragmatobia fuliginosa

retusa

bifaseiata

Diaphora mendica »

Bombycia viminalis

rivulata

Callimorpha miniata

Cymatophora Oo

Hercyna clathrata

Lithosia aureola

Cosmia diffinis

Ptychopoda virgulata

flava

afl;inis

aversata

griseola

pyralina

Macaria liturata *

Gnophria rubricoUis •

Xanthla fulvago

Ennomos flexula

Setina eborina »

gilvago

Platypteryx lacertula

Triphaena fimbria •

croceago

Drepana hamula

interjecta

Gortyna micacea

uncula

janthina

fiavago

falcataria

Cerigo texta

Leucania comma

Hypena rostralis

Lytaa umbrosa

fluxa

Polypogon barbalis

leucographa

phragmatidis

Cledeobia costaestrigalis

Charseas cespitis

pudorina

Pyrausta sordidalis *

graminis

CucuUia fissina

Hydrocampa sambucata

Rusina ferruginea

Plusia festucae

nymphaeata

Agrotis corticea

Heliothis marginata

lemnata

suifusa

dipsacea

stratiolata

vitta

Anarta myrtilli *

Margaritia cineralis ♦

vinerea

Ophiusa lusoria

thapsalis *

AT BURGHFIELD.

4S

Nola cucuUatella
Cloephora piasinana *
Tortrix pillerana *
Cnephasia lepidana *
Sarrothripus degeneranus *
Afzelianus *
ilicanus *
Peronea cristalana •

favillaceana *

tristana «

plumbosana *

trigonana *

rufana *

borana *

asperana *

variegana *

gnomana *

tripunctulana *

bistriana *
Leptogramma liturana *

squamana *
CheimatophUa castaneana *
Argyrolepia Turioiiella *
Dasycera Oliviella *

sulphurella *
Adela sulzella *
Crambus falsellus
Pterophorus galactodactylus
calodactylus *
punctidactylus *

Pedicia rivosa
Limnobia xantlioptera
ocellaris

Atherix Ibis
Sargus Reaumuri
Odontomyia tigrina

argentata
Stratiomys chamseleon

furcata
Microdon apiformis
Sphegina clunipes
Xylota lenta
Spilomyia femorata
Criorhina asilica
Sepedon palustris

III. — Hymenoptera.

ZarEea fasciata
Lophyrus rufus
Lyda sylvatica, and two ne-v

species
Sirex juvencus
Peltastes polyzonias
Chrysis fulglda
Cynips aptera

IV.— COLEOPTERA.

Cychrus rostratus
Calosoma inquisitor
Callistus lunatus
Badister cephalotes
ChlEenius vestitus
Lucanus cervus
Copris lunaris
Typhaeus vulgaris
Omaloplia ruricola

Agrilus viridis
Campylis dispar
Hylobius abietis
Alophus triguttatus
Rhynchites betulae

popiUi
Saperda cylindrica
Donacia rustica
Cassida vittata

rubiginosa

nobilis
Coccinella ocellata
guttata
Endomychus coccineus
Ripiphorus Paradoxus
Oncomera podagrariae

Acrida viridissima
Locusta flavipes
Gryllotalpa vulgaris
Blatta Lapponica

VI.— Hemiptera.

Reduvius personatus
Ranatra linearis
Notonecta maculata

VII. — Neuroptera.

Raphidia ophiopsis
Acentria vivosa ?

Remarks. — Poli/omviatus Cory don. — I mention this, not
as rare, but because there is no chalk near. I have only
taken one specimen here.

Tliecla W. Album. — This appeared in the greatest pro-
fusion in my garden, five or six years ago.

Gortyna flavago. — I took the pupae in the hollow of large
thistles, in July, 1832.

Achatea piniperda. — The pupae lie just under the moss, in
fir plantations.

Leucania. — In this genus I formerly included what I now
find, from Curtis's British Entomology, to be Nonagria Vectis.
I took it amongst the rushes at Black Gang Chine, in the
beginning of July, about eight years ago.

Cucullia. — In this genus, Asteris has been taken at Brad-
field, six miles hence ; as also Orichalcea, in the genus Plusia.

Acentria nivosa. — My specimen was so named for me ; but
I have reason to think it will belong to a new genus, about to
be named by Mr. Stephens. I took it six or seven years ago.

Cynips aptera. — Several specimens were found in cavities
within a root something like a ground-nut, dug up in the
fields, and lying on a heap of dirt. I could not find the leaves
of the plant, nor could any one distinguish the root.

44

Art. V. — Thoughts on the Geographical Distribution of
Insects. By Delta.

Tramite quo tendis, majoraque viribus audes ?

Sir, — Perhaps there is no branch of Entomology more
worthy of attention than the geographical distribution of in-
sects ; yet this is totally diregarded by almost every entomo-
logist. He who carefully excludes from his collection of
British Insects every doubtful species, arranges in his exotic
cabinet species after species, genus after genus, without once
thinking of indicating the part of the world whence they may
have been obtained ; or, if he does note this, it is in so general
a manner, that little is to be learnt from it, — a line of one of
six different colours, which serve to indicate Europe, Asia,
New Holland, Africa, and North and South America, being
thought abundantly sufficient.

In Dejean's Cat. cles Coleopteres we certainly find the
native country of each species pointed out rather more clearly ;
but sometimes, even there, we are left to guess as to what part
of a region, extending over 50" of latitude, and as many of
longitude, and offering, at its two extremities, a difference of
30" Fah. of temperature, is the principal station of an insect.
Besides this deficiency in exactness, there is an omission of
still more consequence : — no notice is taken of the range over
which a species extends.

From this want of care and accuracy in pointing out that
country which is the principal station of a species, and the
extent of its range over other countries, arise difficulties, which
overwhelm us in our attempts to arrive at any thing like a
correct view of the geography of insects ; and which, joined
to our limited knowledge of extra-European species, forbid
our speaking with confidence on any part of this subject. It
has been well and truly observed with regard to plants, by an
illustrious traveller, that it is impossible to enter fully into
their geography unless we are thoroughly acquainted with the
distinctions, the characters, and the names of each species : —
" Ne tamen obliviscare, quemadmodum Physiologia anima-
lium sine Anatome esse non potest, neque Geologia sine
Oryctognosia, eodem modo te Geographiam Plantarum peni-
tus inspicere non posse, nisi Botanicae innitens, singularum

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF INSECTS. 45

specierum notas, chavacteres, nomina accuratissime dignoscas."
It would be fruitless for me, possessing so limited a knowledge
of species as I do, to attempt to point out the geographical
disti'ibution of either species or families: this also is far fi'om
my plan. I merely wish to point out, with the utmost diffi-
dence, in what I suppose others to have erred, and to show
what it is that our attention ought to be directed to. To detect
and avoid error is one step gained towards arriving at truth :

Virtus est vitium fugere, et sapientia prima
Stultitia caruisse.

Were we to follow the plan adopted by Humboldt, in his
excellent Prolegomena de Dist. Geog. Plant, we should
commence by estimating the total number of insects already
known, and proceed to calculate what portion of them belong
to the polar circle, the temperate zones, and the regions be-
tween the tropics, and also the relative proportions which the
different classes bear to one another in different latitudes.
But so little attention is paid by foreign collectors to any
classes but Lejndoptera and Coleoptera, that we are left with-
out any precise data on which to found our calculations.
Were we to judge from what we see of foreign insects, we
should be led to believe that these two classes increase in
number of species as we proceed from the poles towards the
equator much more than the other classes ; but this is greatly
to be doubted. Perhaps in the Hymenoptera, Diptera, and
Neuroptera, the countless myriads of individuals of particular
species which occur in the warmer regions, may have some
influence in diminishing the general number of species ; and
therefore there may be some reason for believing these classes
not to increase in an equal ratio with the others. Moreover, a
large proportion of the Neuroptera are aquatic in their larva
and pupa states, consequently these families are less likely to
be rich in species in regions like the intertropical parts of the
world, where almost every stagnant water, excepting the large
lakes, is evaporated during the dry season, and where most
of the smaller streams partake of the character of torrents.
We find aquatic insects to be in general much less influenced
by climate than terrestrial. In Coleoptera, the largest species
are inhabitants of the temperate zone ; and, of the three hun-
dred and twenty-three species of H ydrocanthares indicated

46 THOUGHTS ON THE

in Dejean's Catalogue, only about one-fourth belong to the
tropical parts, whilst in the terrestrial Adephaga the ^YOY>oYtio\\
is about one-third. In the Libellulce, those from equatorial
regions yield in hulk to our own, although in some species the
abdomen is of extraordinary length. Those Lepidoptera also,
which in the larva state may be almost termed aquatic, offer
no striking difference in size between those from within the
tropics, and from the northern parts of the temperate zone.
We have therefore good reason for believing that aquatic
insects are but little influenced by climate, a conjecture ren-
dered the more probable by the wide range of certain species
which are found to extend from lat. 45" north to lat. 10" south ;
and to be common to the Old and New World.

The proportion of aquatic Hem'iptera is so small, and so
nearly that of Coleoptera, that we cannot suppose this order
to be less influenced by climate ; and the Orthoptera, being
altogether terrestrial, are, of all classes, the most exposed
to this influence.

Had we sufficient data, it would be well worth inquiring
what proportion the number of species in each of the great
divisions of the globe bears to the whole, and also in what
ratio the species in a given space increase in number as we
proceed towards the equator. Perhaps, if we reason upon
what has been observed with regard to plants, we may arrive
at more correct conclusions than if we trust to our more
imperfect knowledge of foreign species.

Humboldt states, that, of 38,000 species of plants described
and preserved in Herbaria, 7,000 belong to Europe, 6,000 to
Asia, 3,000 to Africa, 5,000 to New Holland and the Isles of
the Pacific, and 17,000 to America. The ratio of increase in
pi'oceeding southwards, for latitudes 68", 45", 0", is as 1 : 4 :
12. This is, in all probability, nearly the case in insects.

Another point to which our attention should be directed is
the proportion which the number of genera bears to that of
species. In plants, we find, whether we proceed towards the
poles, or the summits of lofty mountains, that the number of
species diminishes much faster than that of genera: " Nam in
regiones cum frigidas, turn aridas genera zonarum propin-
quarum semper unam alteramve speciem quasi colonos immit-
tunt: unde fit numerum generum magis ibi crescere quam
specierum."

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF INSECTS. 4<

In comparing the productions of places situated under the
same parallel of latitude, but differing greatly in longitude,
reference must always be had to the inflexion of the isothermal
lines, and also to the difference between the mean summer and
mean winter temperature. If, in our idea of the mean tem-
perature of a place, we are guided solely by latitude, we shall
err most surprisingly. Pekin and Philadelphia are nearly 2°
more south than Rome, yet at Rome we find the mean tem-
perature IS'S" centigrade, whilst, at the two former, it is only
Ig-T^cent., a difference of o'P cent, degrees, about 5-6° of
Fahrenheit's scale. The mean summer and mean winter
temperature offer still gi'eater differences : at Rome, the latter
is + 7^-7; at Pekin, - 3«-l ; at Philadelphia, + P-1 ; the
former, at Rome and Philadelphia, is 24", at Pekin, 28"* 1.
If we proceed westward, from the shores of the Atlantic, until
we arrive at the basin of the Mississippi, we shall find the mean
temperature about 2° Fah. less than on the coast at the same
latitude, a difference which would increase as we proceeded
towards the Rocky Mountains, were not the summers so ex-
tremely hot as in some degree to counterbalance the intense
cold of the winters.* The temperature of the western coast of
North America appears to differ but little from western
Europe. In the eastern parts of Europe the temperature
more nearly resembles that of America on its eastern shores :
Nicolaieff, on the Black Sea, about 5" of latitude south of us,
having a mean temperature of about 2^ Fah. less than ours.

In tracing the changes of form, which are observable in
insects, as we proceed towards the equator, we must remember
that it is only from those inhabiting the parts but little elevated
above the level of the sea that our inferences should be drawn.
If we disregard the effect of elevation we shall be sure to fall
into error. Styracijlua Uquidambar, which, at Xalapa, clothes
the sides of the mountains at an elevation of three or four
thousand feet, in New England is met with only in the plains.
Its true climate, therefore, is not that of Mexico, but of the
northern parts of the United States. The same will hold
good with regard to insects ; and therefore we have no right to
call an insect tropical unless we know the elevation of the

^ At Council Bluffs, on the Missouri, the thermometer has a range of 129"
Fah., or from - 21° to + 108".

48 THOUGHTS ON THE

parts which it inhabits, and how far the effect of that elevation
is increased or diminished by pecuhar local circumstances.

But we must not suppose that the insects of an elevated
region will altogether resemble those of a neighbouring more
northerly region where the mean temperature is the same.
The productions of a country are influenced, as I before
remarked, by its mean annual temperature, its mean summer
and mean winter temperature, and by the greater or less
difference between these two last. Hence, if we compare the
birds, insects, or plants of Europe, with those from the eastern
parts of North America, which have a corresponding mean
temperature, we shall find those of America to bear a much
greater resemblance to those from the tropical regions of that
continent than ours do to those of any part of Africa south of
the Great Desert. This may be accounted for by the great
heat of the summers in the Atlantic States, which fully equals,
if it does not exceed, the common temperature of the low
regions of the tropics. Perhaps, also, that great ocean of
sand which extends from the western shores of Africa to the
Persian Gulf, with scarce any interruption, may, conjointly
with the Mediterranean, have obstructed the spread both of
animals and plants towards the north. No species of that
lovely group, which may be called the humming-birds of the
Old World, has ever been found to visit Europe ; and our
summer visitants, finding in the northern parts of Africa,
amongst —

— groups of lovely date-trees bending
Languidly their leaf-crowned heads

Like youthful maids, when sleep descending,
Warns them to their silken beds, —

a climate entirely conformable to their habits, never make the
fruitless attempt to cross the desert.

But in the New World nothing occurs to prevent the spread
of species as far north as their organization will allow ; and
therefore we find some of the birds of its equinoctial regions,
summer visitants, even of the inhospitable regions of Canada.
Trochilus colubris, I believe, has been found as far north as
lat. 54«.

On the eastern shores of America and Asia tropical forms
are intermixed with those of the temperate zone in an
extraordinary manner. Bamboos, Cycadem, Epidendra,

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF INSECTS. 49

intermixed with pines, or Liviodorce, Cacti, Passiflorce, Bigno-
nice, Lauri, Magnolia, and palms mingled with the northern
forms of oaks and firs, offer a landscape of unequalled variety.
In insects we find the same singular mixture ; and whilst many
of those of the United States so nearly resemble our own, as
at first sight to raise a doubt of their being distinct, others are
so lovely, so tropical in form and hue, that we find it difficult
to believe them inhabitants of a country where the winter frosts
impede the navigation of the rivers.

The irregular distribution of heat over the surface of the
globe, and the variety of other causes which affect the develop-
ment of insects, forbid our dividing the globe into insect
climates, which are to extend over so many degrees of latitude
and longitude, as proposed by Latreille, who, after objecting to
the divisions of Fabricius, as artificial and vague, proceeds to
divide the globe into certain divisions, each of which is to be
considered as a peculiar insect climate.

He commences by separating the globe into three portions :
the first dividing line extends, from pole to pole, in long. 31°
W. ; the second is nearly identical with the 66th eastern
meridian; and the third with the 175th western. Thus we
have three great divisions : one, containing Europe, the
Azores, Iceland, part of Greenland, Africa and its islands,
and the western part of Asia. The second comprises the
middle and east of Asia, the great continent of Australia, and
some of the isles of the Pacific. The third division, including
all America, the Sandwich, Society, Friendly, and part of the
Marquesas Islands, is divided into equal portions by a line
nearly corresponding with the 106th meridian. "^

These are again divided by lines parallel to the equator, and
distant from each other IS*' of latitude. Beginning at lat.
84° N. and 60° S. we shall thus have twelve climates for each
of the great divisions ; namely, seven Arctic, and five Antarctic,
distinguished by the terms, equatorial, tropical, supra-tropical,
intermediate, superior, subpolar, and polar ; the two last only
in the Arctic climates. These are again divided at every
24th meridian. Without remarking on the impropriety of

•> In converting the longitudes into our own way of reckoning them, I have
allowed only 2° for the difference in longitude between Paris and London. This
is not quite enough, Paris being 9 min. 21'6sec. east of Greenwich.
NO. I. VOL. II. H

50 THOUGHTS ON THE

including New Holland in the same division as Asia, and
separating these from the isles of the Great Ocean to add them
to America, we will just consider how far the smaller divisions
are consonant with nature.

America has always been the land most dear to my heart.
Her boundless forests, her stupendous mountains, her un-
rivalled rivers, her lakes, her cataracts, have haunted my
imagination from my earliest youth. I had hoped to have
passed my younger days in exploring the endless treasures
that her fruitful regions offer to the naturalist; and, should
my life be lengthened to a longer date than it now in all
probability will be, to have passed my more advanced years
'* en el retrato lisongero que ofrece este pais virtuoso y feliz,
mientras otros muchos del globo no presentan mas que escenas
de ruina y de miseria." But, " dis aliter visum est." Never-
theless, my mind is constantly recurring to those lands so dear
to it ; and, therefore, when reflecting on the subject of these
divisions, I naturally began with considering how far they
would agree with nature in the New World. We shall soon
see the result.

North America is divided into two unequal parts by a line
nearly agreeing with the 103d meridian. It is to be again
divided by lines in latitudes 72°, 60°, 48°, 36°, 24°, and 20° ;
and these subclimates are again to be divided by lines distant 24°
of longitude. But does this agree with nature ? is this in accord-
ance with the inflection of isothermal lines? are the natural
boundaries attended to? I will merely point to that space
comprised in the western intermediate subclimate, which in-
cludes the basin of the Colombia, the northern plains of New
Mexico, the sources of the Missouri and Platte, and nearly the
whole course of these two rivers until their junction. This
surely is a division containing countries as different in climate,
soil, and productions, as can possibly be found. The plants of
the east of Asia differ less from those of the territory of Oregon
than these last from those of the regions east of the Chippe-
wayan. The isothermal lines which decline towards the
south until they reach the Chippewayan or Rocky Mountains,
suddenly bend northward after crossing this chain. Let any
one who has read the travels of Lewis and Clarke across the
Chippewayan to the Pacific Ocean call to mind the extra-
ordinary change of climate which they found on crossing those

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF INSECTS. 51

mountains. On the eastern side, the dimate is dry to excess,
the vegetation scanty, scarce offering food sufficient for any of
the larger quadrupeds. The bison, which, more to the east,
roam in herds of fifteen or twenty thousand, no longer find
food for their countless numbers ; a few argalis {Americe,
big-horns) and a straggling antelope are the sole occupiers
of these sterile plains ; scarce a tree enlivens the desolate
landscape ; rain is rare, but at times descends in torrents.
Though the summers are extremely hot, the winter tempera-
ture often reaches the point at which mercury congeals, but is
rendered less difficult to bear by the great dryness of the
winter months. But how different is every thing to the west
of the mountains. Close to their base the climate is mild and
dry ; but, as we advance to the shores, it becomes more and
more rainy, resembling much that of Ireland. The winters
are mild, scarcely ever frosty, but the rains are continual ; the
summer moderately warm, with frequent rains. The vege-
tation is here totally different ; and, instead of being barren of
trees, the firs often exceed three hundred feet in height. Can
any suppose this to be rightly considered as a subclimate, the
insects of which are to resemble one another as much as those
of the department of the Seine resemble those of Prussia i

Again ; let us turn to South America, and survey the space
bounded by the 79th and 55th meridians, and by the 12th
northern parallel and the equator. Is this an insect climate
or subclimate? assuredly not. But first how are we to under-
stand these terms? I should define them thus. Nature has
given to each species certain assigned limits ; these it cannot
pass. In some the greater degree of flexibility of organiza-
tion enables them to extend over a wide space, but of others
the range is much more confined. Certain forms also are
peculiar to certain regions. Supposing that we start from
any fixed point, we will say the extreme northern limit of
insects, and proceed southward until the greater portion of
species differ from those we have left behind us, and the
general form is materially altered ; we have now arrived at a
new subclimate ; proceed farther, until we find the whole, or
nearly the whole, of the species different, and these new
species presenting a different general form, we have now
reached a new climate. The same will apply, if we suppose

52 THOUGHTS ON THE

that our course is directed parallel to the equator, or rather if
it follows the direction of the isothermal lines.

In the want of a sufficient knowledge of the country, we
may be guided by its natural boundaries, the course of rivers,
the direction of mountains, the interposition of deserts, &c.
Spix and Martins remark, that most of the great tributaries of
the Maranon have a peculiar flora; Burchell remarks, that
the Great Karro is the limit of Cape plants, nearly all the
plants from the banks of Gariep and the country adjoining
being entirely different; and lastly, Latreille observes, that
lofty chains of mountains are mostly real limits in the geogra-
phy of insects, and therefore it is not surprising that the
insects of New Granada are totalis/ different from those of
Cayenne and Denierara. This last remark is true, very
true ; but we shall see how entirely in his distribution of
subclimates he has overlooked this circumstance. I have
before observed, that in all things relating to the division of
the earth into insect-climates we have nothing to do with
mountains, except in so far as they form natural boundaries
which prevent the spread of species beyond them.

Let us return from this long digression to that subclimate
which includes the Republic of New Granada and Venezuela,
part of that of the equator (del Ecuador), Demerara, Berbice,
parts of Surinam, of French and of what was Portuguese
Guiana. First, we have the shores of the Pacific ; and what
relation have the insects from those shores to those of the
shores of Cape Paria ? Are not these regions separated by
snow-clad mountains, whose summits are never looked down
upon by any earthly being save the condor ? Do not these
mountains mark the limit which the western species cannot
pass ? If we follow the shores of the Atlantic as far as the
55th meridian, we arrive at that very country the insects of
which Latreille has pronounced to be totally different from
those of New Granada, even to the east of the Magdalena ;
and moreover, this region, which stretches from the mouths
of the Oronoco to that of the Amazons, is divided by a line
which separates Cayenne from Berbice and Demerara. Guiana,
or the country included between the Rio Negro, the Oronoco,
and the Maranon, is a vast Hylasa, a level and almost unin-
terrupted tract of forest, which cannot be better described than
in the words of the illustrious Prussian traveller :— " Sylvan

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF INSECTS. lio

sumanae vastitatis, ob sestus fere intolerabiles immanibus ser-
pentibus, crocodiles, tigride jaguare atque vario et malefico
genere animalium infestae."

In some places this general character is modified by pecu-
liar local circumstances, but still every where is to be found
an excessively luxuriant vegetation. " Forests, the growth of
thousands of years, of an impenetrable thickness, fill the humid
country situated between the Oronoco and the Amazons.
Immense masses of lead-coloured granite narrow the foamy
beds of the rivers. The mountains and woods resound un-
ceasingly with the roar of cataracts, the growl of the jaguar,
or the dull howl of the red monkey, which foretells the ap-
proach of rain. In those places where the lowness of the
waters leaves a sandy beach uncovered, with open mouth, but
motionless as a rock, lies a crocodile, whose scaly body is
covered with birds. The tiger-marked boa, his tail fixed
round the trunk of a tree, his body rolled upon itself, sure of
his prey, lays in ambush on the bank ; suddenly he uncoils to
seize the young bull which is just passing." Such is the pic-
ture which Humboldt, in his beautiful *' Tableaux de la
Nature," has sketched of these regions. Such are the cha-
racters of a country, one-fourth of which is excluded from this
subclimate, whilst those low level plains, which bound it on
the north, and of which the following picture has been drawn
by the same traveller, are included in it.

" At the foot of the chain of mountains which resisted the
violent action of the waves, when in the early age of our planet
their irruption formed the Gulf of Mexico, commences a vast
plain which stretches beyond the reach of sight. When we
have left behind us the smiling vallies of Caraccas, and the
Lake of Tacarigua, sprinkled with islets, and reflecting in its
waters the images of the plantains with which it is surrounded;
when we have quitted the fields adorned by the tender verdure
of the sugar-cane of Taiti, or the bowers shaded by the thick
foliage of the cacao, the view is borne towards the south, over
steppes or deserts, which rise insensibly, and terminate the
horizon in a distance without bounds. Quitting those places
where Nature is so prodigal of organic life, the astonished
traveller enters upon a desert devoid of vegetation. Not a hill
or rock rises like an island in this immense void." In the
dry season, not a plant is to be seen save a few Mauritia palms

54 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

and the Melocactus, whose spines the mules remove with their
fore-feet to drink the refreshing juices contained under its
spherical envelope. At length the season of the rains arrives,
and " hardly is the surface of the earth moistened, when the
desert is clothed by KilUngia, and an infinity of Graminece.
In the morning, the herbaceous sensitive plant opens its
drowsy leaves to salute the rising sun, as do also the aquatic
plants, by opening their delicate flowers, and the birds, by
their songs." The boa and crocodile, which have remained
torpid, buried in the ground during the dry season, rise as
from their tombs ; — all nature is reanimated. But, alas !
after suffering all that can be caused by extreme drought,
these unhappy regions are doomed to undergo the opposite
extreme. The floods spread, until nearly the whole of the
lands are a vast lake, only to be dried up by the action of the
sun in the dry season. Surely, the productions of this region
can bear no relation to those of the Hylaea of the Oronoco, or
of the valleys of Cape Paria, Caraccas, or Santa Martha.

This will serve to show the impropriety of neglecting to
regard natural boundaries.

I am yours, most truly,

A.

(2'o he cmitinued.)

Art. V. — Entomological Society.
First Sitting. — November.

Since the meeting in May, the proceedings of which we
published in our fourth number, the council of the Entomo-
logical Society has been unremitting in its exertions. A code
of bye-laws has been prepared ; rooms have been engaged
and furnished; and a collection has been made already rivaling
in extent, surpassing in accuracy of nomenclature and neat-
ness of arrangement, most of our metropolitan cabinets.

On Monday, agreeably to advertisement, the members of
the Society met at 17, Old Bond-street. When we entered the
room, about twenty minutes past eight, we found it quite
crowded wi^th the leading entomologists of the day : we also

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 55

remarked that a considerable number of ladies were present ;
this we announce with great pleasure, for their countenance is,
in every undertaking, an earnest of success : we understand
that ladies are eligible as members, and that several have
already joined the Society. Among the gentlemen present,
we recognized the Rev. Mr. Kirby, who had the same day, as
we heard, travelled to London expressly to attend the meeting,
and Mr. Spence, Mr. Kirby 's coadjutor in the great work with
which every entomologist is acquainted.''

The chair was first taken by Mr. Children, who said
that, before proceeding to the regular business of the Society,
he must trespass a few minutes on the attention of the meeting.
He was delighted to see before him so numerous and so dis-
tinguished an assembly ; a delight greatly enhanced by the
presence of ladies. The object of the Society was to study
the forms, the habits, the economy, he might say, the moral
character, of insects. He could remember the time when the
idea of associating for such a purpose would have been treated
with ridicule and contempt, but happily a very different feeling
now prevailed : we were now beginning to perceive that
Nattira nusquani magis quam in minimis tola est. Many
gentlemen present would be aware that this was not the first
attempt that had been made in this country to establish a simi-
lar society ; he would not dwell on the cause of want of success
in that instance, but he would say, and say with all his heart,
let the proceedings of the present Society be conducted with
peace, good-feeling, and unanimity, and then it must succeed.
Concordia imrvce res crescunt ; discordid maximce dila-
biintur. This was, in fact, the first meeting of the Society ;
a previous meeting had indeed taken place, at which officers
had been appointed and formal business arranged, but that
must be looked on as merely a preliminary meeting. He
would remind the meeting, as an incentive to exertion, of the
establishment and present prosperity of an Entomological
Society in France : that Society has been joined by most of
the first entomologists of Europe, and had already published
a volume and a half of valuable scientific Transactions : that
Society had unanimously elected the great patriarch of the
science, the late illustrious Latreille, to the office of Honorary

* Kirby and Spence's Introduction to Entomology. We only record the pre-
sence of honorary members and distinguished visitors.

56 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

President. This Society had followed the example ; we had
our patriarch as well as France ; a patriarch who had laboured
for years in the cause of science — a patriarch in every way
worthy of a similar honour ; if France had reason to be proud
of her Latreille, so had England of her Kirby. He warmly
congratulated the meeting on the presence of the distinguished
individual to whom he alluded, and he was sure the meeting
united with him in the sentiment. (Apjilause.)

Mr. Kirby rose, and expressed his thanks to the President
for the kind manner in which he had spoken of him, and to
the Society for the honour that they had conferred on him, and
for the flattering marks of their approbation. He could not
make a long speech, but he assured the Society that all he
could do to advance its interests he would do ; at seventy-four
years of age, he trusted that much could not be expected of
him ; he found that his eyes began to fail him, and without
eyes an entomologist could do but little : he could not sit
down without reminding the meeting that the world was
indebted for most interesting and important portions of the
work, of which his own name stood conjointly as author, to
his friend beside him ; — and the reverend gentleman laid his
hand affectionately on the shoulder of Mr. Spence, and was
unable to proceed; during the pause, the meeting loudly
expressed their gratification in the scene. Mr. Kirby hoped
that Mr. Spence might be elected an honorary member, saying,
that he considered him as much deserving of that honour as
himself

The President then proposed, that Mr. Spence be elected
an honorary member, which was carried by acclamation.

Mr. Spence, in returning thanks, avowed that he had
attended the meeting, with his two sons, for the express pur-
pose of joining the Society ; he was much gratified to find his
favourite study in such good esteem, as the establishment of
this Society, and the magnitude of the present meeting, proved
it to be. He had lately returned from the continent ; when in
in France, he had seen Mr. Lefebvre, the Secretary of the
French Entomological Society, who had expressed his warmest
wishes for the welfare of the English one, and his hopes that
the two Societies would commence, and continue, an amicable
intercourse.

The President said that, having opened the proceedings of

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 57

the meeting, he should now vacate the chair in favour of the
Honorary President. As soon as Mr. Kirby appeared in the
chair, so legitimately his own, he was received with a simul-
taneous and most enthusiastic burst of applause ; we have
never before, at a scientific meeting, witnessed such a scene ;
the worthy man was quite conquered by his feelings, and sat
down at last unable to utter a single word.

The Secretary then read a code of By-laws.

It was proposed and resolved, that Mr. W. B. Spence be
appointed Foreign Secretary to the Society.

Mr. W. B. Spence returned thanks.

It was proposed, seconded, and resolved, that the thanks of
the Society be given to Mr. Yarrell, for his obliging and un-
remitting exertions in engaging and furnishing apartments,
and his zealous attention to the interests of the Society.

It was proposed, seconded, and resolved, that the thanks of
the Society be given to Mr. Waterhouse, the Honorary
Curator, for his assiduous services.

It was proposed, seconded, and resolved, that the thanks of
the Society be given to Messrs. Hope, Newman, and Davis,
for their kind and laborious exertions in framing and preparing
the By-laws of the Society.

The Foreign Secretary then read a most interesting
account of a meeting of the German naturalists at Breslau.
As he was proceeding,

Mr. Spence, sen. rose, and said: — I beg. Sir, to be allowed
to interrupt a moment, and offer a few words in explanation.
The fly described by Dr. Hammerschmidt, which has proved
very injurious to the wheat in Bohemia, is a species of Ceci-
domyia; and it is not a little remarkable, that Dr. Hammer-
schmidt should have given it the very same name which you
applied. Sir, to a species some years back; Cecidomyia
Tritici. It is, howevei*, very different from that insect; the
injury done by Dr. Hammerschmidt's Cecido7ni/ia is occa-
sioned by the larvae eating into the stem, and thus weakening
the plant; whereas. Sir, your insect fed on the flowers of the
wheat, and thus prevented their fructifying. Its characters
also are very different. The destructive Hessian fly, described
by the American entomologist, Mr. Say, appears to be a
species of the same genus, but certainly differs from both the
others ; the immense destruction it causes is said to be occasioned

NO. I. VOL. II. I

58 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

— and if it should prove so, it is a very singular fact — by
the pressure of the pupae against the grain while in a tender
and immature state. I beg, Sir, to call your attention, and
that of the meeting, to the great advantage which our agri-
cultural interests would derive from a close and minute
investigation of the economy of all those minute but injurious
animals which prey upon our crops, and to observe how im-
portant it is to acquire a knowledge of this before attempting
the application of a remedy.

The Foreign Secretary finished, reading the communica-
tion.

The Honorary President then announced, that the next
meeting would be held on the first Monday in December, and
future meetings on the first Monday of each succeeding
month, and that the chair would be taken at eight o'clock
precisely ; also, that the time for original members joining the
Society had been prolonged to the first of January, 1834, in
order to allow ample time for those enrolling their names who
might not, previously to the present meeting, have been made
acquainted with the plan and objects of the Society.

Second Sitting. — December 2.

The room was excessively crowded; a considerable number
of members not even being able to find seats. This will, we
believe, be remedied before another meeting, arrangements
having been made for the introduction of several more benches.
The fact is, that even the most ardent of the originators of the
Society formed no idea of the magnitude and importance
which it was so soon to attain. We observed in the room
Mr. Spence, Dr. Grant, Dr. Roget, &c.

The Secretary read a " Paper on the Nomenclature of the
Parts of the Head of Insects, by Mr. Newman."'^ Some pen
and ink drawings, illustrative of the subject, were handed
round the room.

The Secretary read a " Paper on the Hessian-fly," handed
by Mr. Spence, stating, that published accounts of this insect
were full of inaccuracies.

Mr. Spence made a few observations in explanation.

The President read a letter from Mr. Westwood, calling the
attention of the Society to the entomological aftairs of the

'^ See Article VI.

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 59

Linnaean Society, especially to a paper of his own on Diopsis,
a very singular genus of Diptera, having the eyes placed on
long foot-stalks. Mr. Westwood will continue to report any
entomological matter that may come before that Society.

The Rev. F. W. Hope read a paper by himself, technically
describing some newly-discovered and very remarkable forms
of Coleopterous Insects, which we should have been pleased
to publish, but we accidentally heard that Mr. Hope intended
them for some other destination. When this is the case we
shall make it an imperative rule to be silent. Beautifully
finished drawings, illustrative of the species described, were
exhibited.

The Curator then came to the table, and with that air
of genuine modesty which is ever the companion of true
genius, made the following communication. I believe it
has been supposed by several writers, that the mandibles
of Lucanus (the Stag-beetle) are designed for perforating
the bark of trees, and thus causing the sap to flow, on
which the insect is said to feed ; but I do not recollect
ever seeing this confirmed on positive authority. During the
past summer I kept a stag-beetle alive for several weeks : I
allowed him to bite my finger with his mandibles, which he
did with great strength and perseverance for some seconds ;
and immediately, on relaxing his hold, applied alternately
one of his antennae and the galea of his maxillae to the inden-
tation, as if to ascertain whether any moisture was flowing from
the wound. The stag-beetle has a small patch of golden-
coloured hair near the base of the fore-leg, the use of which, I
believe, has never been pointed out: — it is evidently for the
purpose of cleaning the antennae, which, after touching
saccharine fluids, become sticky. The insect does this in the
most adroit manner, bending back the antenna and placing
it beneath the leg, and then drawing it out slowly. The
specimen which I had became after a time tame and playful,
sometimes amusing himself by tossing about a ball of cotton
with his horns. He was very fond of sugar moistened, and of
the juice of raspberries.

The President alluded to the lamented death of Mr.
Haworth ; and proposed that a minute should be made ex-
pressive of the esteem of the Society for the deceased, and
regret at his loss.

()0

Art. VI. — Osteology, or External Anatouiy of Insects. —
By Edward Newman, Esq., F. L. S.

{Continued from Vol. I. p. 413.)

" I find it impossible to give, according to the present state of the science
ill England, any satisfactory description of insects without making some previous
observations on their anatomical nomenclature." MacLeay.

"Ce que personne n'avait encore tcnto j'ai ose I'entreprendre.

Savigny.

Letter II. — On the Head of Insects.
[Read at the Entomological Society ; sitting of the 2d December.]

Sir, — It has been already stated, that an insect is composed
of thirteen segments, and that of these the head is the first.
It appears scarcely to admit of a doubt, that the head of an
insect is composed of four distinct portions. That the por-
tions of the head are merely sections, appears to me consistent
with the general harmony of Nature.^ The second segment
in the locust tribes, and the third segment in the bee tribes,
present to the inquirer a quadruple division by far more mani-
fest. You will however remark, and it is of no mean impor-
tance, that, while the portions of the second, third, and following
segments, are united by suture, those of the head have a freely
moveable articulation. That the portions of the head are
segments, is argued from the circumstance, that those organs
which in one group are employed for manducation, in another
serve solely for progression. When this is the case, the organs
thus modified differ in no material characters from those of the
second, third, and fourth segments. Consequently, it is said,
that by their increase of importance to that of true organs of
locomotion, they also raise the portions which bear them to
an importance equal to that of those portions which uniformly
bear such organs.

These changes in the uses to which organs are applied we
frequently detect in progress in intervening groups. They
afford the most obvious distinguishing characters. A man
is termed a biped ; a horse, a quadruped ; and not in-
correctly : yet the number of limbs in each is the same.
In man, the first pair of limbs is essential to feeding ; in

" The segments of the head, which are sometimes three, but typically four,
avo tliui'cfore of course only to be considered as secondary.— il/dfAtv/f/.

EXTERNAL ANATOMY OF INSECTS. 61

the horse, these are purely organs of locomotion, and differ
in no respect from the other organs destined to the same
end; but in many animals we find them applied with per-
fect ease to either purpose. The adaptation of the same
organs to different purposes in the superior animals is obvious ;
consequently, in the inferior, fairly to be inferred. Conclu-
sions of this kind have been stigmatized as theoretical. Be it
so : theory may be sound as well as unsound. When theory
is a compound, of which facts are the ingredients, it is sound.
In the present instance, facts are the ingredients. Whether
the four portions of the head be primary or secondary parts,
— in other words, whether they be segments or sections of
segments, seems to hinge on another question ; viz. whether a
single segment can bear four feet ; for it seems scarcely to
admit of a doubt, that, in some annulate animals, the part
which is analogous to the head of tetrapterous hexapods has
four organs of progressive motion employed as feet. This
circumstance appears to me by no means more remarkable,
than that the third and fourth segment should each bear four
organs of progressive motion, two of them adapted to walking,
and two to flight. On these grounds I have considered the
four parts of the head as so many sections of a segment, and
consequently equivalent to the sections of succeeding segments.
To give them the same names, however, while a doubt remains,
would be objectionable ; more especially, as a nomenclature
sufficiently definitive has been long established, although in its
application confused and various. The parts of the head are
the skull, the lips, the feeler-jaws, and the mandibles. These
are the four sections of a segment. To simplify and conform
to received ideas, the three last must be treated of as the mouth,
of which, in tetrapterous hexapods, they constitute the com-
ponent parts.

The skull of insects is compact, solid, and osseous. It has
a large opening in front, in which is situated the mouth ;
another behind, through which pass the oesophagus, spinal
cord, blood-vessels, muscles of connexion with the prothorax,
&c. ; and two smaller ones, generally in front, above that of
the mouth, in which are placed the antennge. There are two
compound eyes, one on each side, so closely soldered into the
skull, tiiat, in case of fracture, the sepai-ation does not take
place at the suture. Desvoidy well observed, that the eyes

G2 EXTERNAL ANATOMY OF INSECTS.

form the lateral regions of the scull. Besides these compound
eyes, insects have generally two or three ocelli, or simple eyes.
These, like the true eyes, are firmly fixed in the skull, and
are alike incapable of being separated from it without fracture.
The simple eyes are situated usually on the crown of the
head; their number is generally, in Lepidojjtera, two; in
D'qitera, three ; in Hymenoptera, three ; in Coleoptera,
none ; ^ in Orthoptera, three ; in Hemiptera, two. With
the exception of the compound and simple eyes, the skull is
a single, continuous, and undivided piece. Entomologists
have endeavoured to assign names to the different regions of
the skull, but have hitherto been unable to establish them. It
cannot be too frequently or too emphatically repeated, that
names of parts having unfixed limits are objectionable, as
leading to confusion. An author might establish his nomen-
clature from a single species, provided inquii-y was directed to
that species alone. The anatomy of a beetle's or locust's
skull gives us scarcely any idea of that of a butterfly's. A
nomenclature well adapted to the skull of a cockchafer would
be useless for that of a dragon-fly. Fabricius describes no parts
but the forehead, clijpeus, throat, and simple and compound
eyes. Latreille, Burmeister, and many others, recapitulate
the labours of preceding writers, Desvoidy is original, precise,
and clear, but his nomenclature is adapted solely to Diptera.^

^ In the fourth number of Germar and Zincken Sommer's Magazine, it is
affirmed, that they are discoverable in Gravenhorst's genus Omalium, but not in
the kindred genera Micropepiiis and Anthopliagus. Upon examining the former
genus, I find, that although Omalium planum and affinities, O.Striatulum, and some
others, appear not to have them, yet vviih the aid of a good magnifier they may
be discovered in most species of that genus, as likewise in Evcu.ithetus. I find
them also very conspicuous in A. Caraboidcs and other Anthophagi, but some
species appear to want them. — Kirbij.

On a pr^tendu que les Anthopliagus, les Omalium et les Paussus avaicnt de
CCS yeux simples; mais j'avoue que je n'ai jamais pu les apercevoir. — Straus-
D'urckheim.

" La tete ofiVe six regions principales : le front; la face; la region inferieure;
la region posterieure : les yeux forment les deux regions laterales. 1, Le front
ifrons) ou la region frontale, s'etend de la partie posterieure de la tete, a la base
des antennes, et d'un ceil a I'autre ceil. II se divise en trois parties. La partie
la plus posterieure, et celle qui ordinairement a le moins d'etendue est situee
derriere les stemmates, et porte le nom de vertex {icrfex.) La partie stemma-
tique, ou les stemmates (4/em7H«/a),placee cntre le vertex et le vrai front, consiste
en un petite piece ordinairement dcmi-circulaire, ou les yeux lisses sont iin-
plantes. Le front, le vrai front {/runs) s'etend d'un oeil a I'autre et de la region

EXTERNAL ANATOMY OF INSECTS. 63

Straus -Diirckheim's description of the skull of a cock-
chafer is beautifully simple ; and the only one yet pub-

stemmatiqiie a la base des antennes. II offre siir son milieu deux pieces ordi-
nairement adossees et colorees assez regulieres : ce sont les I'rontaux {frontuUa.)
A la pai-tie anterieure du front, dans un triangle plus ou moins prononce, vers
Torigine des frontaux, on remarque deux pieces plus ou moins developpees, et
qui parviennent meme a separer les frontaux, et a s'intercaler entre eux dans
toute leur longueur : ce sont les inter-frontaux {interfrontalia.) Les parties
laterales du front sont formees, ainsi que je le dirai, par le prolongement des
optiques. La region frontale est ordinairement plus developp6e sur les femelles
que sur les males. 2. La face (fades) est la region qui s'etend plus ou moins
verticalement de la base des antennes a I'fepistome et transversalement d'un ceil
a I'autre ceil ; c'est k tort que les entomologistes Allemands la nomment hypostome
(hypostoma). Cette region se compose de diverses parties distinctes qui meritent
d'etre specialement caracterises. La portion mediane oilre deux fossettes (fovea)
verticales ou obliques, qui servent de support aux antennes dans le repos : ces
fossettes, faites de deux pieces souvent tres distinctes, ferment quelquefois una
cloison par I'adossement de leur cotes internes; alors elles emittent une petite
creto, plus ou moins aigue a leur point de jonction. Le long du cot^ externe de
cbaque fossette s'etend une piece, plus ou moins developpee, plus ou moins cili-
geres, qui part de la base des antennes, longe le bord de la face, prend un peu
plus de volume vers son angle antc^rieur, et porte un gros cil avec une sorte de
moustache, due a d'autres cils moins forts. Ces deux pieces qui portent le nom
de faciaux (faciaUa) sont souvent ciligeres le long des bords du peristome. Les
medianes (tnedlana) sont des pieces ordinairement triangulaires, souvent un peu
colorees, et susceptibles d'acquerir un certain developpement, qu'on remarque
entre les faciaux et les pieces du pourtour de I'ceil un peu au-dessus des pieces
laterales du peristome; ils ne montent jamais jusqu'a la base des antennes. Je
nomme optiques (optica) les pit^ces plus ou moins bomb^es, qui entourent I'ceil sur
la face, montent jusqu'a la base des antennes, s'etendent jusqu'au vertex, et
jusque derri^re I'ceil. Souvent ils forment vers les antennes la crete aigue ou
Tangle qui s^pare le front d'avec la face. lis sont ordinairement pilig^res surtout
a la region frontale; plusieurs observations tendent h me faire croire que, vers
I'angle frontal, ces pieces optiques sont manifestement separees. Si ce fait vient
a se confirmer, on aura les optiques frontaux (optica frontis) et les optiques de la
face (optica faciei.) Ces optiques correspondent a une portion des joues (geiKe)
des auteurs. 3. La region inferieure situee entre la face et la region post6rieure,
offre un cavite oil la base de la tronipe et la plupart de ses muscles prennent leur
attache, et ofi la trompe se retiree ordinairement pendant le repos. Cette cavite
que je nomme peristome (peristoma) est formee de deux pieces laterales qui se
soudent en avant et en arriere. J'appelle epistome (epistoma) son bord anterieur,
qui en haut se soude avec les fossettes et se developpe souvent en bee. Cet epi-
stome affecte diverses formes qu'il importe beaucoup de remarquer : sur quelqucs
genres, il est manifestement formee par deux pieces. Les faciaux longent
lat^ralement les pieces du peristome et souvent ils y sont cilies. Les lateraux
(lateralia) sont de deux pieces ordinairement assez developpees et faciles a dis-
tinguer, que Ton voit sur les cotes inferieurs du peristome. lis s'etendent sur
les medians, et s'avancent jusque sous la partic un peu post^rieure des ycux.
Dans plusieurs genres on voit, sous I'epistome une petite piece semicirculaire,
solide est bien detachee, qui recouvre la base anterieure de la trompe : c'est le
chaperon (clypeus) des autres insectes. 4. La region post^rieure, evidemment

64 EXTERNAL ANATOMY OF INSECTS.

lishetl tliat is generally applicable.'^ It will be of small
service to name, with the greatest nicety, the parts visible in
one genus or family. With exquisite talent Savigny has
remarked, that naturalists multiply facts to admiration, but
invariably decline generalizing them.'' It is this generalizing,
this universal application, that we stand in need of. We want
a nomenclature that can be applied to all.

The only portion of the skull to which any general names
can be attached, are these : — the Epicraniiim, or upper portion
of the skull, of which the Chjpeus or shield, and Ocelli or
simple eyes, are constituent parts ; the Gida or throat, which
is the under portion of the skull, of which the Mentum or chin,
is a constituent part;^ and the Octdi or eyes, which are the
lateral portions. The neck, of various authors, as applied to
a part of the head, is nothing more than an elongation of the

composee de deux pieces larges, inferieures, et laterales, se trouve en contact avec
la face anterieure du prothorax. Ella est percee d'un trou pour le passage des
nevfs, des trachees et du tube digestif. A sa partie superieure, entre les yeux, et
au-dessus de ce trou, on doit distinguer le cerebral {cerehrale) ou la piece qui fait
suite au vertex et qui recouvre le cerveau. 5 et 6. Les yeux a reseau, ou les
grands yeux forment les regions laterales de la tete. lis ofTrent rarement quelque
chose de remarquable et sont toujours entoures dans leur circonference par les
optiques, un peu moins developpees en arriere qu'en devant. — Desvoldy.

•^ Le crane du Melolontha est compose de six pieces soud^es entre elles, et qui
je nomnie la piece Epicranienne, ou simplement I'Epicrane, le Chaperon, la
Basilaire, la Prebasilaire, et les deux Cornees des yeux. \. La piece Epicranienne
comprend la majeure parti de la tete, dont elle occupe principalement la region
superieure. 2. La Chaperon est une scconde piece impaire de la tete, placee
transversalement au devant du bord antero-superieur de I'epicrane, avec lequel
elle se soudc, et dont elle fait la continuation. 3. La piece Basilaire, ^galement
impaire, occupe la partie inferieure et post^rieure de la tete : sur les c6t&, elle
s'unit par suture avec I'epicrane. 4. Je donne le nom de Prebasilaire h une
quatri6me pi^ce impaire du crane, placee au-devant de la basilaire dont elle fait la
continuation. 5 et 6. Les Cornees des yeux forment les seules pieces paires qui
entrent dans la composition du crane : ce sont deux calottes ovales, convexes,
enchassees dans les deux grandes ouvertures laterales de I'epicrane. — Straus-
Durckheim.

« Les entomologistes multipliaient a I'envi les observations ; mais ils se dis-
pensent de les generaliser ; ils creaient chaque jour des genres nouveaux, et les
premiers fondemens de cet edifice auquel ils travaillaient avec tant d'ardeur
n'existaient point. — Savigmj.

*■, It will be seen by a reference to Latreille's last work, Cours d'Entomologie,
that he finally decides the mentum to be a portion of the skull, and not of the Up;
in fact, he declares that the part he means is the prebasilaire of Straus-
Diirckheim. See Cours d'Entomologie, p. 204. Le menton ou ganache n'est
que prolongement de cet espace inferieur et gulaire de la tete que M. Straus
nommc piece prebasilaire. — Latreillc.

EXTERNAL ANATOMY OF INSECTS. 65

skull posteriorly/ If description requires more tlefinite limits,
parts may be intelligibly designated by their propinquity to
other parts. The shield is that part of the skull which is
immediately above the mouth, and whose office is to shield
it from injury. It was considered by Fabricius a part of
the mouth. It is described by him as a corneous porrected
part of the head, covering the mouth above, horizontally. It
is divided by him into two parts, the clisJc and the limb : the
limb is the upper lip, the disk is the true shield.'^ It is
called by Straus-Driickheim, &c., chaperon; by Kirby, nose.
In Lepkloiitera, the shield is little apparent; it is hidden
by the scales. In Diptera, it is more readily distinguished.
In Hymenoptera, it is very distinct ; you will recognize it, in
the large corneous piece embraced by the lower portion of the
eyes in the hornet.' In Coleoptera, it is sometimes obscure,
as in Hydrous;^ sometimes very conspicuous, as in Copris.
In Orthojitera, it is always distinct. In several orders of this
class, the suture, uniting the shield with the upper part of the
skull, is membranaceous; hence the lip and shield move
simultaneously with the mandibles in mastication. This is
a departure from a general law of nature, and its occurrence
is well worth remarking; as the motion of the shield might
induce an observer to suppose it the lip, which would conse-
quently become a new and supernumerary elementary part.'
In Hemiptera, it is frequently raised and conspicuous, but its
limits are indistinct. In the central group, the dragon-flies,
it is raised, conspicuous, distinct, and horizontally divided into
two.™ The Epicranium is the whole upper region of the
skull, bounded in front by the shield when distinct ; laterally,
by the eyes ; and behind, by the junction of the head with the
prothorax. Its extent is greatest in Coleoptera;^ least, in
Diptera and 'Neuroptera.'' The Oculiy or eyes, are large
lateral portions of the skull, known to every one. The Ocelli^
or sim2)le eyes, are small, highly convex lenses, soldered into

8 Necropliorus . Head, with a distinct neck. — Stephens.

'^ Clypeus. Horizontalis capitis pars cornea porrecta os siiperne tegens. a. discus
6. limbus. — Fabricius.

» Plate V. fig. 16. ae. ^ Plate V. fig. 1, and 3. ae.

1 Je suis convaincue lorsqu'on aura mieux examine la bouche des insectes,
proprement dits, on trouvera quelle forme qu'elle afFecte elle est toujours essen-
tiellement composee des memes Clemens. — Savigny.

"' Plate V. fig. 15. je. ce. » Fig. 3. M. " Fig. 15. JE.

NO. I. VOL. II. K

66 EXTERNAL ANATOMY OF INSECTS.

the top or crown of the skulh The Giila, or throat, is the
portion immediately below the under lip, and extends to the
union of the head with the prothorax. The fore-part of the
throat is sometimes called the mentum, but has no fixed limit.
The mentum of MacLeay is the labium of Fabricius.

The parts of the skull are these : the crown, the two eyes,
the throat. These are the four divisions of a section.

I would propose these names for the —

FIXED PARTS OF THE HEAD.P

(^) Epicranium, ox upper part of the slcull.

(se ) Clypeus, or shield of the mouth.

(oe) Ocelli, ox simple eyes.

{yE) GuLA, or throat,

{ce) Mentum, ox chin.

{(E) OcuLi, or eyes.

MOVEABLE PARTS OF THE HEAD.

(y) Antenna, ox cranial feelers.
( j ) Os, or mouth.

As before observed, the great development of one part
necessarily requires the proportionate diminution of another
part. A part increases or decreases in volume precisely as the
organs it may bear require muscle for their guidance and
government; on the (acknowledged) plan, that, for so much
muscular exertion so much muscle must be provided, which
muscle must occupy so much space. This is well illustrated
by the head of insects. Professor Sang has prettily observed,
that every instrument, whether it be for the generation or
transference of power, has a best size and a best form. Nature,
in the formation of her instruments, has always adopted that
best size and best form. If her creatures wanted but to see,
a globular eye floating in space might perhaps be the uniform
character of the animal world. If to see and to eat, an eye
and a mouth would be given. If to move swiftly in the air
were desirable, wings must be supplied ; if, on the earth, legs
must be added ; if in the water, fins. To carry all these organs,

p In this table the parts marked with small diphthongs are variable and
inconstant ; those with capital diphthongs are constant throughout the classes.
The diphthongs and letters refer to figures in Plate V.

'^

p^n

Kc,.4.

^SfeaS^* >^ A/ ^ •i^j'^"

EXTERNAL ANATOMY OF INSECTS. 67

and to contain muscle to guide and govern them, a body must
be added. Each part of the body will be of best size, and best
form, for the functions it has to perform. We have seen that
insects, in the larva state, have a very uniform allowance of
miiscle to each segment. In the imago, the charge of support-
ing the whole body in the air is entrusted sometimes to a single
segment ; and, in order to supply sufficient strength for the pur-
pose, nature robs the neighbouring segments of their muscle,
and gives it the one which needs it. In the head, the mouth,
feelers and eyes operate, in the same manner, one on another.
Observe the dragon fly, the emperor of his tribe : i his wings
rustle as he hovers stationary and hawk-like in the air ; his
appetite is insatiable ; his food, the active occupants of his
own element, — it is given to him in charge to set bounds to
the increase of the insect race; he beholds his prey afar off;
he darts on it with the rapidity of a lightning-flash. To
devour it, ere life is departed, is the work of an instant. He
sails round and round ; he soars up and up. When the sky
is serene he seeks his prey, like the swallows, almost beyond
the reach of human sight. What organs does such an animal
require ? Are they not these ; eyes, mouth, and wings ? How
has Nature provided for his wants ? Regard his head : below,
it is all mouth ; above, it is one continuous eye. Contemplate
his wings: their character is strength and lightness, power
and activity. His body is slender and graceful ; like a rudder,
it serves as an instrument wherewith to shape his course.
Porrected feelers, whether cranial, labial, or maxillary, would
be comparatively useless to an animal whose dependence for
support is on the keenness of its vision and the velocity of its
flight. We find them but little prominent ; his every organ
of the required size. The same law obtains as certainly
and unvaryingly in form. There is truly a best size and a
best form, and nature always provides it.

The fixed organs of the head, manifesting but slight variations,
require no further comment. The antennce or cranial feelers, and
the mouth, are the only moveable organs. The antenncs are too
well known to dilate on. The mouth must be considered more at
large. The union of the head with i\\e prothorax is by an articu-
lation much more free than that between either of the following

"> Genus Anaj: of Leach.

DO EXTERNAL ANATOMY OF INSECTS.

segments. Its power of motion is principally dependent on
its relative size as regards the jjrot/torax ; sometimes it greatly
exceeds that segment in size, and it is then loosely suspended
at its extremity ; sometimes it is much less than the j^rothor ax y
and received almost entirely within it, as a ball in a cup."^

The mouth of insects is essentially uniform. Its united
parts work to the same end by different modes. Nature
arrives at her object by the most direct means. Her plans
are the perfection of simplicity. It may sometimes appear
otherwise to us ; that it does so is attributable to our igno-
rance, not her error. The construction of the mouth is
peculiarly simple : even amid all the confused and laboured
nomenclature with which descriptions of it have been loaded,
its exquisite simplicity renders it intelligible to the meanest ca-
pacity. A celebrated lecturer well said, in allusion to the rage
of the day for theoretical ideas and metaphorical allusions, " A
stomach, gentlemen, is a stomach." In like manner, a mouth
is a mouth, not a proboscis, nor a haustellum, nor a trunks
nor an antl'ia, nor a 'promnscis, nor a tongue, nor a rostrum,
nor a rostrulum, nor a rostellum, but simply a mouth. The
terms haustellate and mandibulate, as applied to the mouth of

' Dans les insectes 1' articulation de la tete sur le corselet presente deux
dispositions principalis. Dans I'une les points de contact sont solides, et le^
mouvement est subordonne a la configuration des parties ; dans I'autre I'arti-
culation est ligamenteuse: la tete et le thorax sont reunis par des membranes..
L'articulation de la tete, par le contact des parties solides, se fait de quatre
manieres differentes : 1. Oii la tete porte, a sa partie posterieure, un ou deux
tubercules lisses, que refoivent des cavites correspondantes, dans la partie-
ant^rieure du corselet (Scarabaus, Lucanus, Cerambyx, ^-c), dans ce premier cas
la tete est mobile d'avant en arritire : 2. Oix la partie posterieure est absolument
arrondie, et tourne sur son axe, dans nne fossette correspondante, de la partie
anterieure du thorax {Curcutio, Brentua, Sfc), la tete se meut en tous sens : 3. Oii
la tete est tronquee posterieurement, et presentant une surface plate, et articulee
tantot sur un tubercule du tliorax, tantot sur une surface applatie et corres-
pondante (presque tous les Hymenopteres et plusieurs Dipteres, Tahanus,
Musca, Syrphus, SfC.) 4. Enfin, ou, comnie dans quelques espfeces d'Attelabes, la
tete se renverse en arri^re par un tubercule arrondi, refu dans une cavite cor-
respondante du thorax ; le bord de cette cavite est echancre et ne permit le
mouvement dc la tete que dans un seul sens. II n'y a guere que dans les
insectes Orthopteres, et dans quelques Neuropteres qu'on remarque l'articulation
ligamenteuse : la tete, dans cette disposition articulaire, n'est genee que dans ses
uiouvements vers le dos, par qu'elle est retenue par une avance du thorax, mais.
au-dessous elle est absolument libre. Les membranes ou les ligamens s'etendent
du pourtour du trou occipital a celui de la partie anterieure du corselet, ce qui
domie une grande iitendue aux mouvenicns. — Cuvkr.

EXTERNAL ANATOMY OF INSECTS. by

insects, are unavailable as distinctive characters. To Clair-
ville has been assigned the merit of distinguishing between
these supposed different kinds of mouth. He does not de-
serve it. Aristotle remarks, that some insects possessed teeth
for devouring every thing, whilst others had only a tongue for
sucking liquids.^ Fabricius was well aware of the distinction;
he placed together the four classes, Coleoptera, OrthojJtera,
Neuroptera, and Hymenoptera; and in a separate group,
Lepidoptera, Hemiptera, and Diptera.^ Lamarck applied
the distinction to divisions. Clairville named those divisions.
Savigny investigated more thoroughly, and proved the dif-
ference to be rather apparent than real. Aristotle's was the
observation of a true naturalist ; that of Fabricius no less so ;
Lamarck's was the application of a systematist; Clairville's
the clever and apt idea of a nomenclaturist ; Savigny's the
discovery of a philosopher. I have not happened to meet with,
in print, a distinctive character by which these supposed groups
can be separated. It is a dichotomous one. Like all dicho-
tomies, it consists of a positive and a negative. It is this: —
in the mandibulate classes the mandibles do, in the haustellate
classes the mandibles do not, move horizontally. It has no
reference to the possession of mandibles : all insects possess
mandibles. The food can never reach the cesojihagus M-ithout
passing through an intermediate space. Its passage through
this space is by suction ; the space is called the haustellum.
The butterfly and the beetle alike possess this haustellum ; it
varies only in length. Any difficulty in obtaining food, which
the bulk of the head and body may occasion, is provided for
by nature by an elongation of this haustellum. When, com-
bined with this difficulty, the food is solid, the mouth is placed
at the extremity of this haustellum, as in weevils. When the
food is liquid, the parts of the mouth itself are elongated, and,
united, form the haustellum, as in bees and butterflies. The
caterpillar eats solid substances ; its mouth is necessarily hard
for their mastication : the bulk of its head and body offer no
obstruction to its obtaining an ample supply of food; the
passage to the oesophagus is short. The butterfly subsists on

* Twv S' evTo^cav TO. wee ex"''''''* oSovras, ira^Kpaya eo'ri' ra 5e y\wTTay (xovov toIs
irygols TQecpsTui, irdvTodfv iKxv\i^uVTa Tat'iTT). Aristotle.

' This appears to have been the first division of this kind that is at all clearly
defined.

70 EXTERNAL ANATOMY OF INSFXITS.

fluids ; its mouth requires no hardness ; the bulk of its head
and body offers an obstruction to its obtaining a sufficient
supply of its food, which is generally concealed in the nectary
of flowers ; the passage to the oesophagus is lengthened, and
the difficulty overcome. The caterpillar produces the butter-
fly ; one is haustellate, the other mandibulate : they cannot be
placed in separate classes. The mouth sometimes varies as
much and as abruptly in the same insect in its different stages,
as in any two diflferent insects in their final stage. In others
it remains nearly the same, or gradually approaches its
perfection with every change of skin. In Orthopiera and
Hemlptera the latter is the case : in these classes, every
ecdijsis is a metamorphosis ; the food and economy undergo
no change, the organs therefore require none. Nature never
provides uselessly. Fabricius beautifully observes, that it is
the part of the wise man to study these things ; to observe,
record, and add them to the stores of science ; to weigh well
the mysteries of Nature, and trace the hand of a Creator in
the -w^onders of his creatures. Lamarck says, that each
peculiar form has been acquired by degrees," and by striving to
attain a particular object.'' He appears to have forgotten, that
if honey had been denied to the bee until its little mouth had
lengthened out into a thread-like tube, starvation and extinc-
tion of its race must have been the consequence. Kirby, in
reference to this, exclaims. It is grievous that this eminent
zoologist, who in other respects stands at the head of his

" La nature, dans toutes ses operations, ne pouvant proceder que graduelle-
ment, n'a pu produire tous les animaux a-la-fois : elle n'a d'abord forme que les
plus simples ; et passant de ceux-ci jusqu'au plus composes, elle a etabli suc-
cessivemcnt en eux differens systemes d'organes particuliers, les a multiplies, en
a augment^ de plus en plus I'^nergie, et, les cumuhint dans les plus parfaits, elle
a fait exister tous les animaux connus avcc I'organisation et les facult^s que nous
leur observons. — Lamarck. An. sans Vert.

^ Premiferement, quantite de fails connus prouvent que I'emploi soutenu d'un
organe concourt a son developpement, le fortifie, et I'agrandit meme ; tandis
qu'un defaut d'emploi, devenu habituel a I'^gard d'un organe, nuit a ses develop-
pemens, le deteriore, le reduit graduellement, et finit par le faire disparoitre, si
ce defaut d'emploi subsiste, pendant une longue duree, dans tous les individus
qui se succedent par la generation. On conyoit de la qu'un cbangement de
circonstances forgant les individus d'une race d'animaux a changer leur habitudes,
les organes moins employes d^perissent peu a pen, tandis que ceux qui le sont
davantage, se d6veloppent mieux et acquierent une vigueur et des dimensions
proportionnelles a I'emploi que ces individus en font liabitucllemunt. — Lamarck.
Phil. Zool.

EXTERNAL ANATOMY OF INSECTS. 71

science, should patronize notions so evidently absurd and
childish. Cuvier wisely remarks, that there is no proof that
the differences which at the present day distinguish animals
from each other can have been produced by circumstances.

Thirty years ago, in this country, we were so bound by the
fetters of the Linnsean system, that the mouth of insects was
never resorted to as likely to afford distinctive characters.
Our great writers in their generic descriptions make no allu-
sion to it. Marsham's^ Coleoptera, and Haworth's^ Lepi-
doptera, at this day the only continuous descriptive lists of
the species of whole classes that we possess, are dependent
for their principal characters on the antennae alone. At the
present time it is far otherwise. The value of the mouth, in
furnishing characters, is well known : its anatomy, therefore,
cannot be a matter devoid of interest.

The mouth of insects I have already traced to three
sections; the lips, the maxillae, and the mandibles. I am
now about to consider it in another light, as consisting of
seven primary parts, as under ; —

No. 1. (a) Labrum, or upper-lip, bearing inferiorly the («) Epipha-
RYNX, or valve.
2. (m) Labium, or lower-Up, bearing the (u) Labipalpi, or
labial-feelers, and, moreover, divided into : —
(m 1.) Insertio, or insertion, {stipes of MacLeay).
(u 2.) Labium, or true Up, {mentum of MacLeay).
(u 3.) Palpiger, or feeler-hearer,
(u 4.) LiGULA, or limh, (labium of MacLeay).
3 & 4. (?■) Mandibulte, or mandibles.

5 & 6. (o) Maxillae, or feeler-jaws, bearing the (o) Maxipalpi, or
maxillary -feeler, and the (o) Galea, or helmet,
and divided into : —
(o 1.) Insertio, or insertion.
(o 2.) Maxilla, or true feeler-jaw, j . , ,
(o 3.) VaIjVIFer, or maxillary feeler-

'i

, •^*' i stipes o^Kirhv.

bearer }

(o 4.) Lacinia, or blade.

7. (e) Lingua, or tongue, {hypopharynx of Savigny).

The whole of these parts are not equally developed. The

y ScarahcBus. Antennae clavatae, capitulo fissili. — Marsham.
* Papilio. Antennae versus apicem clavato-capitatae, in sectione ultima plus
minusve uncinatae. — Haworth.

7^ EXTERNAL ANATOMY OF INSECTS.

mode of their development affords cliaracters by which
classes are distinguished; the degree of their development,
and the variation of their form, those for subordinate divisions.
The diminution of a part until it escapes our notice is no
proof of its non-existence ; otherwise, the discovery of a part
by a highly-magnifying power might be termed its creation.
In the foregoing table, it will be seen that there are some parts
originating in, and totally dependent on, the others. These
are the feelers and galea ; which may be termed secondary
parts. Now secondary parts cannot exist without the pri-
mary parts which bear them. The presence of labial-feelers
ensures a labium; the presence of maxillary-feelers ensures a
maxilla. I feel considerable hesitation in considering the
tongue, or hypopharynx of Savigny, a primary part. It is,
however, of little moment what nominal value we may set on
it. Its importance is precisely that of the tongue in the human
mouth. It originates at the pJiarynx in common with the two
lips, and is a portion of the same section.

The situation of the mouth is commonly in the lower part
of the head, a little forward, calculated for feeding readily
while the head is naturally inclined ; it is bounded above
by that part of the skull called the clypeus, and below by
that part termed the mentum, from both of which it is per-
fectly distinct. I will now endeavour to trace the variations of
its parts.

The first part of the mouth is the Labrum, or upper lip.
Fabricius, in describing this part, is very inaccurate. He has
confounded it with the clypeus. He describes its variations in
different genera. He alludes in one genus to the clypeus, in
another to the labrum ; in a third he unites the two. You will
remark, it is never sutured to the skull ; it is always free, move-
able, and distinct. It unites with the lower-lip, and forms with
it a distinct section. It bears on its under side the Epipharynx.
It is usually an osseous piece, freely articulated to the clypeuSy
and originating below and within it. It is of variable shape ;
never palpigerous ; and it serves as a cover to the other parts
of the mouth. In Lepidoptera, the upper-lip is an unimportant
part, and appears to have escaped the notice of naturalists,
until detected by the accurate Savigny. "^ It is a thin flat scale-

* On voit d'abord que la levre superieure doit etre tres petite et tres peu
apparente ; elle est mince, membraneuse, quelquefois demicirculaire, mais le plus

EXTERNAL ANATOMY OF INSECTS. 73

like piece, projecting but little beyond the chjpeus. It is
generally pointed ; and its under surface or epipharynx is
formed to fit exactly the aperture at the base of the feeler-jaws.
It has thus partially the power of a piston, and assists in draw-
ing fluids through the tube formed by the united feeler-jaws.
In Diptera, the parts of the mouth are generally very obscure ;
but when a peculiar mode of feeding requires active exercise,
you will find they are called into very obvious existence, and
each becomes fully developed. The Diptera, like the Le2n-
doptera, live principally by suction ; but unlike them, have
frequently to pierce the cuticle of the object, the juices of which
they seek to extract. This operation calls into action organs
which were dormant in the honey-sucking butterflies. The
blood-suckers among T>iptera offer the best examples of a
developed mouth. The upper-lip is large, long and sharp-
pointed in Tahaniisy In Culex, it is longer still, and more
slender. If equal development of the primary parts constitutes
perfection in the mouth of insects, then Tabamis and Culex
may be said to possess perfect mouths. In these the primary
parts are equally developed. In Sphceromias, and other nearly
allied genera, you will find the upper-lip deeply grooved be-
neath, and partially receiving the other organs, as in Hemip-
tera. In lihyphus, it has a tendency to the same form. In
the AsiUtes, it is plain, stiff", and but half the length of the
other organs. In the Empites it is long, and forms the outer
cover of the beak of these insects. In Medeterus, if I have not
mistaken, it is palmate ; the central lobe being longest, the
next to it next in length, and the external ones shortest. In
(JEstrus, the labrum and whole mouth have disappeared.
Clark, in his valuable Essay on the Bots of Horses, speaks of
the mouth of GEstrtts as a simple aperture f thus implying the
existence of a pharynx ; I confess I have not found it. Des-
voidy appears to have a new theory regarding the mouths of
Diptera. If it prove correct, nearly all the received nomen-
clature must fall.*^ In Hymenoptera the upper-li]) is short,

souvent allongee en pointe, appliqu^e contre la base de la trompe et regue dans la
suture moyenne de maniere a fermer exactement le leger ^cartement qui se
trouve entre ses deux filets. — Savigny.

^ In Plate VI. is represented the mouth of Tahanus hovinus.

= Os, apertura simplex, neque ullo modo exertura.— C/ar/r.

■* La trompe (proboscis) des Dipt^res, selon moi, n'est point formee par la
NO. I. VOL. II. L

74 EXTERNAL ANATOMY OF INSECTS.

solid, bony, and somewhat quadrate. Unlike the same part
in Diptera, it cannot be bent without injury. It either retains
the bend or it breaks. It is not always visible externally.
In the bee it is conspicuous : in the wasp it is hidden by the
clypeus. In Coleoptera it retains a similar character. It
varies much in development. The Scarabceites have the upper-
lip small. I cannot consider, with Olivier, that it is in any case
absolutely wanting,^ although the great stag-beetle is almost
without it. In these orders^ the cJjjpens supplies its place :
whence the error of Fabricius in confounding the two. in the
rapacious beetles it is large. In Anthia and Cicindela it is
very conspicuous. In all water-beetles it is fully developed ;
the difference in their economy does not affect it.s In Orthop-
iera its character continues the same, its relative size larger.
In Hemiptera it has changed. It continues rigid, and is
injured by bending : but it is longer and more pointed than in
the three preceding classes. It is grooved to receive the
labium, and is the only part of the mouth that is detached.
IxPlssus it is sharper than a needle. In the other Cicadites
it is more obtuse. In the Cimicites, again, it is sharp ; and the
same in the Nepites. The mouth in Neuroptera has no com-
mon character. Neuropterous orders, with the exception of the
central one, Libellulites}^ assimilate in all their characters to
the classes to which they approach. I cannot, therefore, detail

levre inferieure, comme celle des Hymenopteres, mais par les machoires. Dans
les Myodaires, elle est ordinairement membraneuse, quelquefois solides et
triarticulee. La base est enveloppee par la base de la levre inferieure, dont les
deux palpes sont toujours developpees, et qui se prolonge en deux supports
lateraux et ordinairement solides. Le corps de la trompe se prolonge en una
gaine, terminee par des levres menibraneuses dues a des trach^es tres developpees,
et par des palpes qui peuvent etre solides. Elle renferme deux filets allonges
qui torment le sucoir et qui representent les mandibules. La piece plus ou
moins solides qui se prolonge sur la rainure de la trompe est le labre ou la levre
superieure. — Desvoidy.

^ Les Scarabies qui ont des mandibules, et qui n'ont point de levre supe-
rieure.— Olivier.

•" Scarabceites and Lucanites.

g In water beetles the dypetis is never distinct.

^ La labre demi-circulaire voute ; deux mandibules ecailleuses, tres fortes et
tres dentees ; des machoires termin6es par une pi&ce de la meme consistance,
dent6e, epineuse et ciliee au cote iuterieur, avec une palpe d'un seul article,
applique sur le dos, et imitant la gal^te des Orthopteres, une levre grande, voutee,
a trois feuillets, et dont les lateraux sont des palpes ; une sorte d'epiglotte ou de
langue vesiculaire et longitudinale dans I'interieur de leur bouche. — Latrcille.

EXTERNAL ANATOMY OF INSECTS. tO

their peculiarities. To describe a single order would be merely
to mislead ; to describe all would be extending my letter to an
unreasonable length.

The LABIUM or lower lip corresponds with the upper lip.
It occupies the same situation below the jaws that the upper
lip holds above them. The upper and lower lips therefore close
the mouth vertically. There is no part of the mouth con-
cerning which writers are so little agreed as this. The difficulty
has arisen in two ways ; — first, from the number of its parts ;
secondly, from the propinquity of similar parts. The lower
lip is a compound and somewhat complicated organ. Every
one has seen this ; and every one has been desirous of applying
some name to each of its parts. The next organ above it is
the tongue ,- the next part below it is the mentum. It is not
much to be wondered at that entomologists finding these three
names — finding three very distinct parts in the lip — and
moreover, very frequently finding no distinct tongue or mentum,
should have applied the three names, tongue, lip, and mentum
to the three most conspicuous and manifest divisions of the lip.
The name mentum was given by Reaumur. Now the names of
Reaumur impose no law : did they, half our present nomencla-
ture must be abandoned. Latreille has, however, decided on
retaining the name, and has applied it to the part of the throat
immediately adjoining the mouth. The lower lip is divisible
into four portions : — the Insertio or insertion ; the Labium of
Fabricius, or true lip ; the Paljnger ov feeler-hearer ; and the
Ligula of Fabricius, or limb. Of these, the palpiger appears
to be now noticed for the first time. The insertion is precisely
what the name implies ; it is, in fact, the root by which the lip
holds. It is always, in a greater or less degree, concealed
by the mentum. Savigny has called it support and inser-
tion. MacLeay, it will be seen, has named it stipes; — a name
not inapplicable to the particular instances in which he figures
it. The true labium is the second part : it is thus named b\
Fabricius, and has since been erroneously termed the mentum
by most modern entomologists. The pmlpiger, or feeler-bearer,
is situated above the disk, and is very often confounded with it.
It seems generally to be a mere fleshy fold, between the lip and
the ligula, but is occasionally thrust out far beyond the lip,
and assumes the appearance of a ligula. In these instances it
is easily detected by the feelers which it bears on its. summit.

76 EXTERNAL ANATOMY OF INSECTS.

The feeler-bearer is seldom elongated without a similar elonga-
tion of the Ugula. The ligula, or limb, is the fourth and ter-
minal portion of the lip ; its names have been most numerous.
Its variations in form are very striking, and afford excellent
generic characters. The two lips are united at their base.
The nearer we can approach to a perfect tetrapterous hexapod,
the more clearly will this be demonstrated. The type' of a
tetrapterous hexapod we may yet be unacquainted with. Such
a type must exhibit each organ fully developed. Our large
dragon-flies are the nearest approach we know of to full and
equal development of principal primary organs ; in these we
clearly perceive that the two lips are but a single piece, of
which the central portion is flexible and fleshy, and perforated
by a circular aperture, known as the pharynx. Let us now
trace the variations of the lower lip.

In Lepidoptera, the lower lip is usually a triangular piece,
the base of which is closely united to the inferior region of the
skull. '^ Its surface is uniform, and its divisions obscure. Its
apex is generally acute, and terminated by a single point : yet
sometimes, as in Amaryssus,^ it is bidentate. The labial-
feelers arise from it in nearly an erect position, one on each
side of the feeler-jaws, which form a small ring between them.
Although obscure, the divisions of the lip are manifest under a
good glass. The genus Ino, of Leach, exhibits very evident
lines across it, which show with sufficient accuracy the limits
of each division. The margin of the insertion rises to a level
with the anterior margin of the mentum. The labium is a
narrow arcuate piece, situated above this, and bordering
the insertion of the feelers. The feeler-hearer is another
narrow piece, whose margins, centrally, are nearly connate, late-
rally dilated for the reception of the feeler. The Ugula is
very considerably larger than the other divisions of the lip : it
is triangular, with a very acute apex. The feelers in this
genus, as figured by Savigny, exhibit a basal joint, in addition

' By the word type I would imply the perfection of a peculiar kind. Hex-
apods, approaching spiders, or Ametohola, for instance, would be departures from
types.

^ Je dirai peu de choses de la levre inferieure : elle consiste en un simple
plaque triangulaire, ordinairement ecailleuse, unie par une membrane aux deux
tiges des machoires, et supportant k sa base les deux palpes que tout le monde
connait. — Savigny.

' Papilio Machaon. — Lin.

EXTERNAL ANATOMY OF INSECTS. < /

to the two usually described. The apex of the ligula, and the
form of the articulations of the feeler, seem to be the only por-
tions of the lip in this class that are likely to be available for
generic distinctions.

In Diptera, the lower lip is the largest and most conspi-
cuous portion of the mouth. It is the organ known to every
one, with which the busy house-fly attacks our sweets. It is
not unfrequently termed the i^roboscis of the fly, a term,
however, applied by Meigen to the united mouth of Culex.^
Desvoidy, as already stated, has another idea about the ana-
tomy of this organ. The ligula of Hymenoptera, shortly to
be noticed, appears to have a precise analogue in the incrassated
bilobed termination of the lip o^ Dipiera. Immediately below
this, in the genus Tabamis and some neighbouring groups,
may be seen on each side of the lip a pilose excrescence.
Savigny considers this the labial-feeler. It is the very situation
in which analogy will lead us to look for this organ ; and the
idea that it is such is, consequently, far from improbable. I have,
with great pains, sought for some character, whereby I might
with confidence confirm Savigny's opinion, but have been un-
successful : there appears no trace of articulation. By a careful
examination, and frequently turning the object in the light
while the eye is fixed on it, a nearly direct line will be seen
crossing the lip immediately below these excrescences, thus
separating, as I conjecture, the feeler - bearer from the true
labium. The insertion is distinct ; it has been noticed and
figured by Savigny and others. The divisions of the lip are
more prominent in Empis, Stomyxis, Rhingia, &c. than in
Tab anil s ; yet still sufficiently indistinct, and scarcely to be
recorded with certainty. The conspicuous presence of four
divisions in the lip of Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, Orthoptera,
and Hemiptera, led me to expect them in Lepidoptera and
Diptera. Let me not influence the judgment of others. I
have satisfied myself by patient investigation : I hope my
fellow-labourers will do the same. With the exception of the
ligula, the lip of Diptera affords but few characters for generic
descriptions.

We now arrive at the Hymenoptera. Here the lower lip
reaches its maximum. Let us examine the mouth oi Bombiis,
the humble-bee. This mouth, if neatly spread out, presents

" Culex. Proboscis porrecta, longitudine thoracis. — Meigen.

78 EXTERNAL ANATOMY OF INSECTS.

US with the branching appearance of a little tree. Let us part
off the outer branches, right and left : these branches are the
feeler-jaws, to be noticed presently. After the removal of
these, we find a long stalk or stem. At its base is a portion,
very distinct, of a triangular form, with the apex pointing
downwards. To the interior of this triangle the feeler-jaws are
very firmly attached, and are with difficulty removed without
carrying it with them. From the base of this triangle, which
you will recollect is looking upwards, rises the true lip, a long
slender piece with nearly parallel sides : near its summit a
distinct and tolerably direct line crosses it ; this line terminates
the true lip : above it is the feeler-bearer. From each side of
the feeler-bearer spring the feelers ; throughout this order
very elongate and conspicuous. From the summit of the
feeler-bearer rises the Ugiila,^ trilobed ; each lobe is distinct
to the very base ; the lateral ones are called 'paraglosscB^ a
name that appears redundant, unless it could be carried
through all the orders of this and the two following classes.
In Nomada the lip is broad, the central lobe of the Vigula
large and moderately long ; the lateral lobes small, and very
acute. The labial-feelers are distinctly quadriarticulate, and
longer than the central lobe of the ligxila. In Saropoda the
lip is similar, the feelers indistinctly articulated ; and these,
together with the central lobe of the ligiila, much more elon-
gate. In Bomhus the central lobe of the ligula is much longer
than the feelers. In Melecta the lip is longer than the Ugida.
In Ccelioxys rtifescens ° the ligida, in its central lobe, is much
shorter than the feelers ; its lateral lobes are rudimental. In
Osmia the central lobe of the /igttla is nearly three times the
length of the lip, and twice the length of the feelers ; still the
lateral lobes are very minute. In Anthidiiim vianicotum the
central lobe of the ligula and the feelers are exactly of a length ;
the lateral lobes of the ligula are thin, short, and scale-like.
In Andrena, Halictvs, Dasypoda, Colletes, Hylceus, and
Spkecodes,^ the ligttla is not a quarter of the length of the lip.

» Ligula. This is the part considered by many authors as the lower lip. —
Samouelle.

° An insect common in the south of England, but one which I think has not
found its way into our British lists.

p Sphecodes ?/wnilicor7iis excepted ; which will probably form a new genus, or
be removed from this.

EXTERNAL ANATOMY OF INSECTS. 79

In these instances it is quadrifid. Leaving the bees, we shall
find the ligula in Odynerus, Eumenes, and Epijjone, elongate
and quadrifid ; the feelers also differ essentially from those of the
bees, in being situated considerably below the union of the lobes
of the ligula. The lips of fossorial Hymenoptera are shorter
than those of the foregoing ; the ligula is usually short, obtuse,
and bifid ; the feeler-bearer variously developed, and the feelers
much longer in proportion. The Ichneumonites, and other pa-
rasites, are very similar ; the tongue being generally bifid and
much shorter than the feelers. Lastly, in the Tenthredinites,
we find distinctly trilobed ItgulcB, short lip, and long feelers.

In Coleoptera the lip is reduced in length, but in all
other respects it is very close to that of Hymenoptera.
Latreille gives the name of labitim to the whole lower lip in
Coleoptera. MacLeay calls the same part mentum; but,
reluctant to relinquish the Fabrician term, labium, has ap-
plied it to the ligula. Kirbyi calls the whole lip, labium,
but follows MacLeay in the nomenclature of its parts.
Curtis, whose beautiful work, entitled " British Entomology,"
is known to every entomologist in this country, follows the
nomenclature"^ of MacLeay. The labial feelers of Coleop-
tera are four-jointed. The basal joint is very various in its
development. This circumstance is a fruitful source of con-
fusion. The ligula originates at or near the pharynx. It
extends along the inner surface of the lip, to which it is closely
attached, and stretches beyond it. The produced portion
being in the nomenclature of Fabricius, the limb of the lip,
and sometimes the ligula, is the only part available for cha-
racters. The feeler-bearer in the lip of Coleoptera is soft and
fleshy, and is remarkable for the variety of its development;
and the feelers are attached to it by a loose and flexible arti-
culation. Now, this being the case, you will observe, that
the elongation of the ligula is very likely to afTect the position
of organs so situated. Let us examine this. In Cicindela
the lip has three lobes; the central acute, the lateral ones
obtuse. In the spaces between these are situated the feelers ;
there is no produced feeler-bearer, nor ligula. We will next

1 In the Coleoptera only I speak of. The labium of Coleoptera is, in Kirby's
nomenclature, the lingua of Hymenoptera. In Orthoptera and Neuroptera I am not
competent to offer any explanation of this author's nomenclature of these parts.

"■ In the majority of the Coleoptera. In the other classes there is but little
uniformity in the nomenclature of parts.

80 EXTERNAL ANATOMY OF INSECTS.

examine Cychrus. The middle lobe of the lip seems to be
completely cut away; and the feeler-bearer appears in its
place, with a pair of closely-approximating feelers rising from
its summit. Turn the other surface of the lip, and apply
a good lens : you will find the tiilobed ligida, minute indeed,
but beautifully distinct; the lateral lobes being rather longer
than the central lobe, and termed by Latreille pnraglossce.
Blethisa and Nehria present a vei-y similar structure, except
in the central lobe of the Ugula, which in these is large and
somewhat rounded. In Helobia the central lobe has a central
tooth. In the Harpalidce and Scnritidcc, the Ugula is
generally more produced; and the feeler-bearer and feelers
are carried with it. In Licinus, the lip and its appendages
are similar to those of Cychrus. You will find the same
similarity in the feeler-jaw and its appendages. In the Dtj-
tiscites no great difference appears ; the lateral lobes of the
Ugula are however mostly obsolete. In the HydrophiUtes
the lip is less indented than in predaceous beetles ; the Ugula
is frequently bilobed, and the feelers appear to lose one
joint by the second being received into a cup formed by the
first. In Hydrous, the feeler-bearer appears obsolete ; and
the insertion of the feelers behind the lip actually swells out
the portions of its margin, behind which it enters. In Parmis,
supposed to be nearly related to Hydrous, the feeler-bearer
and feelers project far beyond the lip. In Tetratoma, and Cis,
the feeler-bearer is raised, but the Ugula is concealed. In
Leiodes all the four parts are distinctly developed. In Trox,
the insertion is peculiarly prominent; and still more remarkably
so in Acanthocerus.^ In the vast order, CurcuUonites, I find
the feeler-bearer very prominent and elongate ; yet the Ugula
is mostly obsolete or concealed. In Curtis's figure of Mono-
nychus there appears to be a distinct Ugula; — I have never
investigated the mouth of this genus. It seems a general
character of the order, that the feeler-bearer should be promi-
nent and elongate, the feelers approximate, placed at its
summit, and occupying the usual situation of the Ugula. In
the Cerambiciles, the four parts of the lip are very distinct :
in Saperda, and Hematicherus, particularly so. The remaining

» Mentum quasi e duplici parte formatum, alia apiculi cordata ad basin,
truncata, carinata, margine antico emarginato, lateribus rotundatis, elevatis ;
altera prioris stipite transversa, concava, mai'giiie antico recto, lineari. — MacLeay.

EXTERNAL ANATOMY OF INSECTS. 81

orders of Coleoptera exhibit many variations in the parts of
this oi'gan, but mostly analogous to those described.

In OrtJioptera, the lip has the same development as in Cole-
optera, but the ligula is much more produced. It is divided
into four lobes, somewhat palpiform. The common cock-roach
presents an instance of this. The feelers are four-jointed ; the
basal joint occasionally amalgamating with the feeler-bearer.

In Hemiptera the lower lip wraps itself round the mandi-
bles, &c., forming a sheath for them. It is four - jointed.
Savigny considers the basal joint to be the true lip,* if I com-
prehend rightly his meaning. Latreille, in his last work, still
treats of the lower lip as a quadri-articulate sucker, assigning
no names to the articulations. I suppose the four joints to
be analogous to the insertion, labium, feeler - bearer, and
limb, observable in Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, and OrtJiop-
tera. Savigny has figured what he considers the feelers of
Hemiptera, on the part which I have called the feeler-bearer.
Willing as I must be to prove the correctness of this idea, I am
compelled in fairness to admit that I have never made them
out to my own satisfaction. The lower lip in Hemiptera
varies scarcely at all, except in length. In the Linnaean genus,
Aphis, several instances occur of its being twice as long as the
body, passing beneath it, and projecting beyond it, like a tail.

In the larvae of the Libellulites the lower lip has a most
wonderful development, and all its parts are very conspicuous ;
the insertion is short, but distinct; the labium is long, stout,
and incrassated externally ; the feeler-bearer is still more deve-
loped, in JEschna, it is full half an inch in length, and divided
into two lobes ; the feelers are prehensile and mandibuliform ;
in fact, much resembling the mandibles of Cicindela; the
ligula is a thin plate spread over the interior surface of the
feeler-bearer, and filling up the space which occurs between
its lobes. The most remarkable character of this extraor-
dinary lip is its articulation. The labium is so freely articu-
lated to the insertion that it is capable of being bent under
the body of the insect reaching to the metacoxa. The articu-
lation of the feeler-bearer to the labium is of the same kind ;
while the latter is bent below the insect, the former is
directed forwards, and reaches to the front of the mouth ;

« Elle (la l6vre inf^rieure) est composee de quatre articulations, dont la
premiere repr^sente la ganache des Coleopteres et des OrthoptSres. — Savigny.
NO. I. VOL. II, M

82

EXTERNAL ANATOMY OF INSECTS.

tl)e two joints thus reposing in parallel lines. The lower Hp
is the organ with which this ferocious larva seizes its prey.
The perfect dragon-fly has also a singular development of the
labial feelers : the lip itself is however little different from
that of Lepidoptera ; but the broad mandibuliform feelers
are evidently used as organs of prehension and detention of
their living prey, as I have often observed on feeding these in-
satiable creatures with flies whilst holding them by the wings.
Raphid'ia displays the three lower parts of the lip in equal
development ; the ligxda is concealed behind the feeler-bearer.
Next in order come the Maxilla, or feeler-jaws ; they
are situated in the lower part of the mouth, one on each side,
immediately above the lower lip, and below the mandibles,
from which they may be instantly distinguished by constantly
bearing the maxipalpn, or maxillary feelers. This distinction
is so evident and unvarying, that I hope I shall be pardoned
for applying to them the term, feeler-jaws ; a term rather
uncouth, I admit, yet I think also very distinctive and descrip-
tive. The word maxillcs appears to offer no other translation
than simply jaws, which would not sufficiently distinguish
these organs from the mandibles. The feeler-jaws are less
liable to variation than any other part of the mouth." Their
variations are therefore most important. Fabricius, Latreille,
MacLeay, &c., have borne testimony to their value in affording
distinguishing characters. Each feeler-jaw is divisible into
four parts, the iiisertio, maxilla or disk, jialpifer,^ and lacinia.
Straus-Diirckheim has the merit of first distinguishing these.^

" Maxillam constantissimum invenimus, vix in congeneribus aberrat. —
Fabrichis.

Piece palpijere of Straus-Diirckheim.

^ Chez les Melolontha le corps de la niachoire est forme de quatre pieces,
mobiles les unes sur les autres, mais qui n'ont point encore ete decrites. L'une
d'entre elles fixe la machoire sur la basilaire : c'est une piece i peu pres
trapezoi'de, portant a son petit cote parallele un condyle articulaire, qui penetre
dans la cavite cotyloide interne qu'on remarque sur I'apophyse anterieure de la
basilaire. De ce point d'articulation cette premiere piece se porte transversale-
ment en dehors, et va s'unir par son bord oppos^ aux autres pieces du corps de
la machoire, d'ou je lui donne le nom de Brancke transverse.— La piece Dorsale
des machoires est chez tons les coleopteres une plaque presque plane, en triangle
isoc6le; elle est unie par son petit cote a. la branche transverse, et de cette arti-
culation elle se porte en avant et determine la direction de la partie principale
du corps de la machoire, dont elle occupe la face externe. Par son bord interne
cette seconde piece s'articule lineairement avec une troisieme, placee a la face
inferieure de la machoire, et que je nomme V Inter maxillaire, et son bord externe

EXTERNAL ANATOMY OF INSECTS. 83

The insertion is almost invariably concealed. Savigny has
called it also support. Kirby, if I understand him rightly, has
denominated it the cardo, or hinge J The disk onA feeler-
bearer are commonly two pieces running nearly parallel with
each other ; the former occupying the front, the latter the back
of the jaws. It has unfortunately happened, that Straus-
DUrckheim has selected for his dissections an insect, in which
the situation and proportions of these two parts are very
unusual, whence, in different formations, his names appear
rather defective. The iialpifer bears on its back the
maxipalpns, or maxillary feeler. The fourth part is the
lacinia, or blade. It is called by Savigny, lame ; by Straus-
Diirckheim, intermaxillaire ; by Latreille, internal lobe; by
MacLeay, lacinia. It is certainly the lacinia of Fabricius,
as applied to a butterfly. United to the back of the blade, is
the galea or lobe, a part exceedingly variable ; sometimes
bearing the appearance of a true feeler, and sometimes being
wholly obsolete. It has been called, in the Carabifes, the
internal feeler; in the Scarabceites, the outer lobe of the
feeler-jaw.^ The name galea was given to it by Fabricius.
This writer also treated of it as an inner maxipalpus. In
Lepidoptera, the insertion of the feeler-jaws offers nothing

s'articule avec la quatrieme, que j'appelle la pi&ce Palpifere. L'T?iiermoj:iUaire
occupe comme nous venons de le dire la face inf6rieure de la machoire, et forme
en meme temps son bord interne : elle se prolonge peu au-dela de la piece
dorsale, et forme en dessous une large plaque allongee, qui s'etend vers le milieu
de son bord interne en une longue apopbyse dentiforme, dirig^e obliquement en
avant et en dedans. L'intermaxillaire s'articule en dehors avec la dorsale ; a
cot^ de son apopbyse, avec Tangle interne de la piece palpifere ; a son bord
interne elle est liee par un espece membraneux avec la galea ; enfin, son bord
posterieur se continue avec le pharynx. La piece Palpifere occupe la face sup^-
rieure de la machoire, et se trouve contigue a la mandibule. C'est une grande
plaque, a peu pres triangulaire, articulee par son bord externa avec la piece
dorsale ; par I'ant^rieur avec la galea ; par Tangle interne avec Tintermaxillaire;
et enfin son bord posterieur se continue avec le pharynx. Cette pi^ce forme
ainsi avec la dorsale et Tintermaxillaire une chambi-e ouverte, d'une part, du c6t6
de la branche transverse, par oii elle communique avec la cavite de la tete, et,
d'une autre, avec le galea. Sur Tangle antero-externe de cette piece est arti-
cule le palpe, qui forme le principal appendice de la machoire. — Straus-Durckheim.

7 At their base they articulate with a piece more or less triangular, which I
call the hinge (cardo.) This, on its inner side, is often elongated towards the
interior of the base of the labium, to which it is probably attached. This elongate
process of the hinge in Jpis, Bomhus, &c., appears a separate articulation : and
the two together form an angle upon which the mentum sits, and by this the
maxilla acts upon the labial apparatus. — Kirby.

^ C'est une/ rosse piece mobile qui termine la machoire. — Slraiis-Duickheim.

84 EXTERNAL ANATOMY OF INSECTS.

worthy of remark. The disk and feeler-bearer are closely
connected, the suture uniting them being obliquely longitu-
dinal. In treating of these parts, 1 believe it will be better to
consider them but as one. Their distinctness is more clearly
to be discerned from actual examination of the objects them-
selves, and from the accurate plates of Straus-Diirckheim,
Savigny, &c., than from any verbal description. The blade is
long, slender, pliable, and capable of rolling up like an Ionic
volute, or the main-spring of a watch. This is a principal cha-
racter of the class. When at rest, the blade appears to be a
small ring, and is situated between the labial feelers. Each
blade, when examined, is found to be externally convex,
internally concave ; so that the two, united together in front,
form a tube. Through this tube, the honey of flowers is drawn.
Each blade is also in itself a tube. The organ formed by
the union of the two is very elastic ; and, if artificially drawn
out to its full length, will, on being loosed, instantly return
to its natural position. The maxillary feelers are by no means
a prominent portion in the mouths of Lepidoptera. They
are situated one on the feeler - bearer of each feeler -jaw.
Reaumur, a hundred years ago, noticed the maxillary feelers of
Lepidoptera,^ and figured them very accurately ; but Savigny
appears to have been the first scientifically to ascertain their
identity. Though not prominent, they afford the best charac-
ters for dividing this class that we at present possess. The
galea, or helmet, is still undiscovered. In the Sp/iingites
I find no feeler: I conclude, therefore, it is nearly obsolete.
In Zygcena, Ino, Glaucopis, Pyrausta, and all the Pyr allies
and Crambites, it is distinctly visible, generally without a glass,
and appears to be typically three-jointed. In the Tortricites
and Tineites the maxillary feelers are less distinct, but always
present. In the Noctuites they are small and two-jointed.
In the Geometrites they are still less conspicuous. In the
Papiliotiites, less still : in Amaryssus Machaon, obsolete.*"

" Dans la figure on peut remarquer deux barbes plus ecartees I'une de I'autre
que ne le sont communenient celles des autres papillons : deux filets places entre
les barbes, et diriges dans un sens contraire a celui oti les barbes le sont. —
Riaiivmr.

^ Savigny's figure of tbe maxillary feeler in Amaryssus MacJiaon represents
rather the site of the feeler, than the feeler itself. I have hunted for it in vain
in the specimens I have dissected.

EXTERNAL ANATOMY OF INSECTS. 85

The blade of the feeler-jaw, in the class Lepidoptera, appears
to vary only in length.

In Diptera, the feeler-jaws are generally of about equal length
with the upper lip and mandibles, but are shorter than the lower
lip. They are straight, sharp-pointed, and lancet-like. It does
not appear that they are generally tubular. The insertion of the
feeler-jaws in Diptera presents little worthy of notice. The
disk and feeler-bearer are two small pieces, placed above each
other ; from the latter proceeds a feeler with from two to five
articulations. The blade is the long sharp-pointed part. The
helmet is apparently obsolete. The feeler-jaws fluctuate greatly
in their development in the various orders and families of
Diptera. Curtis, in the work already alluded to, denies
their existence in many genera, yet figures the maxillary
feelers. This is not reconcilable with the idea of the feelers
being secondary parts, or with their name, maxillary. The
existence of the hand presupposes the existence of the arm.
The existence of the feeler presupposes the existence of the
part that bears it. I refer you to the genera Oxycera," Scato-
j)haga, Drapetis, Helcoinyza, Sepsis, Tyrophaga, Mede-
terus, See. &c. In two of these genera, Scatop/iaga and
Helcomyza, I find that the feeler springs from a short and
nearly quadrate piece, on which it is not placed quite perpen-
dicularly, but leans a little outwards, and to which it is joined
by a very evident suture. Is not this smaller basal joint of the
feeler the true feeler-jaw? The blade of the feeler-jaws varies
little excepting in length. The feelers vary in many particu-
lars : the variation in the number of their joints is worthy of
notice. In the Culicites they are long and five-jointed, the
central joint being the longest. In the Tiptdifes they are
short, and have five joints, all the joints being nearly equal in
length. In Bibio, and its congeners, nearly the same. In the
Tabanites, Asilites, Muscites, &c., they appear to be three-
jointed ; the basal joint short and indistinct ; the second more
slender, and rather longer ; the third stouter and longer than
either.

In Hymenop>tera we find a considerable change takes
place in the feeler-jaws. The bees appear to be the nearest

" Oxycera. Maxillae and mandibles none. Palpi short, linear, membranous
and compressed; thickened, opaque and pubescent at the apex. — Curtis.

«b EXTERNAL ANATOMY OF INSECTS.

approach to Diptera ; and on this account the examination of
their mouth is not unimportant. The insertion is a small
triangular piece, on which the disk and feeler-bearer are
seated. Their union is usually by a distinct longitudinal
suture. The feeler is slender, five or six-jointed, and situated
close to the base of the blade. The blade is long, slender,
flexible, and elastic ; it unites with the ligula, and labial-
feelers in forming a honey -sucking tube. In all these re-
spects, excepting the union with the ligula, the feeler-jaws
of the bees very closely resemble those of Lepidoptera. In
Nomada the feeler and the blade are of equal length. In
Saropoda the feeler is about one-fifth as long as the blade.
In Bombus it is scarcely one-fifteenth the length. In Mclecta
the disk and blade are of nearly equal length : the feeler is
about one-third their length. In Andrena, Halictus, Dasy-
poda, Colletes, Hylceus, and Sphecodes,^ the length of the
blade is much diminished. The division of the other parts is
in these genera much more manifest. Vespa, Odyneriis, &c.
display a greater change : in these the feeler is much longer
than the blade. In Hedycrum the feeler-bearer is longer
than the insertion and stalk together : the galea, or helmet,
also reappears in a large oval form ; the blade is short ; the
feeler is long.*^ Passing through the Fossores, the Pupivora,
and the Tenthrediniles, we arrive very nearly at the mouth of
Coleoptera. In all these the helmet of the feeler-jaw is present
under some of its various modifications : it is the terminal
portion, and its variations are of the greatest importance as
distinguishing characters.

In Coleoptera, the feeler-jaws have assumed much more the
appearance of the mandibles, than in any class through which
we have traced them. Still it is far from certain whether they
are, even in this class, employed for mastication. Kirby has ex-
cellently suggested that, under their present form, they are the
holders or retainers of the food, while the mandibles are em-
ployed in masticating it. Their form and situation certainly
favour this idea. Dumeril supposes they also assist in masti-
cation, f The insertion of the feeler-jaw in this class is but

^ With the exception of S. monilicornis, before noticed.

^ The description is from the dissections of Hedychrum in Curtis's British
Entomology.

' C'est avec les mandibules que Tinsectc coupe, arrachc ou retient les ahmens ;

EXTERNAL ANATOMY OF INSECTS. 87

little conspicuous : the disk is an important and considerable
part ; the feeler-bearer, usually a small lobe, something resem-
bling a basal joint ; and the blade long and large, frequently
with a sharp-pointed incurved apex, and a ciliated internal
margin. The maxillary feelers in this class are constant and
conspicuous, s They are usually composed of four distinct
joints,'^ and possess great freedom of motion. GeofTroy not
unaptly compares the feelers to hands.' The helmet is also
present ; and in some of the carnivorous beetles is many-jointed,
and wears completely the appearance of a true feeler.'' Fabri-
cius considered it a true feeler in the carnivorous beetles.
Latreille, even in his latest work, disapproves of the general ap-
plication now made of the term to the same part, however different
its form. ' It seems strange that one who theorises so boldly
and successfully as Latreille has done, should hesitate in
acknowledging the obvious identity of the part in question.™
In the Cicindelites the feelers are long, four-jointed, and placed
on a round compact feeler-bearer, which precisely resembles a
fifth joint. The helmet is two-jointed, and longer than the
blade, which is incurved and very shai-p. In the Carabites,
the helmet is usually shorter than the blade. In the Dytis-
cites there is no essential difference. In Parnus, the helmet

tandis que les machoires recoupent, broient ou ^crasent la partie qui se trouve
comprise entre leur efforts. — Dumeril.

^ Les palpes paroissent destinees ^palper, a tatonner raliment, ^le toucher en
tous sens, pour reconnaitre ses qualites: aussi les voit-on continuellement en action
lorsque I'insecte manure. Dans beaucoup d'especes ils servent evidemnient a
redresser I'aliment, afin qu'il soient mieux saisi par les mandibules, dont I'office
est d'agir comme les dents incisives et laniaires cliez les mammiferes. — Dumeril.

•> There is, in all probability, a uniform number of articulations in the feelers
of the insects of every class. It is worthy of remark, that every new discovery in
natural history tends to harmonize phenomena previously at variance ; and adds
to, rather than subtracts from, the symmetry of the whole.

» Leur usage paroit etre de servir comme d'esp&ce de mains, pour retenir les
mati^res que mange I'insecte et qu'il tient a sa bouche. — Geoffroy.

^ La galea prend quelquefois la forme des palpes, ce qui a fait dire que certains
Coleopteres, tels que les Cicindela, avaient six palpes a la bouche : dans ce meme
genre il est forme de deux articles arrondis et fort allonges ; dans d'autres il n'en
a qu'un seul ; il est souvent termini par une grosse masse membraneuse, couverts
de polls touffus, et quelquefois il est entierement nu ; enfin les Cetonia sont entiere-
ment depourvus. — Straus- Durckheim.

1 Je ne saurais approuver M. Straus qui n'ayant pas egard a ces modifica-
tions, donne au galea une acception trop g^nerale. — Latreille.

■" See Plate V., and trace the helmet («) in Hymenopterous, Coleopterous,
and Orthopterous insects.

88 EXTERNAL ANATOMY OF INSECTS.

is a large, obtuse, exarticulate terminal lobe. In the Hydrophi-
Utes, the maxillary feelers are used as antennae ; they are
consequently very long : the helmet is a distinct obtuse lobe.
In the Scarabcsites, the feeler-jaws are soft, membranaceous,
and hairy ; the helmet is extremely pilose and indistinct. In
Lucanus the helmet is remarkable ; it is employed to draw up
sap into the mouth, and thus performs the office of a tongue.
In the Ceramby cites, CurcuUonites, &c. all the parts are
obvious ; their variations are very valuable in generic descrip-
tions. In Orthoptera, the parts and appendages of the feeler-
jaws are very fully developed. The helmet in this class appears
to have reached its maximum ; it is frequently, as in Acridium,
three-jointed : in Acheta, the common cricket, it consists of
two joints, the basal being the shortei-. In Hemiptera,'^ the
feeler-jaws undergo a complete change. Their appendages
are obsolete. Their blade is a slender hair, encased in the
under lip, already described ; » the pair being united, serrated,
and linguiform.

The MANDiBUL^ or mandihules constitute the fourth section
of the head. They are not situated, in tetrapterous hexapods,
more in front or further from the prothorax than the feeler-
jaws ; but in the apterous octopods they retain their position in
front, while the feeler-jaws, with their appendages, take up their
station immediately behind. The mandibles are situated above
the feeler-jaws and below the upper lip, one on each side the
mouth. It is worthy of remark, that the mandibles form a
striking exception to the rule which assigns to an insect, longi-
tudinally divided down the centre, two equal halves alike in all
their parts. The mandibles in those classes, in which they
possess the horizontal motion before alluded to, are almost
invariably different in the structure of their inner surface. My
attention was called to this in the first instance, by finding that

° In first dissecting the mouth of Hcviiptera, I had concluded, with the early
entomologists, that the long lances were never more than three in number. The
central filament, which I then supposed to be the tongue, is certainly, in some
Cimicites, divisible into two lacinite, which I presume correspond with the maxilltB
of other insects.

° Tous les auteurs out ecrit que le bee des Hemipteres contenait un sucoir
forme par trois soies. Le fait n'est pas exact; le sucoir des Hemipteres se
compose toujours de quatre soies, bien distinctes, c'est-el-dire, de deux man-
dihules et de deux machoires. Ces quatres pieces sont cornees, renflees a la
base, comprimees et armees de cils ou de dents tres aigues, lorsque les espdces
sont carnassieres. — Savigny.

EXTERNAL ANATOMY OF INSECTS. 89

the outlines occasionally given to illustrate genera, frequently
differed from my own dissections. Latreille, and several other
entomologists, have been fully aware of this discrepancy, which
is occasionally so great, that a figure, however accurate, of a
single mandible, will by no means characterise a genus. Every
description, therefore, taken from a single mandible, is faulty.
I am aware this will be found a sweeping censure ; but it ap-
pears to me nevertheless a sound one. The mandibles in all
these classes have denticulations or teeth more or less deve-
loped on their interior margins. It is to be observed, that the
mandibles are the maxillce by Linnaeus.? In Lejrkloptera
the mandibles are of a substance and size corresponding with
that of the upper lip.'i It does not appear that they perform
any office, or are possessed of any motion."^ In Diptera the
mandibles are elongate, pointed and lancet-like, and in most
respects, excepting the want of feelers, resemble the feeler-jaws.
They are now possessed of a decided motion, essentially diffe-
rent however from that of the mandibles of masticating insects.
Their motion is more of a vertical jerk, by which the insect
stabs them into the skin of the object which it attacks. The
precise character of the motion has not, however, been satis-
factorily ascertained. The variations of the mandibles in
Diptera are chiefly in size. In Hymenoptera the mandibles
are abbreviated, osseous, and masticatory. They now have a
distinct, free, and powerful horizontal motion, and, with the
feeler-jaws, close the mouth laterally. They are subject to
little variation throughout the class. In Coleoptera, the
mandibles are still more developed, forming by far the most
conspicuous part of the mouth. They do not so completely

•" Lucanus scutellatus : maxillis exsertis apice bifurcatis latera unidentatis. —
Linnaius.

^ Les mandibules sont d'une exiguete proportionee a celle de la l&vre supe-
rieure. Dans la plupart des especes elles paraissent k la loupe beaucoiip moins
grandes que les ecailles qui couvrent le chaperon : elles sont appuyees sur les
deux cotes de la trompe, et trop ecart^es pour pourvoir se toucher par leur
sommet. Leur mouvement est assez obscur et dans certains genres, comme
dans les Sphinx elles paroissent plutot soudees au chaperon qu'articulees ;
d'autrefois elles font corps avec la base de la levre superieure : elles sont
d'ailleurs cornees, tr^s lisses dessus et dessous, vides au dedans, tantot applaties,
tantot renflees, plus ou moins coniques; divergentes, parall^les ou convergentes;
pointues ou obtuses, suivant les genres, mais dans tous bordees de oils tr^s-fepais
sur leur tranchant intenevw:.— Savigny.

' See Plate VL figs 1, 2, 3, 4, i.
NO. I. VOL. II, N

90 EXTERNAI^ ANATOMY OF INSECTS.

close the mouth as in Hymenoptera; in some instances not
even uniting, except in defence/ In others, as the beautiful
Cicindelites, the mandibles cross each other in front of the
mouth. In others, the mandibles are at their edges soft and
flexible. This is particularly the case with those beetles whose
food is the pollen of flowers, as the Cetoniidcs.^ Another
family, Aphodiidce, " whose food is the recent excrement of
cattle, has a similar peculiarity. In Orthoptera, particularly
the locust tribes, the mandibles are osseous, large, and power-
ful. Marcel de Serres discovers, as he imagines, an analogy
between the teeth which arm the mandibles of Orthopteray
and those possessed by the mammiferous animals. He accord-
ingly names them incisive, canine and molary. Your readers
will be pleased by a reference to his paper.^ Though specu-
lative in ideas, it is rigidly accurate in facts. I am not disposed
to apply to annulose animals the anatomical terms employed
for the vertebrates, unless their propriety be at once manifest.^
In the present instance, moreover, the nomenclature of these
parts is not applicable to generic or other characters, and
therefore comes not within the compass of this essay. In
Hemiptera, they undergo a complete alteration ; and here, as
in Diptera, they are elongate, pointed, flexible, lancet-like, and
without the horizontal motion.

Lingua, or tongue. The tongue of insects is an organ but
little known. This arises, in some measure, from its being gene-
rally inconspicuous : and partly from the application of the names
Ligula, Lingua, Languetie, Langiie, Tongue, &c. to a part, which

' In Lucanus, the great Stag Beetle, more particularly ; this insect also em-
ploys his immense mandibles to pierce the tender bark of young trees. He
applies his antenna to the wound he has made, and if he finds that the sap flows,
he inserts the helmets of his feeler-jaws in the wound. He sucks up the sap as
it flows.

' Mandibulae compressae, tenues, lanceolatae, membrana subquadrata intus
aiictae, hujus latere externo producto et basi vix corneis vel corneis. — MacLeay.

" Mamlibulae clypeo obtutae, ad basin corncEe, deinde in laminam brevem,
compressam, dilatatam, coriaceam aut vix membranaccam productae. — MacLeay,

^ Annales du Museum, No. XIV. p. 56. Les dents des ulonates peuvent se
diviser comme celle des quadrupedes en incisives, en laniaires ou canines, et en
molaires. — Marcel de Serres.

7 Such terms as nose, ears, and hands have been applied to beetles ; do they
not tend rather to excite a smile, than convey a scientific idea ? I do not men-
tion this out of disrespect to the authors of such names, but to shew how very
widely fancy may lead us, if wc determine on providing analogies.

EXTERNAL ANATOMY OF INSECTS. 91

is in reality nothing more than the limb, or elongate process of
the under lip. The true tongue is the hypopharynx or lingtia
of Savigny. I cannot find it mentioned by Fabricius, except
as a seta in the mouth of Diptera. Cuvier first notices it as a
tongue in Orthoptera. Savigny clearly points it out in Diptera,
Hymenoptera, Orthoptera and Hemiptera. Our illustrious
countryman, Kirby, applies the term lingua to the right part in
Orthoptera, Hemiptera, and Neuroptera : but in Hy7nenoptera
and Coleoptera, he has given this name to the process of the
lower lip, already described as the ligula. In Diptera he has
declined naming it.^ Latreille, in his earlier works, calls this
part by various names ; but in his Cours d'Entomologie, he clearly
points out the true tongue, and laudably proposes that the last
name should be restricted to it. My ideas on the subject have
somewhat altered since I gave a cursory sketch of the mouth on
a former occasion. I am happy in being able thus to point out
my own error before the unthankful task has devolved on
another. Beautifully has De Geer observed, that the evil is
not very great, if further observation prove our old ideas to be
untenable ; we have then merely to remodel those ideas by the
result of the later observation.^ It ever has been, and may it
still continue to be, my endeavour to amend an error as soon as
I am aware of it. In Lepidoptera the tongue has never yet
been noticed. Latreille fancied, if I comprehend him rightly,
that it existed in the suture, uniting the feeler-jaws.*^ 1 have
observed, very near the pharynx, but a little below it in Sphinx
Ligustri, a small mammiform protuberance. This is so
exactly the site of the tongue in bees, that it seems wonderful
that the accurate Savigny should have overlooked it. I can

* See Plate VII. fig. 5, in the Introduction to Entomology.

^ Le mal n'est pas meme fort grand si par des nouvelles observations on
trouve s'^tre trompe dans ses id^es'; il n'y a lorsqu'a les changer selon le
resultat de ces observations ulterieurs. — De Geer.

^ Amongst these parts (of the mouth in Lepidoptera), there seems at first
sight no representative of the tongue ; but M. Latreille has advanced some very
ingenious, and, I think, satisfactory arguments, wrhich go to prove that this part,
at least the tongue, in Hymenoptera, has its analogue in the intermediate tube or
fistula formed by the union of the two maxilliB, and which conveys the fluid
aliment of this order to the pharynx. As in Diptera the maxilla? sometimes
merge in the labium, so here the tongue (as it were, divided longitudinally) merges
in the maxillce, — Kirby.

92 EXTERNAL ANATOMY OP INSECTS,

have no doubtf that this is the true tongue. In Diptera it is
elongate and sharp-pointed, and is the part so named in Curtis's
figures oi Anopheles andi Tabanus. In Hymenoptera it is shorter,
but still evident, particularly in the bees, as Eucera, &c. In
Coleoptera, it is still less prominent, and assimilates to its
Lepidopterous form already described. In Orthoptera it
increases in size, and in the common cock-roach very nearly
approaches the shape, appearance, and relative size of the human
tongue. In Locusta it is very large. In Hemiptera the
tongue is the central and generally the shortest organ of the
mouth : it has not, however, escaped the lynx-eyed researches
of Savigny and Leon-Dufour.

The next letter relates to the segments which bear the organs
of locomotion.

I am, &c.

Edward Newman.

Deptford, March 1, 1833.

P. S. — More than once, while this and the three remaining
letters have been waiting for publication, have I resolved on
suppressing them, and abandoning, to abler hands, the task I
have so rashly undertaken. As often has the kind, but I fear
ill-judged partiality of personal friends induced me to revise and
reserve them for publication. I too have reflected, that these
memoranda, trifling and imperfect as I know them to be, thrown
thus piece-meal into the great mass of human knowledge, would
not be altogether lost. The widow's mite M^as not unacceptable.
If each of us then does his best, let not his fellow-labourers judge
him too severely. Provided the continuation of this subject
proves to be against the judgment of your readers, I sincerely
hope they will express as much, and it shall be most cheer-
fully withdrawn.

My name stands alone as the author of these letters ;
their production, however, is a joint concern, and my part is
by far the least meritorious. There is, I am sure, in human
nature, a tendency to commend the effort to do well. Ours
has been, and is, and — unless required to be suspended — shall
be, an effort to do well. If then a kind approving thought
occur to even one of your readers, let it be given exclusively

PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA. 93

to my friend, whose skill as an engraver, aided by his intimate
knowledge of the subject, has mainly contributed to render
these pages intelligible. I may say with Marcel de Serres :
In this work I have no merit but that of generalizing. "=

Art. VII. — Essay on the Classification of Parasitic
Hymenoptera, ^c. By A. H. Haliday, Esq. M.A.

{Continued from Vol.1, page A9\,)

Of the Ichneumones of the Second Line, (Ichneumones adsciti,
Essenheck.)

Subgen I. — Aphidius.
Aphidius. Essenbeck. Fam. II.

Areola disci antica et cuhitalis interior confluentes : stigma
trigonurn: abdomen lanceolatum petiolatum vel subpetio-
latum : valvula centralis inermis : antennarum articulorunl
numerus varius mari auctus : palpi varii.

Areola magna irregularis disci fere ut in Ichneumonidibus genuinis
sita est, a eubitali exteriore ssepius equidem vix apice discreta ;
mox etiam limites postice sensim obliterati evanescunt in aliis,
areola ut in Trioxei penitus efFusa : antennarum vero norma in
singulis speciebus non adeo mutabilis ut ejus ratio prorsus negli-
genda sit, unius aut alterius artieuli incrementum facile patitur,
vel etiam plurium siquibus ille numerus viginti in universum
superet : abdominis segmentum dorsale secundum impressione
transversa bipartitum est, incisura ventrali secund^ ibidem pallido-
perlucente ; inde fit quod abdomen nunquam totum nigrum extat.
Quae semel monuisse satis sit.

Species quum ingenti copia, tum characterum subtilitate vel etiam
inconstantia implicitse, discrimen curatius locorum atque victus
ratione confirmatum postulant. Quee modo ut attingam non
tempus otium nee industria fiduciam praestitere. Satis habui
nonnuUas sectiones quarum ope forsitan ista multitudo commodius

' Dans ce travail je n'ai d'autre m^rite qui d'avoir generalise. — Marcel de
Serres.

94 riALIDAY ON

digeri possit, indiciis saltern levibus demonstrasse, exemplis per-
paucis vel singulis tantum ubique subjectis : in quse (opus sane
jejunum atque mancum) solertiorum animadversiones et addita-
menta solicite peto.

Tabula Synoptica Sectiomtm.

Aciileus'

pallidus Falcigeri.

i^ 3-articulati, ( thorace latius . . Pinicol^.
4-articu- ^ caput \ thoracis latitudine Triviales.

lati, ^2-articulati, f diinidiatus . . . Familiares,

lahiales f^cuUtus ( brevissimus . . . Exareolati.

3-articulati, t completae .... Serotini.

ala \ nullae Apteri.

2-articulati Brevipalpes.

Sectio I. — Falcigeri.

Caput vix thoracis latitudine rotundatum, postice magis coarctatum :
palpi maxillares 4-, labiales 3-articulati : mesothoracis scutum
lagve glabrum : stigma mediocre, areola completa ; abdomen
femince lanceolatum, mari brevius obovatum, petiolo linear! :
aculeus pallidus cuspidatus nonnihil decurvus.

Sp. 21. A. Crepidis. Fern. Petiolo imlido ante medium
dentato, aculeo decurvo in/erne angulafo, antennis 13-
articulatis. (Long. .09 — .12; alar. .16 — .20.)

Fern. — Luteo-ferrugineus, caput et thorax supra nigro-fusca : an-
tennae breviusculse concolores scapo lutescentes : alse fuscanas
stigmate in vivis luteo in exsiccatis piceo, radice et squamulis
fusco-piceis : pedes posteriores, nonnunquam antici quoque, femo-
rum et tibiarum latere externo tarsisque fuscis, tibiis basi luteis :
petiolus ante medium valide dentatus, fere ut in subgeneribus Trio-
nyche et Monoctono : segmenta intermedia abdominis lateribus vel
dorso toto infuscata : aculeus fere ut in Monoctono effictus dorso
infuscatus. — Mas, niger, antennae concolores 16-articulatEe : os
lutescens : pedes obscuriores quam femince, coxis posticis nigris :
abdomen piceum, petioli basi apiceque, segmento secundo medio
lutescentibus.

Variat. — Femina rarius antennis basi latius, pedibusque totis lutes-
centibus.

Habitat in Aphidibus Crepidis Tectorum.^ — (Mus. Soc. Ent.)

^ The Pucerons, containing this parasite, may be found adhering to the calyx -
scales of the Succory Hawk-weed.

PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA. 95

Sp. 22. A. constrictus. Fem. Petiolo gracili medio nodu-
loso, actdeo conico apice perparum dejlexo, antentiis
IG-articulatis. (Long. .09-. 12; alar. .16-.20.)

Bracon constrictus. Ess. B. M. V. 28. Sp. 44. Tab. II.
fig. 8.

Statura gracilior quam prsecedentis. — Fem. Pallide fiavus, capite et
thorace supra fuscis, postpectore nonnunquam infuscato : antennae
graciles fuscse basi flavescentes, rarius IS-articulatse : palpi prse-
longi : alse hyalinaj nervis dilute piceis, stigmate flavo, in exsic-
catis pallido, radice et squamulis stramineis : apex femorum et
tibiarum posteriorum latere externo, tarsorum undique fuscescens :
petiolus gracilior, quam prascedenti baud dentatus : abdominis
segmenta intermedia lateribus infuscata : aculeus longior et gra-
cilior quam illi, apice summo tantum leviter decurvo. — Mas, caput
et thorax nigra : palpi fusco-pallidi : antennae 1 S-articulatse nigrse :
alarum stigma dilute piceum in vivis lutescens, radix et squamulaa
picese : pedes luridi seu sordide lutescentes, posteriorum coxa^
basi, femora, tibiae medio tarsique apice infuscata ; abdomen
luridum fusco-nebulosum.

Habitat in Aphidibus Aceris Pseudoplatani,^ &c. — {Mus. Soc. Ent.)

SeCTIO II. PlNICOL^.

Caput valde oblatum thorace latins, oculis extantibus, fronte et
hypostomate latissimis : palpi maxillares 4-, labialis 3-articulati :
antennas femince circiter 20-articulatse, mari 25-articulatse (A.
adscitus autem cujus mares soli adsunt hunc numerum non
accedit) : mesothoracis scutum sulculis binis ordinariis parum
profundis, nonnunquam alio intermedio abbreviato et obsoletiore
impressum : alge latae stigmate latissimo trigono, areola completa.
Abomen femince oblongo-lanceolatum apice compressum, mari
brevius lineari-clavatum, petiolo postice dilatato : aculeus niger
hand decurvus.

Ova ponunt in Aphides lanigeras Conifer arum, autumno obvise.

Sp. 2S. A. pictus. Fem. Petiolo sensini incrassato aculeo
arcuatim ascendente. (Long. .17— .20; alar. .27.)

Fem. Luteus : antennae, oculi, macula verticis, margo occipitis,
tempora, liturse tres scuti cum scutello, metathorax et petiolus

'' The Pucerons infested by it turn white, and among such winged individuals
are occasionally found.

96 HALIDAY ON

nigri : mesothoracis scutum nitidum subtilissime punctulatum :
ala9 hyalinse nervis fuscis, stigmate fusco-ferrugineo, radice et
squamulis lutescentibus : pedes antici immaculati, intermedii
infuscati, postici fusci troclianteribus, femoribus subtus tibiisque
basi et apice sordide luteis : petiolus granulatus opacus a basi
inde fere sequaliter incrassatus, apice ipso vix latiore, tuberculis
ante medium sitis inconspicuis : abdomen valde elongatum apice
resupinatum, segmentis anterioribus dorsi infuscatis : aculeus
gracilis arcuatus ascendens, metatarsi postici fere diraidi^ longi-
tudine. — Mas, incognitus.

Habitat in Pinu sylvestri rarissime.

Sp. 24. A. pini. Fem. Petioli apice ohconico-dilatato,
stigmate latissimo, aculeo brevi obtuso, antennis nigris.
(Long. .15-. 18; alar. .27-.29.)

Fem. Niger, hypostomate et propectore luteo-pictis, mesothoracis
scuto opaco punctulatissimo, vel luteo lituris tribus efFusis nigris,
vel limbo tantum lutescente : caput latissimum : stigma quoque
adhuc latius quam in caeteris : alae hyalinas apice et substigmate
infumatae, stigmate nervisque fuscis, radice et squamulis stra-
mineis : pedum colores obscuriores quam in prsecedente, coxis
intermediis insuper infuscatis : petiolus basi constrictus, medio
tuberculatus, dehinc in apicem cito dilatatus inaequalis punctu-
latus : abdomen minus elongatum nigrum s. piceum, segmento
secundo medio, nonnunquam incisuris anterioribus quoque pal-
lidis : aculeus brevis latus obtusus, horizontalis aut suberectus. —
Mas, niger segmenti secundi medio pallescente, pedum colore
luteo minus efFuso, coxis omnibus nigris: alae candidae stigmate
nervisque nigris, radice et squamulis piceo-stramineis : petiolus
apice parum dilatatus.

Habitat in Pinu sylvestri et Larice. {Mus. Soc. Ent.)

Sp. 25. A. infulatus. Fem. Petioli apice dilatato, aculeo
brevi obtuso, antennis apice flavis. (Long. .11— .16; alar.
.21 -.29.)

Fem. Caput luteum vertice et oculis nigris : antennae nigrse scapo
luteo, articulis extimis quinque aut sex flavis, ultimi apice fusco :
thorax niger propectore luteo : mesothoracis scutum nitidum
subtiliter vage punctulatum : alae hyalinae apice et substigmate
infumatae, nervis fuscis, stigmate fusco-ferrugineo, radice et squa-
mulis stramineis : pedes lutei, posteriores late fusco-nebulosi,

PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA. 97

coxae posticae fusco-maculatae : abdomen luteum, segraentis ante-
rioribus dorsi infuscatis, posticis immaculatis : petiolus fere qualis
A. pini, apice tamen minus dilatatus, niger : aculeus ut in illo. — ■
Mas. niger : antennae quam in cognatis graciliores videntur, totae
nigrae : alae hyalinse stigmate nervisque fuscis, radice et squamulis
obscure stramineis : pedes antici straminei latere externo obscu-
riores, posteriores fusci trochanteribus fere totis, tibiis basi et apice
tarsisque basi stramineis ; coxae omnes nigrae : abdomen piceum
plaga media lutescente : petiolus apice vix dilatatus.
Habitat in Larice rarius. — {Mus. Soc. Ent.)

Sp. 26. A. Laricis. Fem. Petioli apice jierparum dilatato,
aculeo brevi cuspidato. (Long. .11 — .15 ; alar. .19 — .24.)

Fem. — Niger : mesothoracis scutum nitidum subtiliter vage punctu-
latum : alse hyalinae apice et substigmate infumatae, stigmate
nervisque nigro-fuscis, radice et squamulis piceo-stramineis :
pedes antici lutescentes latere externo infuscati, tarsis fuscis,
postici fusci, trochanterum apice, tibiisque basi et apice sordide
luteis ; coxae omnes nigrae : abdominis segmentum secundum
medio, rarius etiam incisurae anteriores piceo-pallidse : aculeus
brevis erectus apice attenuatus. — Mas, alls candidis immaculatis
et pedibus obscurioribus.

Habitat m Larice e cujus Aphidibus prodiit mihi. — {Mus. Soc. Ent.)

Sectio III. — Triviales.

Palpi maxillares 4-, labiales 3-articulati : caput thoracis latitudine :
mesothoracis scutum laeve glabrum : stigma mediocre : areola
completa : abdomen femince oblongo-lanceolatum, mari brevius
lineari-clavatum, petiolo fere lineari inaequali : aculeus brevis
obtusus horizontalis niger.

Ova ponunt in Aphides genuinas (e sectione A. Steph. Cat.)

Sp. 27. A. Rosffi. Fem. Luteus antennis, vertice thorace-
que nigris, propectore luteo, ahdomine b'lfarium fiisco-
maculato, pedibus posterioribus infuscatis, antennis
ll-articulatis. (Long. .12-. 14; alar. .20-.23,)
Ichn. Aphidum . De Geer. U. 866. Tab. XXX. fig. 4—13.
Id. Sc/ir. F. B. II. 307. No. 2146.

Id. Geoffr. II. 322. 4.

NO. I. VOL. II. O

98

HALIDAY ON

Fern. — Alae hyalinse nervis fuscis, stigmate liiteo, in exsiccatis piceo,
radice et squamulis stramineis: pedis intermedii fusco-nebulosi,
postici coxis et femoribus, tibiis medio tarsisque fuscis : petiolus
fuscus apice lutescens : abdominis segmenta anteriora utrinque
fusco-maculata. — Color luteus in hac specie clarior fere in croceum
transit. — Mas, niger ore luteo, palpis piceo-pallidis : antennae
20-articulat8e : alarum radix et squamulae picescentes : pedes
antici lutei fusco-lineati, posteriores picei trochanteribus et tibi-
arum basi lutescentibus ; coxae omnes nigrae : abdomen piceum
segmenti secundi medio et incisuris lutescentibus.
Habitat in Aphidibus, Rosce.'^ — {Mus. Soc. Ent.)

■= This is the species most frequently noticed by authors, being a familiar inha-
bitant of our gardens, where the male may be seen throughout the summer hover-
ing over the rose-trees, or creeping under the leaves. His partner is of less roving
habits, and will generally be found busy in providing for the establishment of her
numerous progeny. Placed at her birth amid the myriads of Pucerons which
encircle the young shoots of the rose, she has no dwelling to construct with artful
industry, nor stores of food to collect by distant rovings. With extended antenna^
and wings, " shivering with desire," she paces leisurely among the defenceless
herd, and as soon as she has selected one by a light touch of her antennae, she
stops short at about her own length from it, and rising on stiffened legs, bends
her abdomen under her breast till the end of it projects beyond her mouth; then
erecting her thorax by depressing the hinder-part, she simultaneously makes a
lunge forward with the abdomen, which is then extraordinarily lengthened, and
by a momentary touch, deposits an egg on the iinder-side of the Puceron, near
its tail. The victim will sometimes kick and sprawl, so as to discompose her ;
but being anchored by its sucker plunged in the bark, can make no effectual
attempt to elude the deadly weapon. Should it, however, be wandering at large
and free to struggle, she shows great activity in traversing around it in the
attitude of attack till she can take it in flank. The delicate sense of the antennae
seems to warn her where a germ has been already deposited, as she will pass by
those which have been stung some days before ; and I have never found more
than a single grub in each individual. When all the interior of the Puceron is
consumed, it will be found separate from'its fellows, and motionless, usually on
the upper side of a leaf, to which it is glued by some viscid exudation. It now
appears distended, and of an opaque hazel or lighter tint. If opened, the full-
fed grub of the Aphidius will be discovered doubled up, and filling the cavity,
its head being next the tail of the Puceron. In a short time the parts of the
perfect insect are developed in a quiescent state and in the same position, the
integuments of the grub being shrivelled up below it in black grains. Like
Cynips and CaUimome it spins no cocoon for its transformation, being adequately
protected by the indurated skin of its victim. A few days are sufficient to give
consistence to its parts ; and while the new risen sun is yet glistening in the
early dews, the winged insect, by a push of its head, detaches the latter rings of
its case, which separate in the form of a circular lid, often springing back to close
the orifice after the inhabitant has gone forth, born in the maturity of her
energies and instincts, to renew the circle of existence. Sometimes, indeed, a
difterent occupant will issue from its dark chamber, as several still minuter
parasites of the present order ( Megaspilus Carpenteri, Curt. E. B. 249. Cynips

PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA. 99

r-

Sp. 28. A. lutescens. Fern. Luteus oculis et antennis nigris,
vertice, lituris tribus scuti, scutello, metathorace et petiolo
fuscis. (Long. .13 ; alar. .24.)

Fern. — Statura et magnitude A Rosce : antennarum scapus lutes-
cens : alae ut in illo : pedes immaculati : abdominis segmenta
anteriora dorso tranversim infuscata. ^

Sp. 29. A. Avenae. Fem. Niger pedibus anticts et geni-
culis rufo -piceis, stigmate anoque ferrugineis, antennis
17-, l8-articulatis. (Long. .12— .15; alar. .20— .24.)

Bracon picipes . Ess. B. M. V. 28. Sp. 42?

Aphidius picipes . Ess. Act. Acad. ?

Fem. — Os lutescens, palpi subfusci : alae hyalinse stigmate rufo-
ferrugineo, in exsiccatis piceo, nervis fuscis, radice et squamulis
piceis : pedes nigro-picei, antici femoribus tibiisque rufo - piceis
aut lutescentibus, latere externo fusco-lineatis, posteriores tro-
chanterum apice tibiisque basi et apice concoloribus : abdomen
nigro - piceum segmenti secundi medio pallescente, ano rufo-
ferrugineo. — Mas, palpi nigro-picei: antennae 20 — 22-articulatae :
pedes obscuriores : anus baud ferrugineus : A Rosce $ simillimus.

Habitat in Aphidibus Avence passim omnium vulgatissimus. ^ —
{Mus. Soc. Ent.)

Aphidum, GeofFr. II. 305. 26. Cyrtogaster vulgaris, Walker, Ent. Mag. I. 382, &c.)
select for the nidus of their progeny those Pucerons within which the grub of the
Aphidius, or of its fellow-devourer, Cy7iips erythrocephala, (Jur.) is silently
gorging, and the destroyer becomes the destroyed in turn. Some of these last
(Coruna clavata. Walk. Ent. Mag. I. p. 386), not content with the covering which
protects the Aphidius to its final change, when they are full fed leave the cavity,
and spin a white silky web between the belly of the Puceron and the leaf, and in
this undergo their transformation. Max. Spinola has given occasion to some
confusion, by appropriating to a species of Microgaster, synonyms and observa-
tions which belong to insects of the present genus. The accurate account of their
habits, long since given by Frisch, Cestoni (in Vallisnieri's works), and De Geer,
might be supposed sufficient to have cleared up this mistake which has been
pretty generally followed, the Linnaean Ich. Aphidum being, however, replaced
in its proper station by Fallen and Curtis. — On this account, I have ventured to
reiterate the detail from my own observations. The Pucerons, to which these
relate, abound on almost every rose of our gardens, except the sweet-briar, which
nourishes a distinct species, and its peculiar parasite.

** I should have been inclined to consider this as an immature variety of
A. Rosa ; but that individuals of this last have assumed their characteristic tints
before tliey are disclosed from the puparium.

« I have observed the proceedings of this species, which are precisely similar
to those of A. Rosa ; the Pucerons pierced by it are found adhering to the grains
of oats, the flower-heads of Hypocharis radicata, &c.

100 IIALIDAY ON

Sp. 30. A. Ervi. Fern. Capite thoraceque ?iigris, anten-
narum scapo, hypostomate, collo pedibusque luteis, antennis
longis 20-articulotis. (Long. .14 — .17; alar. .22 — .26.)

Statura gracilior quam praecedentibus, antennis, palpis et pedibus
longioribus. — Fem. antennae 19 — 21-articulat3e : palpi lutei : alae
hyalinse seu fumato-hyalinse, stigmate luteo, in exsiccatis piceo,
nervis fusco-ferrugineis, radice et squamulis piceo - stramineis :
ungues antici et tarsi posteriores apice fusci, coxae posticse fusco
maculatse : abdomen piceum segmento secundo medio, reliquis
margine, posticis saepe totis lutescentibus : petiolus quam in prae-
centibus gracilior et apice nonnihil latior. — Color luteus hujus in
ferrugineum transit. — Mas, niger ore luteo, palpis fuscis : antennae
circiter 23 - articulatae nigrse : coxse posteriores, femora inter-
media basi tantum, postica cum tibiis latere externo tarsique fere
toti fusci : abdomen piceum segmenti secundi medio lutescente.

Variat femina multimodis, nonnunquam coloribus obscurioribus
mari descripto similis ; hie vero pedibus fere totis palpisque
nigris.

Habitat in Aphidibus Ervi et Trifolii passim copiose. — {Mus.
Soc, Ent.)

Sp. 31. A. Urticae. Fem. PalUdeJlaviis, cajnle thoraceque
supra et abdominis vitta dorsali interrupta fuscis, antennis
l8-ariiculatis. (Long. .15; alar. .23.)

Fem. — Statura valde gracilis : antennae graciles ferrugineae basi late
flavicantes : thoracis dorsum fuscum aut ferrugineum scutello
dilutiore : alae hyalinae stigmate nervisque dilute fuscis, radice
et squamulis pallide stramineis : abdomen elongatum, postice
valde compressum et carinatum, segmentis anterioribus dorso
transversim iufuscatis : petiolus gracilis fuscescens.

Habitat in Urticd rarius. — (Mus. Soc. Ent.)

Sectio IV. — Familiares.

Antennarum et palporum labialium articuli pauciores discrimen
inter banc et prsecedentem sectionem aegre prsestant. Reliqui
characteres in utramque satis conveniunt.

Sp. 32. A. Asteris. Fem. Capite thoraceque nigris hypo^
slomate, propectore, pedibus anticis ct geniculis, abdomi-
nisque basi et apice luteis, antennis \5-articulatis. (Long.
.11 ; alar. .20.)

PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA. 101

Fern. — Pictura fere qualis A. Rosce, coloribus autem sordidioribus :
palpi apice picescentes : antennae graciliores quam in sequentibus,
totse nigrae : alas hyaline stigmate sordide flavo in exsiceatis
piceo, nervis fuscis, radice et squamulis piceo-stramineis : pedes
sordide flavi, femora latere supero, postica fere tota, tibiae poste-
riores basi demta tarsique fere toti fusci : coxae posteriores nigrse :
abdomen sordide flavum segmentis intermediis infuscatis, secundi
medio flavescente. — Mas, niger ore sordide lutescente ; antennae
18-articulatag : pedes picei anticorum femoribus tibiisque subtus,
trochanterum apice et geniculis omnibus ferrugineis : abdomen
piceum petiolo flavo fuscoque, segmenti secundi medio flaves-
cente.

Habitat in Aphidibus Asteris TripoUi copiose. — {Mus. Soc. Ent.)

Sp. SS. A. Ribis. Fern. Captte thoraceque fuscis, antennis
basi, hypostomate, collo, pedibus, abdominis que basi et
apice fiavis, pedibus posterioribus indistincte annulatis,
antennis \5-articulatis. (Long. .07- — 1 ; alar. .14 — .19.)
/Vw?. Caput et thorax fusca aut nigro-fusca, pectus dilutius : an-
tennae fuscae scapo et pedicello flavis : alae hyalinae stigmate flavo,
in exsiceatis picescente, nervis dilute fuscis, radice et squamulis
piceo-stramineis : pedes flavi femorum apice supra, tibiis medio
tarsisque apice subinfuscatis : abdomen flavum segmento secundo
basi et apice, sequentibus dorso infuscatis, ano immaculato.

Prodiit mihi ex Aphidibus Rihis ruhrce. ^ — {Mus. iSoe. Ent.)

Sp. 34. A. Cirsii. Fem. Capite thoraceque nigris aut nigro-
fuscis, antennarum basi, collo, pedibus abdominisque basi
Jlavo-ferrugineis, antennis circiter 15-articulatis. (Long.
.08 — .11; alar. .16— .19.

Ichneumon Aphidum. L. F. S. 1643 ?

Fern. — Antennae 1 5-, 1 6-, in unico tantum l7-articulatse, basi obscure
flavescentes : ungues fusci, coxae posticse quoque fusco-maculatse :
abdomen piceum apice obscurius, petiolo flavo-ferrugineo, seg-
mento secundo basi et medio flavescente,

Variat quoque pedibus posterioribus et petiolo fusco-nebulosis.

Habitat in Cirsio arvensi non infrequens. s (Mus. Soc. Ent.)

*■ The Pucerons, which inhabit the puckered leaves of the currant, when
infested by this species, acquire a peculiar pearly gloss, as remarked by Reaumur,
Tom. III. Mem. IX. p. 286.

E I have not obtained this species out of the Pucerons of the thistle which it

102 HALIDAY ON

Sp. 35. A. Eglanteriae. Fem. Niger abdominis hasi flavo-
ferruginea, pedihus concoloribus fusco variis, antennis
circiter 15-articulatis. (Long. .07 — .1 ; alar. .14 — .18.)

Fem. — Os palpique picei : antennae 14-, 15-articulatse nigrse : collum
ferrugineum aut thoraci concolor : femora latere externo, tibiae
medio, tarsi apice, plerunque etiam coxse posticae infuscatae : ab-
domen piceum petiolo flavo-ferrugineo rarius infuscato, segment!
secundo medio et incisuris anterioribus flavescentibus. — Mas,
niger pedibus fuscis, anticis subtus et genieulis omnibus lutes-
centibus : abdomen obscurius quam femince.

Prodiit mihi ex Aphidibus Rosce Eglanterice.''^ —{Mus. Soc. Ent.)

Sp. ZQ. A. Salicis. Fern. Niger, pedibus anticis et geni-
eulis ferrugineis, abdominis litura pallescente, antennis
l3-articulatis. (Long. .08 — .1 ; alar. .15 — .18.)

Fem. — Os sordide luteseens : antennae capite cum thorace parum
longiores, apice subcrassiores : alae hyalinae stigmate lutescente,
in exsiccatis piceo, nervis dilutius fuscis : pedes anteriores obscure
ferruginei, intermediorum femora basi, tibiae medio tarsique fusci,
postici fusci trochanteribus et tibiis basi apiceque ferrugineis :
coxae omnes nigrse : abdomen segmenti secundi medio et inci-
suris, vel plaga media effusa pallescente : petiolus fuscus aut
piceus. — Mas, color pedum et abdominis sordidior : antennae 15-,
16-, rarius etiam iT-articulatse : alae albicantes.

Habitat in Salice autumno exeunte frequens ; e cujus Aphidibus
quoque prodiit mihi, Junio mense. ^ {Mus. Soc. Ent.)

Adsunt individua minora in flosculis Dauei Carotce copiose lecta
vix propriae speciei.''

SeCTIO V. — EXAREOLATI.

Palpi maxillares 4-, labiales 2-articulati : stigma latum : areola
penitus effusa : cubitus abruptus, stigmatis vix dimidia longi-

frequents j it would be remarkable that a species so closely resembling the pre-
ceding and the following, should be attached to such dissimilar Pucerons.

'' These Pucerons become glossy white, fixing themselves on the under-side of
the leaves.

' The wounded Pucerons of willows usually retire to the points of the leaves,
and become hazel or light-brown. Of the multitudes thus infested, the majority
fall victims not to the present insect, but to two minute species of Cynips
{C.fulviceps, Curt, and another): the former of these, with some allied species,
destroys also the Pucerons of cow-parsnip and other plants.

^ There are several still smaller species closely allied to this, as j4. Faniculi,
A. viminalis, &c.

PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA. 103

tucline : reliqui characteres cum proxime prgececlentibiis conve-
niunt ; aculeo nonnihil difFormi.

Sp. 37. A. leucopterus. Fem. Ater nitidus alls albis,
pedihus pallido-annulatis, atitennis \5-articulatis. (Long.
.085; alar. .16.)

Fem. — Antennae graciles nigrge : alse albo-hyalinae stigmate flavo :
pedes antici lutescentes, posteriores nigro-picei trochanteribus
basique tibianim et tarsorum pallidis : abdomen nigro-piceum
plaga media dilutiore : aculeus basi supra angulatus, apice acu-
minatus.— Mas, antennse 16-articulatae : alse Candidas : pedes
omnes nigro-picei pallido-annulati : abdomen nigrum segmenti
secundi medio obsoletius pallescente.

Habitat in Coniferis, autumno rarissime.

Sectio VI. — Serotini. '

A congeneribus seetionis quartse palporum structure preecipue
discreti. Palpi breves maxillares 3-articulati articulo penultimo
crassiore, labiales '2-articulati. — Species nonnullae minores tam ex
hac quam ex ilia sectione antennis brevibus pauci-articulatis et
capite crassiore se efferunt. — J. amhiguus, No. 42, propter
formam petioli et aculei et areolam penitus efFusam a reliquis
discrepat.

Sp. 38. A. Matricariae. Fem. Niger pedibus anticis, geni-
culis abdominisque basifernigineis, antennis l4:<-articulatis.
(Long. .07— .09; alar. .14— .18.)

Fem. — Palpi fusci : antennae filiformes nigrae vel basi picescentes :
alae hyalinae stigmate dilute piceo, nervis fuscis : pedes ferruginei,
antici supra fusco lineati, posteriorum coxae, femora, tibiae medio
tarsique apice fusci : abdomen nigro-fuscum petiolo ferrugineo,
segmento secundo medio pallescente : aculeus brevis obtusus.

Variat collo ferrugineo aut nigro, pedum quoque fuscedine plus
minusve efFusa.

Habitat in Pyrethro inodoro et maritimo minus frequens. {AIus.
Soc. Ent.)

' To this section belong also A. pallidinotus, (Curt.) and several other species
nearly allied to J. Matricarice and A. fumatus respectively.

104 IIALIDAY ON

Sp. 39. A. Arundinis. Fem. Niger aut fuscus aniennis
bast, ore, collo, pedihxis ct abdomine antice jlavo-ferrxi-
gineis, antennis ll-articulatis. (Long. .08; alar. .16.)

Fem. — Palpi flavo-ferruginei : antennae nonnunquam 15-articulatae :
alfE hyalinae stigmate dilute piceo s. pallido, nervis plerisque
decoloribus et areola vix designata, radice et squamulis strami-
neis : aculeus brevis obtusus : — Adsunt individua forsitan im-
matura nigredine in colorem rufo-piceum mutata, scutelloque
rufescente, vix specie diversa.

Habitat in Arundinetis autumno parum frequens. (Mus. Soc. Ent.)

Sp. 40. A. fumatus. Mas. Piceo niger geniculis tarsisque
pallidis, abdomine spaihulato lurido, alis fuscanis, areola
indistincta, antennis crassiusculis 16-articulatis. (Long.
.07; alar. .14.)

Mas. — Monoctono Caricis S non dissimilis : palpi brevissimi : alse
obscurse stigmate angusto, cubito leniter arcuato, areola postice
indistincta aut effusa : abdomen spathulato dilatatum, petiole
crasso lineari.

Habitat in pratis humidis Ranunculo acri obsitis frequens. {Mas.
Soc. Ent.)

Sp. 41. A. exiguus. Fem. Niger geniculis abdomineque
antice pallidis, antennis brevibus 13-articulatis. Long.
.07; alar. .13.)

Fem. — Os ochreum : antennae capite cum thorace parum longiores,
apice subcrassiores : alae obscure hyalinse stigmate piceo-pallido,
areola indistincta : pedes picei geniculis pallidis : abdomen basi
et medio pallescens, lateribus et postice piceum : petiolus fere
linearis apice sensim paulo crassior, flavidus : aculeus obtusus.
Anne conjunx prcecedentis ?

Sp. 42. A. ambiguus. Fem. Niger abdominis basi pedi-
busque pallidis, j^osterioribiis fusco-cingulatis, abdomine
subsessili, aculeo cuspidato, areola effusa antennis 13-arti-
culatis. (Long. .07; alar. .14.)

Fem. — Antennae filiformes nigrae, palpique longiores quam praece-
denti : alae hyalinae stigmate piceo pallido : pedes flavo-pallidi
unguiculis et coxis, posteriorum femoribus et tibiis medio, tarsis-
que summo apice fuscis : abdomen breviter ovato-lanceolatum,

PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA. 105

antice pallescens postice piceum, segmento primo brevi cyathiformi
lateribus angulato.
Habitat cum proecedentibus rarius. — {Mus. Soc. Ent.)

Sectio VII. — Apteri.

A pi-cecedentibus illo charactere unice distinguendi.

Sp. 4^2. A. Ephippium. Fem. Flavo-ferrugineus capite,
metathorace et abdomine postice Jtiscis, antennis \^-arti-
culatis. (Long. .06— .08.)

Fem. — Antennae fuscae basi flavescentes : abdomen fuscum basi
pallescens : petiolus gracilis linearis flavus aut ferrugineus : acu-
leus obtusus niger. — Variat coxis posterioribus, femoribus tibiis-
que medio subinfuscatis.

Habitat rarius. — (Mus. Soc. Ent.)

Sectio VIII. — Brevipalpes.

Palpi multo breviores quam in ceteris Ichneumonibus ; maxillares
2-articulati subclavati, labiales ex-articulati : mesothoracis scutum
laeve glabrum : alse angustee stigmate tenui, areolae nervo postico-
exteriore basi obliterato, dehinc ad apicem areolae perbrevi spatio
refecto ; quae nota satis singularis oculatissimum Neesium ab
Essenbeck nequaquam efFugerat.

Sp. 44. A. dissolutus. Fem. Niger nitidus abdominis basi,
pedibusque pulUdis, posterioribus fusco variis, alis deni-
gratis, antennis crassis l6-articulatis. (Long. .07 — .09;
alar. .15— .18.)

Bracon dissolutus . Ess. B. M. V. 29. Sp. 46.

Fem, — Antennae nigrae articulo tertio pallescente : alae basi diluti-
ores : pedes antici fere toti, posteriorum coxae, trochanteres,
genua tarsique pallide flavi : abdomen breviter ovato-lanceo-
latum, piceum antice pallescens, segmento primo brevi cyathiformi
(seu basi constricto dehinc dilatato fere rectangulo): aculeus
subexertus niger obtusus. — Mas. antennae longiores totae nigrae,
articulis magis discretis (in unico illo quem vidi 16-articulatae
tantum) : alae dilutiores quam femince : femora et tibiae anticae
latere externo infuscatae : pedes posteriores fusci, genubus tarsis-

NO. I. VOL. II. P

106 NOTICE OF ENTOMOLOGICAL WORKS.

que lixtescentibus : abdomen piceum basi sordidius lutescens,
petiolo minus dilatato.
Habitat in pratis Ranunculo acri obsitis rarissime. — {Mus. Soc.
Ent.)

Restant adhuc quatuor species olim descriptae,
A. Aparines .... Ichn. Jphidiphagus. Schr. F. B. II. 2147.

A. Dipsaci Schr. F. B. II. 2149.

A. infirmus Ess. B. M. V. 28. Sp. 43.

A. melanocephalus . Ess. B. M. V. 29. Sp. 45.

mihi incognitse, de quarum loco propterea nil temere proferre placet.

Note. — As the variations of the palpi in this genus are not
always indicated by any evident distinction in other external
characters, I have sought, where an opportunity offered, to
obtain a view of them in recent specimens ; but in many cases
have been obliged to content myself with relaxing the parts.
As, however, such minute characters may be easily mistaken
on a superficial view, I wish to enumerate the species whose
trophi were submitted to actual dissection : — Nos. 3, 5, 7, 8,
9, 10, 11, 17, 21, 22, 24, 27, 29, 30, 32, 34, m, 37, 39, 40,
43, and 44. A. H. Haliday.

3, New Cumberland-street, Dublin.
Nov. 22, 1833.

Art. VIII. — Notice of Entomological Works,

] . British Entomology ; bij John Curtis, F. L. S. &)C. —
Nos. 117— 120.— PI. 466. Elophorus fennicus (Coleoptera
Helophoridae) ; 467. Aspilates gilvaria, (Le^\Ao^ie\'a.VhdX?e-
nidae) ; 468. Psithyrus rupestris, (Hymenoptera Apidae).
Psithyrus of Dahlbom and Curtis falls, because Psithyrus is
a name applied by Hiibner to a genus of Sphingidce. This
genus of bees is of very singular economy ; like the cuckoo,
it lays its eggs in a nest not its own : a circumstance unusual
among bees. The characters as laid down by Mr. Curtis do
not, we think, sufficiently distinguish it from Bombus. PI. 469.
Barborus hamatus, (Diptera Muscidae) ; 470. Hister 4<-niacu-
latus, (Coleoptera Histeridae). This is the Hister sinuatus of

NOTICE OF ENTOMOLOGICAL WORKS.

10-

authors. Hister 4f-niaculatifS is very distinct. PI. 471.
Adactylus Bennetii, (Lepidoptera Tineidae). This belongs
to the genus Agdistes of Hiibner; and his Agdistes adacUj-
lus is Adactylus Hubneri of Curtis. PI. 472. Smiera Mac-
leanii, (Hymenoptera Chalcididas). This is the Chalcis
melanaris of Dalman. PI. 473. Drosophila cameraria,
(Diptera Muscidse) ; 474. Hallomenus jlexuosus, (Coleoptera
Helopiidae) ; 475. Ophiusa lusoria, (Lepidoptera Noctuidae) ;

476. Leiopliron apicalis, (Hymenoptera Ichneumonidte) ;

477. Tachydromia arrogans, (Diptera Tachydromiidae) ;

478. Sijnodendron cylindricum, (Coleoptera Lucanidae) ;

479. Grac'dlaria anastomosis, (Lepidoptera Tineidae) ;

480. Oxybelus argentatus, (Hymenoptera Larridae); 481.
Lygceus equestns, (Hemiptera Coreidae).

We may remark, that some of his figures are much too highly
coloured.

% Stephens s British Entomology. No. 59. — This
Number is devoted to the Staphylinidce, and has two Plates,
one of Coleoptera, the other of Diptera.

3. Magazine of Natural History. No. 35.—" A Notice
of the Ravages of the Cane -fly, a small -winged Insect,
including some Facts on its Habits ; by a Subscriber in
Grenada: with additional Observations by J. O. Westwood,
Esq. F. L. S." &c. Mr. Westwood gives it the name of Del-
phax Saccharivora, and compiles from Kirby, Spence, &c.,
an account of some of the Insects supposed to be injurious to
the sugar-cane. — " An interesting Account of the Economy of
a Species of Ichneumon, by Mr. E. W. Lewis ; communicated
by Mr. Westwood :" also, " Descriptions of Genera of Parasitic
Hymenoptera, by Mr. Westwood :" — Epicopterus, Smarag-
dites, Closterocerus, Cephalonomia, and Epimeces.

No. ?>Q). Mr. Westwood on the CynipidcB, with descriptions
of some Hymenopterous genera: three new — Ceraj)terocerus,
Derostenus, and Myrmecomorphus. We are acquainted with
no essay, by Mr. Haliday, in which he uses the \.Qxm% propes,
or metapes, or metala. In our Magazine, and in the Zoological
Journal, he always writes pes-anticus, or posticus, and ala
postica, or inferior :— like Meigen, houses metatarsus anticus
or posticus for the basal joint of the anterior or posterior tarsi.

108 NOTICE OF ENTOMOLOGICAL WORKS.

Mr. Westwood proposes to term the anterior wings mesalce ! —
and to substitute mecli- dindi post-thorax for meso- and metathorax !

4. Recherches Anatomiques et Physiologiques sur les
Hemipteres, accompagnees cle Considerations relatives a,
VHistoire Naturelle et a la Classification cle ces Insectes ;
par M. Leon Dufour. Paris, 1833. — An elaborate essay on
the internal anatomy of the Hemiptera, accompanied by a
great many figures : we have no room for details.

5. Annulosa Javanica, ou Description des Insectes de
Java, par M. W. S. MacLeay, Esq. ,- precedes d'un Extrait
des Horce Entomologicce du meme Auteur. Paris, 1833. —
MacLeay 's Amiulosa Javanica, and the systematic part of his
Horce Entomologicce, together with several of the plates in
both works, are republished in this volume.

6. Genera et Species Curculionidum, cum Synonymia
hujusfamilice ; a C. J. Schoejiherr, Species novce aut hac-
toniis mi?ms cogjiiice, Descriptionibus a Dom. Leonardo
Gyllenhal, C. H. Boheinan, et Entomologis aliis illustratce.
Tomus 1"'. Pars l""". et 2"". Parisiis, 1833. —Most ento-
mologists must be acquainted with Schoenherr's Classification
of the Curculionidae, published some years back. We observe
very few alterations in the systematic arrangement of this new
edition ; however, the number of species is considerably
increased, and many subgenera are raised to the rank of
genera. About three hundred genera, besides subgenera,
which he terms Greges, are classified ; and the species ranged
under these genera amount to upwards of three thousand.
They are divided into two great groups ; the Orthoceri, with
straight antennae ; and the Gonatoceri, with bent antennae.
The characters of some of the species extend nearly over a
page, and are too long. ,

7. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France. Tome
II., Triniestre III., Paris, 1833. — This number contains
several valuable papers : among others, — 1. " On the Mouth
of LibellulidfB, by M. Aug. Brulle." The author remarks,
that, in predacious insects, the palpi attain their greatest deve-
lopment ; and he considers them to be organs of prehension.

NOTICE OF ENTOMOLOGICAL WORKS. 109

The Libellulidce have their labial palpi very much developed ;
the maxillary are almost obsolete. 2. " Physiological Consi-
derations on the Development of Instinct in Invertebrata, by
M. Fray," — Insects are placed by this writer in a much higher
rank among beings than they are generally considered to
occupy ; and he allows them to possess the faculty of thinking.

3. " On the Habits of the Papilionida of French Guiana,
by M. Th. Lacordaire." — In this interesting paper are de-
scribed the various flights of those charming creatures : the
Morphos soaring majestically above the summits of the loftiest
trees ; other Morphos, flying by irregular and rapid bounds of
eight or ten paces each ; the immense Pavonite, half-nocturnal,
flapping their wings heavily during their short flight, &c. &c.

4. " Memoire sur une Nouvelle Classification des Araneides,
par M. le Baron de Walckenaer." — His works on this tribe
are well known ; and to him alone are we indebted for almost
all we know of their systematic arrangement. His systematic
table is excellent : the genera are placed in the middle ; on the
one side, he divides them according to their external structure ;
on the other, according to their natural habits.

8. Revue Entomologiqiie,2wbliee par Gustave Silbermann.
Strasbourg. Tome /., Livraisons 1 — 5.

9. Magasin de Zoologie ; par F, E. Guerin. — The principal
essays published in this work since we last noticed it, are : —
1. " On the Exterior Organization of Phyllosoma, with a
Monograph of that Genus, by F. E. Guerin." — This is an
elegant genus of Crustacea, found in all the tropical seas ;
the species are transparent like glass; and when swimming
can only be distinguished by their beautiful blue eyes. 2. " A
Monograph on the Genus Rajjfiic/ia, with Figures of the
Larva and Pupa, by M. Percheron." — In their metamorphose
they resemble the Coleoptera ; and the pupa is quiescent, not
active, as it has been generally supposed to be.

10. Iconographie du Regne Animal de M. le B"". Cuvier ;
par M. F. E. Guer'm. Livraisons 31 — SS. — These contain
seven entomological plates ; five of Coleoptera, and two of
Hymenoptera.

1 10 NOTICE OF ENTOMOLOGICAL WORKS.

11. Iconographie, S^c. des CoUopteres (V Europe; par
M. le Comle Dejean, et M. le Docteur J. A. Boisduval.
Tome III., Livraisons 6 et 7. — Containing the genera Stomis,
Aharis, Ratltymus, Pelor, Zabrus, and part of Amara.

12. Die Arachniden. Getreu nach der Natur ahgebildet
U7id beschrieben von D. Carl. Willi. Halm. ; Erster Band.
FUnftes Heft. 1833.

13. Icones Historique des Lepidopteres d' Europe, noiweaux
ou peu connus ; par le Docteur Boisduval. Livraisons 1 — 18.
Paris. — Each number (of which there will be about twenty-five
when the work is finished) contains two plates, and the figures
are true to nature, and very highly finished.

14. Collection Iconographique et Historique des Chenilles
d'Europe, avec VHistoire de leurs Metamorphoses, et des
Applications a V Agriculture ; par le Docteur Boisduval,
P. Rambur, D. M., et A. Graslin. Livraisons 1 — 18. Paris.
— i\ll the caterpillars (figured with the plants on which they
are found) are designed with much spirit and elegance. —
Works like this should be encouraged, as they show how the
study of entomology may be rendered useful to agriculture and
the manufactures.

15. Iconographie et Histoire des Lepidopteres et des
Chenilles de V Amtrique Septentrionale ; par Boisdural et
Leconte, 8fc. Livraisons 1 — 10. Paris.

16. Brasiliens vorzuglich Idstige Insecten, voti Dr. I. Pohl
und V. Kollar, 8fc. Wien, 1832. — In this work are de-
scribed and figured, many of the noxious and venemous insects
of Brazil, such as scorpions, termites, ants, mosquitos, &c.

17. List of H'ubners Works: —

(1.) Histoire des Papillons d' Europe (les Chenilles);
recueillis par J. H'ubner, a Augsbourg, 1806.

(2.) Collection de Papillons d' Europe, ^c. 1805.

(3.) Collection de Papillons Exotiques, 1806.

(4.) Supplement a la Collection de Papillons Exotiques,
%c. 1818.

NOTICE OF ENTOMOLOGICAL WORKS. Ill

(5.) Catalogue des Papillons connus.

(6.) Catalogue Alphahetique et Systematique des Papillons
formant la Collection d' Europe.

The four first are still publishing. They may be had on
application to Charles Geyer, the continuer and editor of
Hiibner's works.

18. Osservazioni sopra la Sphinx Atropos o farfalla a
testa di morto del Dottore Carlo Passerini. Pisa, 1828.

19. Osservazioni e Notizie relative alle Larve pregiu-
dice voli alia piunta del gran Turco del Dottore Carlo
Passerini.

20. Osservazioni sub baco datineggiatore delle ulive e sulla
mosca in cui si transforma del Dottore Carlo Passerini.

21. Osservazioni sopra alcune Larve e tignole deW ulivo
del Dottore Carlo Passerini.

22. Nova Acta Physico-Medica, 8(c. 1832, cont.
Monographia generis Melo'es, auctoribus Bradt et Erichson.

Uber EntwicJcelung der fusslosen Hymenopteren Larveri,
mit besonderer Riicksicht auf die Gatturg Formica. F. D. C.
Ratssehurg.

23. Neuere Beitrdge zur Schmetterlingshunde mit Abbil-
dungen nack der Natur. Herausgegeben von C. F. Freyer.
Mit 6 illuminirten Kupfertafeln. 1 — 16 Hefte. Augsburg.
1831—1833.

The observations at page 450, line 25 of Vol I. in our review
of Vol. XVI. Part III. of the Linnsean Transactions, are
erroneous on our part : we could explain how it occurred, but
prefer merely apologizing to our readers for having misrepre-
sented a fact, and assuring them, that it was quite unintentional.
We are liable as others to make mistakes, but we are ever
ready to acknowledge them when pointed out. A commen-
datory observation on this article has reached us, by which we
feel highly flattered.

112 VARIETIES.

Twenty-seven written communications have reached us,
directly or indirectly, on the subject of our review of British
Entomology, — twenty- five are commendatory ; two condemna-
tory : one of these, complaining of the severity of the review,
but admitting the strength of our ground ; the other from Mr.
Dale, disapproving of the manner and matter.

Art. IX. — Varieties.

1. Note on Dryophilus Anobioides. — In the first part of
M. Guerin's Magasin de Zoologie, a small Ptinideous beetle
is figured and described by M. Chevrolat, under the name of
Dryophilus anobioides, nearly allied to Anohium ; but which,
as to its generic characters, differs from that genus in the
great elongation and slenderness of the three terminal joints
of the antennae. In this figure I recognized an insect which I
had captured ten years ago in the neighbourhood of London,
and had presented to Mr. Haworth, in whose collection it
remained unnoticed, and which that gentleman and myself
had deemed to be a new genus, distinct from Anohium.

In the spring of the present year, the Rev. G. T. Rudd was
fortunate enough to capture this species again upon the Broom
at Coombe Wood ; and having been so kind as to give me a
specimen, I carefully examined it with the original specimen,
with which it was found exactly to correspond, except in the
terminal joints of the antennss ; whence it was evident that the
two individuals were of opposite sexes, and that M. Chevrolat's
figure and description were taken from a male, the female
being unknown to him. It was evident, also, from these
specimens perfectly agreeing in form, sculpture, and with
M. Chevrolat's, that his figure of the antennae (for -want of
comparison of the length of these organs in the sexes) repre-
sented them rather too long in the terminal joints.

In the English specimens, the ninth joint of the antennae in
the males is at least as long as all the eight preceding; the
tenth, a little shorter; and the terminal joint, still rather
shorter. These three joints, instead of being dilated at the
tips on the inside, are of equal breadth throughout, the base
only of each being slightly narrowed. In the female,* on the

VARIETIES. 113

contrary, the ninth joint is not longer than the five preceding
joints together ; the tenth is shorter, but the eleventh is as long
as the ninth.

The Anohium pusillum of Gyllenhal seems to be very
nearly allied to the preceding species, appearing to differ in its
small size, (" Cryptophago cellari fere minus, angustius,")
black colour ; (the legs and antennae being however obscurely
ferrugineous, as in the English specimens ;) and habitat " in
frondibus Abietis."

From what has been observed respecting the variation in
the length of the terminal joints of the antennae in the sexes,
taken in connexion with the peculiarities observable in the
antennae of other species, it is evident, either that the genus
Dryophilus (established chiefly upon the great length of these
terminal joints) must sink into Anobium, or that some other
species of the latter genus must be introduced into it, or must
be formed into sectional divisions of at least equal value with it.

In the typical species of Anobium^ the last three joints of
the antennee are comparatively short, compressed, and gradually
widened towards the tip, scarcely any difference being ob-
servable in the sexes. In Anob. castaneum they are less
incrassated ; in Anob. abietinum, the antennae of the males are
" lotigitudine corporis" with the intermediate joints gradually
elongated, so that the ninth joint is scarcely longer than the
eighth; the two terminal joints are however longer, but
scarcely thickened. In the female these organs are shorter,
and the three last joints broader, than in the males ; the inter-
mediate ones being also longer than in the other species ;
whilst, in Anob. moUe, the males have antennae about half the
length of the body, very slender, the intermedial joints longer
than in the true Anobia ; the three last joints not thicker than
the preceding, and occupying about half the entire length of
the whole antennae. In the females, the last three joints are
shorter and more thickened.

P. aS". to the Notice of Dryophilus. — Since the above ob-
servations were written, Dejean has published the second part
of his Catal. des Coleopt., second edition; in which he gives
Dryoph. anobioides as an anobium, considering it at the same
time as synonymous with the Anobium pusillum, noticed
above. J. O. Westwood.

NO. I. VOL. II. Q

114 VARIETIES.

^. Note on Clijtus Arielis. — Sir, On the 22d of this pre-
sent month, (May 1833), I observed three specimens of C////M*
Arietis crawling about in one of the cases of birds in our
museum, which appeared to have just emerged from the pupa.
I examined the case narrowly, and the oak-branches upon
which the birds are placed, but could not perceive any aper-
ture from which they had made their escape, although it is
evident they have passed through their metamorphosis in some
of the stumps. The cases have been put up nearly five years,
and the last branches I put in were procured in May 1830;
and, to prevent the appearance of any insects, I had them all
well dried over a stove, and in a drying-house attached to a
stuff-presser's shop.

Whether Clytvs is always three years in arriving at matu-
rity, I am not aware ; if such is the case, then my discovery is
of little moment, except the proof of their surviving the high
temperature to which they were exposed.

I am, dear Sir, Yours truly,
A. H. Davis, Esq. Henry Denny.

3. Note on Cynthia Cardui. — Every entomologist is
aware of the irregular appearance of the above-named insect ;
some seasons scarcely a specimen is to be met with, and at
otliers they abound over the greater part of the country ; but
on Tuesday, October 8th, their numbers in the neighbour-
hood of Tooting by far surpassed any thing of the kind I
ever witnessed, particularly in the nursery of Messrs. Rollis-
son and Sons : it was highly delightful to behold those lovely
insects, sporting from flower to flower, in every part of the
garden, — but the Dahlia seemed to be their favourite plant.
I cannot but suspect those insects to have migrated from some
other part of the country ; for, previous to that day, I had not
seen a single specimen in the neighbourhood, and but a very
few since : — again, it was evident, they must have been
" winging their way " for some time, as most of them were in a
faded condition.

Oct. 18, 1333. C. Wood.

4. Editorial Criticisms. — Sir, It is with feelings of regret
and mortification, that I perceive, from a late prospectus, that
your admirable Magazine has not met with that success it so

VARIETIES. 115

highly deserves. If what has been asserted by Professor
Babbage, and repeated by myself, on the state of science in
this country, required any additional proof, a more convincing
one than this fact could not be adduced. I need hardly advert
to those numerous papers in the volume before us, which
demand the attention of all who wish to extend the present
boundaries of our charming science ; while the tone of high
and manly feeling, alike free from intemperate abuse or caustic
censure, — yet independent and uncompromising, — must be
congenial to every honest and honourable mind. Could we
bring men but to govern themselves by such feelings as per-
vade the editorial notes to which I more particularly allude,
the regions of science would be the fabled Utopia. But, alas,
naturalists are but men ! — and he who affects surprise, that
perfect unity of sentiment and congeniality of feeling does not
pervade among its votaries, has yet to learn that unworthy
passions can never coalesce with those that are good. Judg-
ment, temperance, and moderation, joined with inflexible
firmness and impartiality, in the defence or assertion of truth,
are more particularly expected from editors; and these essential
qualifications, in my judgment, are eminently conspicuous in
the Entomological Journal. I beg you will, in future, consider
me as an annual subscriber for five copies ; and I feel confi-
dent that many others will use their utmost endeavours to
render the continuation of the journal a matter of certainhj.
I should be happy, indeed, if any contributions from my pen,
during the short intervals of leisure I possess, might be thought
acceptable : — but my views on the natural arrangement of the
Annulosa, (and consequently of all the subordinate divisions,)
are so totally different from all the modern-received notions on
this subject, that I cannot suppose they would, at present, be
listened to with patience, much less with approbation ; and I
should have neither time nor inclination to defend them.
I am yours. Sec.

William Swainson.
[We feel highly gratified by Mr. Swainson's good opinion.
Alas, that plain, honest, impartial criticism, should be of so rare
occurrence as to call forth such lavish praise ! — Ed.]

5. On Cheiropachus jiulchellus. — Sir, Being professionally
engaged in the neighbourhood of Newmarket during the

116 VARIETIES.

month of June 1832, 1 now and then indulged in a little of my
favourite pursuit — Entomology. On one occasion, I found a
fir-pole mucli perforated by some Xylojihagoiis insect : on the
surface of this pole were several specimens of Cheiropachus
pulchellus (Walker's MS.), busily employed in examining, and
occasionally inserting their abdomens into these perforations.
The Cheiropachus I first secured, and then immediately com-
menced stripping this pole of its bark ; under which I found
Hylurgus jnnijierda in all stages of existence, from the larvae,
some of which were very small, to the perfect insect.

I therefore have reason to beheve, from these circumstances,
and observations I made some time back on another species
{Quadrum) of this genus, that they are parasites on the genus
Hylurgus.

It is singular that, on examination, I found all my specimens
of the Cheiropachus males, except one ; though, from the way
in which they were employed, I should have suspected they
would have proved to be the opposite sex.

A. Cooper.

Nov. 27, 1833.

6. Capture of Sphinx l^erii. — Sir, Having read in your
valuable Magazine for last October a communication from Mr.
Stephens of the capture of the Sphinx Nerii at Dover, last
autumn, I have much pleasure in being able to inform you,
that it most decidedly is a British insect. A fine larva of that
moth was taken in a lady's garden at Teignmouth, Devon, in
August 1832, and communicated to me by Mrs. Tayleur, an
entomological friend of mine there, accompanied by a highly-
finished coloured drawing of the same, taken from life. But
unfortunately it died in a ^ew days after its capture, from the
injuries it received from the person who brought it to my friend
under the erroneous impression of its being venomous. The
perriwinkle is abundant in the garden where the larva was
found : it is therefore a natural supposition, (as expressed by
a writer in the Natural History Magazine for March 1832),
*' that it may resort to the Vinca major and minor, or some
species of that tribe, as a substitute for the Oleander, which
requires protection from the severity of the winter in many

VARIETIES. 117

parts of the continent, where the -S. verii is found, and there-
fore cannot be the constant food of that insect.
I remain, &c.
Yours, truly, Charles Blomer.

24, Burton Crescent, October, 1833.

[We are much obliged for the beautiful drawing which
accompanied this communication : we hope to obtain the loan
of the perfect insect ; if so, we purpose giving a plate of them
together. — Ed.]

7. List of a few Insects observed in Devonshire arid Cor n
wall during the Month of September, 1833. — Drypta emargi-
nata ; under a stone on the lias, near Lyme Regis, Dorsetshire.
— Cicindela Germanica ; in the same situation. — Cafius
fuciola ; near Plymouth, under sea-weed, with Cafius lateralis,
in the proportion of one to about fifty. — Methoca ichneumo-
noides ; on chalk-marl, and green sand, near Lyme Regis.—
Pentatoma pusillum, Schaffer ; Cornwall. — Chirononms
cestivus ; in a wood near Linton, Devonshire. — OrphenepJiila
devia ; on damp herbage, growing at the base of the cliffs by
the sea-shore at Teignmouth and Sidmouth. — Drapetis
aterrima ; on fuci near Penzance, Cornwall. — Miltogramma
punctata ; near the Lizard Point, Cornwall. — Testanocera
marginata ; near Penzance, Cornwall. — Agonum micans ;
near Exeter. — Tachydromia aretiaria was very abundant
near Plymouth and Torquay, running with great rapidity over
the rocks, a little above high-water-mark ; its wings are very
short ; and its flight resembles a succession of leaps, each not
exceeding two or three inches ; — some (perhaps a distinct
species) have ample wings ; it forms a new genus, nearly
allied to Drapetis, as Mr. Haliday remarked. — Platymischus
dilatatus swarms on the rocks, and among the sea-weed, near
Plymouth ; I found it also near Torquay, but there it was
much less common. It moves slowly, like the Psili, and
varies very much in size. At Torquay it was accompanied by
a Psilus^ and a FigitesJ' The former was rather scarce ; the

* Psilus fucicola. Mas et Fein. Ater, nitidus : antennce ariiculo 1°. basi rufo ;
maris monUifurmes, nod piloses ; fem. clavateB : pedes picei, tibiis tarsisque basi rufis :
ales angiistce, subfusces, apice ciliates. (Corp. long, f — 1 lin. ; alar, f — 1^ lin.)

^ Figites subapterus. Mas et Fem. Ater, nitidus: maris antenncs filijormes,
corpore longiores ; fem. mtilto breviores, subclavatce : pedes castanei ; femora fusca ;
prolibia apice spina armalee : alee perbreves. (Corp. long f — 1 lin.)

118 VARIETIES.

latter, which was more abundant than the PlatymiscJnis, runs
very fast ; and, when touched, contracts its antennae and legs,
and lets itself fall from the rocks. At Plymouth it was much
rarer ; I saw only one or two specimens.

F. Walker.

8. Chnjsomela graminis. — Sir, This insect appears to be
double-brooded : I find it in a wet place near this city (Bath),
upon the Mentha hirsuta, to which plant it appears very
strictly to confine itself, in the middle of June and the be-
ginning of September. It is in great plenty at both the above
times ; but I do not remember finding a single individual
during the intervening months. My friend, the Rev. F. Lockey,
observes, that in the autumn it feeds upon the flowers of the
Mentha in preference to the leaves.

C. C. Babington.

9. Cardiapus Mathewsli. — I found this insect in great
plenty (taking more than forty specimens,) on the Cis/its
Helianthemiim, at the top of the Gogmagog Hills, near Cam-
bridge, on the 4th of last July, and also on tlie same plant, but
in smaller quantity, at the Devil's Ditch, Newmarket Heath,
on the 2d of that month; at both these places many other
specimens were also taken.

Yours, &c. C. C. Babington.

Balk, Nov. 5, 1833.

10. Ignis Fatuus. — The supposition, that the Ignis fatuus
is caused by the light emitted by some insect has, I believe,
among scientific men, long yielded to the known fact, that it
is merely the combustion of gaseous matter. In a very inte-
teresting paper upon this subject in a former number of your
Magazine, the facts and experiments related prove this latter
theory beyond doubt ; but the writer leaves us in the dark as
to the nature of the gas to which the phenomenon is attri-
butable.

This gas, however, I believe, is generally supposed to be
phosphuretted hydrogen, a combination of phosphorus and
hydrogen gas, which spontaneously ignites upon coming in
contact with atmospheric air. Should any of your readers
feel inclined to illustrate this by actual experiment, or to view

VARIETIES. 119

the phenomenon of the Will o' the Wisp by their own fire-
sides, it may be easily done by the following method : — Into a
tumbler or any other vessel filled with water, drop a few small
pieces of phosphuret of lime ; the water will be in part decom-
posed ; and the phosphorus combining with the hydrogen, will
form phosphuretted hydrogen gas ; bubbles of which will be
seen rising to the surface, where they will immediately inflame
upon coming in contact with the air, and exhibit a pale and
somewhat ghastly flame ; should an inverted jar of oxygen be
held over the water, the bubbles will in like manner inflame,
but with a light which is most dazzlingly brilliant. The in-
tensity of the light of the flame, therefore, it would appear,
depends upon the quantity of oxygen contained in the atmo-
sphere to which it is exposed ; and it would of course follow that
in bogs, and other damp places, where the air is impure and
its comparative quantity of oxygen but small, the flame would
be so faint as to be scarcely visible in day-light, though per-
fectly apparent at night.

Phosphorus forming one of the component parts of all
animal and vegetable matter, it is obvious, that in the course
of the decomposition of such matter it must be set at liberty in
considerable quantities, when, combining with the hydrogen of
the water of the surrounding soil, it forms the gas, which,
making its way to the surface of the earth or water, as the
case may be, ignites immediately it comes in contact with the
atmospheric air, and thus forms in church-yards, morasses, and
other damp places, the phenomenon which has caused the
heart of many a stout yeoman to beat with superstitious awe.

R. A. Ogilvie.

1 1 . Aleyrodes Phillyrece. — About the end of May I found
the different species of Phillyrea, particularly the media and
latifolia, in gardens near Dublin, swarming with this pretty
species. They covered the under sides of the new leaves, from
four to a dozen sitting under each ; and the leaves of the former
year were equally loaded with their puparia, from which they
seemed to have just emerged. The lower surface of the young
leaves was whitened with their powder and strewed with eggs,
scattered irregularly, and not in patches : these are transparent
when laid, soon become wax - coloured, and in a few days
opaque, glossy, pearl -grey. They are much longer in the

120 VARIETIES,

hatching than those of A. Chelidonii, as recorded by Reaumur,
for not a tenth of them had produced the scale-hke larvae when
I examined the trees nearly a month later. Having left that
part of the country soon after, I did not ascertain whether there
is more than one brood in the year. The perfect insect
measures about \l line across the wings expanded; the body is
pale yellow, but the head, thorax, antennae and legs covered
with white powder ; the tip of the sucker dusky, the eyes
black ; the hinder segments of the abdomen above, and the
borer of the female, are greyish. The wings pearly-white, and
covered with white powder : in old specimens only there is a
duller reflection in the usual places near the base and end of
the principal nervure ; but even there it is very obscure, and
disappears if the light is dispersed by a lens of moderate
power. ^

A. H. Haliday.

1 2. Insects attracted bjj the offensive Smell of a Flower. —
In July 1832, I had four very luxuriant blossoms on a plant
o^ Arum Dracuncidus, the Dragon Arum, the smell of which
is, perhaps, the most offensive of any plant with which we are
acquainted; in the present instance, it was so much so as
to attract numbers of those insects whose food consists of
putrid substances ; these must certainly have been deceived
by the scent, which they mistook for that of their natural
food, for in no instance did they eat any part of the
flower, but, falling down the smooth sides of the corolla, slipt
into the cup, and there perished. On examining the cups
after the flowers had faded, they contained the following
insects : — Staphylinus maxillosus, Philonthus, six species ;
Hister, three species ; Nitidula bipunctata, grisea, and two
others ; Scatophaga, three species ; Musca vomitoria, CcBsar,
thalassina, Latiio, maculata, and three others ; Anthomyia
lardaria ; and Helophorus griseus.

Edward Newman.

'^ I examined CheUdonium majus in several gardens of the neighbourhood, but
did not meet with JL Chelidonii. The other, flying round the Phillyrea trees,
lights on the passers by and on the neighbouring shrubs, but I did not find
either egg or puparium on trees of any other genus.

ENTOMOLOGICAL MAGAZINE.

APRIL, 1834.

Art. X. — Abstract of M. Straus-Durckheini s " Coiiside-
rations Generales sur VAnatomie Comparee des Animaux
Articules." By Edward Doubleday, Esq. M. E. S.

{Continued from Vol.1, puge 479.)

" Non eram nescius ut hie noster labor in varias reprehensiones incurreret,

si delectamur cum scribimus, quis est tam invidus qui ab ese nos abdu-

cat ? ; sin autem laboramus, quis est qui alienae modum statuac iudustriae ? " —
Cicero.

Part II.— Muscular System.

Muscles in General.

In the Annulosa and Annelida, the muscles are composed,
like those of vertebrated animals, of two parts ; the one, the
muscle properly so called, which is contractile ; the other, the
tendon, not contractile. But, as we cannot separate these parts
without destroying the muscle, it becomes necessary to describe
them together: some general remarks may nevertheless first
be made upon each separately.

Tendons.

The tendons of articidated animals possess a greater degree
of solidity than those of Vertebrata. This is owing to the
presence of a larger proportion of calcareous matter: they
differ but little from the internal apopMjses of the integuments,
except in the direction of their fibres, which is always either
longitudinal or radiating, according to the form of the tendon ;
they are also of a closer texture.

NO. II. VOL. II. r

122 M. straus-durckheim's

In general, they augment in thickness a little before their
insertion ; but as, notwithstanding their solidity, they require
to be moveable upon the piece they put in motion, the larger
ones oifer, near their extremity, a small flexible narrowed por-
tion, resembling an articulation. They are generally simple at
their extremity, but sometimes bifurcate, as \\\e flexor tibice in
the genus Limulus.

Muscles.

The muscles of insects, and in general of all the Anmdosa
and Annelida, differ from those of Vertebrata, in being of a
less firm consistence. Indeed, they are sometimes in a gela-
tinous and almost transparent state ; and it is only by being
steeped in alcohol, or some other liquid,* that they acquire a
sufficient degree of opacity and firmness to enable us to distin-
guish their form; yet their power surpasses that of the muscles
of larger animals.

They are composed of a multitude of fibres, in which the
power of contraction resides, and which are mostly straight,
and separate one from another, but are sometimes united in
bundles which rarely are connected.

The fibres are composed of small, nearly triangular plates,
placed obliquely one upon another. These plates are nearly
flat ; but one of the sides is produced so as to form an angular
fold in the middle of the plate, which gradually diminishes
until it ceases, just before reaching the opposite margin.

In the Vertebrata the muscles often have a tendinous origin,
or offer a tendinous portion in the middle (as the digastricus,
&c. in man). This is very rarely the case in the articulated
animals.

The solid cupules, to which the extremities of some muscles
are attached, appear to be the analogues of the aponeuroses ^ of
Vertebrata ; they are generally found at the origin of the long
tendons, but sometimes both ends of a muscle are furnished
with them.

* I have always found alcohol, mixed with a small portion of acetic acid, the
best mixture for giving firmness to the internal parts of insects. They should,
however, be well washed with pure alcohol afterwards, or the acid will ruin the
knives or scissors used in dissecting. — E. D.

•» Aponeuroses are the expanded parts of the tendons which cover the muscles,
give insertion to their fibres, strengthen their action, and restrain them in their
proper places. — E. D.

CONSIDERATIONS. 123

Those muscles which pass directly from one part to another
without the intervention of tendons, are mostly pyramidal or
cylindrical, according to the form of the parts to which they are
attached. Those which have tendons are either conical, pyra-
midal, pseiido-penniform ; that is, flat, triangular, with the fibres
arising from the same line, and attached to one or both sides of
a flat tendon, — penniform, where the fibres, not arising from
the same line, give the muscle a wedge-shaped and notched
appearance, — or compound, that is, formed of several heads,
which are each furnished with a tendon, these tendons before
their insertion uniting into one.

One remarkable circumstance in the organization of insects
is, that many muscles have their origin from, and are inserted
into, two perfectly moveable parts of a quite different nature.
These are not merely muscles, which move parts forming a
series, as the vertebra of the higher animals, or the segments
of the abdomen in insects ; these are muscles which move certain
parts with relation to one another ; but those to which we refer
move the parts in relation to the trunk, the fixed part of the
body, yet arise from parts equally moveable, and of a quite
different function. In the Coleoptera, and also in not a few
other insects, many very powerful muscles are thus situated.
Such is the extensor posticus alee, which is at the same time
the extensor coxa metapedis.

Observation proves that, in the Articulata, the presence,
volume, and even the form of the muscles, depend solely on
the function of the part they move. Hence it arises, that
when, in any species, a part loses its power of motion, without
undergoing any other change, the muscles usually inserted
thereto disappear to yield place to more important organs ;
and when a part changes its form or function, we find the muscles
inserted into it equally vary in volume, and even in their dispo-
sition to accommodate themselves to the new function : a simple
modification in the articulation of the moveable part some-
times varying its motions very considerably, the muscles in-
serted into it are modified in consequence of this change.
Lastly ; it may happen, that the piece to be put in motion
varies its functions ; the muscles also change theirs.

Moreover, observation proves, that the parts from which the
muscles arise, may vary much in form and size without the
muscles being at all influenced thereby ; and that analogous

124 M. stkaus-durckheim's

muscles do not always arise in different species from the same
part.

From these facts it may be inferred, that although the tegu-
mentary and muscular systems are mutually dependent one
upon the other, there may exist a considerable difference
between the modifications which these systems undergo as
compared with one another. This difference is often very
considerable ; for it is hardly possible to recognize the analo-
gous muscles in two species taken even from neighbouring
families, unless we trace them through the greater proportion
of the intermediate genera ; and as no species can be looked
upon as a type for the whole division, it is impossible to refer
the muscles of one species to their analogues in another, taken
from a different division.

Notwithstanding these variations, it is possible, by avoiding
details, to lay down a few general rules.

In the Annelida, Mijriapoda, and the larvce of insects, we
mostly find two principal orders of muscles, forming, the one, a
double series along the upper, the other, a like series along
the lower, part of the segments, passing from one of these to
another. We find these same series more or less modified in
the perfect insect : the lower series have become the muscles
which move the labium, the depressors of the head, the
retractors of the jugular pieces, the inferior retractors of the
prothorax, the praetractorsof the posterior episternal apophysis,
the inferior prastractors of the segments of the abdomen ; but
those muscles which move the head, and three thoracic seg-
ments, are changed considerably as to form, volume, and
disposition, whilst those which move the segments of the
abdomen, disappear whenever these segments become fixed.
In like manner the longitudinal dorsal series form the elevators
of the labrum and head, the superior retractors o^Xhe jirothorax,
the retractors of the wings and scutellum, the depressors and
prastractors of the wings, and the superior prastractors of the
abdominal segments. The upper part of the segment to which
the jugulars belong having disappeared, the muscles, which
would otherwise be inserted therein, proceed direct from the
scutellum to the head, forming the second heads of its elevators.
We find also in perfect insects some of those muscles, which,
in the larvae of insects as well as in the Scolopendrce, pass
from the tcrgum of the prothorax to the sternum; but, in

CONSIDERATIONS. 12.5

many cases, these muscles disappear. The muscles contained
in the femur and tibia differ but httle in all the articulated
animals with solid integuments. In Insects, the muscles placed
in the joints of the tarsi disappear, and they are all moved by
one muscle placed in the femur or tibia ; the tendon of which
traverses the tarsus to be inserted in the claw. Where the
articulation of the parts of the legs is ginglymoidal, they are
commonly moved by only one pair of muscles ; where the
articulation allows the parts to roll, they are generally furnished
with more. But the muscles which move the coxa and tro-
chanter vary much in form, number, composition, and inser-
tion. The flexors of the trochanters are generally simple
and penniform, whilst the extensors are mostly formed by
several heads, one at least of which has its origin in one of the
thoracic segments, the others generally in the coxa.

Part. III. — Digestive Organs.
Organs of Manducation and Alimentary Canal.

The digestive organs bear a constant relation to the quality
of the food destined for the support of the animal, or at least
are not incompatible therewith in form or disposition. But
the food being so much modified in its properties by the
action of the parts of the mouth, the intestinal canal is liable
to be acted on by so few of these, that their influence is
scarcely felt by it. Hence it follows, that the form of the
parts of the mouth must depend more particularly on the
quality of the food, and be more precisely in relation with
organs which (as the feet) concur indirectly to the function
of digestion. This is confirmed by observation : but the in-
testinal canal is found to offer a much less uniform relationship
with the food and with the other organs.

That the parts of the mouth are less subordinate to the qua-
lity of the food in the Annulosa than in the Vertebrata has
already been pointed out : they differ considerably in their
form where the food scarcely varies, and vice versa. Nature,
always so admirable in all that she produces, shows us here,
as often elsewhere, that she is not constrained servilely to
confine herself to the use of one sole means ; but, on the

126 M. straus-durckheim's

contrary, how great are her resources, and what profound
wisdom does she exhibit in varying and combining them
without ever creating any thing which is not in the most per-
fect harmony !

The differences which we have been remarking are prin-
cipally due to the gradation in structure of the digestive
organs, and the anomalies they present, which are often only
apparent, depend on causes unconnected with the digestive
system, as, for instance, the self-defence or industry of the
animal.

The food influencing most powerfully the parts of the
mouth, these must be considered as governing all the other
parts of the digestive system, and, consequently, they become
highly important for the purposes of classification, especially
as relates to genera and families. It may be added, that the
gradation to which the parts of the mouth are subjected,
proceeds nearly pari passu with that of the other organs to
which we can attach importance in classification, although
their reciprocal dependence is often very slight : such is the
gradation to which the wings are subject in insects.

The skeleton of the Vertebrata being replaced in the Atmu-
losa and Annelida by the integuments, the masticatory organs
of the former have also disappeared, and are replaced by parts
belonging to the tegumentary system.

In the genus Lumbricits, where the integuments are mem-
branaceous, the mouth is a simple orifice of the intestinal canal,
scarcely difl^ering from the anus ; hence these animals can
merely swallow their food without masticating it. In the leech
{Hirudo), which is higher in its organization than the earth-
worm, we find three fleshy jaws furnished with corneous teeth,
which form a sort of saw enabling them to cut the skin of
animals. This form of mouth, of which we find the first trace
in this genus, becomes more developed in the still more per-
fectly formed genus Eunice, where we find four pair of jaws,
of a different form and very strong, fixed in the mucous mem-
brane of the pharynx. In the Annulosa, as we have already
remarked, the trophi are but the anterior feet transformed,
and serving more directly for the pui'poses of digestion than
the others. The jaws analogous to those of Eiinice appear
to be wanting, but most probably they are represented by the
gastric teeth of Crustacea. In tracing the development of

CONSIDERATIONS. 127

these organs in the Annelida, we find tlieir situation gradually
becoming lower down in the alimentary canal, to acquire that
disposition they present in Crustacea and Insects. In Nei^htys
and other genera, the jaws are placed at the lower part of the
(esophagus, which reverses itself in the form of a proboscis
when the animal wishes to feed. In comparing the jaws of
the Annelida to the organs of the mouth and stomach of the
Annulosa, we find them, both as to form and disposition, more
analogous to the gastric than the oral jaws of the latter.

The transformation of the first pair of feet into maxillae is
very evident in the Scolopendrce, but it is not so with respect
to the labium and mandibles : perhaps there exists some spe-
cies as yet unknown, which may afford us a proof of a similar
change in these also.

The Crustacea have from two to six pairs of jaws, the
posterior pairs in many closely resembling the feet, pi'oving
indubitably that the organs of the mouth are but these last
modified. The strength of the mandibles, and the size and
number of the maxillae, show that these animals subsist on
solid food ; but the nature of this is not always clearly marked
by the form of the jaws, though in general the carnivorous
species have them toothed, the herbivorous merely incisive.
In the parasitical Crustacea {Nymphon, Phoxichilus, 8(c.)
the mouth, though formed on the same plan as that of the
other Crustacea, is smaller and much less developed ; hence
these animals subsist by sucking the blood of other animals
(generally the Cetacea) instead of solid food. All the Arach-
nida {Arachnida and Acaridea) are very rapacious, but the
parts of the mouth oflfer a striking diiference in form, the
larger species (the Arachnida, MacLeay), which prey on
insects, having them very robust, but suited more to their
habits of sucking their prey than to the purposes of mandu-
cation, whilst in the smaller {Acaridea, MacLeay), which are
mostly parasitical, they are commonly formed into a simple
haustellum. Some however of these, as the Acari, which
feed on dry animal and vegetable substances, are masticators.

The development of the mouth attains its greatest degree
of perfection in the Coleoptera, and we can, with some iew
exceptions, determine the nature of their food from the form
of the trophi. Those which jjvey on living animals have
the mandibles slender, and projecting beyond the labrum about

128 M. straus-durckheim's

one-third of tlieir lengtli ; they have no molar surface or
incisive edge, but are furnished with a kw rounded teeth, and
terminate in a sharp incurved point ; moreover, they are very
moveable. The max'dlcB are elongate, but shorter than the
mandibles, and their lobes are not furnished with a dense
covering of hair. The labium is small and moveable. The
Dytici, however, have the mandibles short, terminated, as in
the omnivorous Coleoptera, by two strong teeth, but they have
no molar surface. The labium is large, and not very move-
able ; the maxillce resemble those of the Carabi. L. This is
nearly the form of the mouth in those Coleoptera which live
on decaying flesh ; perhaps the Dytici feed not on living
prey, but on dead animals.'^

Those which feed on dry animal matter, have the mandibles
and maxillcB scarcely projecting beyond the labrum ; the for-
mer are broad, strong, terminated by a short, but very sharp
point, behind which is a single small incisive tooth : their
inner surface is furnished with an elongate brush of hair, but
has no molar surface.

The maxilla, which terminate in a sharp incurved point,
have also a considerable tuft of hair, and the galea is broad,
short, and hairy. Those Coleoptera which feed on the pollen
of flowers have the mandibles very short, hid by the clypeus,
furnished with a large molar surface, but their extremity is but
little developed. The maxilla, are very large, furnished with
long tufts of hair. Where they feed on plants, we find the
mandibles of Coleoptera hid by the clypeus and labrum, the
terminal point blunt, or wanting ; the inner edge incisive, and
either entire, or divided into several teeth meeting one another;
they have a large molar surface. The maxillce are short,
but present no other general character.

Such are the principal relations we find in Ccleoptera
between the food and the form of the mouth. The study of
the habits of insects has been so much neglected that we
know but little of their food, and our notions on this subject
are the more indistinct, because we often trust to imperfect
observations, or have happened only to observe the exceptions

« Though I believe M. Straus to be wrong in supposing the Dytici not to prey
on living animals, yet I have had clear proof of their feeding upon dead animals ;
having taken D. marginalis devouring a large frog, which evidently had been
killed, not by the Dyticus, but by other means. See also Erichson, p. 12. — E. D.

CONSIDERATIONS. 129

to the general rule. Clems apiar'ius is generally met with
in flowers, hence we might conclude that it fed on honey or
pollen ; it however is only hunting there for small insects.

In the Orthoptera it is difficult to determine the food of any
species from the form of the trophi ; the herbivorous and
carnivorous ones are alike furnished with a molar surface, and
the maxlllcs. and labium afford no distinguishing character
between these. This also applies to the Neuroptera. In the
Hymenoptera the structure of the mouth has undergone much
change, but its variations, caused by the nature of the food, are
much the same as those of the mouth of Coleoptera. In the
Hemiptera the mouth is still more changed, so that the whole
of the species are suctorious. Those which feed on the fluids
of animals, differ only in the general structure of the mouth
from plant-sucking tribes, in having its parts more firm. The
mouth of Diptera resembles in some respects that of Hy-
menoptera, the parts having undergone less degradation in
structure than in the Hemiptera. It offers no general cha-
racter which distinguishes the blood-sucking species from the
other. The genus Pulex, forming a separate order placed
near the Diptera, to which it approaches by the form of its
rostrulum, as well as by its complete metamorphosis, seems to
place itself at their head immediately after the Hymenoptera,
its labium being furnished with palpi and covered by the
maxillae.

The food of the Lepidoptera being invariable, there can be
no change of form in the parts of the mouth arising from this
cause.

The intestinal canal has always its two orifices distinct one
from the other ;'^ the mouth in the Annelida, Arachnida, and
in Insects, is always placed at the anterior extremity of the
head ; in the Crustacea it is mostly situated in the under
surface of the trunk ; the anus, however, is constantly placed
at the posterior extremity.

The intestinal canal varies much, as well as to its disposition
as in its form and length ; its variations are not rigorously
in relation with those of the parts upon which we rest our
classifications, hence we can only lay down very general

^ Many Zoophytes have l)ut one orifice to the intestinal canal ; the excrements
pass through the mouth. In insects the anus is sometimes wanting, and some
perfect insects have no mouth.

NO. II. VOL. II. S

130 M. straus-durckheim's

laws of relation, and even these are subject to considerable
exceptions.

The food which reaches the intestinal canal retains only its
chemical properties, the influence of these is sometimes very
sensible ; but two kinds of food which influence much the oral
organs, may be reduced to very nearly the same state when
they reach the stomach.

We may consider the Annulosa and Annelida as being
divided into two divisions according to the form of the ali-
mentary canal : the first division contains those which have
all the segments nearly alike in form; the second, those where
the segments are dissimilar. In the former, the intestinal
canal makes very slight, if any folds, and mostly stretches in
a nearly straight line from the mouth to the amis ; whilst, on
the contrary, in the others it makes a number of convolutions,
which are more or less considerable according to the nature of
the food; that is to say, they are numerous in the herbivorous,
and few in the carnivorous. This rule has, however, some
remarkable exceptions, the shortness of the canal being some-
times compensated by an increase in breadth. In both divi-
sions it presents more or less distinct dilatations which mark
out a distinction of parts, to w^hich we may give the names of
oesophagus, inglumes, {jabot), i^entriculus, {jabot succen-
iurie), ventriculus bulbosus {gesier), and the Intestine, divided
into duodenum, colon, coecum, and rectum, but some of these
are often wanting, or have their functions performed by the
others.

The relation existing between the alimentary canal and the
external form of the body, is a consequence naturally arising
from the proportion which must exist between the intestines
and the mass of the body. Where the segments are all nearly
similar, as in the Annelida and Mijriajioda, the body is
generally very elongate, and the alimentary canal has sufficient
length when extending from the mouth to the anus. Where
the segments are dissimilar, the body is mostly short, and
inflated in certain parts only, so that the intestine, in order to
preserve a length proportioned to the bulk of the body, is of
necessity expanded in certain parts, and folded upon itself, that
it may be confined in a shorter space. From this it follows
that the principal expansions of the alimentary canal are found
in the most dilated part of the body. In the Crustacea this

CONSIDERATIONS. 131

is the trunk, and, therefore, it usually contains the gizzard
(ventriculus hidbosus), the sole expanded part of their ali-
mentary canal ; the intestine makes no convolutions in the
abdomen. In Arachnida and Insects the abdomen, on the
contrary, is the most voluminous part, and this contains the
principal expanded portions of the canal, though in Aranea
the ingliwies, or crop, is contained in the trunk. The intes-
tinal canal of carnivorous species, whether they feed on living
prey, on blood, or on decaying flesh, is uniformly shorter than
that of the herbivorous species, but these last are influenced by
the quality of their food, as leaves, fruit, honey, &c., which is
not the case with the former.

The gizzard {ventriculus bulbosiis) is the expansion most
constantly present, and where the crop is wanting is very
large. It mostly contains certain more or less complicated
masticatory organs, which appear to be analogous to the jaws
o^ Annelida; they vary much in different genera.

In the Staphylini, they consist of from five to ten, or even
more longitudinal ridges, placed in the circumference of the
gizzard, extending from the cardia to the pylorus. In Gryl-
lotalpa, &c., they are replaced by chains of small differently
formed pieces. These, as the longitudinal ridges, are sometimes
all similar, but more often alternately so. In many species
(Lepisma saccharina, &c.), these ridges are each replaced by
a very hard angular piece. When the cardia and pylorus
are not diametrically opposed, these organs are found on one
side of its inner surface alone, as in Squilla mantis, or around
the cardia and pylorus, as in Cancer and Astacus. Some-
times they are altogether wanting.

The name oesophagus is commonly given to that part of
the alimentary canal which extends from the pharynx to the
gizzard or stomach. In Man and Mammalia, a single name
suffices for this part; but in Annulosa and Annelida it is
distinguished into two or more parts, to which separate names
must be given, as has been done in Birds. Sometimes we find
a crop iinglumes), as in Birds, opening laterally into the
oesophagus ; below this, a part of the oesophagus sometimes
performs the functions of the crop : this is the ventriculus,
which, in the herbivorous species, often occupies two-thirds of
the length of the alimentary canal. The name of oesophagus
?hould be confined to that part which conducts the food to the

132 M. straus-durckheim's

crop, or ventricule ; and where these do not exist, to the
gizzard.

The part which follows the gizzard constitutes the intestine,
and is divided into three parts, the duodenum, colon, and
rectum. The two latter often differ only in size ; sometimes,
however, the rectum is dilated so as to form a caecum, as in
Aranea, Nej}a, Dyticus, &c. But in the Myriapoda and
Crustacea we find no difference in these two parts. The
duodenum is not always distinct, though its limits are mostly
marked by the insertion of the biliary vessels.

Intimate Structure of the Alimentary Catial.

The alimentary canal consists of three tunics, or coats ; the
most internal is a mucous membrane, analogous to the villous
coat of Vertebrata ; it is merely a prolongation of the integu-
ments ; is very distinct in the ocsojj/iagus, ventriculus bul-
bosus, and rectum; less so in the ventricuhis ; and is very
distinct in those species where the integuments are solid.
The second tunic {inembrane propre^ is every where easily
distinguishable : generally it is white, and very thin ; some-
times, however, it is thick, and of a spongy texture. It
presents excessively small granulations, which have been
considered as the mouths of the absorbents ; but it is more
probable that they are gastric glands. The third is the
muscular coat, which only clothes certain parts, as the intes-
tines and gizzard, sometimes the oesophagus, and yet more
rarely the inglucies and ventriculus.

We find in the articulated animals no true peritoneum; but
the viscera of the Arachnida are retained in place by trans-
verse fibrous septa, of a loose texture, which pass perpendi-
cularly from the intervals of the segments, being, as it were,
so many diaphragms. The viscera of Crustacea are con-
nected by a loose cellular tissue ; those of Insects and Myria-
poda are retained in place by the trachea.

Secretory Glands dejjendenf upon the Alimentary Canal.

The difference of form and structure which we find in the
glands of different species, is due principally to the difference
in the mode of circulation of the blood in different classes.

CONSIDERATIONS. 133

In the Annelida and Crustacea, where the blood circulates
in vessels, we find more or less voluminous conglomerate
glands, the largest of which, in the Crustacea, has been con-
sidered as the analogue of the liver of Vertebrata ; the second
in size, that of the pancreas, or of the kidneys, according as
the point of their insertion is near to the gizzard or anus.
Those canals whose excretory ducts open into the mouth, or
pharynx, may be called salivary glands.

In Insects, Myriapoda, and the Trachean Arachnida, from
the difference of the circulatory system, the blood would not,
in such glands, be renewed with sufficient quickness ; the
glands, therefore, in these, take the form of long thread-like
vessels, which, from their floating in the blood, are easily
penetrated by it. This form is not incompatible with a com-
plete circulation, for we meet with it in Limulus, and the
Pulmonary Arachnida.

There are from one to five kinds of these, but they are
never all present in one species, or at least they are never all
apparent.

The salivary glands are two or four vessels, of varying
length, simple or ramose, sometimes having their extremities
expanded.

The glands, to which term biliary vessels is commonly
given, are two, four, or six slender, and very long vessels,
inserted in different genera, into various parts of the intestinal
canalj sometimes above, sometimes below the gizzard. These
two extremities sometimes both open into the canal at the
same point, sometimes at very distant points. Sometimes
their number is very considerable ; they are then either placed
in a whorl round a certain part of the canal, or united upon
two or more tubercles, placed around one point of the intestine ;
sometimes, before their insertion, they all unite into one com-
mon duct.

A third sort of glands, secreting a digestive fluid, may be
called gastric glands : these have been mentioned above.
When present, they always cover that part of the intestinal
canal above the biliary vessels. In the Silphce, the posterior
part of the intestines is likewise covered with granulations;
these may be called the intestinal glands.

In many insects, particularly the carnivorous, there exists a
fifth kind of gland, the products of which are poured into the

134* M. straus-durckheim's

intestinal canal near the anus. These are the urinary vessels,
and they have sometimes, near their insertion, a reservoir,
which performs the functions of a bladder. In all insects we
find at least one kind of these glands, inserted sometimes
above, sometimes below the gizzard. From the experiments
of M. Rengger, it appears that these organs are urinary
oi-gans. The analysis of their contents confirms this, they
being composed of ammonia, potass, and uric acid, existing
probably in the form of a suburate of potass and ammonia.

Part IV. — Generation.

In the Myriapoda, Arachnida, and in Insects, the sexes
are invariably separate ; and it appears doubtful whether any
of the Crustacea are really hermaphrodites, though as yet no
individuals of some genera, as Cyjiris and Apus, have been
found unfurnished with eggs. In the Annelida, most of the
genera are imperfectly hermaphrodite. In Crustacea and
Insects we find some species which, though not hermaphro-
dites, are capable of producing young without fecundation for
several generations. Jurine observed that the Crustaceous
genus, Daphnia, possessed this faculty to the sixth generation.
The first genus of Insects in which this power was observed,
is Aphis, and here it is very striking. Mr. Coulter, an Irish
naturalist, relates, that Smerinthus Populi can produce several
generations without fecundation.^

All the Annulosa, and most of the Annelida, are exclusively
oviparous, or ovo- viviparous ; but some of the latter, as JSais,
&c., besides being oviparous, multiply almost after the manner
of the Zoophytes, the posterior part separating, and becoming
a perfect individual.

Here we may notice the power possessed by some animals, of
renewing parts of their bodies which may have been broken off.
In Insects and the Scolopendrce this never takes place ; and,
moreover, a simple wound never heals, it only dries over. In
Crustacea ^xvi^^rachnida, the feet are capable of being re-
produced exac^ in their original form. But does this faculty

e Who is Mr. Coulter? and will he favour the world with some further
particulars with regard to this extraordinary fact, which M. Straus relates on
the authority of a statement made by Mr. C. to him ?

CONSIDERATIONS. 135

continue during the whole of the animal's life, or does it cease
as soon as it becomes adult? Perhaps the latter is the correct
opinion ; for the Rev. Lansdown Guilding has observed, that
the larva of Phasma cornutum can reproduce the feet it may
have lost, though the imago cannot.

In Nais, and some other Annelida, the body, if divided,
becomes two perfect individuals.

Most of the Crustacea carry their eggs attached to the
body, not to assist in hatching them, but to protect them.
Some, however, abandon them as soon as they are laid.

The Araneidce in general envelop their eggs in a silken
cocoon, where they remain until the young appear. The
EpeircB merely attach them to some solid body, and then leave
them; others, Theridion, Pholcus, &c. (araignees Jilandieres),
watch over the cocoon in some sheltered place, where they
have fixed it, to aid the escape of their young ; others, the
Lycoscs, carry the cocoon with them, to give to their offspring
the same maternal care.

Insects, with the exception of the genus Termes, and most
of the Hymenoptera, simply deposit their eggs, and leave
them, without giving themselves any further trouble ; but
the care bestowed by the Insects forming the exceptions to
this rule is very remarkable.

The eggs of some Orthoptera, as Mantis and Blaita, are
excluded, enveloped in a case, where each has its separate
compartment.

The most singular fact in the generation of Insects is, that
no species, when hatched, has exactly the same form as the
parent, and only acquires it by two transformations, called its
metamorphoses.

Among the Myriapoda, the Juli alone undergo meta-
morphosis.

The Scolopendr(E, the Thysanoura, the Pulmonary Arach-
nida and Phalangimn, appear not to undergo any change ; but
the Acari and some of the Crustacea do.

Part V. — Respiratory System.

No where do we find the respiratory system carried to so
high a degree of development as in Insects ; yet its functions

136 M. straus-durckheim's

are far less energetic than in the warm-blooded Vertebrata,
for they can endure long a highly rarefied atmosphere, or even
irrespirable gases, without perishing.

In Insects, the circulation having reached such a degree of
simplicity and imperfection, that the blood cannot be brought
to one special respiratory organ, this inconvenience has to be
remedied by replacing the circulation of blood by that of air.
In Vertebrata it is the blood which goes to meet the air; in
Insects the air seeks the blood.

This circulation of air takes place by means of vessels called
irachecB, which are distributed throughout the body, after
the manner of the arteries of the higher animals. These
trachece communicate with the external air by means of certain
openings called stigmata, which never exceed eighteen in
number, placed one on each side of the jirothorax, the meso-
tJiorax, and the seven anterior segments of the abdomen.
Each of these stigmata communicates with one large, and
mostly very short, trachea, commonly called the primary
trachea {trachee crorigine), from which numerous branches
spread throughout the body. In some species there arise,
from each primary trachea from one to five branches, the
longitudinal trachece {tracMes de communication longitudi-
nale au trachees longitudinales), which run to the other
stigmata of the same side, to establish a communication be-
tween them. Other branches arise more or less directly
from the primary trachece, to anastomose with the trachece on
the opposite side ; these may be called transverse trachece
{trachees de coinmunicatio7i transver sales, ou trachees trans-
versales.) Besides these, every primary trachea sends off' in-
numerable branches, which, with the other branches arising from
the larger trunks, penetrate every part of the body. Such is the
distribution of the trachece in the Coleoptera and Scolopendrce.

In other insects, as Blatta, Locusta, Sec, each primary
segment sends off' several trunks, some of which follow the
sides of the segment to which they belong, directing their
course towards its median line, where they open into a longi-
tudinal trachea, which is continued throughout the whole
length of the body, as well above as below. At each segment
these longitudinal trunks send off" a branch which anastomoses
with the opposite longitudinal trachea. From these different
trunks the smaller branches are distributed over the body.

CONSIDERATIONS.

1 o-

Lastly : there exist some families, as Tracheal! Arachnida,
and the Chilognatha, where the stigmata do not communicate,
the trachece ramifying directly from them to be spread over the
body/

The branches of the trachea are in general slightly tapering,
as the arteries of higher animals ; but sometimes, especially in
the Lamellicron Coleoptera,^ they form, from space to space,
vesicles of different sizes, from which small branches are sent
off to the neighbouring organs.

It appears that ammoniacal gas is that which most quickly
destroys insects. In azote they can live several days ; and
though a Melolontha vulgaris was observed to fall motionless
when immersed in pure hydrogen for fifteen minutes, yet it
returned to life after remaining fifty hours in that gas.

Respiration, it seems, can only be carried on by moistened
surfaces; hence the lungs of the higher animals are always
moistened by their own transpiration, whilst aquatic animals
have often exterior hranchics moistened by the water. Some
Annelida, as the earth-worm and leech, which breathe by the
skin, have this always moist : in the former, from the eflfect of
the damp earth, which they inhabit ; in the latter, by a viscous
matter, which covers the skin. But in this respect, the O nisei
oflPer the last degree of possibility, as they breathe air by means
of branchicB ; yet, as the respiratory surfaces of their branchia
are not entirely exposed, but covered by lamince, parts of the
organs themselves, it is possible that they may never be entirely
dry.

In following the scale of gradation of the respiratory system
in the articulated animals, we find it almost disappear in the
Annelida abratichia, where the respiration is performed by the
whole surface of the body. By degrees we see it reappear,
either as branchice, lungs, or lastly, as trachece; and this
difference depends, on the one hand, upon the medium which
these animals inhabit, and, on the other, upon the gradation
which the respiratory and circulatory systems follow.

In the Crustacea these organs are external, at least are

f This is the case also with some Lepidopterous larvae, in which I have ob-
served the trachece to ramify directly from the stigmata. This might naturally be
expected, when we consider that the progressive development of individuals re-
sembles that which we find as we trace the gradation of organs from one group to
another. — E. D.

e And the Buprestidr?, but not the Elateriner. — E. D.
NO. II. VOL. II. T

IS8 M. straus-durckheim's

only covered by the carajwn ; they may then be considered as
becoming internal ; but whatever may be their situation, they
are constantly in dependence upon the feet.

In the Pulmonary Arachnida, the organs of respiration
become really internal, forming more or less numerous sacs
which do not ramify, placed in corresponding gi'oups in the
lower part of the body, communicating with the air by one
stigma for each group.

In the Trachean Arachnida, and the Chilognatha, these
sacs are prolonged into long branching vessels, disposed in
tufts around the stigmata without communicating one with
another.

In Insects, and the Chilopoda, the trachean system has
reached its highest development, the trachece arising from each
stigma all communicating with one another.

The larvae of Ephemera, which live in water yet breathe
only air, have the stigmata furnished with long foliaceous
appendages, containing air, which absorbs the oxygen from the
water, and enables it thus to be conveyed throughout the system.

The trachea of insects, Myriapoda and Arachnida, consist
of three tunics, of which the external is an extremely thin
colourless membrane, not fibrous in its texture. The second
is a thread of a stiff corneous texture, wound in a spiral. This
thread is commonly round, but sometimes flat ; when round,
its whorls are in general less regular than when flat, being
mostly separated by a void of double the width of the thread.
The same thread is continued throughout one branch ; and
when this sends off a lateral branch, the turns of the spire
simply separate to give room for its insertion. When the
trachece bifurcate, the original thread ceases, and each branch
has its peculiar one.

The third tunic is a very thin, white, mucous membrane, a
mere prolongation of the integuments.

[I shall not enter into any abstract of the Circulatory System;
the incorrectness of the view taken of it by M. Straus being
fully proved by the observations of Mr. Bowerbank; never-
theless, it is but justice to M. Straus to say, that his remarks
on this subject well merit attentive perusal ; and had I not felt
that I have already occupied too much space with a subject
that is not perhaps likely to be of general . interest, I should
have given an abstract of this part as well as of the others.]

CONSIDERATIONS. 139

Part VII. — Nervous System.

Of all the invertebrated animals, the Articulata are those
which present the most developed nervous system. In them,
as in the Mollusca, this system of organs differs chiefly from
that of Vertebrata, in being placed, with the exception of the
first pair o^ ganglia, below the alimentary canal ; whilst in the
Vertebrata it is always above: and although some of the
lowest Vertebrata approach so near to the Annelida in other
respects, we find no approach in the form of the nervous
system.

Some have supposed the nervous system in the Annu-
losa to be the analogue of the only great sympathetic nerves
of higher animals ; but this can hardly be the case ; for these
furnish nerves almost solely to the vital organs, whilst the
spinal marrow of the Annulosa furnishes nerves to nearly the
whole of the body.

By comparing the nervous system to the other systems of
organs with which it is in relation, we arrive at the conclusion,
on which we can establish the following laws : —

First Law. — When the body is composed of similar seg-
ments, the spinal marrow has as many ganglia as there are
sterna {sterna with the muscles which are repeated with them),
varying in size according to the mass of organs of animal life
which each segment contains, and the greater or less degree of
activity of these organs.

The ganglia are commonly placed in the middle of the sternal
pieces, at the intersection of the axes of the coxce.

The length of the chords of the spinal marrow, being deter-
mined by the distances of the ganglia, is here equal in all the
segments.

The terminal part of the chords placed beyond the last
ganglia are distributed, after the manner of the principal
nerves, to the posterior part of the body. When the body is
composed, commonly of two, or, rarely of three parts, besides
the head, distinguished by the form of the segments of which
they are composed, one of these parts, which may be called
the trunk, and which is always the anterior, retains the prin-
cipal organs of animal life, as the feet ; whilst in the posterior,
those organs subject to the will are more or less reduced.

140 M. straus-durckheim's

owing principally to the absence of the feet. The nervous
system is variously influenced by this change in the segments;
and we may distinguish two forms of animals in this condition :
first, those where the mass of the viscera is contained in the
trunk ; secondly, those where it is contained in the abdomen.
In the former, the nervous system obeys the following laws.

Second Law. — Where the trunk is composed of segments,
either moveable, immoveable, or anchylosed, but distinct in
the sternal region, whilst the abdomen is formed of perfectly
moveable segments; the pairs oi ganglia are repeated in each
segment of each part, their size being proportioned to that of
the organs of animal life contained in each segment ; and the
length of the chords of the spinal marrow is subject to the same
conditions as in the preceding law.

Third Law. — When the trunk is composed of segments,
either moveable, immoveable, or anchylosed, but distinct in
the sternal part, whilst the segments of the abdomen are im-
moveable, and, whether anchylosed or not inferiorly, without
muscles to move them ; the ganglia are repeated, only in
the segments of the trunk, in the manner of the former case;
but the abdomen contains none, and receives its nerves from
the last pair of ganglia of the trunk, which is then larger
than the others. The terminal part of the chords of the spinal
marrow is prolonged nearly to the extremity of the abdomen,
where they distribute themselves.

Fourth Law. — Where the trunk is composed of several
segments entirely united into one, or anchylosed so completely
that we cannot perceive any traces of the sutures of the dif-
ferent sternal pieces (the feet then radiating round a common
sternum), and the abdomen also is formed of segments entirely
anchylosed, be they otherwise distinct or not; we find only one
pair of ganglia furnishing all the nerves of this part of the
body. This pair of ganglia is placed at the centre from
which the feet radiate, (it is formed by the union of all the
ganglia of the segments which compose the trunk). \n the
abdomen there is no ganglion, (this part containing only vital
organs,) and the nerves ai'ise either from the ganglion of the
trunk, or from the chords of the spinal marrow, which are
prolonged to the extremity of the abdomen; but when this
part contains mixed muscles, (serving for respiration,) the
chords present a few extremely small ganglia.

CONSIDERATIONS. 141

Where the mass of the viscera is contained in the abdomen,
the nervous system follows the subsequent laws.

Fifth Law. — When the trunk is composed of segments,
either moveable, immoveable, or anchylosed, but distinct in
the sternal region, whilst those which form the abdomen are
perfectly moveable ; the ganglia are repeated in each part, but
with this difference, that those of the trunk are always very
large, and each segment has its own peculiar pair, whilst in
the abdo?nen they are much smaller, often less numerous
than the segments, and their situation is not always con-
stant.

Sixth Law. — If the trunk is composed of distinct seg-
ments, whether these be moveable or anchylosed, and the
segments of the abdomen are very little moveable, or anchy-
losed, even if this is the case only in their inferior arches, the
ganglia are repeated in the trunk, as in the preceding case,
but not in the abdomen ; and the segments of this latter receive
their nerves from a large pair of ganglia placed in the anterior
part of the visceral cavity, or in the trunk itself. The chords
of the spinal marrow are prolonged nearly to the extremity of
the abdomen.

Seventh Law. — When, on the one hand, the segments of
the trunk are entirely confounded, so as to leave no trace of
suture, especially on their lower part, (the feet then radiating
round a common sternum,) and, on the other hand, the seg-
ments of the abdomen are immoveable, whether confounded in
one or not, there exists in the trunk only one pair of ganglia,
as in the species which come under the fourth law ; and in the
abdomen there is but one single pair of ganglia, as in the
species which come under the sixth law.

Eighth Law. — The brain, which exists in all the articu-
lated animals, is always placed above the alimentary canal, and
its size varies according to the number and nature of. the
organs to which it furnishes nerves.

The Encephalo7i being found where the head has entirely
disappeared, seems to indicate that it is not subject to the
same changes as the latter.

As it may happen, that in two neighbouring genera the
segments of the abdomen are moveable in the one, and fixed
in the other ; according to the second, third, fifth, and sixth
laws, the nervous system of these two genera ought to differ

142 M. straus-durckheim's

strikingly, and observation confirms this. In Lucanus the
abdominal ganglia exist, but not in Melolontha.

These laws, which we have pointed out as governing the
nervous system, are but the consequence of others more
general. These general laws shew us that the number and
size of the different nervous trunks depend always on the
functions of the organs to which they are distributed ; that
is to say, the largest are destined to the organs of the senses :
the next in size to the muscles, and the smallest to the vital
organs ; but the size of the nerves seems also to depend on
other causes, so that the first general rule we have pointed
out offers several exceptions.

In the organs of the senses the size of the nerves appears to
be in an inverse ratio to the density of the agent to be per-
ceived : and as light is the most subtle of these, the eyes are,
cceteris paribus, the organs which receive the largest nerves.
Next in size are the antennal nerves, which may possess the
power of hearing ; then the nerves of the palpi. The man-
dibulary nerves, which, perhaps, enjoy the perception of taste,
are still smaller. The feet, as the organs of feeling, properly
so called, possess pretty considerable nerves ; lastly, the skin,
as the organ of the general sense of feeling, receives only very
small branches.

In the second place, the size of the nerves is always in pro-
portion to the bulk of the organ to which they are directed,
and their thickness is also proportionate to the greater or less
complication of the organ, compared to its analogues in other
species. Lastly, the size of the nerve is always in relation to
the degree of sensibility of the organ in one species, as com-
pared with another.

In the muscles, the nerves are, on one hand, proportioned
to their size, on the other to their activity. The vital organs,
which are not subject to the will, receive very small nerves in
proportion to their bulk.

The trachece receive no nerves, but the respiratory muscles,
which are in part subject to the will, receive nerves less strong
than those of the organs of animal life, but more so than
those of vegetable life.

The nervous trunks of the second size are distributed to
the vital organs ; those of the third size, to the secretory
organs.

CONSIDERATIONS. 143

Amongst a great number of observations made upon the
nervous system of the articulated animals, which have led to
the discovery and verification of the laws of relation given
above, the genus Blaps is the only one that has formed an
exception. The segments of the abdomen are here anchy-
losed inferiorly, and above are so encased by the elytra,
which are connate, as to be incapable of motion ; yet we find
the ganglia repeated in the abdomen, as they would be did it
enjoy the power of motion. Probably this is owing to some
secondary cause, which modifies the result of the primary
causes.

The nerves are covered, as in Vertebrata, with a neurilema
which can easily be separated. This coat is thick upon the
ganglia and spinal chords, much thinner on the nerves. The
nervous substance appears scarcely to diflfer from that of Ver-
tebrata, being formed of two parts, the one, the cortical, is
brown, the other, the medullary substance, white.

In concluding this article, I cannot but express the regret I
feel at my utter inability to do justice to M. Straus ; first,
from not possessing a sufficient degree of knowledge of ana-
tomy in general, and secondly, from a want of sufficient leisure
to give to this paper that care which it required. This last
must also be my excuse for omitting much interesting matter,
especially that which relates to the senses and instinct of these
animals. I may here make one remark on the subject of the
antennae. M. Straus regards these as the organs of hearing ;
and this conjecture certainly receives some support from the
fact, that the nerve, supposed to be the auditory nerve of
Crustacea, is a branch of the antennal. But surely this is
but a slight foundation to build upon ; with equal reason
might we assert that the antennal nerve cannot be the auditory
nerve, because in the higher animals it always arises from the
posterior part of the brain. One thing, however, may be said
on this subject. It has been clearly proved that the sense of
hearing does not solely depend on the ear, or at least the
brain itself is capable of hearing sounds. When the ears
were hermetically closed, a patient upon whom the operation
of trepanning had been performed, could distinctly hear the
ticking of a watch, and even understand conversation at some
distance ; but on the aperture of the skull being closed, by
placing the hand over it, no sounds could be heard. I will

144 THE OTHER END OF A

now bid your readers good bye, perhaps for a long time,
assuring them that if they have found aught in this paper
pleasing to them, they must give all the credit thereof to our
author, not to me.

Yours,

E. DOUBLEDAY.

Art. XI.— The other End of a Trip fo the Isle of Wight.
By RusTicus, of Godalming.

[The first portion of tliis narrative was published in Mr. Loudon's Magazine
of Natural History, Vol. VI. p. 25 ; to which we beg to refer our readers. — Ed.]

Sir, — The following day was spent in a repetition of the
cruise under the cliff, with pretty much the same success ; and
the next morning we started on foot for the southerly point
of the island. The wind had been sinking during the whole
of the previous day and night, and what air remained blew
light as zephyr off shore. The sea was without a ripple ; and
the chalk cliffs, the two rocks in the bay, and the distant St.
Catherine's, were mirrored on the bosom of the ocean so com-
pletely, that every straggling sheep, browsing the turf above
the cliffs, was as distinctly to be seen in the reflection as the
reality. I shall never forget the quiet beauty of the scene : —
there was nothing wild or grand in nature ; nothing wonderful
in art ; there was neither chuixh, house, tree, nor shrub,
nor aught to excite the beholder to exclamation ; — quiet sea —
unromantic, unvariegated, perpendicular, white cliff — monoto-
nous downs. Nature seemed to be at rest ; man seemed to be
a stranger ; he was no where disturbing her repose ; he had no
where distorted her figure ; — the distant tower of St. Catherine's
was the only visible proof that he had existed.

The tide being out, we walked below the cliff, and amused
ourselves with the vagaries of the little crabs, which, like the
generality of mankind, appear to be looking one way while
they go another; the smooth sand was curiously mapped out
by the infinity of their tracks. We estabUshed a crab-race;
and gallantly did the little urchins perform. A little direc-
tion was required now and then to keep them from bolting off
the course; but in the main they behaved very well, and

TRIP TO THE ISLE OF WIGHT. 145

temperately ; and their sideling gait had the air of circumspection
and calculation. You smile, good Sir, at our childishness ; —
you are welcome. We laughed outright. Under the sea-wrack
were shoals of that little jumping shrimp^ with a large head,
which is found on nearly every coast. On lifting up a handful
of sea-wrack, they swarmed and leaped about like fleas — some
of them being scaixely bigger. These little fellows are the
best anatomists in the world : in a single night they will turn
a small animal into a more beautifully white, and clean, and
perfect skeleton, than can be obtained by any other means.
They are of all sizes, from half an inch long to no size at all.

Our double-barrels had been laying idle in the hollow of our
arms for some hoiu's, when a flock of ring-dotterels and purres
started up before us, and, taking a circuit over the sea, settled
again, farther on, at the very edge of the rising tide: — here, they
boldly ran into the water for any floating food they might spy,
sometimes allowing each little swell to take them almost off"
their legs. We put them up again and again, and succeeded
in bringing down three of them ; but they always fell in the
sea, and were lost to us. At last, they altered their minds, and,
instead of going our way any farther, took a wider sweep over
the sea, and settled behind us. One bird, which it was our
particular object to obtain in this journey, we did not even get
a glimpse of, — the red-legged crow. We had been told by an
Ornithologist of great accuracy, that it breeds in several parts
of these cliffs every year ; but of this there seems to be great
doubt ; — its chief resort appears to be the Cornish coast.

Near Black-Gang Chine I had the good fortune to meet
with an insect I never saw before or since. The soil was
a kind of loose sand, with a good many short blades of
withered grass sticking up out of it, the runners of which
crawled along the top, or just below the top, as the case
might be, and now and then shooting down a root to hold
fast by; looking altogether something as though an old tanned
fishing -net had been thrown over the soil to keep it from
blowing away, and had shot out and taken root at the knots,
just for its own amusement, or as a hold, in case the sea-
breezes should be too much for it. In this place, stopping
to pick up a feather, I saw something move in the sand, but
as soon as I could fix my eye on it, all was still, and I could

* Tali/riis Lnciis/a. En.
NO. II. VOL. II. U

14() THE OTHRK END OF A

only find a little hole, as round as though some one had stuck
a common lead pencil into the sand and taken it out again.
There was a neat and perfect roundness in the hole, which
told me at once it was a tenement of some kind ; and sundry
cases of beetles, legs of gnats, and dried dew-moths, scattered
round it, signified, moreover, that it was inhabited by some
inhuman Polyphemus. I was soon down on my knees, and
had my knife out ready for digging, when, within a foot of
the first, I saw another stir — and another round hole instantly
appeared. It now occurred to me that I might, with quietness
and patience, get a sight of one of these hermits while he was
sunning himself: I therefore lay as still as a cat watching at a
mouse-hole, and was soon rewarded by seeing the gentleman
make his appearance almost close under my nose. Unluckily,
like Alexander, I had placed myself between the sun and my
Diogenes, and this seemed to make him very fidgetty and un-
easy, so I obliged him by moving quietly out of the way, and
letting the sun shine on him, by the same movement bringing
my eye within about fifteen inches of him. Nothing appeared
but a broad flat head, which fitted very accurately the mouth
of the hole, and which was furnished with bright shining eyes,
and a pair of horrible jaws, held wide apart : these shears had
doubtless cut the thread of existence for many a poor wan-
derer, whose luckless star had led him to the abode of this
child of Erebus.

I cut off the gentleman's retreat by passing a stick into the
sand, sideways, so as to cross his burrow, and then with a bit
of a jerk unearthed him and laid him sprawling. O, such a
beauty ! the Parcas, sweet creatures, the Eumenides, gentle
turtle-doves, were lovely in comparison : I'll describe the
animal with an eye to science. — Aspect, vicious ; temper, fero-
cious ; eyes, infernal ; jaws, diabolical, stuck on the wrong
way, like a figure-head shipped looking aft ; head, big ; back,
humped, the hump adorned with two hooks ; — there, Mr.
Editor, there's a description ! it only wants putting into cat-
Latin to be perfect! When first unearthed, he was monsti'ous
sulky, and lay twisted in a kind of half-kink, for all the world
like a pot-hook : but he soon found the inconvenience of this,
and set to work to make another hole, for which he used his
feet and jaws, loosening the sand with his feet, and fetching it
out with his jaws; in this way he got down about half an inch,

TRIP TO THE ISLE OF WIGHT. 147

and then adroitly hanging liimself to the edge of the hole by
the hook in his back, he continued his labours in this droll
position : at last he got quite out of sight, and as he did not
come up again, I concluded he was taking a nap after his
labour, and so I would not again disturb him.

This ugly grub, as my friend tells me, is the larva

of Cicindela campestris, — a beautiful green beetle, which is
common in all sandy places in the summer, and pursues the
whole insect race with unceasing fei-ocity. The gentleman
runs and flies so fast as to puzzle the hunter, and, most com-
monly, to get away from him ; and when you do get hold of

him, he fights, and bites, and struggles, to the last.

told me of another larva, which he said he had himself met
with near Marseilles, called the Founnilion, or Ant-lion ;
whose operations, if you will have them as an episode, are on
this wise : —

A loose light sand is the favourite soil of the Ant-lion. In
this he makes his snare, and passes the first part of his life.
His snare is a round hole, about two inches wide at top, and
with sloping sides, gradually lessening to a point at the bottom,
where the tenant lays in wait, his jaws only being visible,
and the rest of his body hidden beneath the sand. The sides
of this trap are made of the finest and driest sand, which, when
an insect of any kind gets into it, gives way beneath its feet,
and so conducts it, in the most amiable and natural manner,
into the very jaws of its devourer. It sometimes happens,
that a shower has made the sand more solid, and better footing,
than when quite loose; and then the luckless mortal, who has
inadvertently dropped or flown into it, begins to remount the side
with ease and fancied safety ; but, alas, the safety is only fan-
cied ! Mark the deepness of the rogue, in hiding : he dips
his jaws into the sand, and, being a capital marksman, jerks it,
with certain aim, on the back of the intruder, not once only,
but again, and again, and again ; and thus keeps up such a
constant and well-directed fire, that the poor creature is at last
tired out, and slides into the power of its enemy. The ant-lion
is about the size of a large garden-spider, and something like
it in shape ; after it has fed for five weeks on all the stragglers
that were unfortunate enough to get in its way, it spins itself a
white silky covering, and changes to a chrysalis, and afterwards

I'i'S MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM.

to a beautiful lace-winged fly, which emerges from the sand
like a spirit escaping from a tomb.

It was night before the three weary travellers reached Sand-
Rock Hotel. Beauteous spot! — Undercliff', never to be for-
gotten ; — when first I saw thy bewitching face, the full-moon
was riding triumphantly over the ocean, silvering the multitu-
dinous ripples with her reflected image, and making a broad and
glorious "track of ever-varying light — and thou wast bathed in
more than ordinary splendour by the brightness of her beams !
After roughing it on the ocean, and among the cliffs of Fresh-
water and the Needles, the quietude and luxury of this spot
seemed to invite repose ; we tarried there many days ; and
then, walking through Appeldurcombe and Newport, arrived
at Cowes ; — and there, taking ship, sailed to Portsmouth, and
so returned.

I am, Sir, Your's, &c.

RusTicus.

Art. XII. — Monographia Chalciditum. By Francis
Walker, Esq. F.L.S.

(Continued from p. 39.)

the green myriads in the peopled grass."

Genus Cerocephala, Westwood.

Theocolax . Westwood.

Laesthia . . Haliday.

Epimacrus . Walker.

Caput antice tridentatum : maris antennae lO-articulatae, monili-
formes ; fern. 9-articulatae, breviores, tenuiores, subclavatae : thoracis
segmenta alifera in apteris minima, in alatis majora : petiolus
brevis aut elongatus ; alse nunc minimae, nunc amplae : nervi
soliti pars humeralis^ brevis; pars ulnaris longior, basi spinam
erectam brevem latam gerens ; a Spalangia quoque radio bre-
viore et cubito longiore difFert : metalae nervo simplici ultra costae
medium producto.

" See Ent. Majr. Vol. 1. p. -JSl. Note.

MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM. 149

The other characters of this genus are noticed in Mr.
Haliday's description of Lcesthia, Vol. I. pp.335 & SSQ of
this Magazine.

Sp. 1. Cero. cornigera. Mas. et fem. Ri/fa aut ferruginea,
nigro plus minusve variegata, alls albis fuscofasciatis.

Cerophala cornigera. Westwood. Gy,erin. Magasm de
Zoologie. lere. Livraison, PI. 4.

Epimacrus rufus . Walker, Ent. Magazine, Vol. I. p. 369.

Mas. — Nigro-fuscus, nitens, fere glaber, pubescens : caput magnum,
thorace latius, ferrugineum : oculi ocelliquefusci : antennae nigro-
fuscae, pubescentes, corporis dimidio longiores, basi obscure fer-
rugineae : prothorax antice, utrinque et subtus ferrugineus ;
squamulae concolores : metathorax scaber, obscurus, apice ferru-
gineus : petiolus abdominis dimidio vix brevior, linearis, ferru-
ginous, obscurus : abdomen nigrum, thorace latius, brevi-ovatum,
convexum, glabrum ; segmentum 1™™. fusco ferrugineum, maxi-
mum ; sequentia parva : pedes fusci, subtus et tarsi omnin6 fulvi :
. alae albae, ciliatae ; proalae sub ulnae basi fusco-maculatse, sub
cubito fusco-fasciatje : nervus solitus fuscus ; ulna basi et cubitus
nigra, crassa. (Corp. long. 1 — 1^ Kn.; alar. 1 J — If lin.)

Var. /3.' — Fern, ferrugineo-aenea : caput ferrugineum ; vertex ferru-
gineo-aeneus : antennas ferrugineae, apice fuscse : thoracis latera et
pectus abdominisque basis subtus ferruginea ; pedes concolores,
subtus et tarsi omnino fulvi.

Taken by Mr. Stephens, near Ripley, in Surrey; by Mr.
E. Doubleday, near Epping, and by Mr. Lewis, near London.

Sp. 2. Cero. formiciformis. Mas. et fem. Ferruginea,
alls vix ullis.

Theocolax formiciformis. Weshvood, Lond. and Edin. Phil.

Mag. Third Series. Vol. \.

No. IL p. 127.
Laesthia vespertina . . Haliday, Ent. Mag. Vol. L pp.

s^5, sm.

Taken near Paris, by M. F. de Laporte. I have found it
crawling on paper, once near London ; and once, in September,
near Linton, North Devon.

150 MONOGRAl'HIA CUALCIDITUM.

Genus Macroglenes, Westwood.

Caput transversum, antice depressum et subproductum, maris mag-
num thorace latius, fem. mediocre thorace vix latius : maris
oculi maximi, postice fere conjunct], capitis partem majorem
occupantes : fem. oculi mediocres, laterales : ocelli 3 supra
verticem trigone dispositi, maris postici vix conspicui : man-
dibulae paullo arcuatae, apice dentibus 4 acutis armatae : maxillae
elongatae : palpi maxillares triarticulati, mediocres, filiformes ;
articulus 3"^. longus : mentum ovatum : labium parvum, antice
ciliatum : palpi labiales minimi, biarticulati : viaris antennae
10-articulatae, clavatae, breves, capite paullo longiores; articulus
lus, gracilis ; 2"^ mediocris, ovatus ; 3"^, 4"^, et 5"^., minimi ;
6"^. et 7"*'. magni, lati ; clava ovata, apice acuminata, articulis
2 praecedentibus longior et latior : fem. antennas 9-articulatae ;
articuli 3"^ et 4^^, minimi ; 5"«. et 6"^ magni, lati : thorax
ovatus : prothorax minimus, supra vix conspicuus : mesothoracis
scutum magnum ; parapsides optime determinatae, convexac ;
paraptera et scutellum magna, hoc angustum : raetathorax sat
magnus : maris abdomen sessile, valde compressum, laminae
similis, thorace vix brevius ; segmentum 1™\ longum, sequentia
breviora : fem. abdomen compressum, thorace paull6 longius :
oviductus subexertus : pedes simplices, breves ; coxae parvae ;
tibiae rectae, apice spinis armatas ; tarsi graciles, articuli P. ad
4"'". longitudine decrescentes, 5"^. 4°. longior ; ungues et pul-
villi parvi : alae breves ; nervus solitus ubi costam attingit quasi
discerptus, ultra costse medium ramulum brevem emittens stig-
mate rotundo terminatum ; et mox abruptus ; metalae nervo
unico simplici costae medium non attingente, stigmate punctiformi
terminato.

Sp. 1. Macr. oculatus. Mas. et fem. Viridis aut cyaneas,
plus minusve ceneo variegatus, antennis pedihusqiie nigris,
alls hyalinis.

Macroglenes oculatus. Westwood, Lond. and Edinb. Phil.
Mag. Third Series. Vol. I. No. II.
p. 127.

Mas. — Caput nigrum, obscurum : oculi ocellique rufi : antennae
nigrae, pubescentes ; articulus 1"*. nigro-viridis, glaber : thorax
seneo- viridis, nitens, fere glaber, vix pubescens : abdomen viride,
nitens, glabrum, supra aeneum, apice pubescens : pedes nigri, non
pubescentes ; trochanteres fusci ; tarsi rufi, apice nigro-fusci :

..MONOGRAPHIA CIIALCIDITlf M. 151

alae albo-hyalinse, iridesceiites, ciliata? ; nervi fusci ; stigma

obscurius, parvum.
Fern. — Nigro-viridis : abdomen cyaneo-viride. (Corp. long. 4- — | lin. ;

alar. 1 — 1^ lin.)
Var. fi. — Mas, thorax viridis : mesothoracis scutellum, metathorax

et abdomen cyanea.

June and August; on grass in fields; near London. June;
Windsor Forest.

Note. — This genus is allied to Pirenc, and probably connects
the Spalangiid(s and the Ormnceridce.

Genus Asaphes.'' Walker.

Caput mediocre, thorace vix latius, transversum, non antice pro-
ductum, inter oculos subimpressum : oculi mediocres, laterales :
ocelli supra verticem trigone dispositi : mandibulae arcuatae,
bidentatae ; dentes longi, acuminati : maxillae elongatae, interne
apicem versus in lobum productse : palpi maxillares biarticulati,
mediocres : mentum ovatum : labium sat longum, antice im-
pressum : palpi labiales breves, crassi, biarticulati ; maris antennee
12-articulatae, clavatse, thorace breviores ; articulus 1"^ gracilis,
flagelli dimidio longior ; 2"^ mediocris, elongato-cyathiformis ;
3"^ minimus ; 4"^ et 5 sequentes breves, cyathiformes ; clava
ovata, acuminata, articulos 2 praecedentes longitudine adequans :
fern, antennae paull6 breviores ; clava paullo brevior et obtusior :
thorax ovatus, convexus : prothoracis scutellum magnum, sub-
quadratum : mesothoracis scutum maximum ; parapsides bene
determinatae ; paraptera et scutum magna, hoc conicum : meta-
thorax mediocris : maris abdomen ovatum, convexum ; segmenta
lum^ et 2""^. maxima, 4 sequentia minima ; segmenta 5 ventralia
subtus conspicua: fern, abdomen paullo longius, subtus carinatum,
apice elevatum ; segmenta .5 dorsalia subtus basin versus retracta,
et ventralia nisi ad basin tegentia : oviductus subexertus : pedes
simplices ; cozae parvas ; tibiag rectae, apice spinis armatae ; tarsi
graciles ; articuli 1™°. ad 4™^. longitudine decrescentes, 5"^. 4".
longior : ungues et pulvilli parvi : alae angustae ; nervus solitus
ramulum sat longum emittens ; stigma ramulum emittens brevis-
simum.

'' Q.!ru<p7\i, obscunis.

152 MONOGRAPHIA Cll ALflDITUM.

Sp. 1. Asa. vulgaris. Mas et Fern. Viridis aut csneus,
abdomine antennisque nigris, maris antennisfuscis, pedibus
fuscis aut rujis, alts subfuscis aut hyalinis.

Mas. Viridis, subnitens, subtilissime punctatus, pubescens : oculi
ocellique rufo-fusci : antennae nigro-fuscae, pubescentes ; articu-
lus 1"^ nigro-viridis, nitens : squamulse nigro-fuscae : petiolus ater,
obscurus, striatus : abdomen nigrum, nitidum, glabrum : pedes
rufi, vix pubescentes ; coxae nigrae ; trochanteres fusci ; femora
nigro-fusca, apice rufa; meso- et metatarsi pallide rufi, apice
necnon ungues et pulvilli omnes fusci : alas subhyalinse ; nervi
pallide fusci ; stigma parvum.

Fern. Caput et thorax aenea : antennae nigrae ; articulus 1"^ asneo-
ater : petiolus aeneus : abdomen apice pubescens : pedes fusci ;
coxae nigrae; femora nigro-fusca; tibiae subtus et protibiae omnin6
rufae ; tarsi rufi, apice fusci : alae subfuscae ; nervi fusci. (Corp.
long. | — 15 lin. ; alar. 4 — H lin.)

Var. /3. — Mas. metatibiae fusco fasciatae.

Var. y. — Mas. thorax viridi-aeneus.

Var 3. — Mas. caput et thorax asnea.

Var. e. — Mas. profemora rufa.

Var. 'C. — Mas. antennae rufo-fuscae ; articulus 1"^ nigro-viridis ;

clava rufa : pedes rufi ; coxae nigrae ; meso- et metatarsi flavi :

alae fulvo-hyalinae ; nervi fulvi.
Var. r). — Fern, petiolus ater.
Var. 6. — Fern, caput et thorax viridia.
Var. I. — Fem. meso- et metapedum tibiae nigra?, tarsi nigro-fusci,

apice nigri.
j/ar. K. — Fem. caput et thorax viridi-aenea : protibiaj supra fuscae :

alae subhyalinae ; nervi pallide fusci.
^^y, \. — Fem. meso- et metatibiae rufae, fusco fasciatae.
Var. fi. — Fem. femora et tibiae obscure rufa ; meso- et metatarsi

pallidiores, apice fusci.
Var. V. — Fem. caput et thorax viridia : petiolus obscure viridis :

femora et tibiae pallide rufa ; meso- et metatarsi flavi, apice fusci :

alae hyalinae ; nervi fulvi.

Common near London during the greater part of the year, on
box-trees, in the spring. September ; Isle of Wight. New
Lanark.

MONOGRAPHIA C'lIALCIDlTUM. 153

Genus, Isosoma, Walker.

Sp. 24, Isos. flavicolle. Fem. Nigrum, prothorace pedi-
husque jlavis, his nigro variegatis, alis subhyalinis.

Isos. fulvicolli similis, difFert abdomine alisque longioribus. Nigrum,
obscuram, punctatum, pubescens : caput thorace latius : oculi
ocellique obscure rufi : mandibulse rufo-fuscse : antennae nigrae,
pubescentes, thorace breviores ; articulus 1"^. rufus ; 2"*. apice
fuscus : thorax elongatus, angustus : prothorax flavus, utrinque
antice pallidior, postice nigro-fuscus, supra fusco vittatus : squa-
mulse nigro-fuscae : petiolus brevis : abdomen angustum, glabrum,
nitidissimum, thorace vix brevius, apice elevatum et supra pla-
num : oviductus subexertus, rufus : pedes rufi ; coxae fuscae ;
procoxae flavae, supra fusco maculatae ; profemora supra ad basin
nigra ; mesofemora nigra, metafemora fusca, ambas apice rufa ;
mesotibia; nigro-fusco, metatibise fulvo late fasciatae ; meso- et
metatarsi pallide rufi, apice fusci : alae subhyalinse, pallide fla-
vescentes ; nervi flavi ; stigma parvum. (Corp. long. 1| — 1§
lin. ; alar. 2|— 2^ lin.)

Var. /3. — Antennae articulo 1°. fusco : trochanteres fusci ; femora
omnia basi nigra ; meso- et metatarsi flavi, apice fusci : alas vix
flavescentes.

July ; on grass beneath trees ; near London.

Genus Systole, Walker.

Sp. 2. Syst. platyptera. Fem. Nigra, alis subhyalinis.

Lata, nigra, obscura, punctata, pubescens : caput thorace latius :
oculi ocellique obscure rufi : antennae nigrae, pubescentes, thorace
pauUo breviores : thorax crassus, fere gibbus ; squamulae nigrae,
nitidse : petiolus brevissimus : abdomen ovatum, glabrum, niti-
dissimum, thorace brevius et angustius : oviductus rufus, sub-
exertus : pedes nigri, pubescentes ; genua flava ; protarsi rufi ;
meso- et metatarsi flavi, apice fusci : alae latae, subhyalinae ;
nervus solitus fuscus, ubi costam percurrit crassus ; stigma par-
vum. (Corp. long. I lin. ; alar. \\ lin.)

July ; on grass in fields ; near London.

NO. II. VOL. II.

154- MONOGRAPMIA (.11 ALCIDl lUM.

Genus Eurytoma, Illiger.

Sp. 12. Eur. acuminata. Fem. Nigra, tarsis Jfavis, alls
/i7/alinis. Plerisque hujus generis loiigior ; E. nitida riwy;/o
major; E. longipenni et gra.ci\\ alarum ner vis pallic/iori bus,
E. collari capite thoraceque latioribus distincta.

Nigra, punctata, obscura, pubescens : caput thorace paullo latius :
mandibulae rufo-fuscje : oculi ocellique rufi : antennas nigral,
thorace breviores, fusco pubescentes ; articulus l"^ basi, 2"^.
apice, 3"^. 4"^. que omnino fusci : squamulse rufo-fuscse : petiolus
bre vis, gracilis : abdomen fere glabrum, nitidissimum, thoracem
longitudine adequans, apice sparse pubescens ; segmentorum
margines subtus abdomen fusci : oviductus rufus, subexertus ;
tegmina nigro-fusca, apice rufa : pedes nigri, pubescentes ; tro-
chanteres fusci ; genua rufa ; tibiae apice tarsique flavescentes :
alffi hyalinas, iridescentes ; nervi pallide fusci; stigma parvuvn.
(Corp. long. 1|— 2 lin. ; alar. 2^—21 lin.)

Taken near Paris, by M. F. de Laporte; and sent to me,
as well as many of the following species, with manuscript
names, which I have adopted.

Sp. 13. Eur. squamea. Fem. Nigra, tarsis pallide Jlavis,
alls hyalinis. Prcecederdi similis sed paullo crassior ;
E. verticillata ei curta longior.

Nigra, obscura, punctata, pubescens : caput thorace paullo latius :
mandibulaj rufo-fuscae : oculi ocellique obscure rufi : antennae
nigra?, thorace breviores, fusco pubescentes; articulus 1"^. basi
rufo-fuscus : squamulae rufo-fuscse : petiolus brevis, gracilis :
abdomen fere glabrum, nitidissimum, thorace brevius, apice
sparse pubescens : oviductus rufus, subexertus ; tegmina nigro-
fusca, apice rufa: pedes nigri, pubescentes ; trochanteres rufo-fusci ;
genua flava ; tibiae nigro-fuscfe, subtus pallidiores, apice basique
rufae ; protibiae rufae, supra fusco vittatas ; tarsi pallide flavi : alae
hyalinae, subiridescentes ; nervi fulvi ; stigma parvum. (Corj).
long. If lin. ; alar. 2\ lin.)

Var. /3. — Meso- et metatibiae nigrae, apice basique rufae.
Taken near Paris, by M. F. de Laporte.

Sp. 14. Eur. rufitarsus. Mas et Fem. Stalura prcrce-
dentis, tarsis rujis.

MONOGRAPIllA CIIALCIDITUM. 155

Mas. — Nigra, obscura, punctata, pubescens : caput thorace paullo
latins : maudibnlae rufo-fuseae : oculi ocelliqne obscure rnfi :
antennae nigrae, fusco-pilosae, thoracem longitudine adequantes ;
articulus 1"^. basi rufo-fuscus: squamulae rufo-fuscse : petiolus
niediocris : abdomen thoracis dimidio non longius, glabrurn, niti-
dissimum : pedes nigri, pubescentes ; trochanteres et genua
rufo-fusca ; tibiae nigro-fuscae, apice basique protibise subtus
quoque rufse ; tarsi rufi : alas hyalinae, subiridescentcs ; nervi
fulvi ; stigma parvum.

Fem. — Antennae breviores : petiolus brevis, gracilis : abdomen
thorace paullo brevius, apice sparse pubescens : oviductus rufus,
subexertus ; tegmina nigro-fusca, apice rufa : tibiaj nigra?, subtus
fuscae, apice basique rufae. (Corp. long. H lin. ; alar. 2 lin.)

Taken near Paris, by M. F. de Laporte.

Sp. 15. Eur. Salicis, Fem. Nigra, tarsisjlavis, alts hya-
linis. PrtEcedentibus oviduciu longiore distincta.

Nigra, obscura, punctata, pubescens : caput thorace paullo latius :
mandibulae rufo-fusca? : oculi ocellique obscure rufi : antennae
nigrae, pubescentes, thorace breviores ; articulus l"^ basi rufo-
fuscus : squamulae rufo-fuscae : petiolus brevis : abdomen thorace
vix brevius, fere glabrum,nitidissimum, apice pubescens ; segmen-
torum margines subtus fusci : oviductus rufus, abdominis trientem
longitudine adequans ; tegmina nigro-fusca, apice rufa : pedes
nigri, pubescentes ; trochanteres fusci ; femora apice rufa ; tibiae
fuscae, subtus apice basique rufae ; tarsi flavi : alae hyalinae, sub-
iridescentes ; nervi fulvi; stigma parvum. (Corp. long. ]| lin. ;
alar. 2 lin.)

Reared by M. F. de Laporte, from galls on willows, near
Paris.

Sp. 16. Eur. flavipes. Mas et Fem. Nigra, pedibus flavi s,
alis hyalinis. Statiira E. acuminatae.

Mas. — Nigra, punctata, obscura, pubescens : caput thorace paullo
latius : mandibulae rufo-fuscse : oculi ocellique obscure rufi :
antennae nigras, pilosae, apice rufo-fuscae, thoracem longitudine
adequantes ; articulus 1"^ basi rufus : thorax abdomine fere duplo
longior ; squamulae rufo-fuscae : petiolus mediocris : abdomen
fere glabrum, nitidissimum : pedes pallide rufi, pubescentes ;
coxae nigrae ; pro- et mesofemora basi fusca ; metafemora et
metatibiae fusco cingulata ; tarsi pallide flavi : alae hyalinae,
iridesceuLeh. ; nervi pallide fulvi ; stigma parvum.

156 MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM.

Pem. — Antennae breviores, pubescentes, apice fuscae : petiolusbrevis:
abdomen thoracem longitudine adequans, apice sparse pubescens ;
segmentorum margines subtus fusci : oviductus rufus, subexertus ;
tegmina nigro-fusca, apice rufa : pro- et mesotibiae supra fusco
vittatae : metapedes nigri ; femora et tibiae apice basique, nee non
tarsi omnino rufa. (Corp. long. I3 — 1| lin. ; alar. 2i lin.)

Taken near Paris, by M. F. de Laporte.

Genus Decatoma, Sjnnola.

* Macula stigmaticalis suhlunaris.

Sp. 11. Dec. semifasciata. Fem. Nigra, itrothorace jlavo
bimaculato, antennis pisci.s, pedibus flavo cingulatis, alis
hyalinis.

Nigra, obscura, punctata, sparse pubescens : caput mesothorace
paullo angustius : mandibulse fuscae : oculi rufo-fusci, fulvo plus
minusve cingulati : ocelli laete rufi : antennae fuscae, subtus flavae,
thoracis diraidio vix lougiores; articuli 1"^. 2"^. et nonnunquara
3"s. supra nigro-fusci : prothoracis scutelli latera antice fulvo
maculata : squamulse rufo-fulvae : petiolus brevis, gracilis : abdo-
men thorace brevius, glabrum, nitidissimum, immaculatum, basi
rufo-fuscum, subtus et apice sparse pubescens : oviductus subex-
ertus, omnino rufus : pedes nigri, pubescentes ; trochanteres flavi ;
pro- et mesofemora fusca, subtus et metafemora quoqtie apice
flava ; pro- et mesotibiae flavae, supra fusco vittatae ; metatibiae
nigro - fuscae, apice basique flavae ; tarsi flavi : alae hyalinae,
iridescentes ; macula in proalis prope stigma fusca, abbreviata,
sublunaris, ad costam nigra ; nervi fulvi ; stigma parvum. (Corp.
long. I3— 12 lin. ; alar. 2|— 2i lin.)
Taken near Paris, by M. F. de Laporte.

Sp. 12. Dec. flavicollis. Fem. Nigra, flavo variegata,
antennis fuscis, protJiorace pedihusqtie fl,ams, his nigro
variegatis, alis hyalinis.

Nigra, obscura, punctata, vix pubescens : caput thorace latins,
subtus flavescens : oculi ocellique rufi : antennae fuscae, pubes-
centes, thorace breviores ; clava flava : prothorax omninci flavus :
mesotborax antice flavo 4-maculatus : squamulae fuscse : petiolus
mediocvis : abdomen thorace vix brevius, glabrum, nitidissimum,

MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM. 137

immaculatum : oviductus rufus, subexertus: pedes flavi ; meta-
coxse, pro- et mesofemora et protibiae fusco maculata ; metafemora
apice nigra ;' meso- et metatibise fuscae, apice basique flavse ; ungues
et pulvilli fusci : alae hyalinas ; macula in proalis prope stigma
fusca, abbreviata, sublunaris, ad costam nigro-fusca ; nervi fusci ;
stigma minimum. (Corp. long, f lin. ; alar. | lin.)

July; on grass in woods; near London.

Family Torymid^.
Genus Torymus, Dalman.

A French species, at least thrice the size of T. obscurus,
has the sutures between the scutum, and the parapsides of the
mesothorax quite distinct.

Genus Monodontomerus, Westwood.

Fern. — Caput mediocre, tborace paullo latius : oculi mediocres :
mandibulas fere rectae, intiis emarginatas, apice dentibus 3 vix
acutis armatae : maxillae elongatae, intiis apicem versus in lobum
productae : palpi maxillares fere filiformes ; articuli 1^^ et 3"^.
breves, aequales ; 2"^ 1°. paullo longior et crassior ; 4"^ longus,
subfusiformis : mentum conicum, basi subquadratum : labium
latum, integrum, <= antice rotundatum et ciliatum : palpi labiales
breves ; articulus l"^ mediocris ; 2"^. parvus ; 3"^ 1°. agqualis,
ovatus, apice acuminatus : antennae 13-articulat3e, clavatse,
tborace breviores ; articulus 1"^. gracilis ; 2"^. cyatliiformis,
mediocris ; 3"^. minimus ; 4"^. et 6 sequentes aequales, subqua-
drati, approximati, clava ovata, articulis 2 praecedentibus brevier :
thorax elongatus, convexus : prothoracis scutellum magnum, sub-
quadratum : raesothoracis scutum et parapsides maxima, hse bene
determinatae ; scutellum magnum, elongato-ovatum : metathorax
mediocris : abdomen sessile, compressum, tborace vix brevius :
segmentum 1""\ magnum, sequentia breviora : oviductus ex-
ertus : metapedes coxis femoribusque magnis, bis subtus apicem
versus unidentatis.

«^ The description of the labium of the Torijmidcr, in page 115. Vol. I. of the
Ent. Mag. is erroneous ; it is short and undivided, both in this genus and in
Callhnomc. Perilampiis will form another family.

158 MONOGRAPllIA CllALCIDITUM.

Sp. 1. Mon. stigma.

Diplolepis stigma . . Fabr. &c.

Callimome stigma . . Ent. Mag. Vol.1, p. 139. 61.

Sp. 2. Mon. pubescens.

Callimome pubescens. . . Ent. Mag. Vol. I. p. 138. 60.
Monodontomevus obscurus . West. Lond. and Edinb. Phil.

Mag. Third Series. Vol. II.

p. 443.

Sp. 3. Mon. obsoletus. Fern. Nigro-viridis, oviductu ab-
domine breviore, antennis nigris, tibiis tar sis alisque fuscis.

Ichneumon obsoletus . . Fabr. Ent. Syst. Snppl. 230.218;

Coqueb. Illustr. Icon. I. Tab. 5.

fig. 2.
Diplolepis obsoleta. . . Fabr. Syst. Piezat. 150.10.

Nigro-viridis, obscurus, quasi squameus, pubescens : caput viride :
mandibula; rufo-fuscce : oculi ocellique rufi : antennae nigras,
pubescentes; articulus 1"^ viridi-asneus : prothorax viridis: squa-
mulse fuscae : abdomen nitens, fere glabrum, tborace non Jongius,
segmenta basi quasi squamea, apice pubescentia : oviductus
rufus, abdomine paullo brevier ; tegmina nigra, pubescentia :
pedes fusci, pubescentes ; coxae et femora obscure vlridia ; tarsi
palbde fusci, apice obscuriores : alae fuscas ; proalae sub costam
obscuriores ; nervi fusci; stigma mediocre. (Corp. long. ]§ —
Iflin.; alar. 2^— 2| lin.)

Taken near Paris by M. F. de Laporte.

Sp. 4. Mon. aereus. Fem. JEneo-viridis, oriductu abdo-
mine mtdto breviore, atitennis nigris, tibiis tarsisque rufo-
fuscis, alis hyalinis.

Mneus, pariJm nitens, quasi squameus, pubescens : mandibulas
rufo-fuscae : oculi ocellique rufi : antennae nigrse, pubescentes ;
articulus 1"^. aeneus : squamulae rufo-fusc£e : abdomen seneo-
viride, fere glabrum, apice sparse pubescens, tborace non longius ;
segmenta apice aenea : oviductus rufus, abdominis dimidio vix
longior ; tegmina nigra, pubescentia : pedes rufo-fusci, pubes-
centes; coxae et femora obscure viridi-aenea ; tarsi rufi, subtus basi
pallidiores, apice obscuriores ; ala^ hyaiinjc, iridescentes ; nervi

MOXOORAPIHA CIIALf'IDITUM. 159

fiisci ; stigma mediocre. (Corp. long. \}, — 1| lin.; alar. 2\ —
2^ lin.)
Var. /3. — Caput et prothorax antice viridi-senea.
Taken near Paris, by M. F. de Laporte.

Genus Diomorus,'^ Walker.

Caput transversum, mediocre: oculi mediocres : antennne 13-
articulatae, subfilifbrmes, medio frontis insertae ; articulus 1"^.
gracilis ; 2"^. parvus, cyathiformis ; 3"^. minimus ; 4"^. et G
sequentes approximati, subaequales ; clava conica, articulis 2
praecedentibus brevior : thorax elongato-ovatus, convexus : pro-
thorax mediocris, antice angustus : mesothoracis scutum magnum;
parapsides conspicuse, suturis distinctis ; scutellum, paraptera et
epimera bene determinata: metathorax parvus: abdomen elongato-
ovatum, sessile, subcompressum, thorace non longius ; segmentum
1""'. longum, apice librum : oviductus exertus : pedes graciles,
subaequales ; coxas mediocres ; metafemora subtus apicem versus
unidentata ; tibiae apice spinis armatas ; ungues et pulvilli parvi :
nervus solitus ramulum emittens perbrevem, apice subfurcatum.

Sp. 1. Dio. nobilis. Fem. j^meo-vir'ulis , antennis nigris,
pedibus riifis, alts hyalinis.

Viridis, nitens, quasi squameus, sparse pubescens : caput antice
viridi-asneum : oculi ocellique obscure rufi : antennae nigrse, pubes-
centes ; articulus 1"^ subtus et basi rufus : mandibulae flavje :
thoracis segmentorum margines aenei : abdomen subtus fulvescens ;
latera aenea, cupreo maculata : oviductus corpore brevior : pedes
rufi, pubescentes ; coxae virides ; metafemora viridia, apice basi-
que rufa : alae subhyalinas, prope costam paullo obscuriores ;
nervi fusci ; stigma parvum. (Corp. long. 1| lin.; alar. 2| lin.)

Taken in Birchwood, by Mr. Davis, the end of July.

Genus Callimome, Spinola.

Sp. 62. Callim inconstans. Fem. Lcete viridis, oviduclu
corpore multb longiore, antennis nigro-fuscis, pedibus
stramineis, alis hyalinis.

Evania Bedeguaris? Cuvier, Silbermatin. Revue Eni. I. 154<.
Laete viridis, nitens, quasi squameus, pubescens : caput thorace vix
angustius : mandibulae rufo-fuscae : oculi ocellique obscure rufi :
■* Sir bis, u/xopos .nffinis.

160 MONOGRAl'IIIA CHALCIDITUM.

antennae nigro-fuscae, pubescentes ; articulus 1"^. flavus : caput
antice thoracisque latera teneo-viridia ; squamulae fulvae : ab-
domen thorace longius, pubescens, fere glabrum, apice basique
aeneo-viride, subtus rufo-fuscum et carinatum ; segmenta dorsalia
postice purpureo-cyanea: oviductus corpore multo longior, rufus;
tegmina fusca, pubescentia : pedes straminei, pubescentes ; coxie
virides, apice flavse ; metafemora flavo cingulata; ungues et pulvilli
fusci: alse hyalinse ; nervi pallide fusci; stigma minimum. (Corp.
long. I3 — 1^ lin. ; alar. 21 — 3 lin.)

Far. ft. — Abdominis apex subtus cupreo-aeneus.

Far. y. — Abdomen apice basique viride.

Far. 3. — Metafemora viridi-flavo cingulata.
Taken near Paris, by M. F. de Laporte.

Sp. 63. Callim. lateralis. Fern. Viridis, oviductu corpore
longiore, antennis nigris, pedibus rufis, alls hyalinis.

Viridis, nitens, quasi squameus, fere glaber, sparse pubescens : caput
thorace vix angustius : mandibulse rufo-fuscae : oculi ocellique
obscure rufi : antennae nigras, pubescentes ; articulus 1^^ flavus :
tlioracis latera viridi-tenea : squamulae rufae : abdomen thorace
paull6 longius, cupreo-aeneum, subtus aeneo-viride ; segmentum
lum, viride : oviductus rufus, corpore longior ; tegmina nigro-
fusca, pubescentia : pedes pallide rufi, pubescentes ; coxae seneo-
virides ; tarsi pallide straminei ; ungues et pulvilli fusci : aloe
hyalinae, paullo iridescentes ; nervi fusci ; stigma minimum.
(Corp. long. 1§ lin. ; alar. 2^ lin.)

Taken near Paris, by M. F. de Laporte.

Sp. 64. Callim. rufipes. Fem. Viridis, oviductu abdomine
longiore, antennis nigris, pedibus rujis, alis suhhyalinis.

Viridis, nitens, quasi squameus, pubescens : caput thorace paullo
latius : mandibulae rufo-fuscae : oculi ocellique obscure rufi :
antennae nigrse, pubescentes ; articulus 1"^ nigro-viridis, subtus
flavus ; 2^^ aeneus : thoracis segmenta aeneo submicantia ; squa-
mulae rufas : abdomen thorace paullo longius, fere glabrum,
cyaneo cupreoque micans, supra et apice aeneum, vix pubescens :
oviductus rufus, abdomine longior ; tegmina nigra, pubescentia :
pedes rufi, pubescentes ; coxae virides ; tarsi pallidi, apice fusci :
alae subhyalinae, iridescentes ; nervi fusci ; stigma parvum. (Corp.
long. 1^ lin. ; alar. 2 lin.)
Taken near Paris, by M. F.de Laporte.

MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM. 161

Sp. 65. Callim. compactus. Mas et Fem. Viridis, oviductu
corpore vix longiore, antennis fuscis (mas), aut nigris (fem.),
pedibus flams, femoribus viridibus, alts hyalinis.

Mas. — Brevis, viridis, nitens, quasi squameus, pubescens : caput
thorace vix latius, antice cupreo-aeneum : mandibulse rufo-fuscae :
oculi ocellique rufi : antennae fuscae, pubescentes ; articulus 1"*.
et 2"^. viridi-senei : thoracis latera cupreo-aenea : metathorax
splendide cupreus : abdomen thorace brevius, fere glabrum,
cupreo-aeneum, supra viridescens : pedes flavi, pubescentes; coxae
et femora nisi ad apices viridia ; trochanteres, tarsi apice, ungues
et pulvilli fusci : alas hyalinse, iridescentes ; nervi fulvi ; stigma
minimum.

Fem. — Antennae nigra;, graciliores ; articuli P"*. et 2"^ viridi-aenei :
thoracis latera et metathorax aeneo-viridia : abdomen thoracem
longitudine adequans, seneo-viride, apice sparse pubescens : ovi-
ductus corpore vix brevior, rufus ; tegmina nigro-fusca, pubes-
centia. (Corp. long, f — 1 lin. ; alar. 14 lin.)
Taken near Paris, by M. F. de Laporte.

Sp. 66. Callim. confusus. Mas. Cyaneus, abdomine ceneo,
antennis nigris^ tibiis tarsisque fuscis, alis subhyalinis.

Viridi-cyaneus, nitens, quasi squameus, pubescens, caput meso-
thorace angustius, antice viride ; vertex purpureo - cyaneus :
mandibulae rufo-fuscae : oculi ocellique obscure rufi : antennae
nigrae, pubescentes ; articulus 1"^ viridis : thoracis latera viridia ;
mesothoracis scutum purpureo-cyaneum ; squamulae rufae : ab-
domen thorace brevius, cupreo-aeneum, fere glabrum, apice
pubescens ; segmentum 1"™. viride ; pedes fusci, pubescentes ;
coxae et femora viridia ; metacoxse purpureo-cyaneae ; pro- et
mesofemora apice basique fulva ; tarsi pallide fusci, apice obscu-
riores : alae subhyalinae, iridescentes ; nervi fusci; stigma parvum.
(Corp. long. \^ lin. ; alar. 2 lin.)

Taken near Paris, by M. F.de Laporte.

Genus Ormyrus, Westwood.

Sp. 3. Orra. tubulosus. Mas et Fem. Cyaneus, purpurea
et cupreo variegatus, abdomine basi nitente, antennis nigris,
pedibus j^lus minnsve fuscis, alis subhyalinis.

Cinips tubulosa. Fonscol. Ann. Sci. Nat. XXVI. 290. 18.

NO. II. VOL. II. Y

\62 MONOGHAPIII A I'lIALCI DITUM.

Mas. — Cyaneus, parCini iiitens, quasi squameus, pubesccns : caput
thorace non latius, viride, antice viridi-a;neum : mandibulse rufo-
fuscae : oculi ocellique obscure rufi : antennae nigrae, pubescentes,
apice fuscae, thorace breviores ; articulus 1"^ seneus : thorax
subtus glaber, nitidus : mesothoracis latera postice et meta-
thorax omnino viridia : squamulae rutb-fuscae : abdomen thorace
paullo longius, nigro-cyaneum, obscurum, punctis magnis con-
lertim sparsum ; segmenta apice aenea, laeviora ; segmentum 1^"*.
viride, apice seneum, nitens, quasi squameum : pedes cyanei,
pubescentes ; trochanteres fusci ; protibiae fuscae, subtus rufae ;
meso- et metatibiae nigro-fuscae ; tarsi rufo-fusci, apice fusci;
meso- et metatarsi basi pallide rufi : alae griseo-hyalinae ; nervi
fusci ; stigma parvum.

Fern. — Caput viride, antice aureum : thorax viridis, nitens : pro-
thorax postice, mesothoracis dorsum et metathoracis latera
purpurea : abdomen aeneo-cupreum, parum nitens, quasi squa-
meum, thorace multo longius, apice productum, tubuliforme,
acuminatum ; segmentum l^^™. nitens, basi glabrum nitidissimum,
apice aureum ; 4 sequentia utrinque basi et nonnunquam fere
ad apices cyaneo-viridia, punctata et quasi denticulata : oviductus
rufus, non exertus : tibia; rufae, supra ad apices fuscae ; tarsi
4posticibasi straminei. (Corp. long. 1 — 2ilin. ; alar. 1^ — 3i lin.)

Var. /3. — Mas, prothorax viridis.

Var. y. — Mas, mesothoracis scutum cyaneo-purpureum.

Var. B. — Mas, thoracis dorsum et abdomen nisi ad basin purpurea.

Var. £. — Mas, caput antice et metathorax aurea : prothorax viridis :

abdominis segmentum 1"™. aeneum.
Var. C- — Mas, caput vii'ide, nitens, quo insident antennae cyaneuni :

pro- et mesothoracis dorsum et latera fere omnino purpurea.
Var. rj. — Mas, caput et thorace viridia: mesothorax nisi ad scutelli

apicem purpureus.
Far. d. — Fern, abdominis segmentum 1"™. cupreum, basi aeneo-

viride.
Var. I. — Fern, prothorax supra cyaneus.
Var. K.—Fem. tibiae fuscae, protibiae apice rufae.
Var. \. — Fern, oculi ocellique laete rufi: abdomen obscure cupreum;
segmentum 1"™. viride ; 4 sequentia utrinque basi purpureo-
cyanea ; meso- et metatibiae nigro-fuscae.

^Reared by M. F. de Laporte, from galls attached to the
bark of oak trees near Paris. — A smaller t-all found in tlie

iMONOGRAPHlA CHALCIDITUM. 163

same situations, has produced O. punctiger, which is probably
parasitic upon Cynips megaptera, (Pz.) an inhabitant of the
same galls, during its larva and pupa state.

Genus Perilampus, Latreille.

Sp. 7. Peril, nitens. Fem. Cyaneo-viridis, antennis nigris,
tarsis rufis, proalis late fusco fasciatis.

Cyaneo-viridis, nitens, scaberrimus, pubescens : caput antice et
utrinque fere glabrum ; latera striata : mandibulas rufse : oculi
fusci : ocelli rufo-fusci : antenna? nigrse, subtus nigro-fiiscae, fusco
pubescentes ; articulus 1"^ nigro-viridis, nitidus, apice basique
rufo-fuscus: prothoracis latera, mesothoracis paraptera et epimera
mesothoracisque scutum et scutellum asneo-viridia : mesothoracis
scuteUum tuberculatum : squamulae rufo-fuscas : abdomen gla-
brum, nitidissimum, subtus viridi-seneum et pubescens : pedes
cyaneo-virides, pubescentes ; genua fusca ; protibise subtus rufo-
fuscae ; tarsi rufi ; ungues et pulvilli fusci : alae hyalinas ; proalae
medio fuscae ; nervi nigro-fusci ; stigma parvum. (Corp. long.
2 J lin. ; alar. 3| lin.)
Taken near Paris, by M. F. de Laporte.

Sp. 8. Peril, antennatus. Mas. Viridis, abdomine nigro-
ceneo, antennis nigris crassis, alis subfuscis.

Obscure viridis, nitens, scaberrimus, pubescens ; caput antice et
utrinque fere glabrum ; latera striata : mandibulae rufae : oculi
fusci : ocelli rufo-fusci : antennas maximse, nigrae, pubescentes ;
articulus 1"^. nigro-viridis, nitidus : capitis thoracisque latera
mesothoracisque scutellum aeneo-viridia, hoc tubercidatum : squa-
mulae rufo- fuscae: abdomen cupreo - aeneum, glabrum, partem
nitidum, sparse pubescens, apice laete aeneum et nitidissimum :
pedes virides, pubescentes ; genua rufo-fusca ; protibiae subtus
rufae ; tarsi rufi : alaj sub-fuscas ; proalse sub-costam obscuriores ;
nervi nigro-fusci ; stigma parvum. (Corp. long. l|lin. ; alar. 3 Hn.)
Taken near Paris, by M. F. de Laporte.

Sp. 9. Peril, violaceus. Fem. Viridi-ceneus, abdomine cya-
neo, antennis ^ jjrotibiis tarsisque rvjis, alis hyalinis.

Reatnn. Mem. Insect. II. Fl. 37.
fig. 11, 12.?

* Maris antenna nigiu-luscse.

164 MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM.

Chalcis violacea , . . . Panz. Faun. Insect. 88. 15.
Diplolepis violacea . . Fabr. Syst. Piezat. 149. 4.
Cynips violacea .... Latr. Hist. Nat. des Insect. XIII.

222. 3.
Cinipsillum violaceum . Lam. Anim. sans Vert^br. IV. 157.
Perilampus violaceus . Lat. Gen. Crust, et Insect. IV. 30. ;

Dalm. Stockh. Trans. 1822. 398. ;

Encycl. Method. X. QQ. ; Fonscol.

Ann. Sci. Nat. XXVI. 300. 2.
Diplolepis ruficornis . Fabr. Syst. Piezat. 149. 1.; Coqiieb.

Illustr. Icon. I. Tab. 1. fig. 8.
Cynips ruficornis . . . Latr. Hist. Nat. des Insect. XIII.

222. 2.
I'erilampus ruficornis . Latr. Gen. Crust, et Insect. IV. 30.;

Fonscol. Ann. Sci. Nat, XXVI.

300. 3.
Obs. — P. nigricornis and P. pallipes are probably only
varieties of the male and female of this species.

Obscure seneo-viridis, parum nitens, soaberrimus, pubescens : caput
antice et utrinque fere glabrum ; latera striata ; frons nigro-
viridis : mandibulse rufo-fuscae : oculi fusci : ocelli obscure rufi :
antennae rufge, pubescentes, apice fuscse ; articulus 1"^. ater,
nitidus ; 2*^^ fuscus : squamulse rufo-fuscae : mesothoracis scu-
tellum tuberculatum : metathorax nigro-viridis : abdomen cya-
neum, glabrum, nitidissimum : pedes cyanei, pubescentes ; genua
rufo-fusca; tibiae subtus apice fuscae; tarsi rufi : alae subhyalinae;
proalae sub-costam obscuriores ; nervi fusci ; stigma parvum.
(Corp. long. \\—2 lin. ; alar. 2h—U lin.)

Far jj. — Mesothoracis scutellum nigro-viride : abdominis latera
cupreo maculata ; protibiae supra apice et subtus omnino fuscae.

Var. y. — Caput supra thoracisque dorsum aenea.
Taken near Paris, by M. F. de Laporte.

Sp. 10. Peril, auratus. Fern. L(ste aureus, t/torace pedi-

busque cyaneis, antennis tarsisque rufis, alis albis.
Cynips aurata . . . Pans. Faun. Insect. 51. 1.
Perilampus auratus . Dalm. Stockh. Trans. 1822. 397.
Perilampus chrysis . Fonscol. Ann. Sci. Nat. XXVI. 301. 4.

Auratus, nitens, scaberrimus, sparse pubescens : caput fere glabrum,
antice et utrinque cupreo-auratum ; latera striata : mandibulae

MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM. 165

rufo-fuscae : oculi fusci : ocelli obscure rufi : antennae rufae, vix
pubescentes; articulus 1"^ viridis, nitidus ; 2"^ fuscus : thorax
cyaneus : pro - at mesothorax viridi, hie quoque purpureo
variegati : squamulse rufo-fuscae : mesothoracis scutellum tuber-
culatum, apice bidentatum : abdomen glabrum, nitidissimum,
apice aureo-viride : pedes cyanei, pubescentes ; femora purpureo
notata; genua rufo-fusca; tibiae seneo-fuscae, apice et subtus
pallidiores ; tarsi rufi : alae albo-hyalinae ; nervi pallide fusci ;
stigma parvum. (Corp. long. 1§ lin. ; alar. 2| lin.)

Taken near Paris, by M. F. de Laporte.

Sp. 11. Peril, splendidus. Mas et Fem. Cyaneo-viridis,
thorace cttpreo, antenyiis nigris, tarsis jlavis, alls sub-
hyalinis.

Diplolepis Italicus . . Panz. Faun. Insect. 100. 16.

Perilampus splendidus . Dalin. Stockh. Trans. 1822. 397.

Perilampus Italicus . . Fonscol.Ann.Sci.Nat.^XNl.^OO.

Evania cocorum „ . . Cvvier. Silbermann, Revue Ent. \.
153.

P. Italico simillimus, cyaneus, nitens, scaberrimus, pubescens : caput
viridi-cyaneum, antice et utrin que fere glabrum; latera striata;
frons viridis : mandibulae rufo-fuscae : oculi fusci : ocelli obscure
rufi : antennae nigrae, pubescentes ; articuli P^. et 2"^ virides,
glabri : thorax splendide cupreus, subtus obscurior ; squamulae
rufo-fuscae : mesothoracis scutellum tuberculatum, apice biden-
tatum ; metathorax viridis : abdomen glabrum, nitidissimum,
subtus aeneo-viride, apice cyaneo-viride et pubescens, viaris basi
nigro-cyaneum : pedes viridi-cyanei, pubescentes; genua fusca;
tibiae nigro-virides, subtus et apice rufo-fuscae ; tarsi rufi : alae
subhyalinae ; proalae sub-costam obscuriores ; nervi fusci ; stigma
parvum. (Corp. long. H- — 2 lin.; alar. 21 — 3ilin.)

Var. /J. — Fem. caput viride, antice cupreum : abdomen viride,
subtus cupreum : femora seneo-viridia.

Taken near Paris, by M. F. Laporte,

Sp. 12. Peril, laevifrons. Mas et Fem. Nigro-ceneus, an-

tennis nigro-fuscis, tarsis rvjis, alls hyalinis.
Perilampus laevifrons . Dalm. Stockh. Trans. 1822. 399.

Nigro-aeneus, parvim nitens, scaber, sparse pubescens : caput nigrum,
antice nigro-aeneum glabrum nitidissimum : mandibulae rufo-fuscae :
oculi ocellique obscure fusci : antennae graciles, pubescentes,
nigro-fuGcee, apice subtus pallidiores; articulus l"*. nigro-aeneus.

1G6 MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM.

iiitidus : squamulae rufo-fuscse : mesothoracis scutellum tuber-
culatum : abdomen glabrum, nitidissimum : pedes uigro-virides ;
trochanteres fusci ; tibise apice et subtus rufo-fuscas ; tarsi rufi :
alae hyalinae : nervi fusci : stigma parvum. (Corp. long. 1^ — Ij.
lin. ; alar. 2 — 2^ lin.)
Taken near Paris, by M. F. de Laporte.

Family Miscogasterid^/
Genus Dipara, Walker.

Nervus solitus costam per omnem per ejus longitudinem percurrens
non ut Chalciditum plerisque basi subcostalis.

Sp. 2. Dip. cinetoides. Mas. Atra, antennis nigro-fuscis,
pefiolo pedibusqtie jlavis, alls pallide fulcis.

D. 'petiolato nimis affinis ; statura multo majore, abdomine longiore
difFert : ater, parum nitens, subtiliter punctatus : oculi ocellique
obscure rufi : antennae nigro-fuscae ; articulus 1"^ omnino, 2"^*.
apice, 3"^. que basi subtus flavi : mesothoracis paraptera magna :
metathorax scaber, non canaliculatus : petiolus flavus, apice
crassior, abdominis dimidio paullo longior : abdomen ovatum,
nitidum, glabrum ; segmentum basale maximum, ejus dimidium
occupans ; sequentia parva, suba,qualia : pedes omnino flavag ;
metacoxae elongatas : alas pallide fulva, ciliatse ; nervi fulvi ;
stigma parvum. (Corp. long. 1 lin.; alar, lilin.)

Taken near Darlington, in Durham, by the Rev. G. T. Rudd,
who observed to me that the abdomen was formed as in Cinetus,
which it also resembles in some other characters, but has most
affinity to the Chalcidites.

Genus Merisus,^ Walker.

Fern. — Caput magnum, thorace latins : oculi mediocres : antennas
12-articulatas, subfusiformes, thorace breviores ; articulus l"-"*.
gracilis ; 2"*. brevi-cyathiformis ; 3"^. et sequentes ad 9"'". paul-
latim graciliores ; clava acuminata, articulis 2 prascedentibus
paullo longior : thorax elongatus : pro thoracis scutellum magnum,
subquadratum : mesothoracis scutum magnum ; parapsidum
suturae vix conspicua) ; scutellum convexum, ovatum : meta-

f The ndime Mi scogaster (Ent. Mag. Vol. 1. p. 458.) must fall; the genus had
already been described by Mr- VVestwood (Magazine of Nat. Hist. No. XXXII.
p. 121.) under the name of Lnniprolalus.

5 /le'fos pars, icros aequalis.

MONOGRArHIA CHALCIDITUM. 167

thoracis sc\itellum magnum : petiolus brevissimus, latus : abdo-
men elongato-ovatum, couvexum ; segmentum 1™\ mediocre;
2™. breve; 3° ad S""^. longitudine crescentia ; G'^'". 5". paullo
brevius : oviductus non exertus : pedes simplices ; coxae parvse ;
femora subclavata ; tibiae rectae ; tarsi graciles ; ungues et pul villi
parvi : alae mediocres ; nervus solitus simplex ; stigma vix
bifurcatum.

Sp. 1. Mer. splendidus. Fern. Cyaneo-viridis, abdomine
purpnreo-ceneo, antennis fuscis, pedibus stramhieis, alls
albis.

Viridis, nitens, quasi squameus : caput cyaneo-viride : oculi ocellique
obscure rufi ; antennas fuscae, subtus et apice flavae : squamulas
flavse : abdomen purpureo-aeneum, nitidum, glabrum, sparse
pubescens : segmentum l""*. viride ; sequentia apice cyanea :
pedes straminei ; coxae virides ; trochanteres fusco maculati ;
femora viridi fasciata ; tarsi apice fulvi ; ungues et pulvilli fusci :
alee albae ; nervi flavi ; stigma parvum. (Corp. long. 1| lin. ;
alar. 2 lin.)

July ; south of France.

Family ORMOCERIDyE.

Corpus multiforme : caput transversum, nonnunquam antice sub-
productum : oculi mediocres, laterales : ocelli supra verticem
trigone dispositi : os parvum : mandibulae subquadratae, saepe
dissimiles : maxillae elongatae, graciles, subarcuatas, intus apicem
versus in lobum productae : palpi maxillares articulis 4 ; 1"^., 2"^.
et 3"**. subaequales ; 4"^ longior : mentum obconicum, aut fere
rotundum : labium fissum ; latera apice convenieutia : palpi labiales
3-articulati, breves, lati ; articulus 1"^ mediocris ; 2"^. brevior ;
3"**. longior: antennae 12- 13-articulatae, frontis basi insertae,

" plus minusve moniliformes ; articulus 1"^ longus, gracilis ; 2"^
brevis, cyathiformis ; 3"^ et 4^^ minimi : thorax ovatus : pro- et
metathorax parvi : pectus parvum : abdomen sessile, saepe com-
pressum, plerumque longius quam latum, supra planum, fern.
subtus carinatum ; segmenta ventralia vix conspicua : pedes
simplices, subaequales ; coxae parvae ; tibiae rectae, apice spinis
armatae ; tarsi graciles, apice spinis armati, articuli 1°. ad 4""^.
longitudine decrescentes, 5"^. 4°. longior ; ungues et pulvilli
parvi : alae plerumque latae ; nervus solitus costam ante alae
medium attingens et mox ramulum stigmaticalem sat longum
emittens : metals? nervo imico, simplici, subcostali, costse medium
attingente.

168 MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM.

Obs. — Ormocerus, Glyphe, and Gaslrancistrus, are tlie
only genera whose mouths I have examined. The labium is
divided like that of Perilampus.

Characteres Generum.

. ^ . ,. ( 13. . . 1. Ormocerus.

^ non compressum. Antennae articulis < ^2 2.Micradelus.

Abdo- Jcompres-Z'convexus/ trigono/ elongatOYCornu ar- 1 „ qlyphe

men J sum. | Antennae. I aut 1 acumi- I malum.

V Thorax, lardculo Irotun- ' nato. Jinerme. 4.Gastrancistrus.

j ultimo J dato, \ Fern, ab- \

i domen I

I apice V

^brevi o.Meromalus.

Isetiformi 6.Rhaphitelus.

vplanus 7.PSILONOTUS.

Genus I. Ormocerus,*" Walker.

Caput mediocre, thorace paullo latius : palpi maxillares graciles,
apice paullo crassiores : antennae 1 S-articulatae, corpora multo
breviores, submoniliformes, clavatoe aut subfiliformes, pubescentes ;
articuli 5° ad 10™\ breves, subaequales ; clava articulis 2 prsece-
dentibus longior et paullo latior, apice acuminata : thorax supra
convexus ; mesothoracis scutum magnum ; parapsides bene deter-
minatse, suturis distinctis ; paraptera, epimera et scutellum magna,
hoc semiovatum : abdomen ovatum, thorace paullo longius, apice
acuminatum ; segmentum 1"™. longum ; sequentia breviora,
subaequalia ; segmenta ventralia haud conspicua : oviductus non
exertus : nervus solitus ^ante costam attingit nervulum rejiciens
brevissimum ; stigma nervulum brevissimum emittens.

Sp. 1. Orm. latus. Mas. Viridis, abdomine cupreo, aiiten-
nis nigro-fusc'ts, jiedibus viridibus, alls siibfuscis.

Oculi ocellique obscure rufi : antennae nigro-fuscae, subclavatae,
corporis dimidio vix longiores ; articulus 1"'\ viridis : thorax
nitidus, fere glaber : mesothorax apice et metathorax -^neo-virides :
abdomen thorace brevius, cupreum, basi aeneum : pedes virides ;
trochanteres fusci ; genua flava ; tarsi nigro-fusci : alas subfuscae ;
nervi fulvo-fusci; stigma parvum. (Corp. long, f lin. ; alar.
1 lin.)

Var. i3. — Abdomen basi aeneo-viride : tarsi fusci.

June; on grass beneath trees; near London.

'' opuos monilc, Kfoas cornu.

:\IONOGRAPIIIA CHALCIDITUM. 169

Sp. 2. Orm. simplex. Mas. Viridis aut cyaneo-viridis,
abdomine cupreo, antennis nigro-fuscis, pedibus viridibus,
alts hyalinis.

Cyaneo-viridis : oculi ocelHque obscure rufi : antennae subfiliformes,
nigro-fuscae ; articuli 1"^. et 2"^. nigro-virides : thorax nitidus,
fere glaber ; mesothoracis scutellum obscure cupreum : abdomen
cupreum, viridi marginatum : pedes virides ; trochanteres, pro-
tibiae et protarsi fusca ; genua flava ; meso- et metatarsi straminei,
apice fusci : alae hyalin£e ; nervi fusci ; stigma parvum. (Corp.
long, f lin. ; alar, f lin.)

Var. 13. — ^ Viridis : abdomen cupreum, basi viride.

June ; on grass in woods ; near London. New Forest,
Hampshire.

Sp. 3. Orm. vernalis. Fem. Viridis, thorace postice abdo-
mineque eupreis, antennis nigris, pedibus viridibus, alis
subfuscis, proalis fusco maculatis.

Viridis, nitens : oculi ocellique obscure rufi : mandibulse subarcuatae,
breves ; una tridentata, dente externa arcuata acuta, interna lata
obtusa ; altera 4 dentata, dentibus omnibus acutis : antennae
nigrae, clavatae, corporis dimidio breviores ; articulus 1"^ viridis :
mesothoracis scutum et parapsides cupreo vittata; scutellum,
paraptera, epimera et metathorax omnino cuprea : abdomen
purpureo-cupreum, basi cupreo-viride : pedes virides ; trochan-
teres et genua fusca ; tarsi nigri : alae subfuscae ; proalas macula
magna oblonga subcostali ; nervi fusci ; stigma parvum ; metalse
nervo apicem versus crasso, pallido. (Corp. long. | — llin,;
alar. 1 — -Ij lin.)

Far. I'i. — Mesothoracis vittae diffusse, vix distinctae.

Far. y. — Proalarum maculae bipartitae.

Far. L — Abdomen viridi- aeneum.

Far. e. — Thorax omnin6 viridis : proalarum maculae fere obsoleta?.

Sp. 4. Orm. maritimus. Fem. Viridi-cupreus, antennis
nigris, pedibns nigro-ftiscis, alis fuscis.

Viridi-cupreus, punctatus, obscurus : oculi ocellique obscuri rufi :
antennae nigrae; articulus 1"^ nigro-aeneus : mandibulae similes,
subarcuatae, apice dentibus 4 acutis armatse : metathoracis scu-
tellum tuberculatum : abdomen cupreum, glabrum, nitens, basi
angustum; segmentum I"'", viridi fasciatum : pedes nigri, pubes-

NO. II. VOL. II. Z

170 MONOGRAPIITA CHALCIDITUM.

centes ; coxas nitjro-virides ; femora rufo-fusca ; larsi fusci : alse

fuscas, proalae sub costa obscuriores ; nervi fusci ; stigma parvum.

(Corp. long. 1 — Ig lin. ; alar. 1^ — 2 lin.)
Var. (i. — Abdomen apice viride.

On plants by the sea-shore; June, near Lymington, in
Hampshire; September, Isle of Wight.

Genus II. — Micradelus,' Walker.

Corpus triple longius quam latum : caput mediocre, thorace non
latins: antennae 12-articulat3e, corporis dimidio paullo breviores,
clavatas, apice acuminata;, pubescentes ; articuli 5". ad 9"™. sub-
cyathiformes ; clava acuminata, articulis 2 praecedentibus longior
et latior : thorax convexus : mesothoracis scutum magnum ;
parapsides bene determinatse, suturis distinctis ; paraptera et
epimera magna ; scutellum magnum, semi-ovatum : abdomen
breve, fere rotundum : oviductus non exertus : nervus solitus
ante costam attingit nervulum rejiciens brevem ; stigma nervulum
brevem emittens.

Sp. 1. Micr. rotundus. Mas et Fem. Ater, antennis pe-
dibusque nigris, alisfuscis.

Ater, nitidus, fere glaber: oculi ocellique obscure rufi : antennae
nigrse, /em. crassse : abdomen maris brevi-ovatum, fem. sub-
rotundum : pedes nigri ; genua fusca ; fem. progenua flava ; tarsi
maris nigro-fusci, fem. fusci apice obscuriores : alae fuscae ; nervi
obscuriores; stigma parvum. (Corp. long. | — ^lin. ; alar, i — |
lin.)
September; Isle of Wight.

Genus III. — Glyphe,'' Walker.

Fem. — Caput mediocre, thorace vix latins: antennae 12-articulatae,
corporis dimidio non longiores, subclavatse, pubescentes, sub-
moniliformes ; articuli 5°. ad 9"'". subaequales, discreti ; clava
articulis 2 praecedentibus longior et multo latior, ovata, apice
acuminata : mandibulae dissimiles ; una arcuata, dentibus 4 acutis
armata ; altera fere recta, inermis : pro- et metathorax minimi :

' fiiKphs parvus, a5»;\os obscurus. '' ■)\v(l>7], sciilptura.

MONOGRAPIIIA CHALCIDITURI. 171

mesothoracis scutum maximum ; parapsides optime determinatse,
valdeconvexse ; scutellum magnum, convexum : abdomen elongate -
ovatum, subcompressum, apice acuminatum, inerme ; segmenta
subsequalia : oviductus non exertus : alse amplag ; stigma ner-
vulum brevissimum emittens.

Sp. 1. Gly. autumnalis. Fern. JEneo-viridis, antennisfitscis,
pedibus stramineis, alls hyalims.

iEneo-viridis, nitida, fere glabra : oculi ocellique obscure rufi :
antennae fuscae, corporis dimidio non longiores ; articulus 1"^.
rufus : thorax postice cupreo-seneus : abdomen thorace longius et
angustius : pedes straminei ; coxsa seneo-virides ; femora viridia,
apice basique straminea ; tarsi apice nigro-fusci : alse hyalinae ;
nervi fulvi; stigma parvum. (Corp. long. \\ — li lin.; alar.
If— 2 lin.)

October ; on Howers of the ivy ; near London.

Genus IV. — Gastrancistrus, Westwood.

Caput plerumque thorace latius, antice subproductum : maris an-
tennae 13-articulatae, corporis dimidio longiores, moniliformes,
latse, apice acuminatse ; articuli 6°. ad 10^"\ subaequales, discreti ;
clava valde acuminata, articulis 2 prsecedentibus vix longior :
fern, antennae paullo breviores, 12-articulat8e, subclavatse, sub-
moniliformes ; articuli 5°. ad 9"™. subsequales, vix discreti ; clava
conica, articulis 2 prsecedentibus longior et latior : mandibulae
similes, subarcuatse, apice dentibus 4 parvis acutis armatse :
thorax convexus ; mesothoracis scutum magnum ; parapsides optime
determinatae ; paraptera et epimera magna, trigona ; scutellum
magnum, angustum : maris abdomen subcompressum, thorace
■ paullo brpvius et angustius, sublineare, apice latius, supra basin
versus canaliculatum ; segmenta subsequalia : fern, abdomen
thorace paullo longius, acuminatum, apice supra comu minuto
armatum ; latera elevata : oviductus plus minusve exertus : alee
latae ; nervus solitus ante costam attingit nervulum rejiciens
brevissimum ; stigma nervulum brevissimum emittens.

Sp. 1. Gast. fuscicornis. Mas. Ater, ante7inisfuscis,23edibus
jlavis fusco cingulatis, alts hyalinis.

^neo-ater, nitidus, fere glaber : caput magnum : oculi ocellique
obscure rufi : antennae fusc^ ; articulus 1"\ ater, basi apiceque

17i;J MONOGRAPIIIA CHALCIUITUM.

fuscus : metathorax obscure viridis : abdomen subcompressum,
basi obscure viride : pedes flavi ; coxae nigrse ; femora nigro-
fusco fasciata ; metafemora nigro-fusca, basi apiceque flava ;
metatibae fusco fasciatae ; tarsi apice fusci : alae hyalinse ; nervi
nigro-fusci ; stigma parvum. (Corp. long, i — ^ lin. ; alar.
4-i lin.)

Far. /3. — Femora omnia nigro-fusca, basi apiceque flava.

Vai\ y. — Pro- et mesotibise fulvse, basi apiceque flavae.

June and July ; on grass beneath trees ; near London.

Sp. 2. Gast. compressus. Mas. Obscure viridis, antennis
fuscis, pedihus flavis,femorihus nigrisy alls hyalinis.

Obscure viridis, nitidus, fere glaber : caput magnum : oculi ocelli-
que obscure rufi : antennae fuscae ; articulus \^^. obscur^ viridis :
mesothoracis scutellum viridi-Eeneum : abdomen aeneum, basi
viride, valde compressum : pedes flavi ; coxae virides ; trochan-
teres fusci ; femora nigra, apice flava ; protarsi fulvi ; meso- et
metatarsi straminei, apice fulvi : alae hyalinse ; nervus solitus
fuscus, ubi costam percurrit latus ; stigma parvum. (Corp. long,
f — I lin. ; alar, f — 1 lin.)

Var. /3. — Mesothoracis scutellum cupreo-senevim.

Var. y. — Pro- et mesofemora flava, subtus per longum nigro
maculata.

Var. d. — Abdomen basi cyaneo-viride.

June ; on grass beneath trees ; near London.

Sp. S. Gast. tenuicornis. Mas et Fem. jFjneo-viridis , an-
tennis fuscis, pedibus Jlavis fusco citigulatis, alis subfuscis.

Mas. — Obscure aeneo-viridis : oculi ocellique rufi : antennae fuscae,
subtus flavae ; articulus l"^ nigro- viridis ; 2"^ nigro-fuscus :
pedes flavi ; coxae nigro-virides ; femora fusca, apice basique
flava ; metatibiae fuscae ; tarsi apice fusci : alae subfuscae ; nervi
fusci ; stigma mediocre.

Fem. — Obscure viridis ; metathorax nitidior : abdomen obscure
aeneum, basi viride: antennae nigro-fuscae ; articulus 1"^ niger :
oviductus brevis. (Corp. long. \ lin. ; alar. 4 lin.)

P ir. (j. — Mas, caput mesothoracisque latera viridia : pro- et meso-
tibias fusco-fulvae.

May ; on grass beneath trees ; near Loudon.

MONOGRAPIIIA CHALCIDITUM. I/O

Sp. 4. Gast. vagans. Fem. j^neo-viriclis, antennis jjedi-
busque fuscis, his viridi jlavoqne variegatis, alts sub-
hyalinis.

Gastrancistrus vagans. IVestwood, Lond. and Edinb. Phil.
Mag. Third Series. Vol. II. No.
XI I. p. 444.

Cajout viride, mediocre, thorace vix latius : oculi ocellique rufi :
antennae fuscae ; articulus l"'*. viridis aut viridi-fuscus ; 5"^. at
4 sequentes breves, cyathiformes ; clava articulis 2 prsecedentibus
paullo longior et multo latior : mesothoracis scutellum obscure
cupreum : abdomen compressum, cupreo-seneum, nitens, basi
seneo-viride, apice cornu brevi setigero armatum : oviductus
abdominis diraidio longior, fulvus ; tegmina nigro-fusca : pedes
fusci ; coxae virides ; femora viridi late cingulata ; pro- et
mesotibiae flavae ; tarsi flavi, apice fusci : alae subhyalinae ;
nervi pallide fusci ; stigma parvum. (Corp. cum ovid. long.
I — 1 lin. ; alar. ^ — 1 lin.)

Var. fo. — Meso- et rarius protibiae fusco-cingulatae.

Var. y. — Thorax antice viridis : abdomen viride, apice aeneum.

Var. c. — Thorax aeneus ; mesothoracis scutellum obscure cupreum.

May ; on grass in woods ; near London.

Sp. 5. Gast. viridis. Fem. Viridis, ayitennis nigro-fuscis,
pedibus flavis viridi fuscoque variegatis, alis subhyalinis.

Lsete viridis ; oculi ocellique rufi : antennae nigro-fuscae ; articulus
jius^ nigro-viridis : pedes fusci; coxae virides; femora viridia,
basi apiceque flava ; tarsi flavi, apice fusci : abdomen com-
pressum : oviductus abdominis dimidio longior : alae subhyalinae ;
nervi fusci ; stigma mediocre. (Corp. long. ^ lin. ; alar. ^ lin.)

Var. /3. — Mesothoracis scutellum basi viridi -aeneum.

Taken near Darlington, in Durham, by the Rev. G. T. Rudd.
May ; on grass in woods ; near London.

Sp. 6. Gast. atro-purpureus. Mas. Atro-purpureus, an-
tennis nigro-fuscis, pedibus fuscis, alis subhyalinis.

Caput magnum, thorace latius : oculi ocellique obscure rufi : an-
tennae nigro-fuscae ; articulus I"**, ater : abdomen subcompressum :
pedes nigro-fusci ; coxae nigrae ; femora basi genuaque flava ;

174 MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM.

tarsi fusci : alse subhyalinae ; nervi fusci ; stigma mediocre.
(Corp. long. 4 lin. ; alar. | lin.)

June ; on grass beneath trees ; near London.

Sp. 7. Gast. laticornis. Mas et Fem. Cupreo-ater, viridi
variegatus, antetmis tiigro-fuscis, j^edibus fuscis, alts
suhfuscis.

Mas. — Caput seneo-atrum : oculi ocellique obscure rufi : antennae
nigro-fuscse ; articulus 1"^. ater : thorax obscure viridis ; dorsum
cupreo-atrmn : abdomen nigro - seneum, basi obscure viride :
pedes fusci ; coxae nigraj ; femora nigro-fusca, apice flava ; tarsi
fusci, ante apices plus minusve fiavi : alae subfuscse ; nervi fusci ;
stigma parvum.

Fem. — Obscure cupreo-ater: abdomen basi viride: oviductus
abdomine triplo brevior : protibiae flavo-fuscae ; tarsi omnino
fusci. (Corp. long. 4-— I lin. ; alar, f lin.)

June : on grass beneath trees ; near London.

Sp. 8. Gast. tenebricosus. Mas. Aineus, antennis nigris,
pedibifs alisque fuscis.

Oculi ocellique obscure rufi : antennae nigrse ; articulus T'*. nigro-
aeneus : mesothorax disco cupreo-aeneo, antice utrinque et meta-
thorax virides : abdomen compressum, basi viride : pedes fusci ;
coxae et femora nigro-viridia ; genua flava, tarsi flavi, apice fusci :
alae fuscae ; nervus solitus obscurior, ubi costam jjercurrit latus ;
stigma mediocre. (Corp. long. •§■ lin. ; alar, f lin.)

June ; on grass beneath trees ; near London.

Sp. 9. Gast. fumipennis. Mas et Fem. Viridis, abdomine
ceneo, antennis nigris, pedibus plus minusve fuscis, alis
fuscis.

Viridis: oculi ocellique rufi : antennae nigrae ; articulus 1"^ viridis,
basi fulvus : thoracis segmentorum margines aeneo-virides : maris
abdomen apice pilosum ; segmenta basi medioque omnino aenea ;
latera basi cyaneo-viridia : fem. abdomen viride : oviductus
subexertus : pedes fulvi ; coxae virides ; maris femora nigro-
fusco cingulata ; fem. femora nigro-viridi cingulata ; tarsi fusci,
basi fulvi, apice nigri : alae fuscae ; nervi nigro-fusci ; stigma
mediocre. (Corp. long. -ii- — ^ Ihi. ; alar. J — 1 lin.)

MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM. 175

J^ar. ji. — Mas, laete cyaneo-viridis : abdomen seneo fasciatum :

femora viridi-fusco fasciata ; genua flava.
Var. y. — Mas, Isete cyaneo-viridis ; mesothoracis scutellum et

paraptera aenea : abdomen basi et apice seneo-viride.
Var. c. — Mas, abdomen viridi-seneum, basi lateribusque cyaneo-

viridibus ; tibiae fusco-eingulatae ; tarsi omnino fusci.
Far. £. — Mas, viridis : capitis vertex thoracisque discus viridi-

senei : abdomen indistincte seneo fasciatum : pedes fusci ; femora

fulva, nigro-viridi fasciata.

June ; on s^rass beneath trees ; neav London.

Sp, 10. Gast. unicolor. Mas. Viridis, antemiis nigris,
pedibus Jlavis, alls subfuscis.

Viridis, unicolor : oculi ocellique rufi : antennae nigrse ; articulus
1"^. fuscus, apice niger : mandibulae flavae : abdomen apice
pilosum : pedes flavi ; coxae virides ; ungues et pulvilli fusci :
alae subfuscae ; nervi fusci ; stigma mediocre. (Corp. long, f —
1 lin. ; alar. | — 1^ lin.)

June ; on grass beneath trees ; near London.

Sp. 11. Gast. obscurellus. Mas. Viridis, ceneo-variegatus,
antennis nigris, pedibus fuscis, alts subfuscis.

Viridis: oculi ocellique rufi: antennae nigrae ; articulus 1"^ nigro-
viridis : capitis vertex thoracisque discus aenei : abdomen nigro-
aeneum, subcompressum : pedes fusci ; coxae virides ; trochanteres
et genua flava ; protibiae flavae, supra fuscae ; tarsi fulvi, apice
fusci : alae subfuscae ; nervi fusci ; stigma mediocre. (Corp.
long. J lin. ; alar. ^ lin.)

June ; on grass beneath trees ; near London.

Sp. 12. Gast. vulgaris. Mas et Fem. Viridis, anlennis
7iigro-fuscis, pedibus Jlavis, alis subhyalinis. ■

Mas. — Viridis, nitens, fere glaber : oculi ocellique rufi : antennae
nigrae, apice nigro-fuscae ; articulus l"**. nigro-viridis : meso-
thoracis scutellum aeneo-viride : abdomen apice pilosum, aeneum,
basi apiceque viride : pedes flavi ; coxae virides ;, profemora
fusco, mesofemora viridi-fusco, metafemora nigro-viridi cingidata ;
metatibiae fulvae, basi apiceque flavae ; tarsi apice fusci : aloe sub-
hyalinse ; nervi fusci ; stigma mediocre.

176 MONOGRAPIIIA CHALCIDITUM.

Fem. — Antennae nigrse ; articulus l"^fulvus: mesothoracis discus
seneo-viridis : abdomen viride, fasciis indistinctis maculisqne
lateralibus seneis : oviductus subexertus : pedes flavi ; coxae
virides ; femora fusco cingulata ; ungues et pulvilli fusci. (Corp.
long, -i- — 1 lin.; alar, f— li lin.)

Var. /3. — Mas, mesothoracis scutellum viride : abdomen viride ;

discus aeneus : femora omnia viridi-fusco cingulata.
Var. y. — Mas, antennae omnino nigrae : femora nigro cingulata ;

metafemora omnino nigra.
Var. S. — Mas, capitis latera postice senea.
Var. e. — Mas, mesothoracis dorsum aeneum.
Far. ^. — Mas, capitis vertex aeneus.
Var. r). — Mas, tibiae omnes concolores.

Var. d. — Fem. antennae nigro-fuscse : thorax omnin6 viridis.
Var. I, — Fem. abdomen viride, aeneo per medium vittatum.

May ; on grass beneath trees ; near London.

Sp. 13. Gast. terminalis. Mas et Fem. JEneo-viridis, an-
tennis nigro-fuscis, pedihus Jlcwis fusco-cingulatis, alls
sitbhyalinis.

Mas. — Viridis : oculi ocellique obscure rufi : antennae nigro-fuscae ;
articulus 1"^. nigro-viridis : mesothoracis scutum aeneo- viride : ab-
domen subcompressum : pedes flavi ; coxae virides ; femora fusco
cingulata ; tarsi apice fusci : alae subhyalinse ; nervi fusci ; stigma
mediocre.

Fem. — iEneo-viridis : abdomen viride ; discus cupreo-acneus : femora
viridi-fusco cingulata : oviductus brevis. (Corp. long. -^ — 1 lin. ;
alar. | — 1 \ lin.)

Var. p. — Fem. meso-et metatibiae fusco cingulatae.

June; on grass beneath trees; Windsor Forest, and near
London.

Sp. 14. Gast. annulipes. Fem. Lcefe viridis, antennis
nigris, pedibu.s viridibus, tarsis pallidis, alis subhyalinis.

Oculi ocellique rufi : antennae nigrae, corporis triente vix longiores ;
articulus 1"^. viridis : oviductus subexertus : pedes virides ; tro-
chanteres fusci ; genua straminea ; tarsi straminei, apice fusci ;
propedum tibiae et tarsi fusca : alae subhyalinse, quam praece-
dentium angustiores; nervi fusci; stigma minimum. (Corp.
long. \ — ^ long.; alar, f lin.)
June ; on grass beneath trees; Windsor Forest.

MONOGRAPIIIA CHALCIDITUM. 177

Sp. 15. Gast. crassus. Mas. et Fern. Viridis aut ceneo-
viridisy antennis nigris aut nigro-fuscis , pedibns fiav'is
viridi et fusco cingulalis, alls hyalinis.

Mas. — Obscure cupreum, breve, crassum : caput viride : oculi
ocellique obscure rufi : antennae nigro-fuscse ; articulus 1"^. nigro-
viridis : pedes flavi ; coxse virides ; femora viridi-fusca, apice
flava ; metatibise fuscse, apice basique flavse ; tarsi apice fusci :
alse subhyalinse ; nervi fusci ; stigma parvum.

Fern. — Viridis : antennae nigrse, corporis dimidio breviores ; articulus
1"^. nigro-viridis : abdomen cupreo-seneum, basi apiceque viride :
oviductus corporis dimidio brevior : femora viridia. apice basique
flava : meso-et metatarsi straminei, apice fusci. (Corp. long,
i— f lin.; alar, f— I lin.)

Var. (j. — Mas, seneo-viridis : antenna fuscee ; articulus 1"^. viridi-
seneus : abdomen cupreo-aeneum.

Var. y. Mas, viridis : mesothoracis scutellum aeneo-cupreum :
abdomen aeneo-cupreum, basi viride.

Var. S. — Fern, antennae nigro-fusca? : alse hyalinse.

Var. E. — Fern, tarsi omnes pallide fusci, basi flavi.

Var. ;. — Fern, pro- et metatarsi fulvi, apice fusci; mesotarsi stra-
minei, apice fusci.

June to August; on grass in fields; near London.

Sp. 16. Gast. angulus. Fem. Viridis, antennis nigris,
2Jedihus fuscis, alis hyalinis.

Viridis, brevis, crassus : oculi ocellique rufi : antenna? nigrae ; arti-
culus 1"^. nigro-viridis : oviductus abdominis quaterno brevior :
pedes fusci ; coxae virides ; femora viridi-fusca ; tibiae apice
basique flavae ; protibiae pallidiores : alse hyalinae ; nervi fusci ;
stigma mediocre. (Corp. long. \ lin.; alar, f lin.)

June; on grass infields; near London.

Sp. 17. Gast. acutus. Mas et Fem. Viridis, antennis nigris,
pedih us fuscis, alis subhyalinis.

Gracilis, elongatus. Mas. — Cyaneo-viridis : oculi ocellique rufi :
antennae nigrae ; articulus 1"^ nigro-viridis, basi fuscus: abdomen
subcompressum : pedes fusci ; coxae virides ; femora viridia, apice
flava : alae subhyalinae ; nervi fusci ; stigma mediocre.

Fem. — Viridis : antennse clavatae, corporis triente breviores : abdo-
men compressum, thorace multo longius : oviductus abdominis

NO. II. VOL. IT. A A

178 MONOGRAPiriA CHALCIDITUM.

triente brevior : pedes fusci ; coxsc nigro-virides ; femora apice

flava ; tibiae apice basique flavae ; tarsi fusci, apice obscuriores.

(Corp. long. |— 1 lin. ; alar. | — 1 lin.)
yar. ft. — Fern. Protibiae subtus flavae ; pro- et mesotarsi basi flavi.
Var. y. — Fern. Corpus aeneo-viride.
Var. c. — Fern. Pedes flavi ; coxa; virides ; femora viridi-fusca,

apice flava ; meso- et metatibiae fuscae ; tarsi apice fusci.

June ; on gi'ass in woods ; near London.

Genus V. Meromalus/ Walker.

Mas. — Caput mediocre, thorace paullo latius : antemiae 13-articu-
latae, submoniliformes, corporis dimidio multo breviores ; articuli 5".
ad 10™\ subasquales, approximati ; clava ovata, brevis, articulis
2 praecedentibus brevior et paullo latior : thorax valde convexus :
mesotboracis scutum, paraptera, epimera et scutellum magna, hoc
angustum ; parapsides optime determinatae : abdomen subliiieare,
subcompressum, thorace angustius sed vix longius ; segmenta
subaequalia : alae mediocres ; nervus solitus ante costam attingit
nervulum rejiciens fere obsoletum ; stigma nervulum brevissimum
emittens.

Sp. I. Mer. flavicornis. Mas. Ci/aneo-viridis, autetmis
pedibusque Jlavis, alls subhyaUnis.

Cyaneo-viridis, parilm nitens, punctatus: oculi ocellique obscure
rufi : antennae flavae ; articulus 1"^ et 2"^. supra pallide fusci :
abdomen cyaneo-nigrum, nitens, glabrum, basi cyaneo-viride :
pedes flavi ; coxse cyaneo-virides ; femora subtus fusco vittata ;
meso- et metatarsi straminei, apice fusci : alae subhyalinae ; nervi
fusci ; stigma mediocre. (Corp. long. | lin. ; alar. 1 lin.)
June; on grass in fields; near London.

Genus VL Rhaphitelus,™ Walker.
Mas. — Corpus sublineare : caput mediocre, thorace paull6 latius,
vix antice productum : antennae 12-articulata2, clavatae, corporis
dimidio breviores ; articulus 1"^ gracillimus ; 5"^ et 4 sequentes
cyathiformes, lati, approximati; 10"^ et 11"^ brevissimi, circu-
lum articulo 9". paullo longiorem et angustiorem fingentes ; 12"^
gracilis, setiformis : mesotboracis scutum latum, planum, maxi-
• lj.4pos pars. naKhs tener. ■" putfLs acus, reAos finis.

MONOGRAPHIA CIIALCIDITUM. 179

mum ; parapsides scuto in unum confusse ; scutellum magnum,
convexum : abdomen subcompressum, thorace paullo longius,
apicem versus angustius ; segmenta subaequalia : alse mediocres ;
stigma nervulum vix conspicuum emittens.

Sp. 1. Rhap. maculatus. Mas. Virid'is, dbdomine cyaneo
cupreo, antennis nigris, pedibus pallide fuscis, alts sub-
hyal'mis.

Obscurus, subtiliter punctatus : caput obscure viride ; latera antice
laete cupreo-viridia : oculi ocellique obscure rufi : antennae nigrae ;
articulus 1^^ flavus, apice fuscus ; 2"*. fuscus : thorax obscure
viridis, postice obscure viridi-aeneus ; latera cyanea : abdomen
cyaneo-cupreum, nitens, glabrum, basi aeneo- viride : pedes
pallide fusci ; coxae virides ; trochanteres flavi ; meso- et meta-
tarsi straminei, apice fusci : alae subhyalinae ; proala; subcosta,
fusco maculate ; nervus solitus fuscus, ubi costam percurrit
incrassatus ; stigma mediocre. (Corp. long. | lin. ; alar, f lin.)

October ; on grass beneath trees ; near London.

Genus VII. Psilonotus," Walker

Fern. — Caput mediocre, thorace non latius, antice planum et paullo
productum : antennae 12-articulatae, subclavatae, corporis triente
non longiores, submoniliformes ; articuli 5°. ad 9""\ subaequales,
parvi, approximati ; clava ovata, articulis 2 praecedentibus paullo
latior et longior : thorax planus, depressus : mesothoracis scutum
et scutellum maxima, lata ; parapsides scuto in unum confusae ;
paraptera et epimera parva : abdomen valde compressum, thorace
longius ; segmenta subaequalia : alae mediocres.

Sp. 1. Psil. adamas. Fem. Viridis, antennis pallide fuscis,
pedibus Jlavis, alis hyalinis.

Laete viridis, glaber, nitidissimus : oculi ocellique rufi: antennae
pallide fuscae ; articulus 1"*. et 2"^. flavi : caput postice, meso-
thoracis scuti latera et metathoracis scutellum cupreo-viridia :
abdomen aeneo-viride : pedes flavi ; coxae virides ; femoi'a nigro-
fusco cingulata ; metatibiae fusco cingulatae ; metatarsi apice fusci :
alae hyalinae ; nervi flavi ; stigma parvum. (Corp. long. § — | lin. ;
alar. ^ — 1 lin.)

Var. ft. — Thorax omnino viridis.

June ; near London. New Lanark, Scotland.

\^t\os glabi

er, fwTos

ISO

Art. XIII. — Observations on Hesperophilus arenarias and
on Zabrus gibhus. By the Rev. G. T. "Rudd, M. A.
F. L. S.

Sir, — If the following observations are not too trifling for
insertion in your valuable Magazine, allow me to beg a corner
for them.

Hesperophilus arenarius. — In the summer of 1832, the
estuary of the Tees was a favourite collecting locality of mine,
as I captured many " good" Coleopterous insects from under
the " rejectamenta" of its shores. . The river here flows over
many hundred acres at high water, but to an inconsiderable
depth. On a beautiful day in September, I was enjoying
a delightful ramble along the Yorkshire shore, — the breeze
was blowing gently from the west: on my return, the tide
had begun to flow", — it was the first of the spring tides. As
1 approached the sea, my route being due north, my attention
was attracted by observing multitudes of small insects floating
before the breeze, and dropping below, and just above, high-
water mark — Hesperophilus arenarius was the insect. My
track was continued for perhaps a mile, and below high-water
mark ; the flight of Hespero^ihili was also continued, and in
such profusion were they, that, at one sweep of my net, I
caught as many as filled a large pill-box !

The unusual flight of this burrowing and night-loving
beetle, and in such immense numbers, excited my curiosity ;
I was therefore anxious to pry a little into the matter.
Whence did they come? was the first question. . To solve
this, I changed my line of march, and went due west, towards
the flowing tide. I soon walked beyond the point whence
these tiny creatures had started; for, after I had proceeded
about one hundred yards, not an Hesperophilus was to be
seen, though, as I advanced, many were on the wing, or
crawling from their sandy homes. The fact evidently was,
that these insects had all taken flight from a space included
between a point some distance below high-water mark and
a line drawn at one hundred yards or more parallel to and
below it. My curiosity was so far satisfied. But what would
become of the multitudes that dropped many yards below

REV. G. T. RUDD's OBSERVATIONS. 181

high-water mark, and burrowed into the sand? would they
again take wing? or, would they perish, as the flood covered
their hiding-place? I waited to see the event. The tide
rolled on — covered the sands, with all their inhabitants — and
again receded. I disturbed my friends from their retreat ; —
they were as lively as if they had been sporting in the sun-
shine, instead of having been under water for more than half
an hour !

One point was clear, (confirmed by repeated observations
subsequently,) tha't these Brachelytrous insects have the power
of enduring submersion, and under salt water, for at least
half an hour.

But why did they leave their burrows at a lower part of
the sands ? I had previously often collected on this spot, at
different periods of the year, during the neap tides, and on the
most brilliant days, without having seen a single Hespero-
jihilus on the wing. It is fair, therefore, to suppose, either
that the extraordinary flight I witnessed was a mere casual
occurrence, or that, in some way or other, it is to be accounted
for by the state of the tide. On this latter supposition, these
insects must have been warned by some peculiar instinct to
move higher up the sands, and thereby to avoid submersion
for a period that probably would have exceeded their power
of endurance. I have to regret that no opportunity of visiting
the estuary at the commencement of spring tides has been
since afforded me, and I hope that some of your readers
will direct their attention to the subject, when they visit any of
the larger estuaries, where, no doubt, they will find the insect
in profusion. It betrays its lurking-place by the sand it
elevates in its burrowing, which dries, and thus leaves a con-
spicuous mark.

Whilst investigating the habits of Hespercphilus, I was
accidentally led to detect those of a large species of Dyschirms,
which occurs in great abundance on the same locality, and
which appears to be unnoticed by Dejean. On turning up
the sandy tracks, or burrows, above high-water mark, to
uncover the Hesperophili, I found their ferocious enemy, the
aforesaid Dyschirius, pursuing his work of destruction.
These Dyschirii burrow after, seize, shake, (as the Cicindela
campestris does its prey,) and devour the luckless Hespe-
rophtU: so intent are they on their purpose, that I have

182 REV. G. T. RUDD's OBSERVATIONS.

frequently observed them continuing to shake their victim
after they were both brought to light.

Zabnis gibhus.— In Vol. I. Part I. pp. 140, 141, of Mr.
Stephens's Illustrations of British Entomology, are some
remarks "On the supposed Ravages of the Larvae of Zabrus
gibbus," and a question is raised as to the food of the perfect
insect.

During my residence at Kimpton, near Andover, Hants,
an excellent opportunity for investigating this question was
afforded me. My curiosity being excited by my friend
Mr. Stephens's observations, I gladly and most attentively
directed my attention to the inquiry. Zabrus gibhus was in
profusion at Kimpton, making its appearance generally as
the corn came into ear. My brother, Mr. L. Rudd, an
indefatigable collecting ally of mine, was on a visit to me
in 182§. During one of our rambles, 1 observed several
Zabri on the ears of barley, evidently feeding in that situation.
I requested my brother to notice most carefully what the
beetles were eating ; I walked in advance of him some little
distance, leaving him to watch the specimen before him. I
soon found Zabrus gibbus on a barley-stem, eagerly engaged
at his repast.

The insect first gnawed off the tip of the husk from the end
of the grain, then gradually drew the milky grain out of its
sheath, consuming it as it came forth, till the whole grain had
disappeared. It repeated the operation, and successively
consumed six or seven grains: I then killed, and on my
return home, dissected it, when I was most fully satisfied, by
this additional proof, that the beetle had fed on the immature
corn. My brother knew nothing whatever of my motive for
setting him to watch the proceedings of the Zabrus, nor even
the name of the insect. His report loas minutely the same as
mine. We subsequently paid further and repeated attention
to the subject, (without, however, killing the devourer,) and
no doubt whatever remained on our minds, that the food of
the imago of Z. gibhus is the juicy immature grain of barley,
and probably also of other grain.

Yours, &c. G. T. Rudd.

Croft, near Darlingtun,
Jan. 1834.

183

Art. XIV. — Entomological Society.

Third Sitting. — January 6.

The Secretary read a paper by Mr. Lewis, on Y2)ono7nenia
padella. Mr. Lewis states that the larvce are hatched in the
autumn, but remain under the cover with which the eggs are
enveloped, till the spring ; that on first issuing from this they
become mining larvcB, and do not spin their web till they have
attained a considerable size.

The Secretary read a paper by Mr. Waterhouse, descriptive
of several larva. Raphidia, Mr. Waterhouse has ascertained,
has an active pupa, as was formerly supposed, not quiescent,
as has lately been stated by M. Percheron, in Guerin's
Magasin de Zoologie, and as was repeated in our last number.

The Secretary read a notice by Mr. Westwood, on the
entomological affairs of the Linnaean Society.

Mr. Newman read a technical description of Ripipteryx,
a new genus of Orthoptera. Mr. Newman continued : — The
only insect with which I am at all acquainted, that is allied
to Ripipteryx, is the genus Tridactylus of Latreille, but
from this, however, it is sufficiently distinct. Of the economy
and history of this latter genus, Tridactylus, M. Foudras,
of Lyons, has lately furnished us with a most complete and
interesting account. In the south of France it appears that
the Tridactyli inhabit the sandy banks of large rivers, which
in the summer have been left bare by the diminution of the
water : as the water retreats they constantly follow it, always
keeping within the limits of its moisture, and if grass, or any
vegetable, begins to cover the sand with a coat of verdure,
instantly quitting it. They form galleries in the sand, in
the same manner as mole-crickets ; but what appears most
remarkable is, that their food consists of nothing but sand.
M. Foudras captured and confined many specimens, and
watched them whilst engaged in feeding. He killed and
dissected many specimens, and found in the oesophagus, and
throughout the alimentary canal, no other substance but sand,
which was moreover the only ingredient of the excrement..

The Rev. F. W. Hope exhibited some specimens of Ter-
mites, or white ants, and Xylocopce, or wood-boring bees.

184 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

together with various substances which had been perforated
by the former. Mr. Hope also read a technical description
of a new Cerambicideous insect, a beautiful drawing of which
was exhibited.

Mr. Westwood read some memoranda relating to Insects
injurious to beds and books : he exhibited specimens, some
of which were excessively minute, and also drawings of them
and their ravages.

Mr. Skrimshire presented some insects.

Mr. Hanson begged to inquire whether it was the intention
of the present council to resign their seats on the 2Tth of
the present month, and that a new council should be elected,
agreeably to the provision made for that purpose in the
by-laws.

The President read a minute of council, by which it
appeared that that body intended to sit during" the ensuing
year.

Mr. J. E. Gray insisted on the necessity of the present
council sitting for another year : the present council must
be considered only provisional, until the actual commencement
of the business of the Society, and that business was only
now beginning : it was also distinctly understood that the
subscription now paid was for the year 1834: no one would
doubt that it was the first subscription, therefore 1834 must
be considered the first year of the existence of the Society,
and the first council must manage its aifairs for that year.

Mr. Davis had heard that at the meeting at which the
council was appointed, there were but seventeen or eighteen
members present: when he considered that the council con-
sisted of thirteen individuals, and these were appointed out
of so small a number, he must look on it as in a good
degree a self-elected council ; (loud cries of Hear ! hear !)
that council had sat nine months ; the Society now consisted
of considerably upwards of one hundred members, and he
thought it high time that another council should be elected.

Mr. Vigors, M.P. said he did not think there was any
distinct question before the meeting ; he would ask, what was
the question ? and what was the exact position of the council
now sitting? was it a provisional, or a bona jide council ?

The President then read the Proceedings of the Society,
by which it appeared the council was not provisional.

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

18^

Mr. Vigors then said, he must consider that the present
being a bond fide council, it must resign on the 27th of
the present month ; and he accordingly moved, That a new
council be elected on the 27th inst., in accordance with the
spirit as well as the letter of the by-laws.

Mr. Letts seconded the motion ; he said, that from the
abstract of the by-laws which he held in his hand, it was
compulsory, not optional, for the Society to elect a new
council on the 27th of January.

The President then put Mr. Vigors's motion, which was
carried by a majority of three-fourths of the members present.

Fourth Sitting. — January 27.

At this meeting no other business than the election of a
council and officers was transacted. The following is the list:

Bell, Thomas, Esq. F.R.S. &c.
Children, J, G. Esq. Sec. Roy. Sue. Sac.

Gray, G. R. Esq.

Hope, Rev. F. W. M.A. F.L.S. &c.

Treasurer.
Newman, E. Esq., F.L.S., &c.
Shuckard, W. E. Esq.

Spence, W. B. Esq. For. Secretary.
Stephens, J. F. Esq. F.L.S. &c.
Sykes, Lieut.-Col. F.L.S. &c.
Westwood, J. O. Esq. F.L.S. &

Secretary.
Walker, F. Esq. F.L.S. &c.
Waterhouse, G. R. Esq. Curator.
Yarrell, W. Esq. F.L.S. &c.

The President, after announcing the result, returned
thanks for the honour a second time conferred on him, and
expressed his continued desire to serve the Society to the
best of his abilities. The conclusion of his speech was
warmly cheered.

Fifth Sitting. — February 3.

The President nominated the Rev. J*. W. Hope, Lieut.
Col. Sykes, Mr. Stephens, and Mr. Bell, his Vice-presidents,
passing an elaborate encomium on each.

The Secretary read an abstract of the entomological
affairs of the Linnsean and Zoological Societies; at the latter,
a paper by Mr. W. S. MacLeay had been read. It related
to Urania, a genus of butterflies, remarkable for their graceful

NO. II. VOL. II. B B

186 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

and lofty flight ; Mr. MacLeay had been successful in breed-
ing this remarkable insect, and now detailed its economy,
which proves all that has hitherto been written respecting it
to have been incorrect.

The Secretary read a paper by Mr. W. Christy, jun., on
a species of Calandra. Mr. Christy had found this insect
in great abundance in the stones of tamarinds, sometimes
forty in a single stone ; he had in no instance found
them alive, and was therefore unable to furnish any facts
relating to their economy. He concluded they had perished
in the boiling of the fruit, and hoped that some Rasticus
might hereafter meet with them in their living state, and
record their operations.

The Secretary read a paper by the Rev. F. W. Hope,
technically describing some new genera of Colenptera ; draw-
ings were exhibited.

The Secretary read a paper by himself, on the nidus, &c.
of the gregarious larva of a Mexican butterfly; the nidus was
exhibited ; it was of a tough, leather-like substance, and some-
what bottle-shaped ; it contained the pupa-cases of nearly a
hundred of the butterflies, all attached by the tail. The
Secretary also exhibited the nidus of a wasp, which frequently
builds in the orange trees in Demerara.

The Secretary" read a technical description of some Aus-
tralian Pkasmata, by Mr. G. R. Gray ; the paper was intended
as a supplement to Mr. Gray's splendid monograph of Pliasma;
the species described were exhibited.

The Secretary read a paper by Mr. Lewis, containing
technical descriptions of some Homopterous Hemiptera.

The Rev. F. W. Hope exhibited to the meeting some insects
which had been extracted by Mr. Pettigrew from the skull of
a mummy ; the skull was now on the table : there were several
species, principally of Coleopterous genera — Derinestes Ro'ei,
elongatus, and poUinctus ; Necrobia imimiariim ; and a single
elytron of Pimelia spinulosa, besides the pupa and pupa-cases
of two Dipterous insects. Mr. Hope observed, that the oldest
specimens of insects with which he was acquainted, were in
the museum at Leyden, and the age of these did not, he
believed, exceed 150 years; but the specimens he was now
exhibiting, had probably been in existence three thousand
years. He would not, however, take upon himself to state

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 187

the precise age of the mummy from which they were taken,
especially as Mr. Pettigrew was present, and would, he hoped,
favour the meeting with his opinions on the subject.

Mr. Pettigrew. — I don't know that I have any thing to
say on the subject, in addition to what Mr. Hope has just told
you; but as he has so pointedly called on me, I will just men-
tion, that the date of the commencement and termination of
the practice of embalming is involved in so much obscurity,
and extends over so considerable a range of time, that I feel
great difficulty in assigning an exact age to any individual
mummy. I consider, however, the skull, from which the
NecrobicB and Derme slides have been taken, to be Graeco-
iEgyptian, or Pharaonic ; it was brought by Mr. Wilkinson,
the celebrated Egyptian traveller, who is now present,
from Thebes. I may observe, however, the practice of
embalming was continued as late as the fifth century. As I
have this opportunity, I will call your attention to a breast-
plate, which I hold in my hand, with a representation of a
Copris ; it was purchased by Belzoni of an Ai'ab who had
taken it from the breast of a mummy; it is of basalt, and
carved in alto-relievo. On one side of the Copr'is is a repre-
sentation of Isis; on the other, of Osiris; and on the reverse
are numerous hieroglyphics. Here is another of the same
kind of breast-plate, but composed of common pottery instead
of basalt; it was purchased by Mr. Rogers the poet; it bears,
like the other, figures of Isis and Osiris, and has also hiero-
glyphics on the back. I have compared both these with a
small tablet of basalt in the British Museum, and have found
the figures in all respects the same. I may remark, that the
insects exhibited to-night by Mr. Hope, were found in the
occipital foramen of the skull. In a skull I have lately
examined, there was not the slightest trace of insects, or even
of brain ; it was perfectly clean ; the whole of the brain had
been extracted through the left nostril. In another head I
found the skull had been fractured ; this was evidently the
head of a priest. I do not pretend to say how he could come
by such rough usage : he had survived this fracture for years ;
nature had performed a complete cure, by the formation of a
layer, or ridge of new bone, along the edges of the fracture,
which had firmly united the parts thus unnaturally separated.
The cavity of this priest's skull, also, was perfectly clean ; not

188 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

a vestige of the brain remaining. I have omitted to remark,
that the hair of the female skull, now on the table, is in
perfect preservation, — very long, and, as my daughter tells
me, turned up behind in a manner which, 'curiously enough,
happens to be the fashion of the present day, and is called
the " three-plait."

The Secretary. — I think, the insects being found dead
proves that the eggs must have been deposited during the
process of embalming.

Sixth Sitting. — March 3.

Among the visitors we observed Captains John raid James
Ross.

The Secretary read a letter from M. Gravenhorst,
acknowledging the honour done him by the Society in electing
him an honorary member. M. Gravenhorst took the oppor-
tunity of calling the attention of the Entomological Society to
a work on which he was engaged, " Monographia Coleopte-
rorum Micropterorum," (Genus Stapliylinus , Linn.) — and of
soliciting the loan of undescribed, rare or unique specimens.

[We heartily hope this appeal will not remain unanswered ;
we shall be happy to afford any assistance in our power to
M. Gravenhorst, by charging ourselves with the care and
transmission of any specimens that may be sent to us for that
purpose.]

The Foreign Secretary read similar acknowledgments
from M.M. De Hahn and Andouin.

The Secretary read an Abstract of the Entomological
Affairs of the Linnaean and Zoological Societies ; — at the
latter, a paper, by Mr. W. S. MacLeay, had been read. It
related to the genus Mygale. Mr. MacLeay has traced the
economy of this large spider with great care and perseverance.
It is a nocturnal and terrestrial animal, feeding on mole-crickets
and other nocturnal insects : it never spins a web of any kind,
but simply pursues its prey on foot; — it never catches birds,
and will not touch them, even the smallest, if offered ; so that
the previous history of this creature is entirely fabulous. Mr.
MacLeay has seen spiders' webs of considerable strength, but
the birds never get entangled in them, nor do they evince any
fear of them ; on the contrary, the minute humming-birds are

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY, 189

frequently seen hovering about them, and picking out little
flies which have been captured.

The Secretary read a paper by the Rev. F. W. Hope on
Amber and Copal Insects. Mr. Hope remarked, that, notwith-
standing the great age of the mummy-insects exhibited at the
last meeting, he had now to submit some infinitely older; —
they were at least antediluvian, and probably coeval with the
world itself. The specimens found in amber and copal had
evidently not been starved or injured, but had been enhumed
in a state of health, happiness, and vigour. Amber has been
found in many parts of this kingdom, particularly, washed up
by the tide on the sea-shore near Aldborough. The amber-
tree is not now known, and is supposed to be extinct. The
same fact held good with the insects ; the forms to which they
most nearly approached were entirely extra-European.

The Rev. F. W. Hope rose to make some further remarks
on the same subject; he said he had about 150 genera of
amber and copal insects in the tables which he had drawn up.
The amber-insects he considered of intertropical, the copal,
of oriental forms.

The Secretary read a paper by Mr. Waterhouse, being a
technical description of Picumniis Hopei, a large Coleopterous
insect of the family Priomda. An exquisitely beautiful draw-
ing of the insect, by Mr. Curtis, was exhibited.

The Secretary read a paper by Mr. Shuckard on Aculeate
Hymenoptera. Mr. Shuckard lamented the almost total
neglect of this tribe. He excepted however the Bees ; on
this subject he considered Mr, Kirby's " Monographia Apum
Angliae " a complete model, and the most perfect work of the
kind ever published. Mr. Shuckard attempted to distinguish
between the parasitic and imparasitic aculeates. He considers
both these characters to be found in nearly allied genera, and
sometimes even in the same genus ; of this he gave Peinphre-
don as an instance. He observed that the Parasitic Aculeate
Hymenoptera differed from Parasitic Ichneumones in never
being carnivorous ; they merely feed on the provision stored
up for other larvce, not on larccs themselves.

The President, in calling the attention of the meeting to
some insects exhibited by Captain James Ross, must be allowed
to make a comment on the presence of that distinguished
gentleman, and his uncle. Captain John Ross. These

11)0 HINTS RELATIVE TO

illustrious men, braving and overcoming every difficulty, had
rendered the most important services to commerce, navigation,
and science: — they had shown how the whale was to be pur-
sued and captured amid fields of ice, where hitherto he had
been secure ; — they had fixed the site of the Magnetic Pole,
and had added treasures to every branch of natural history.

[The insects were, four butterflies ; two of the genus CuUas,
and two Melitcea ; two bees of the genus Bombus, and one
Lepidopterous larva.']

The Secretary announced that the insects brought by
Captain Lyon, from the North Pole, were also on the table
for exhibition.

The Secretary read a paper by himself on the genus
Arctttrus of Latreille, giving opinions of its affinities. He
exhibited several pen-and-ink drawings, and some specimens,
in illustration of his views.

The Rev. F. W. Hope exhibited a large Scarahceus, from
Venezuela, which he believed to be new. He proposed dedi-
cating it to Sir Robert Kerr Porter.

The Secretary announced that Mr. Hope was preparing
a paper on Monstrosities in Insects ; and solicited facts, loan
of specimens, &c.

[Any thing sent us by our correspondents for this purpose
shall be carefully and immediately forwarded.]

Art. XV. — Hints relative to the present Plans, and future
Prospects, of the Entomological Society. By William
Swainson, Esq. F.R.S. L.S. &c.

The experience of ages has sanctioned the aphorism of the
wisest of men, that " in a multitude of counsellors there is
wisdom;" for, as in the natural world a beautiful landscape
must be contemplated from different stations before the painter
decides on that which is the most picturesque, and most suited
to employ his pencil ; so, in the world of mind, great under-
takings can never be successfully accomplished, until we have
a diversity of opinions, from which we can calmly and dis-
passionately frame that plan of operations most conducive to
the object which all have in view. It is under the influence

THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 191

of these convictions that I venture to offer to the Entomo-
logical Society, and more especially to the consideration of its
newly-elected Council, the following hints, as appearing to me
well deserving their consideration ; and I do this the more
readily, since the nature of my scientific occupations, no less
than my distance from the metropolis, prevents me Irora taking
that active part in the concerns of our Society which the
partiality of several of its members have wished me to do.
Nor can I conceive a more fit channel for giving publicity to
these hints, than through the Entomological Magazine; a
publication which has happily concentrated all the floating
records of our fascinating science, dissipated, in their details,
over the numerous periodicals of the day; and has thus given a
strength and impetus to it, which has eventually led to the
formation of a Society exclusively devoted to the natural
history of annulose animals.

All the advantages resulting from a society or combination
of individuals, for the accomplishment of any specific object,
may be arranged under three heads:— 1st, The facility of
union ; 2dly, The general advantages to the science ; Sdly, The
particular advantages resulting to individuals.

1. Under the term facility of union is not only comprised
those qualifications that are to be possessed by such as desire
to become members, but the expense attendant thereon. In
both these respects our Society is unexceptionable. There
are, indeed, few entomologists to whom the annual payment of
one guinea is inconvenient; and by fixing the contribution at
so moderate a rate, we, at least, have avoided the reproach
cast upon the scientific institutions of this country by foreigners —
that they are made only for the wealthy, and are, essentially,
composed alone of the aristocracy. Yet small as this sum
may be, it is well known that there are very many humble
devotees to entomology, particularly in and about the metro-
polis, to whom, in these times, anij payment would be incon-
venient. Are we, therefore, to hold ourselves aloof from these
our poorer brethren, merely because their station in society
is inferior to our own? and are we to debar them the advan-
tages of acquiring a taste for scientific entomology, and of an
occasional personal intercourse with their more accomplished
brethren in the science, merely because their calling in life is
below ours, and their pecuniary resources more scanty?

192 HINTS RELATIVE TO

Certainly not. They are fellow-labourers with ourselves in
the same vineyard; and on their exertions, in the practical
part of entomology, will frequently depend the solution of
some of the most important questions regarding the higher
departments of the science. I cannot but think, therefore,
that, following the excellent example of the Linnaean Society,
we should open the door of fellowship to these meritorious
persons; and, by the institution of associates, enable every
entomologist, in his respective sphere of life, to become a
member of the same scientific body. Associates should be
proposed by members, and regularly balloted for. This
measure would guard the Society from the obtrusion of im-
proper persons ; mutual benefit would result to all parties ;
and we should concede to them the use of our library and
museum, without allowing them to possess any voice in the
administration of our affairs.

Another point connected with this division of our subject is,
the place and times of meeting, — both involving questions of
expense to the Society, and of convenience to its members.
From the nature of our union, and the sraallness of our annual
subscription, we can never hope to possess those pecuniary
resources enjoyed by the more wealthy societies of the metro-
polis. I indulge a confident expectation, therefore, now that
our little association has assumed a permanent form, that,
through the representation and exertions of our esteemed and
liberal-minded President, Government will be induced to
extend to us the same indulgence that has been granted to
other societies, by assigning to us the use of one of the nume-
rous rooms in Somerset House, — a central situation, admirably
adapted, as I should imagine, to the majority of our members;
and by which concession our scanty funds would be dis-
burthened from a heavy annual expense. I cannot but be
sanguine, that if a proper representation on this subject was
made by our excellent President to His Royal Highness, the
Duke of Sussex, the latter, as the representative and ^jrotector
of the science of this country, would exert his influence in
our behalf

We come now to the second subject of inquiry, namely,
What are the means by which the science, in general, can be
best promoted by the Entomological Society. Here, as in all
similar questions, the means to be employed do not so much

THK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

193

depend upon their abstract nature, as upon the funds we
possess for carrying them into execution, and by which we
should, as a matter of course, regulate our operations. Science
is encouraged, 1st, By the publication of original information;
2dly, By instituting premiums for the best essays upon any
given theme; 3dly, By the employment of collectors to gather
materials for the investigation of the members; in other words,
by the establishment of a museum ; 4thly, By the formation of
a librai-y ; and, 5thly, By devoting funds to the prosecution of
such works as, from their nature, cannot be expected to
receive encouragement from the public. All these points
deserve consideration, inasmuch as each possesses some pecu-
liar advantage. It may be useful, therefore, to make a few
observations upon each, first premising, that all parties will
assent to the undeniable wisdom of this principle, that if the
same object can be accomplished as effectually without expense,
as it can be done, by a different method, with expense, it is
our bounden duty to prefer the former; for by so doing, we
enable the Society to accomplish much more, by the judicious
employment of the funds so saved, than it otherwise could do.
1. The publication of the most valuable essays or papers,
sent to a scientific society, is unquestionably one of the best
means for promoting its objects ; because such a collection may
be viewed as the aggregate wisdom of its chief members,
although circumstances, hereafter to be adverted to, have very
much tended, of late years, to shew that the latter supposition
is more visionary than real. Be that, however, as it may, it
is plain to all those who know any thing about the matter, that
the publication of its Transactions is the most constant and
draining expense which can be entailed upon a society ; and
that even in the case of those who enjoy annual funds to the
amount of thousands, it absorbs so much, that nothing can be
spared for other and equally beneficial objects. In proof of
this, 1 need only cite the present state of the pecuniary affairs
of the Royal Society of London, the parent from which nearly
all others have sprang; and of the Linnaean Society, the oldest
and the best of those more especially devoted to zoological
science. The plan of the former has hitherto been to publish
a very considerable portion of their communications in a form
and style suited (as some imagined) to the dignity of the
association, as if that was dependent upon wire-wove paper,

NO. II. VOL. II. c c

134 HINTS RELATIVE TO

Bulmer's types, and wide margins. The consequence has
been, that this expensive system has exhausted nearly the
whole of their funds, to the virtual exclusion of many other
objects equally important. Their library, exclusive of pre-
sents, is proverbially poor, being deficient in the standard
works of modern science : and they are obliged to rely chiefly
upon the liberality of the Government for the means of be-
stowing the annual premiums. I advert to these facts for the
purpose, not of disparaging the Society, but to shew the
actual working of an old, but injudicious system ; a system,
moreover, which, if my information be correct, the Society
itself is now about to revise and amend, simply from the
enormous annual expenditure it entails. If we turn to the
Linnaean Society, the same effects are perceptible. Their
Transactions, however valuable, completely absorb their funds,
and take from them the means of prosecuting, with the least
degree of vigour, any one of the objects we shall presently
advert to. It might reasonably have been expected, that from
so large an income, an annual proportion might have been set
aside for the purchase of the Linnaean treasures. By such
timely foresight a fund would have been created without the
necessity of applying to the members for a large subscription,
highly inconvenient to the majority, who, nevertheless, felt,
under existing circumstances, the wisdom and urgency of the
measure. While speaking of this Society, I must advert to a
subject of deep regret to its entomological members, as a
disadvantage which more particularly affects them. I allude
to the resolution, adopted of late years, by the Council, of not
publishing coloured plates of insects, solely, as it is under-
stood, from the great expense that attended those immutable
figures contained in the twelfth volume. It is not likely that
such erudite and invaluable papers will be of frequent occur-
rence, and the extra expense they would entail might, there-
fore, well be granted. And, in the next place, the Society,
by this ill-judged measure of economy, have raised an insu-
perable bar to receiving from those few persons capable of
furnishing such essays any more of the same description.

Seeing, therefore, that the publication of Tiatisactio7is
actually absorbs the greatest portion of the funds enjoyed by
our chief scientific bodies, yet, knowing also the great good
that results from such publicity and dissemination of modern

THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 195

discoveries, it remains for us to consider whether, by adopting
any other means, we can secure the same advantages, without
entaihng upon ourselves those evils which are inseparable
from the plan just mentioned. And here it is with sincere
pleasure that I am enabled to mention the Zoological Society
of London in those terms of praise, which, upon every occa-
sion, I should have been most willing to concede to it. Its
Council saw the rock upon which others were splitting, and
had the prudence and wisdom to avoid it. Far from thinking
that the reputation of the Society would be raised in the esti-
mation of the scientific world, or of the public, by the sending
forth of an imposing hot-pressed quarto volume of Trans-
actions, they made use of one of the best of our scientific
joui'nals as the channel for communicating, in a condensed
form, all that was essential of their scientific labours : and
these abstracts, subsequently printed in a detached form, are
sold for a mere trifle, and thus become accessible to the poorest
student. It is only very lately, at a time, as we may fairly
suppose, when the Society have accumulated funds for such
an additional expense, that they have commenced a regular
volume of Transactions, which every one will hail with plea-
sure, if the alteration does not supersede the admirable plan at
first adopted.

It is to this particular subject, more, perhaps, than to any
other, that I venture to call the unprejudiced attention of the
Society at large, and of the Council in particular, because it
appears to me, and to several with whom I have conversed,
the only plan which will enable us to act up to the principle
we set out with considering as an axiom, namely, that if the
same object can be accomplished as effectually without expense,
as it can be done, by a different method, ivith expense, it is
our buunden duty to prefer the former.

Let us, however, upon such an important and interesting
question, go a little deeper into the matter, and putting aside
both theory and general experience, come to calculations,
estimates, and figures. Suppose, then, we decided upon
publishing our Transactions, and that they appeared in octavo
parts (for we could hardly aspire to a quarto) every three months.
We could not bring out a thinner pamphlet, or at a higher
price, than one of the numbers of this magazine ; nor could a
less number be printed than 250 copies. Having had some

196 HINTS RELATIVE TO

experience in these matters, I shall now lay before the reader
an estimate of the cost of such a number.

£ s. d.

Cost of paper and printing, correcting and ad-
vertising, 250 copies, size of Entomolo-
gical Magazine, about 27 0 0

Cost of three plates, (drawing, engraving and

colouring), five figures in each . . . 31 15 0

58 15 0
Sale of 250 copies, at 2s. 9c?. ..... 34 7 6

Net loss per number 24 7 6

Or on four quarterly numbers 97 10 0

This estimate, be it observed, is a most favourable one ; for
it is made on the supposition that every copy will be sold,
M'hich no one, at all acquainted with the present rage for the
" penny press" would expect. And yet, on this shewing,
the publication would entail upon the Society a loss of
97/. \0s. per annum,'' its present income being 105/. I must
confess, that, in my estimation, no folly is greater than that
which we commit with our eyes open.

It may be said, indeed, by those who hold a different
opinion from myself, that the estimated extent of sale is too
small, or that the members would willingly make a trifling
addition to their annual subscription, for the sake of seeing
their own communications in the form of regular Transactions.
To these, however, I would reply, in the first place, that they
must be very ignorant of the present sale of purely scientific
works, who would bring forward this objection; and, secondly,
that any permanent increase of the annual subscription would
be, in fact, a direct violation of those terms upon which the
members consented to join the Society. That such a propo-
sition would, consequently, be resisted very extensively, can-
not be doubted, and the very existence of the Society would
be endangered. It will be observed, moreover, that in this
estimate we go upon the supposition, that the members

' At Mr. Swainson's request, we have entered minutely into the detail of the
expenses, and find the statement above perfectly correct. — Ed.

THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 197

will consent to pay for their copies, and not expect to
receive them, like those of the Royal, Linnaean, and other
societies, as a return, gratis, for their annual subscriptions.
We have put the question, in short, in as favourable a point
of view as the advocates of an opposite plan can possibly
expect; and yet, with all this, we find we should entail upon
ourselves a burthen of about 97/. lOs. per annum dead loss,
for that which can be accomplished without any expense.

With these facts before us, I cannot entertain the least
doubt that the delegated authorities of our Society will stu-
diously abstain from plunging us into all the expense and
uncertainty of publishing upon our own account. In truth,
we ought to be most thankful to any of those, — whose pro-
fession it really is, — who will take this risk and trouble
upon themselves. We come, then, to inquire which of the
existing periodical publications is most suited to our purpose.
And here, the avowed declaration of the Editor, that the
Erdomological Magazine will be certainly continued, comes
at a most appropriate time ; for no other periodical is devoted
to this science ; and no other, in consequence, is more adapted
to become the record of the Society's proceedings. It cannot
be supposed, that the sale of this Journal would be materially
increased by such an accession of new matter, — valuable and
interesting as we may confidently anticipate it would be, — and
thei'efore no very great favour would be bestowed upon the
spirited individuals who are now supporting the Magazine, to
their own pecuniary loss. Yet, on the other hand, we might
hope that such a measure would, at all events, enable the work
to pay its own expenses ; and if, after a time, any amount of
profit, worth naming, were to arise, I am disposed to think that
the proprietors would gladly devote a portion of that profit
towards the other objects, hereafter mentioned, which come
within the range of the Society. On these, as well as several
other minor topics connected therewith, I shall not, however,
dilate. If the truth and justice of the main principles I am
advocating be admitted, these subordinate details can be very
easily arranged. To the Council of the Society should be
conceded the right of selecting such papers as they deem most
fit for official publication : while, if the authors of the
"rejected" desire it, and the Editors of the Magazine can
find room, the rest may still find their way to the public.

198 HINTS RELATIVE TO

Thus new theories, and new views, will never be kept back
from the light merely because they do not happen to please,
or are in opposition to the opinions of the Publishing Com-
mittee}'

But, if the Society are bent upon making to themselves a
book, there is still a way of proceeding, which will at the same
time accomplish another object, by which science can be
elFectually promoted. Let there be an annual prize awarded
for the best essay on the natural arrangement of any one group
of insects on sound philosophic principles ; and let this essay,
limited to a certain bulk, be then printed : the expense would
be small ; and the sale, throughout the entomological world,
certain. The premium, or prize, should either be a sum of
money, or a medal ; in either case sufficiently valuable to make
it worth contending for — not so large as to affect the funds of
the Society. A thin pamphlet would contain the Essay of the
year ; and thus, in process of time, as " A Collection of Prize
Entomological Essays," the volume would indisputably become
the most valuable collection of tracts on the science in our
language.

'■ The same principle of impartial justice which has induced me to speak in
praise of the Zoological Society in the preceding pages, imperatively demands
a public record of the following anecdote, the truth of wliich can be sub-
stantiated by documents. A few months ago a well-known conchologist (not
a member of the Society) addressed to it, through the Secretary, a long paper on
the natural arrangement of the primary tribes of the Mollusca or Testaceous
animals, pointing out their circular affinities, and their analogous representations
to other large groups in different tribes of the animal kingdom. This paper was
sent to the present Secretary, who thought it prudent to submit it to the judgment
of some of the Publishing Committee, before it should come in an official form to
the Society. In this be was, doubtless, influenced by the considerate wish that
the author should have the power of withdrawing it, in case these learned gentle-
men were adverse to the publication of his paper. The result proved the
knowledge which the Secretary had of the views and feelings of the Publishing
Committee. The author was politely informed that they (the committee) could
not sanction the publication of such a paper, wherein characters for classification
were employed, quite at variance with all received authorities ! Tlie paper, of
course, was withdrawn. What would have become of science if we had always
acted upon this narrow-minded principle? An absurd theory will die in the
birth ; while, if there is any thing good in a tolerable one, there are those who can
extract that good, and tlirovv the refuse away. So much for the necessary evil of
Publishing Committees ! I hope this example will deter all who venture beyond
the description of species, from sending papers to a PabUshing Society, unless the
council for the current year are composed of their personal friends. For myself,
I never have, and never will, trouble such societies with communications tluitmay
become "Rejected Addresses."

THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Iby

Next to the publication of original papers, and the patron-
age of the higher departments of the science, the materials for
study deserve consideration ; being, in fact, the means by
which the former are produced. These branch off, as already
intimated, into two divisions: — 1. The collecting, or acquiring
of new objects, for the purpose of forming a general entomo-
logical cabinet ; and, 2. The formation of a library. To both
of these the members and associates should have free access ;
and should enjoy the unrestrained use, so far as might be
consistent with the preservation and care of the specimens, and
the convenience of that amiable and promising entomologist,
who has so liberally and zealously taken upon himself the office
of our Curator.

It is quite unnecessary, in addressing naturalists, to expa-
tiate upon the vital importance of a cabinet of specimens,
whether as a source of instruction to the young beginner, of
authority to the nomenclator, or as a "magazine" of research
to the theorist. On all this there can be but one opinion.

The only difficulty we have to encounter lies in the means
of accomplishing an object so important. Much may be
expected from the future liberality of the members, because
much has been already done, — more especially by our generous
President, — towards laying a good foundation. We may
advance, indeed, in this way, to a certain point; but beyond
that, if we merely depend upon presents, our progress will be
very small, and totally inadequate to the wants of the Society.
It cannot be expected, that the gifts of the members should be
extended beyond the duplicates of their respective cabinets ;
and these, where foreign insects are concerned, excepting in
very few instances, will soon cease to increase the number of
species in our public collection. It may not be expedient,
perhaps, in the present infancy of the Society, to devise any
plans for an extensive and constant acquisition of new species ;
and the length to which this paper has already extended forbids
me from saying more upon this subject at present : it is one,
however, in which we are, or can be, so much interested, that
I propose resuming it in the next number of the Magazine.
I may, however, suggest the expediency of allowing the
Curator to expend, at his own discretion, any sum, not exceed-
ing five pounds, in the acquisition of any lot of insects which
circumstances may enable him to procure for the Society,

200 ENTOMOLOGICAL NOTES,

provided they may be so purchased considerably below the
average or usual prices of such specimens. These will, of
course, be exhibited to the Council, and to the Society at
larc^e, whose approval, or disapproval would be a sufficient
guide to any future purchases of this description. Purchases,
to a larger amount, may be decided by the Council for the

time being.

(To he continued.)

Art. XVI. — EMdmblogical Notes. By Edward Newman,
Esq., F'kLu^'

( Continued from Vol. I., page 514J

In his tam parvis, tamque fere nuUis," &c.

Class. — Coleoptera.

Natural Order. — Nitidulites, ined.

Genus. — Meligethes. Kirhy.

Mel. nigra. Nigra, punctatissima ; antennis pedihusque
piceis.

Black, thickly punctured ; antennae pitchy black, the basal and
apical joints being lighter than the intermediate ones ; the
legs are pitchy black, the fore, lighter than the middle and hind
legs ; the prothorax and elytra are very deeply punctured, and
covered with a short, grey villosity ; the elytra are very narrow
posteriorly. (Length \ lin.)

A single specimen of this insect is in the cabinet of Mr.
Wailes.

Genus. — Catheretes. Herbst.

Cat. glabra. Nigerrima, nitidissima ; antennis pedihusque
concoloribus.

Very black and shining : antennae black, the joints composing the
club slightly downy ; head, prothorax and elytra very black,
shining, sparingly covered with a grey villosity ; elytra short,
and abruptly truncate ; legs entirely black. (Length f lin.)

r.Y EDWARD NEWMAN. f?01

Taken in some abundance, by Mr. Davis, from nettles by
the road side, between Ipswich and Woodbridge.

Genus. — Micropeplus. Latreille.

This genus is generally considered to be nearly allied to
Nitidida, and if tiiis is the case, it arranges properly with
my MS. order, Nitidulites ; I cannot, however, express
myself confident on this point. No one can look for a
moment on Micropeplus, without being struck with its re-
semblance to Syntomiiim, and other minute Brachelytra :
in a natural arrangement, the union of the tribes of car-
nivorous and necrophagous beetles must take place by means
of these or cognate genera.

Micro, obtusus. Tesfaceus ; capife antice rotundato.
Entirely pale brown ; the head, instead of being pointed anteriorly,

as in M. Staphylinoides, is obtuse and rounded.

The insects from which the above description was taken,
are in the cabinet of Mr. Davis ; they are less elongate,
but rather broader than M. Stapliylinoidcs ; the lines on
the elytra are rather more elevated than in that insect ; they
are perfectly formed, hard, and mature. Mr. Davis received
them from Halifax.

Natural Order. — Ipsites? ined.

Genus. — Trichopteryx. Kirhy.

Trie. Titan. Nigra, pedibns albidis.

Black, with very pale legs; head, above, and mouth black ; throat
pale testaceous ; antennae, with the incrassated basal joints, very
pale, the following portion or shaft fuscous, the club rather paler,
except the apical joint, which is dark brown, with the exception
of the extreme point, which is paler : the prothorax and elytra
are black, and extremely glabrous, reflecting, in some lights, a
metallic hue; the under - surface of the prothorax and telum,
together with the whole of the legs, including their coxae and
trochanters, are of a dirty white colour ; the other portions of
the insect, beneath, are nearly black. (Length j lin.)
NO. II. VOL. II. D D

20^ ENTOMOLOGICAL NOTES,

Mr. Davis has taken several specimens of this insect out
of moss ; it is less than half the size of the insect I possess,
named T. inmuta of Stephens, being about the magnitude
of the dot of this i.

Genus. — Atom aria. Kirby.

Atom, gutta. Picea ; elyiris nigris, gutta media suturali
sanguinea; pedibus Jerrug'meis.

Pitchy black ; antennse ferruginous, with the basal half of the
apical, and the whole of the following joints, fuscous : prothorax
and elytra black ; the latter with a distinct red spot, like a small
drop of blood, on the centre of the suture, being half on each
elytron ; the legs are ferruginous. (Length | lin.)
This remarkable insect is, I believe, unique in the cabinet

of Mr. Davis ; he found it in moss from Lincolnshire.

Genus. — Cryptophagus. Herbst.

Cryp. scutellatus. Fuscus ; metathoracis scutello nigro,
elytris pedibusque testaceis.

Head, prothorax, and under-side of the insect, dark brown ; eyes
and mesothoracic scutellum black ; antennae brown at the base,
and testaceous at the apex ; legs testaceous, with the exception
of the femora, which are rather darker ; elytra testaceous. (Length
nearly 1 lin.)
This insect is, I believe, unique in the cabinet of Mr. Wailes,

who kindly transmitted it for description, with others mentioned

in this paper.

Genus. — Tetratoma. Herbst.

Tetra. picta. Nigra ; prothoracis marginibus, elylrorum
maculis decern ferrugineis.

Head, and exterior portion of the antennse, fuscous ; mouth, and
basal portion of the antennae, ferruginous ; prothorax black, with
all its margins ferruginous ; elytra black, with ten ferruginous
spots, one on each shoulder, one on the exterior margin of
each elytron, one at the apex of the elytra and partly on each.

BY EDWARD NEWMAN. 203

one on the centrQ of the sutural margin, also partly on each
elytron ; between this last and the humeral spots is one on the
disk of each elytron, and, finally, between each exterior marginal
spot and the apical one is another, on the disk of each elytron.
Beneath, the insect is black, and very glossy, with the exception
of the throat, which is pale : legs fusco - ferruginous, meso- and
metafemora nearly black. (Length 1^ lin.)

This insect is, I believe, also unique in the cabinet of
Mr. Wailes : in beauty it exceeds any of the tribe I have
ever seen. Mr. Wailes transmitted it to me with a MS.
name, decern maculata, a name I have somewhat uncour-
teously superseded, although I must allow it to be exceedingly
appropriate and descriptive; ray only objection to it was its
length.

Genus. — Rhyzophagus. Herbst.

Rhyz. collaris. Ferrugineus, thorace fusco.

Entirely ferruginous, with the exception of the prothorax, which is
fuscous. (Length 1| lin.)

This species has been taken in considerable abundance by
Dr. Howitt, and liberally distributed by that gentleman, with
a MS. name, R. cadavet'inux attached, a name which appears
to me to convey rather an incorrect idea, Dr. Howitt having
taken it from the wood of old coffins, and the genus being
essentially wood feeders.

Natural Order. — Bostricites, ined.

Genus. — Rhyzopertha. Stephens.

Rhyz. cincta. Nigra ; prothoracis margine posteriori,
elytrorumque disco testaceis.

Head black ; antennae testaceous ; prothorax black, with the pos-
terior portion testaceous, giving the insect a belted appearance ;
elytra testaceous, with a wide exterior margin, black ; legs tes-
taceous. (Length l^ lin.)

This insect is, I believe, unique in the cabinet of Mr.
Wailes.

204 ENTOMOLOGICAL NOTES.

Class. — Orthopteka.

Natural Order. — Locustites, ined.

Genus. — Ripipteryx. Newman.

Caput cordatum, (PI. VII., fig. 3.); oculis magnis ovatis (ce); ocellis
tribus, (ce) lateralibus oculos, medio clypeum, fere attingentibus ;
clypeo siibquadrato, elongate (se) ; antennis 10-articulatis, prnpe
OS insertis (y). Os (fig. 2) partibus omnibus distinctis ; labrum
conspicuum, quadratum, (a) angulis rotundatis; labium divisiones
quatuorperspicue dispandens ; insertione (u. l)elevato, labii mag-
nitudine ; labio proprio {u. 2) lateribus, ante medium, productis,
apice paullo angustiori, medio obsolete emarginato ; palpigero
(u. 3) minori, angustiori, labipalpos quasi tri-articulatos ferenti ;
ligula (m. 4.) in quatuor lobis palpiformibus quarum intermediis mi-
nutissimis, lateralibus manifestis, divisa; m.axillse validse, lacinia
(o. 4) elongata, acuta ; galea (o) palpiformi, quasi biarticulata,
articulo (anne articulus ?) basali minimo, apicali elongato ; maxi-
palpis (6) articulis quatuor, quorum apicali robustiori, omnino
majori ; mandibul^e validse, (2) apice vix acutsp. intus unidentatse :
lingua perspicua, linguiformis. Prothorax integer, supra obcor-
datus valde convexus. Segmenta sequentia pariter patetacta.
Telum (fig. 6) in laciniis quatuor divisum, appendicibus sex
armatum ; laciniis externis patefactis, internis minutis ; ap-
pendicibus quatuor, externis minutissimis, duobus internis
elongatis, obtusis. Proalse brevissimse, coriacese, contortse. Met-
alae maximae, longitudinaliter plicatse, quasi flabellum, nervuris
38 longitudinalibus directis, unica transversa undulata, costa
coriacea : metalse pulcherrimas, maxime mirandse. Propedum
(fig. 5.)femoribus, tibiisque simplicibus, tarsis quasi bi-articulatis,
articulo primo angustissimo, brevissimo, subtus in lobum producto,
secundo elongato, attenuate extus crassiori unguibus duobus
armato. Mesopedes propedum characteres habent. Metapedum
(fig. 4.) femoribus dilatatis, marginibus attenuatis, intus concavis,
extus convexis, alas quiescentis aliquatenus recipientibus ; tibiis
rectis attenuatis, apice limbo producto acuto ; tarsorum loco,
duobus appendicibus rectis, acutis, suppleto.

At a future time I hope to offer some opinions as to the
affinities of this extraordinary genus ; at present I must leave
the proficient in entomology to draw his own conclusions
from the description and accompanying figures.

CAPTURE OF NOCTURNAL LtPIDOPTERA, 205

Ripip. marginatus. Niger; oculis prothoraceque albo mar-
ginatis.

Black ; margins of the eyes and prothorax clearly and beautifully
white ; the antennae on several of the intermediate segments have
a white spot; the fore wings are tipped with white, the hind wings
are transparent, with a tinge of rich brown, and slightly iridescent;
the metafemora are margined superiorly vvith white ; the other
parts are entirely black. (Expansion of the wings, 1 inch ; length
of the body, 4 lin.) See PL VII. fig. 1.
The only specimen I have seen of this beautiful and singular

insect, is in the collection of Mr. Hanson. He received it from

Para, in South America. The Rev. F. W. Hope informs me

he possesses a second specimen.

( Jb be continued,^

Art. XVII. — Capture of Nocturnal Lepidoptera on Yew
Trees in Norbury Park. By John Walton, Esq.

Sir, — I herewith send you some memoranda of the habitats
and times of appearance of a few nocturnal Lepidoptera,
together with a short account of the method which I practised,
very successfully, in capturing them. If you consider my
observations of sufficient interest to merit a place in the Ento-
mological Magazine, it will afford me great pleasure to com-
municate them through so excellent a work.

On Sunday evening, the 19th of September, 1831, my
friends, Mr. Bowerbank and Mr. Hoyer, and myself, were
accidentally walking near some ancient yew-trees, on an
eastern declivity on the skirts of a large beech wood in Norbury
Park, immediately adjoining the charming village of Mickle-
ham, situated about half-way between Leatherhead and
Dorking, Surrey. The buzz of moths attracted our attention;
and observing them to settle on the yew-trees, it was suggested
by Mr. Hoyer that they were probably feeding upon the berries,
which were then ripe, and hanging in the most beautiful pro-
fusion. On the following evening we determined to investigate

206

CAPTURE OF NOCTURNAL LEPIDOPTERA.

this opinion, and prepared ourselves with such lanterns as we
could procure ; the result was the capture of several species
in the very act of feasting on the saccharine juices of the fruit.
Having previously arranged to leave Mickleham the day after,
we regretted we could not then examine further, what appeared
to us, a novelty to entomologists. On our return to London,
we prepared ourselves with three bull's-eye lanterns, forceps, &c.
and determined to visit the yew-trees. On the nights of the
24th, 26th, and 27th of September, we captured the following
moths — all as perfect and beautiful as bred specimens— except
Orthosia lunosa, which was faded, and evidently going off: —

Specimens.

Specimens.

Agrotis

Xylina

sufFusa

... 2

semibrunnea . .

. . 1

nigricans .

... 1

rhizolitha .

. . 4

Orthosia

Polia seladonia . .

. plentiful

Htura . . .

. . sparing

Xanthia

Pistacina . .

abundant

flavago

. . 4

lunosa .

... 2

fulvago . .

. . 5

macilenta . .

abundant

aurago . . .

. . 6

Glaea

citrago . . .

. . 3

spadicea . .
satellitia . .

... 1

rufina ....

. . 2

... 1

Phlogophora

meticulosa

. plentiful

Euthalia Psitticata

. ditto

The following autumn (1832) I examined the same trees
every other night, from the middle of September until the ninth
of October, without seeing a single moth. The weather, about
the latter end of September and the beginning of October, was
cold, and very rainy, the wind high, and the yew-tree berries
were not generally ripe, which indicated a late season. On the
evening of the 10th the moths began to appear; and I continued
my nocturnal visitations every night until the 16th, and after-
wards three nights a-week, until the 5th of November. I cap-
tured the following seven species, which I had not seen the first
year, and all the other species enumerated in the preceding list,
except Agrotis nigricans, Orthosia lunosa, Xylina semibrun-
nea, Xanthiajlavago, X. fulvago, X. citrago, and X. rujina —

Orthosia

Lota ....

Specimens.
. . 6

Oporabia dilutata .
Thera Juniperata •
Sarrothripus

degeneranus . .

Specimens.
. plentiful

flavilinea . . very
Xylina petrificata .
Miselia Oxyacanthse

abundant
. . 1

. plentiful

. sparing

CAPTURE OF NOCTURNAL LEPIDOPTERA.

f207

The result of this year disappointed my expectations. I
had previously calculated upon a more bountiful harvest :
however, sportsman-like, I attributed this to a bad breeding
season, — to that mysterious Power which regulates and governs
the number and irregular appearance of insects.

The long continuance of fine beautiful weather in the spring,
summer, and autumn of 1833, induced me to expect a highly
favourable season for autumnal moths, and for bringing the
fruit of the yew-trees earlier to perfection. I determined once
more to examine this interesting habitat, and commenced
operations on the same night as in the preceding year (10th of
October). I found abundance of moths enjoying, as usual,
their favourite repast. The fruit was perfectly ripe, and the
yew-trees beautifully adorned with fine large berries in the
richest profusion ; I lamented that I had not been enabled to
arrive sooner, from an idea that several species of the early
autumnal moths must have disappeared. I commenced by
devoting, on an average, five hours every night for twenty-
eight nights, from the 10th of October until the 14th of
November. I was highly gratified, and amply repaid for my
exertions, by the capture of upwards of two thousand moths.
I boxed, on the average, eighty insects per night, of the follow-
ing species : —

Specimens.
. . 5
. plentiful

Agrotis
aequa .
sufFusa

Orthosia
litura .
Pistacina
Lota .
flavilinea
macilenta

Glsea

rubiginea

satellitia

vaccinii

spadicea

subnigra

. . plentiful

. . ditto
. .abundant
. . plentiful
very abundant
. , abundant

very abundant
ditto
ditto
. plentiful

polita abundant

Xylina

semibrunnea .
rhizolitha .
Calocampa exoleta
Miselia

Oxyacanthse .

. 3

plentiful

plentiful

Miselia Aprilina.
Polia seladonia .
Xanthia

aurago . . .

citrago . . .

croceago .

rufina . .
Phlogophora

meticulosa

ditto

abundant

Hybernia connectaria $ plentiful
Himera pennaria ... 1
Euthalia

miata 3

plentiful

. 3

plentiful

ditto

. 1

6

Psittacata
Thera variata . .
Oporabia dilutata .
Cheimatobia brumata
Margaritia ferrugalis

Sarrothripus degeneranus
Oncomera PodagrariBe .

208 CAPTURE OI' NOCTURNAL LKPIDOPTERA.

I think it may be inferred, from my observations, that
insects, generally speaking, are not much under the influence
of a backward or forward season in their appearance, but have
their regular periods of flight : the great and sudden changes
of temperature, combined with the variable state of our atmo-
sphere, perhaps, may have some influence in diminishing or
increasing the number of insects. Agrotis snffusa appears at the
latter end of September, and continues on the wing during the
whole of October; but specimens taken towards the latter end
of the month are a good deal faded; though plentiful this year,
they were very scarce the two preceding years. This insect
is stated to appear in June, and is supposed to be double-
brooded. I only met with one, Agrolis aqua, a beautiful
female, on the 10th of November, 1833.

1 have no doubt that OrtJiosia litiira, Pislacina, and maci-
lenia, usually begin to appear at the latter end of September, —
as my specimens, captured on the 24th, 26th, and 27th of Sep-
tember, 1831, were all as fine as bred specimens; whereas, on
the 10th of October, in the two following years, the said
insects were more or less faded, and evidently going off. They
continue on the wing several weeks. O. Pistacina is truly
denominated a protean species. Out of an immense number,
I picked many very singular and astonishing varieties.

Oithosia lunosa, Agrotis nigricans, Xanthia Jlavago,
X.fulvago, citrago, and riijina, also appear at the latter end
of September, except the first, which appears earlier. They
seem to have a much shorter existence ; for I never met with
them in October, except the two latter, which were diflScult
to recognize, they were in such a wretched plight.

Orthosia Lota, and O. favilinea, I think 1 may confidently
state, appear about the 10th of October, independent of the
variable state of the season, having captured many of the
former, and several hundreds of the latter, — *' unquestionably^,"
as Mr. Stephens observes, "a scarce insect near London;" —
they continue, like their congeners, several weeks on the
wing; but not one specimen in ten was worth setting of those
which I captured towards the latter end of October and in
November.

Glcea vaccina, G. spadicea, G. polita, and G. suhriigra,
begin to appear at the latter end of September, and continue
on the wing until the middle of November. I am inclined to
think, from a careful examination and comparison of several

CAPTURE OF NOCTURNAL LEPIDOPTERA. 209

hundred specimens, that they all constitute but one variable
species.

Glcea satellitia I captured in very great abundance on the
evening of the 11th of November. It is a most hardy moth,
as it was out in all weathers, cold or wet, even when the yew-
trees were saturated with rain, and adorned most beautifully
with globules of water. I left it still out, on the 14th of
November.

Glcea rubiginea. — I was extremely fortunate in detecting
the locality of this insect, as it is stated to be unknown. There
were only two, reputed to be natives, one in the British Mu-
seum, and the other in the cabinet of Mr. Dale. I captured
mine at intervals, from the 10th of October to the Gth of
November, all equally perfect and beautiful.

Xylina semihriinnea has not been taken of late years, and
specimens are only to be seen in old cabinets. From my
captures, it begins to appear at the latter end of September,
and continues at intervals until the latter end of October. The
three specimens captured from the 10th of October, 1833, to
the 25th of October, were all very fine ones.

Xylina petrijicata, — Of this insect, I took one specimen,
on the 21st of October, 1832, equally as good as several bred
specimens now in the cabinet of Captain Blomer. I think it
is certainly distinct from the X. semibrunnea, though it appears
about the same time, and in the same habitat. Mr. Stephens
gives the time of its appearance in June ; it may be double-
brooded.

Ccdocampa exoleta. — The six specimens of this insect I
captured between the middle of October and the 10th of
November, all equally fine and beautiful. An entomologist
will not require spectacles to see them on the yew-trees.

Xanthia croceago. — The last of two beautiful specimens
was captured on the 31st of October; the other, about the
middle of the same month. Mr. Stephens states that this
insect appears in September.

Xylina rliizolitha appears at the latter end of September,
and continues until the beginning of November. I captured a
very fine specimen on the 5th of November.

Xanthia aarago. — I found them in great perfection at the
latter end of September; and I continued to capture them now

NO. II. VOL. ir. I. E

210 CAPTURE OF NOCTURNAL LEPIDOl'TIiRA.

and then during the month of October, but the specimens
were somewhat faded.

Eutharia m'lata, — middle of October.

EuthuUa Psitticata begins to appear at the latter end of
September, and continues on the wing until the middle of
November; but is very susceptible of cold, particularly the
female ; and only appears in warm humid evenings. The
males were all, more or less, faded ; but the females inva-
riably, to the I4th of November, retained their beautiful rich
green appearance.

Htjhernia connectnria, — beginning of November.

Himera pennaria, — 20th of October.

Thera variata, — middle of October.

Jumperala^ — one taken on the 22d of October, 1832, some-
what faded.

Oporabia dilidata,— latter end of October.

Cheimatohia brumata, — middle of November.

Margaritia fenugalis. — I captured one beautiful specimen
of this rare insect at the latter end of October.

Sarrothripus degeneranus, — appears in the middle of Octo-
ber, and continues until the beginning of November.

Oncomera podagrariaz, — latter end of October. I cap-
tured this Coleopterous insect feeding upon the yew-berries.

I have been induced to make the above observations upon
the appearance of the autumnal moths, as some are not re-
corded, and others very incorrectly. I thought they might be
useful to help to define the natural times of their appearance in
the imago state. I think I may say, that very few persons have
been out so many successive days and weeks for two years, or
have captured so many insects as myself, at such an inclement
period. I never lost a night; and was more generally suc-
cessful in capturing the rarer species when the nights were
warm and rainy.

I will now describe, in as few words as possible, consistent
with clearness, the method of capturing the moths. I use a
bull's-eye lantern, with a powerful lens, — the larger the better ;
a pair of forceps, such as are generally used by entomologists,
having the sides and bottom covered with white gauze, and about
six inches wide at the mouth when opened. Also I use a portable
sliding rod, or one with two lengths, jointed like a fishing-rod,

CAPTURK OF NOCTURNAL LEPIDOPTERA. "li

from six to nine feet long, and a small round net, made of white
gauze or muslin, screwed or fixed on at the end, of about five
to six inches diameter, and the same in depth. I then direct
the rays of light upon the insect. If it is within reach I use
the forceps, and take it very deliberately ; if out of reach, but
within the length of the rod, they are easily jarred into the
small bag at the end of your rod, lowered down, and trans-
ferred into the forceps. In this way they are captured with
certainty, and the most surprising facility, principally in con-
sequence of that singular instinctive faculty which many
insects possess, in a greater or less degree, of feigning
death when alarmed. For example, Orthosia Pisfaci/ta, and
O. litiira, contract their legs and wings, and fall into the bag-
net, or forceps, immediately when touched, tumbling and
rolling about without evincing the least signs of life ; and so
do many others. On the contrary, O. macilenta and O.Jiavi-
linea, and others, under the same circumstances, exhibit very
little, if any, of that predisposition of feigning death. They
will try to creep away when disturbed, having no inclination
to use their wings, but are easily jarred off the berries or
leaves into the bag-net, or induced to creep upon some part of
it, until they are finally secured with the forceps. If they
happen to miss the net in the act of falling, they invariably
drop lightly to the ground, and may be taken from the grass
with the forceps. The above observations only apply to the
Noctuidce, which carry their wings horizontally ; the Geome-
iridce, which carry their wings erect, invariably fly away when
touched or disturbed. It requires a little patience and address,
when beyond the reach of the forceps, to secure any of this
family; however, they affect death in some degree, and will fall
a short distance as if shot, when tlie rays of light are directed
upon them, and the small bag-net held just under them. It is
necessary to wait patiently a few seconds, and gently to touch
the twig with the ring of your net, until they feel inclined to
exercise that shamming propensity ; it must then be lowered
with care, otherwise, if alarmed or disturbed, the insect will
fly out of the bag before you can place over the top the
flat side of your forceps. Take the bag-net to some con-
venient place, and the insect will be seen adhering to the
bottom or sides with its wings erect. Then place the mouth
of the forceps in a vertical position over the circle of the bag-

^Iti ON LEUCOSPI^.

net, and lower it to the ground. This operation will raise up
the bottom of the net, and with it the insect, which will fly up
into the forceps, and these being closed at the sides, as before
directed, it cannot escape. The yew-tree seems to flourish
best in chalky districts. Few persons are aware of the great
age and gigantic size of many of these magnificent trees in
Norbury Park. They seem common in the woods and hedge-
rows on the chalk in Kent and Surrey. Those in Norbui'y
Park are really a natural curiosity. I invite entomologists to
examine them, more particularly, of course, when the fruit is ripe.
I am convinced that they will be rewarded by new discoveries.
Norbury Park is within the limits of the metropolitan district,
as circumscribed by Mr. Stephens. I hope the London ento-
mologists will be excited, by ray success, to continue the
investigation of this interesting liabitat : I fear I shall never
have another opportunity.

I am. Sir, yours, &c.

John Walton.

14, Canonbury Square,
Febniory, 1834.

Art. XVIII, — On Lei/cospis ,- a Genus of Hymenopterous
Insects. By J. O. Westwood, F.L.S., &c.

As a supplement to Mr. Walker's detailed descriptions of
the previously recorded species of the genus Leucospis, I
beg leave to offer to the entomological student the following
descriptions of new, and notes upon several of the old species,
preceded by a few observations upon the genus in question.

As a genus, Leucospis^ is especially interesting; firstly, from
the circumstance that it comprises the largest known species of
one of the most extensive families of insects — the Chalcididcs ;
secondly, from the extraordinary position of the ovipositor,
which, when at rest, is laid along the back of the abdomen.
It is difficult, at first sight, to imagine how this instrument

* 1 have not adopted Dunieril's derivation of this word, as the insects exhi-
bit no character in conformity with it.

ON LEXrCOSPIS. 'US

can be brought into action ; when, however, we consider the
extreme flexibiUty with which this organ in other insects is
endowed, by means of the muscles attached to its base, the
difficulty soon vanishes. A remarkable instance of this capa-
bility, of which I have often been witness, is recorded by
Mr. Haliday, in the 98th page of the second volume of this
Magazine, (No. VI.) From this account, it will moreover be
seen, that the abdominal segments themselves are capable of
great elongation, by means of the connecting membrane ; and
Jurine, who appears to have observed the motions of Leu-
cospis, states, that " leur ventre jouit, dans I'articulation du
premier et du second segment d'un mouvement particulier de
flexion menu de demirotation." It is, moreover, remarkable,
that in the largest individuals belonging to another extensive
family — the Cynipidce, the females (genus Ibalia) carry the
ovipositor in a similar situation, — these two genera being the
only instances of so singular a peculiarity, throughout the vast
order of Hymenoptera. A still further peculiarity exists also
in these two genera, which has hitherto been unnoticed (at
least in Leucospis) by entomologists; namely, the existence
of a minute spiracle at the base of the fifth segment of the
abdomen, in the females, on each side. Mr. Curtis is the
only author who has noticed it in both sexes of Ibalia,
(British Ent. PI. 22.)

The wasp-like appearance of this genus, its folded wings,
and elongated, cordate lower lip, establish a connexion with
the Vespidce, which, however, may not perhaps be deemed
of a higher rank than one of mere analogical resemblance.

The character derived from the femoral teeth, as will be
seen from my subsequent descriptions, can scarcely be con-
sidered sufficiently precise for the establishment of sectional
divisions in the genus.

Leucospis gigas. Klug. Walk.

Varietatem femince a celeberrimo Latreille accepi, e typo specifico,
(ut auctoribus predictis descripto) diversam, 1™°, maculis faciei
flavis per marginem totum canaliculse frontalis, utrinque cur-
rentibus usque ad antennarum insertionem ',^ — 2*^". femoribus
posticis interne piceo-nigris, apice flavis, externe flavis macula

■^ It will be seen from Klug's character of L. grandis, that in this respect this
variety approaches that species.

214 ON LEUCOSPIS.

uiiica magna subquadrata infera nigra : oviductus abdominis
segment! 1™^ medium attingens. (Long. corp. 6-|- lin.)

Coquebert's figure of the femoral spot, exhibits its precise
form as in my insect.

It appears to me, from the Fabrician character of L. gigas,
" aculeo longltudine abdominis," that King has misapplied
the specific name ; that his L. grandis, " aculeo abdominis
longitudine" is the Fabrician L. gigas, and that consequently
a different name ought to be given to his L. gigas.

Leucospis, Shuckardi. Mas. Nigra, collari bifasciato,
scuto mesothoracico in medio tnaculis 2 oblongis, oviductu
abdominis basin non attingente, femoribus posticis 6-den-
tafis. (Long. corp. 5| lin. ; expans. alar. 9| lin.)

L. gigantem coloribus mentiens, sed magnitudine minori, statura
graciliori notisque aliis distincta : caput nigrum maculis 2 rotun-
datis inter oculos, et partem superiorem canaliculse frontalis flavis :
mandibulae basi rufescentes : antennae nigrae, articulo 1™°. (nisi
ad basin) fulvo, 2'^°. nigro, 3''". et sequenti, etiam extreme apice
rufeseentibus : collare flavo-bifasciatum, fascia antica ad angulos
anticos pauUo dilatata ; mesothoracis scutum in medio, maculis
2 parvis oblongis, et ad latera utrinque vitta subcuneiformi
flavis ; mesothoracis scutellum lunula lata flava ; metathoracis
prgescutum*^ dentibus 2 parvis munitum : epimera metathoracica
fere tota fiava : abdomen thorace paull6 longius, segmento
1™°. fascia lata, 2^°. fascia angusta, 3*'°. fascia subangusta
flavis, omnibus in medio interruptis duabusque anticis ad latera
abbreviatis, denique lunulis 2 (fascia 3*'^. multo minoribus)
apicalibus flavis : oviductus niger, abdominis segment! 1"".
medium attingens : coxae anticae et intermediae nigrae, posticae
nigrae, angulo supero apiceque subtus (at leviter) flavo notatis :
pedes 4 antici fulvo-flavi, femoribus basi obscurioribus ; femoribus
posticis interne piceo-nigris, apice fulvis, externe flavis, macula
magna rotundata infera nigra, dentibus 6 nigris munitis, 1"^°,
brevi acuto, 2^^°. omnium longissimo acuto, reliquis longitudine
decrescentibus obtusis ; tibiis et tarsis posticis fulvis, illis linea
interna nigra : alse fuscescentes, costa saturation.
I am indebted to W. H. Shuckard, Esq., a gentleman

who has devoted much attention to the study of the

e According to the nomenclature of the thoracic segments of Mr. MacLeay, it
is the metathoracic praescutum, (post dorsolum, A'. S,- S. or metathoracic scutum,
And.) vvhicli is toothed.

ON LEUCOSPIS. 215

Ilymenoptera, for my example of this species, which I have
inscribed with his name. He beheves it to be of American
origin, as it came into his possession in company with various
insects from that country, including Pelecinus polijcerator, &c.
It ought to form a distinct section in the genus, from the
posterior femora having only six teeth, although, in certain
positions, a minute rudiment of a seventh tooth is just visible.

Leucospis subnotata. Fem. Nigra, colore albido-jlavescenti
parce notata, femoribus posticis 9-dentatis, coxis posticis
immaculatis oviductu abdominis bashi superante. (Long.
Corp. 4| lin. ; expans. alar. 8 lin.)

Caput nigrum, punctatum, immaculatum, canalicula frontali sub-
metallica : antennae nigrae articulo 1"^". subtus albido, 2'^^
apice, 3, 4, et ultimo obscure rufescentibus : thorax niger, punc-
tatus ; collaris lateribus margineque postico toto, et antico abbre-
viate tenuiter flavidis ; mesothoracis scutum lateribus flavido
tenuiter vittatis, dorso immaculato ; mesothoracis scutellum apice
lunula angusta albida ; metathoracis praesentum inerme ; epi-
mera metathoracica linea flavida notata : abdomen nigrum, punc-
tatum, basi obscure rufescens, segmento l'"". versus apicem
flavido — (late et in medio interrupte) — fasciato, segmento 2''".
sequentibus multi^ angustiori ad latera linea tenui albida infere
notato, 3**°. apice flavido fasciato, (in medio supra angustiori et
interrupto) lunulisque duabus minoribus apicalibus flavidis,
oviductus piceus, abdominis basin superans : coxas omnes nigree,
posticas 2 apice rufescentes, interne albido vix notatae, femora 4
antica nigra, apice, albida ; tibiae anticae nigrae linea supera fulvA,
intermediae et posticae flavida linea infera nigr^, femora posfica
nigra, apice interne fulva, externe basi et apice macula parva
albidA notata, dentibus 9 brevibus nigris, 1™°. crassiori obtuso,
2*^°. parvo ; reliquorum 4 et 5 longioribus acutis ; tarsi omnes
fulvi : alae fuscescentes, costa saturatiori.
Habitat in America Septentrionali, apud Halifax, Novae Scotiae ; ubi
rare occurrit. Communicavit Dom. G. B. Sowerby.

I will only add, that in a genus like the present, in which
the specific characters depend upon apparently trifling dis-
tinctions, it is almost an useless waste of labour to attempt to
identify the species so concisely described by the old authors.
Leucospis Hopei. Mas. Nigra, collari unifasciato, epimeris
metathoracicis nigris, antennarum apice tihiis tarsisqiic
rufis. fliOnQ-. Corp. 5 lin. ; expans. alar. 81 lin.)

I^IG ON LEUCOSPIS.

Caput nigrum, immaculatum : antenna; nifse, articulis 2 basalibus
nigris : thorax niger, collare nigrum, margine postico flavo ;
mesothoracis praescutum lunula tenui flava ; epimera metathoracica
tota nigra : abdomen breve, convexum, flavo tenue 3-fasciatum,
fasciis 2, primis ad latera abbreviatis, 1™^. lunulata, coxae posticse
flavo-vittatse : pedes nigri, femoribus apice, tibiis tarsisque rufis,
femoribus posticis (uno) 10-, (altero) 11-denticulatis : alse sub-
fuscae, costa saturation.

Habitat in America Meridionali, apud Valparaiso. In Mus. Dom
Hope, F.L.S. Z.S. E.S. &c.

Named in honour of the gentleman in whose extensive col-
lection it is uniquely contained.

Leucospis Spinolae. Nigra, margine omni collaris {vel
antice abbreviato in c?) flavo, coxis posticis flavo late
fasciatis, tibiis anticis extus nigrescentibus, intertnediis
flavis, scuto mesothoracico $ ad latera flavo-lineato.

Leucospis intermedia. Spinola, Ins. Lig. Fasc 4. p. 236,
No. 283. (Nee. Fonscolombii, Ann. Sc. Nat. 26. 274.)—
(Long. Corp. 3 J hn. ^ ; ? 4J.)

Habitat in Liguria.

On comparing Spinola's detailed description of the species
which he named intermedia, (and of which he had captured
many specimens), with Mr. Wdlker's description of L. dorsi-
gera, with which the latter has united it, sufficient differences'^
will be found to warrant their separation ; and the name
L. intermedia having been previously employed, I have
named it in honour of the celebrated Italian Hymenopterist,
by whom it was first described. M. Fonscolombe's descrip-
tion of the species which he named L. intermedia, and which
is taken from a ? specimen, agrees with Mr. Walker's descrip-
tion of L. dorsigera ? ; but not with Spinola's L. intermedia,
as used by Mr. Walker without any expression of doubt ;
although M. Fonscolombe gives the reference to Spinola with
a query, and points out the differences between his own and
Spinola's insect.

^ The different colour of the basal joint of the male antennae, the interrupted
anterior yellow margin of the collar in both sexes, the want of the lateral lines at
the base of the wings in the female, and the want of the broad fascia on the coxae
of L. dorsigera, arc especially observable.

ON LEiTcospis. ;217

From Spiiiola's observations, the economy of this insect
appears to be very different from that of the other species
which have been observed. " Foeminam inveni in galla fun-
gosa coronata mespiUformi Quercus ramulorum, in montibus
Orerii."

Leucospis assimihs. Westio. $ (nova species.) Nigra,
abdoinine thorace dimidio fere longiore, coUare jlavo-
marginato, margine antico abhreviato, scuto mesothoracico
toto iiigro, abdomine utrinque macula minuta flava inter
fascias 1 et 2, tihiis intermediis flavis. (Long. corp.
3| — 4 lin. ; expans. alar. 6f — 7|. hn.)

Leuc. dorsigerce affinis. Corpus gracile : caput nigrum, immacu-
latum : antennae nigrse, articulo 1™°. in medio subtus flavescenti :
collate nigrum, bifasciatum, fascia antica abbreviata, postica
elongata, et per margines laterales collares paullo producta? :
mesothoracis scutum totum immaculatum, ejusdem scutellum
apice lineA, transversa, Integra, antice fere recta : metathoracis
prasscutum obtuse bidentatum : epimera metathoracica flavo-
notata: abdomen thorace dimidio fere longius, subcompressum,
ad secundum segmentum angustius, flavo 3-fasciatum (fasciis in
medio supra interruptis) 1™^. utrinque abbreviata, inter fascias

1 et 2 utrinque macula minuta flava ; fasciis 2 et 3 longitudine
aequalibus : oviductus ad basin abdominis productus : coxae
4 anticse nigrse, femora 4 antica nigra apice pallida tibiae anticae
flavescentes extus nigrescentes, tibiae intermedias flavae : coxae
posticse nigrae, apice subtus macula minuta flava notatae ; femora
postica interne nigra, externe nigra, basi subtus margineque
apicali supra flavis ; dentibus 12-armata, 1"^°. maximo, e dentibus
reliquis in femore uno dentes 3 et 4, in altero dentes 5 et 6 sunt
majores ; tibiae posticse flavae, intus nigrae ; tarsi omnes flavidi :
alae subfuscae, costa saturation.

Var. ? . — Articulo 1™°. antennarum subtus flavido vix notato, collaris
lateribus totis flavo tenue marginatis, coloreque flavo femorum
posticorum minus extenso, femoribus dentibus 16-armatis (dentes

2 et 4 in uno femore fere obliterati), 1"^°. maximo, 6, 7 et 8 reliquis
majoribus : caeteris cum prsecedenti ad punctum convenit.

Habitat in Europa — Germania ? In Mus. Hope.

The remarkable difference in the denticulation of the pos-
terior/emora, in this species, is vi^orthy of observation.

NO. II. VOL. II. F F

218 ON LEUCOSPIS.

I think it not improbable, that the insect described by Mr.
Walker as a doubtful variety of the male of L. dorsigera
{Enf. Mag. Vol. II. p. 20) is the male of the above described
species, regard being had to the circumstance, that in the
species allied to L. dorsigera the females are distinguished by
a greater share of yellow colour than the opposite sex.

Leucospis Sicelis. Westw. 9 (nova species.) Abdojnine
thorace dimidio longiori, collari jiavo linea tenui centrali
transversa nigra, tibiis 4 anticis totis jlavis, coxis posticis
apice subtus Jlavo-notatis, femoribusque posticis \5-den-
tatis. (Long. corp. 4| hn. ; expans. alar. 8. lin.)

Corpus satis crassum, L. intermedice (Spinola), et dorsigerce affinis,
e quibus colore pedum, &c. magnitudineque majori crassiori
differt: caput latum, versus os vix attenuatum, nigrum, iramacu-
latura : antennae nigrae, articulo 1"^°. flavo : collare flavum, fascia
transversa centrali tenui nigra ; mesothoracis scutum in medio
immaculatum, ad latera lineolis 2 flavis obliquis prope alarum
basin ; mesothoracis scutellum apice linea transversa integra
flava ; metathoracis praescutum fere inerme ; epimera metatho-
racica flavo notata: abdomen thorace dimidio fere longius, flavo
late 3-fasciatum, fasciis in medio interruptis, fasciis 1 et 2
latitudine aequalibus, ilia ad latera abbreviata, hac late fere ad
originem oviductus lateraliter producta, inter 1 et 2 utrinque
macula lateralis minuta elongata (quasi rudimentum fasciae 2^''.
obliteratae), fascia apicalis magnitudine mediocri : oviductus ad
basin abdominis productus : pedes flavi, coxis anticis femorumque
anticorum et intermediorum basi nigris : coxae intermediae nigrae,
macula minuta flava: tibiae 4 anticae totae flavae immaculatae :
coxae posticae nigrae, apice subtus macula parva flava ; femora
postica interne nigra, apice fulva ; externa flava, macula elongata
infera apicali nigra; denies 15 nigri, 1"*. magnus, caeteri parvi;
tibiae posticae latere interno nigrae : alae fulvescentes, costa satura-
tiori.

Habitat in Sicilia. In Mus. nostr. a celeberr. Haworth, preceptore
nostro Entomologo, heu valde deflendo ! communicata.

Note. — L. petiolata and atra (Fab.) appear to belong to a
subgenus distinct from the preceding.

219

Art. XIX. — Notes on the Bethyli and on Dri/ifius pedestris.
By A. H. Haliday, Esq. M.A.

1. Bethylus. — The insects of this genus seem fond of
the flowers of Syngenesia, but their principal haunts are in
dry sandy districts near the sea. The low tufts of Rosa
spinosissima , flourishing among the sand-cliffs, support nume-
rous larvae of Tineidce, which when full fed, often fall into the
little pits of loose sand formed at the foot of the cliffs, by the
gradual scaling of the bank and the eddies of wind. These
pits are complete traps for various insects, to which Myrmica
rubra and other predaceous species resort, and among these
our Bethyli will be seen prowling. On the fifth of last June,
I observed a female of the largest size occupied with one of
those larvae which was full fed, and, I should think, about six
times its own weight. It had seized this by the mouth, and
was with great perseverance endeavouring to transport it up
the sliding sides of the pit. Perceiving that though appa-
rently not discouraged after ten minutes' ineffectual exertion,
it had no chance of succeeding, and wishing to trace its pro-
ceedings, I placed a fragment of straw in the hollow within its
reach. The moment it had touched this railway the state of
affairs was changed — taking a firm hold with its hind feet, it
swung its prey round, and set off' with it at a smart pace,
walking backwards and dragging the body after it. From this
time it was constantly endeavouring to ascend the face of the
sand cliff', availing itself with admirable adroitness of the
morsels of grass, twigs, &c., imbedded in it, not seeming to
care how obliquely they lay, if they enabled it to gain a little
elevation ; so that its track was a zigzag. Frequently it chose
stems which, rising nearly erect, I'eceded from the bank above :
I at first thought it was losing its labour, but it was at no loss
how to act: after ascending a few inches with the whole weight
suspended in the air from its mandibles, it would poise itself
and its burden across the stem, with its head towards the
bank, then throw itself off', at the same time extending its
wings, which, though incapable of raising it from the ground,
were able to give it some impulse towards the bank, on which

220 NOTES (ON THE BETIIYLI, AND

it thus alighted, at a spot someway above the springing of
the stem. If, on ascending one of these twigs, it discovered
that it was bent the wrong way, or receded too far from the
cliff, it lost no time in hesitation, but stopping short of a
sudden, commenced the descent again. It may be guessed
that, dragging a gross, slimy body over twigs, &c., close to or
half buried in the sand, frequent impediments would occur,
which its extreme activity in walking indifferently, sideways
or backwards, and main exertion of muscular force, generally
enabled it to overcome ; but sometimes it had drawn its
burden under or between two twigs, which arrested its course:
after a violent tug or two without effect, it would retrace its
steps, dragging the larva in the opposite direction, till it was
extricated, then disposing it so as to keep clear of the ob-
stacles, start again. On every occasion when it had left its
hold, it made for the same part, and spent some time in
fastening its mandibles on the mouth of its prey beneath, so
that the larva should be dragged on its back: once where this
was not the case, it was impeded by the latter grappling with
its feet the twigs over which it was drawn, and its captor
quickly finding the error, let go and took a new hold in the
usual position. When it had ascended about two feet, it
came upon a fragment of reed partly imbedded in the sand,
the stem of which was broken off and open below, a few dry
elastic shreds of the leaf only remaining. Having reached
the part where these grew, it by a strong pull drew its burden
about half through, till its body was grasped between two
of these as in a vice ; then letting go, it began to explore the
bank on each side to some distance, tapping with its antennas
the conspicuous objects : in a few minutes seeming to be satis-
fied, it hastily descended the reed, and entered its stem at the
lower end ; it did not remain long in the interior, and on its
reappearance, set off for the spot where it had left the larva,
which, after pulling it out of the holdfast, it seized by the
mouth as usual, and began to descend the reed again ; it did
not complete the journey this time, but taking advantage of
the same kind of security to detain its prey, it repeated the
reconnaissance, then returning, dragged it to the opening,
and leaving it there, plunged in itself, but immediately
reappearing, drew in the larva head foremost, speedily

DRYINUS PEDESTRIS. 221

disappearing in the interior ; so that I could not observe its
subsequent proceedings, and being obhged to turn homewards,
I left them undisturbed. I think, however, it will seem
probable that the bore of the reed was employed instead of
an artificial funnel, for the cells which should contain the
progeny of the Bethylus, with its store of provision. If these
insects select only full grown caterpillars, I can scarcely
imagine one of the smaller individuals ^ managing these un-
wieldy bodies.

2. Dryiniis pedestris. — The first time I met with this
species, it was in company with some Myrmicce, (not M. rubra)
under a stone, in a chalky lane, near Darentwood. In this
island, its haunts are on the sand-hills of the coast, among
which Formica emarginata swarms. The Dryinus, which
is not dissimilar in form and colour, moves among them dis-
tinguished by its hitching gait, produced by the enormous
length of the coxae and trochanteres of its fore legs ; it can
run pretty fast, however. What is the nature of its society
with the ants ? I witnessed an occurrence which shews that
it is not always quite amicable. Four ants were bearing oft'
one of the Dryini quite alive and vigorous, though not able
to struggle much in their gripe; my approach disturbing them,
three scampered off) but the fourth, more determined, held
on ; the Dryinus, however, as soon as she got fair play,
shewed fight, and though her small jaws seem ill calculated
to match those of an ant, the battle was maintained without
any visible advantage, the combatants rolling and tumbling
over in the most approved Kentucky fashion. I have not
yet detected the male of this insect, having only been able
to visit the spot where it occurs, one morning this summer,
and that a very unfavourable day, so that I still hope by a
future search to obtain it.

A. H. Haliday.

3, New Cumberland-street, Dublin.

^ The £e<A!/^i vary exceedingly in size, the smaller individuals have the head
narrower, and the wings usually very imperfect (J5. Syngenesia, n.) ; but the
varieties are so indefinite, that I am disposed to refer them all to one species,
B. puHctalus, Latr.

Art. XX. — Notice of Entomological Works.

1. British Entomology; by John Curtis, F.L.S., S>;c. —
Nos. 121, 122. — PI. 482. Smerinthus ocellatus, (Lepidoptera
Sphingidae) ; 483. Mordella abdominalis, (Coleoptera Mor-
dellidae) ; 484. Baetis dispar, (Neuroptera Ephemeridae).
This figure is too highly coloured. PI. 485. Cordylura
livens, (Diptera Muscidae) ; 486. Macrocnema unimaculata,
(Coleoptera Chrysomelidae). This is certainly not a species ;
every individual of M. Hyoscyami has a light mark, more
or less distinct, on the metaferaora. PI. 487. Cochleophasia
tessellea, (Lepidoptera Tineidas) ; 488. LimnepMlus elegans,
(Trichoptera Phryganidae). Opetia lonchopteroides, (Diptera
Empidae). Mr. Curtis has placed it with the Dolichopidce.

2. Magazine of Natural History. Nos. 37, 38. — We
believe our good nature tints every thing couleur de rose.
No. 37 of this Magazine appears to us the best number but
one, and that one is No. 38. Mr. Loudon praises us, and we
praise in return, some of our readers may observe ; but we
have a better motive, — we praise, because praise is due.

3. Entomologia Ediniensis ; by James Wilson, F.R.S.E.,
and Rev. James Duncan. — This work has long been talked
of, and we anticipated its appeai'ance with some eagerness ;
it was to be " A Description and History of the Insects found
in the neighbourhood of Edinburgh." We opened it, and
lo ! instead of Edinburgh insects, we find none but the
commonest London ones; scarcely a dozen that we have
not taken in the well-besmoked cabbage gardens of Battersea ;
scarcely a dozen that Mr. Stephens has not already described
as insects of the metropolitan district. There is, indeed,
some interesting matter from Kirby and Spence, &c., here
and there interwoven; and the descriptions of genera are
sufficiently accurate.

NOTICE OF ENTOMOLOGICAL WORKS. 223

4. The London and Edmhurgh Philosophical MagazlnCy
and Journal of Science. Third Series. Vol. IV. Nos. 20, 21.

(1.) On the Zimb of Bruce, as connected with the Hie-
roglyphics of Egypt ; by the Marquis di Spineto. — Much
has been pubhshed, but little is known of the Zimb or
Tsaltsalya, which is said to spread terror and death among
men and beasts, wherever it is found. Its habitation is con-
fined to the " black fat earth," a soil in the marshy parts
of the Nile. Latreille supposed it to be a Tabanus, but
this can hardly be, if the account of its ravages is correct.
Other authors have supposed it to be an (Estrtis, but the
form of its mouth seems very different. The Marquis
observes, that it is figured on the Egyptian antiquities, and
comments on the derivation of its name. He hopes to obtain
specimens, therefore we expect that the nature of the insect
will be soon satisfactorily ascertained.

(2.) Descriptions of some hitherto Nondescript British
Species of May-flies of Anglers ; by John Curtis, Esq.,
F.L.S., &)C. — This paper comprises descriptions, in English,
of several genera and species of the Trichoptera and the
Ephemeridce. The characters are short, and not very clear.
The new genera established are Brachycercus, Molanna,
Mormonia, Brachycentrus, Thya, Glossosoma, Anticyra,
Agapetus, and Agraylea. Many of these are indicated in
the second edition of Stephens's Nomenclature of British
Insects.

5. Annates des Sciences Naturelles. Paris. Tome XXX.
— This volume contains several essays on Insects, among
them, — 1. "Observations on Aphides, by M. Dutrochet."

2. " Description of some Dipterous Insects, observed in
Spain, by M. Leon Dufour." — Among these is Myrmemorpha,
a new genus, of which he found one species, a very minute
insect, with rudimentary wings. He considers it to be allied
to Scenopinus, but its habits appear to be very different,
and, as well as the form of its antennas, agree better with
those of Borhorus, and of the A^. G. arenaria, (Haliday).

3. " Abstract of some Observations on the Changes of
Form, which the young Crustacea undergo, by M. Milne
Edwards." 4. " Abstract of a Monograph on the Odyneri
of Belgium, by M. C Wesmael."

22i> NOTICE OF ENTOMOLOGICAL WORKS.

6. Revue Entomolugique, publiee par Gustave S'dhermann.
Strasbourg. Livraisons 6 et 7. — Among the contents are, —
1. " Observations on the Habits of several Mexican Cole-
optera,'' communicated to the Editor by M. Chevrolat, who
is pubhshing a work on Mexican Insects. 2. " Description,
accompanied by a figure, of Dadoychus flavocinctus, (Cole-
optera Cerambycidas) by M. Chevrolat." — This is an unde-
scribed Insect, remarkable for its third and fourth abdominal
segments, which are yellow, and apparently phosphorescent, a
character not possessed by any other described CerambycidfB.
3. '* On the Natural Division of Terrestrial Hemiptera, con-
sidered especially in relation to the Structure of their Antennce,
by Dr. H. Burmeister." Three new genera are established, —
viz. Pseudaradus, Merocoris and Asoptis. 4. " On the
Cicindelidee ; with the Characters of two New Genera,
(Odontocheila, and Procephalus), by M. F. de Laporte."
5. "Descriptions and Figures of two new Insects, {Tho-
rictus castaneus, and Chirodica chalcoptera) by M. Germar."

7. Magasin de Zoologie ; par F. E. Guerin. — The
Entomological papers are, — 1. " On the Genus Leucothyreus,
and its Affinities, by J. O. Westwood, Esq., F.L.S., &c."
% " Commencement of a Monograph on the Pselaphidcc,
by M. C. Aube, "&c.

8. Iconographie, Sfc, des CoUopteres d'Europe ; par
M. le Comte Dejean, et M. le Docteur J. A. Boisduval.
Tome III., Livraison 8. Tome IV., Livraison 1. — The
genus Amara is concluded, and figures are given of the
genera Lophklius, Antarctia, Masoreus, Peleciiim, Eripus,
Cratocerus, Somoplatus, Daptus, Cyclosomus, Promecoderus,
Axmoioma, Cratacantlms, Paramecus, Cratagnathus, Ago-
noderiis, Acinopus, Barysomus, Amblygnathus, Platymetopus ,
Gynandropus, and Selenophorus.

ENTOMOLOGICAL MAGAZINE.

JULY. 1834..

Art. XXI. — Essay on the Classification of Parasiiic
Hymenoptera, 8fc. By A. H. Haliday, M.A.

{Contimied from page 106.)

Of the Ichneumones of the Second Line, (Ichneumones adsciti,
Essenheck.)

The species which have been referred to the genus Aphidius
appear to compose a natural group, from the uniform way in
which the characters,- common to them all, correspond with
the habits of those few whose history is known from actual
observation. They are minute Ichneumones, each individual
being nourished by a single puceron ; the empty skin of this is
substituted for a cocoon, the larva being provided with no
secretion of silk, like the others of this family. Accordingly,
we find it solitary, devouring all the interior of its victim, and
attaining a proportionate bulk. The spherical figure of that
case adapts itself to the inflected attitude of the full grown
larva, and of the pupa developed from it.'* The same position
finally is subservient to the functions of the fly, which is thus
enabled to bring the borer under the direction of her sight ;
for, being equal or superior in size to the objects of her attack,

" J presume that the pupae of the Chrysidas are similarly inflected. " J'ai vu
le Cleptes nitidule allonger beaucoup son tuyau en passant aupr^s d'une larve
de Tenthrede, et le pousser vivement contre elle. Quoiqu'il lui eut fallu pour
cela recourber son abdomen et diriger ce tuyau entre ses pattes en avant de la
tete, I'operation entiere fut I'affaire d'une seconde." — Le P. St. Fargeau. Some
of the petiolate Pteromali {Miscogasteridff, Walker) also have the pupa bent
double, though less completely; but these do not inflect the abdomen in ovi-
position.

NO. III. VOL. II. G G

226 HALIDAY ON

she can find no footing on them. As they are accessible, and
not defended by hair or a tough coat, the borer itself is short
and delicate. A summary of these particulars will afford the
most comprehensive notion of the group.

An acquaintance, though imperfect, with the economy of the
insects composing it, has afforded, in the relation which
subsists between this and the form of the parts in the imago,
some data for estimating the comparative importance of their
several variations. In the general considerations we have,
consequently, ventured to overlook distinctions such as else-
where are of much significance, and to assemble species
offering considerable diversity in the antennae, wings, and
feelers. Hence we may be prepared to find the influence of
similar variations modified and subdued, to a certain extent,
in contiguous groups ; while, in pursuing the chain a little
further, some or all of these organs may affect a determinate
character, through a protracted series of affinities. In the
present family, generally, the antennae may be said to vary
indefinitely with sex and species ; and, where we detect the
tendency to a typical number, there is room to suspect an
approach to one or other of the remaining Parasitic families,
which has (if I may express it so) communicated its character
to such adjacent groups. These approaches are few and
evanescent, and while they may serve to indicate the external
relations of the family, do not seem applicable, in a primary
degree, to the further subdivision of it. The cells of the
wings, by their number, figure, and position, afford distinctions
generally precise and easily apprehended, constant in the
sexes, and whose variations may be referred to a limited
number of types ; but these are not so readily generalized,
and, on account of the abrupt transitions between them, some-
times yield no clew to the connexion of the groups which they
distinguish. At the same time they furnish most convenient
characters for the separation of the minor groups ; and, if
carefully compared with the variations of other parts, will be
often of the highest value as obvious indications of characters
more influential, but also more difficult of investigation. The
mouth, whose structure enters so largely into most systems,
does not exhibit much variety of development among insects
whose instruments of industry and weapons of defence are
seated elsewhere, and which scarcely seem to require nourish-

PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA. 227

roent in the perfect state. Aguthis and Alysia, indeed, in
their types, present remarkable modifications of the hps and
jaws, but, after a few removes, these too subside into the
prevailing monotony. Of all the parts of the mouth, the
feelers seem to afford the most convenient means of methodical
division ; their differences, like most characters determined by
number, being easily seized by the eye and expressed with
certainty. Such a method comes recommended also by the
weight of authority, almost every recent arrangement of the
fiimily resting principally on those organs. Analysis has
shown their variations to be of minor consequence in de-
termining relations between the subdivisions of Ajjhidius,
while the separation of that genus has made their application
to the rest more easy. The objections arising from the former
consideration will be lessened if we regard these last as nearer
in affinity to the genuine Ichneumones ; for they, throughout
their myriad species and multiplied gradations of form, adhere
almost invariably to one number, the incipient tendency to
change appearing only at one point.'' And, indeed, in the
single genus we have been considering, their extremes ot
variation are more distant than in all the remainder of the
Adsciti. The figure and proportion of the joints are more
constant in the maxillary feelers than in the labial, where the
diminution of the penultimate joint makes the precise number
sometimes difficult to determine, so that we shall gain in con-
venience by omitting the consideration of the latter at this
stage. Following, in other respects, the arrangement of
Von Essenbeck, let us place first those which have maxillary
palpi of five joints, composing the family named by him
Bracones. With respect to the nomenclature, it may be
remarked, that he at first applied the generic name of Bassus
to Crijptus manducator of Panzer, and from that type derived
the appellation of his second family ; more recently Bassus
has ranked among the genuine Ichneumones, being appro-
priated, by Gravenhorst, to a group represented by Anomalon
IcBtatoriion of Panzer; to this Von Essenbeck has conformed,
substituting the Latreillian genus Alysia in its place, yet,

'' The genus Porizon, which betrays a departure from the type in other parti-
culars ; the predominant characters, however, are unchanged ; and the subgenus
Odontomerus may ahnost be described as a Porizon resuming in its mouth and
lower wings the ordinary character of genuine Ichneumones.^

228 HALIDAY ON

either from inadvertence or on principle, he has retained his
original but now ambiguous name for the family. It seems
more correct to obviate this duplicity of terms by adopting,
instead of it, Ahjsiidcs, as proposed by Mr. Stephens. I
should be still better pleased to avoid giving any names to
these sections; regarding their separation, for the present,
simply as a convenient artifice, which may possibly interfere
with the discernment of their true relations, as much as it
facilitates their examination in detail.'^ It is never too soon to
retrace an erroneous course, and I have to regret having hastily
applied new-coined names to tribes so called, and similar
subdivisions of the family : renouncing such innovations as, at
least, premature, and retaining the name Ichneumones^ for
the family at large, we may speak of these, as

Ichneumones ivhich have no exterior cell of the disk in the
upper wings, and do not inflect the abdomen completely,
whose pvpa is enclosed in a cocoon spun by the larva, and is
not bent double ;

And first, of those with maxillary palpi of flve joints;
Fam. — Bracones, Ess. Braconid.e, Stephens,

The native species, so far as they are known to me, may, I
think, be all arranged by relation to the four genera, Agathis,
Microgaster, Bracon, and Leiophron, as exemplified by
Agathis malvacearum, Latreille ; Ichneumon globutus, Linne ;
Bracon denigrator, Fabricius ; and Cryptus sticticus, Fa-
bricius.

Having assembled the species I possess according as the

"= For the general characters with which Von Essenbeck has sought to corro-
borate this division seem vague and uncertain ; but, from a cause alluded to
before, they were drawn from a comparison of genera in some degree fortuitously
assembled, so that no better result could be expected. If the families were
sufficiently distinguished by external appearance, it is not likely that they would
have eluded the tact and judgment of this distinguished author, to which our
present subject is scarcely less indebted than a sister science. The contents of
each family being reduced to more strict conformity with the principles of his
method, I cannot discover any auxiliary distinctive characters of general
application.

<• Or rather Ichneumonidee, as used by British autliors, for the sake of general
analogy and harmony of nomenclature.

PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA. 229

resemblance of one or other of these predominates, I find the
resuhing groups may be separated in this manner : —

three angles Agathis, &c.

Second brachial I ( determinate and alike in the

cell of the lower ) , \ sexes IVIicrog aster, &c.

wings bounded j if'

externally by i "V"^ ^.^ ° < varying with sex f three . . Bracon, &c.
'Clnn" l«"d species ;cu-S

upper wings (two . . . Leiophron, &c.

These characters have the appearance of being taken arbi-
trarily, the table being calculated simply to distinguish the
groups, without exhibiting their relative position or connexion ;
and other schemes might be drav^^n up which would attain the
same object, as, indeed, any one devised from such scanty
materials is likely to prove imperfect in a more extended
application. I do not attach much importance to this, as the
temporary fabric is easily reconstructed when further infor-
mation has shown its defects. But, if the standards selected
possess the requisite qualities, the entireness and relative
proximity of the groups may remain unaffected by any addition
to their contents. The first three are so obviously indicated
by external appeai'ance, that there is little difference of opinion
to be apprehended as to their existence or extent; but the
combination of the fourth group rests in great part on the
similarity of the trophi, since there is less resemblance in other
respects between the proposed type and some of the species
here associated with it, than the latter bear to a section of the
genus Perililus. I believe, indeed, that we should attribute
this resemblance to a real affinity, and that the supposed
families meet at this point. Now as they appear to approach
at the other extremity also, and as the series through each,
from one point of contact to the other, exhibits no manifest
interruption, we have in this way a complete circle formed, to
the exclusion of ApMdius, which seems to be thrown into a
separate group. The different habits of that genus have
already prepared us for such a result; but it will demand a
more detailed and rigorous examination of the remainino-
genera than I am competent to give them, before it can be
conclusively admitted. For greater convenience in designating
species, the generic denomination of the type may be extended

230 HALIDAY ON

to the entire of each group; and as Von Essenbeck has long
since shown the affinity which subsists between Chelonus
among the Bassi and Microgaster in the present family, I
commence the latter with that genus. Here, however, seems
to be the most convenient place to introduce a genus anomalous
in its palpi, but bearing, on the whole, more resemblance to
Microgaster than to any others of the family, although the
differences are sufficient to prevent my comprehending them
under one generic name, and even to leave their affinity open
in some degree to doubt. This may be owing, partly, to the
want of sufficient materials, the genus being founded on the
examination of a single ill-preserved specimen.

Gen. II. — MiRAx.

Palpi maxillares 4<-articulati, labiates 3-articulati : antenncc
\^-articulatcJB : occiput retusmn : oculi glabri : meso-
thoracis scutum haud tripartitum : abdomen breve sub-
sessile : aculeus subexertus.

Sp. M. rufilabris. Fern. Niger, piedibus Jlavo-ferrugineis :
alee hyalince: os, clypeus, squamulcB et stigma ferruginea :
abdominis segmenta 2 anteriora flava. (Long. corp. .08.
alar. .2.)

Caput thoracis latitudine, transversum crassum ; occiput retusum ;
vertex late rotundatus ; ocelli in triangulum ; oculi parvi glabri :^
antennae corpora parum breviores, graciles, 14-articulatae ; scapo
ovato-cylindrico, pedicello extricato ovato, articulo tertio longiore
quam scapo, reliquis longitudine decrescentibus : labrum trans-
versum lateribusrotundatum, epipharynga obtegens, hujus tantum
ligul^ apicali attenuata prostante ; mandibulae trigonse apice
curvatae et tenue bidentes ; maxillae lobus latus obtusus ; labium
integrum obtusum ; palpi maxillares 4-articulati, articulis l'"".
breviore, l^"^. paulo crassiore ; labiales 3-articulati : thorax ovatus
(•epressus ; pro thorax inconspicuus ; meso thoracis scutum rotun-
datum, planiusculum, sulculis ordinariis omnino nullis ; metathorax
rotundatus : alse anticae — stigma crassum rotundato-trigonum ;

' This character has had some weight in inducing me to separate the genus
from Mirrogasfer ; it should be remembered, however, that the eyes are hairy in
one section of the genus Chelonus {Ch. sulcatus, &c.), while they are naked in
the rest.

PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA.

231

areola disci aiitica parum remota ; cubitalis interior sub stigmata
clausa ad originem cubiti, nervum recurrentem prope apicem
excipiens ; cubitus obsoletus ; nervi omnes exteriores evanescentes ;
alse posticae, areolA brachiali 2^\ anterioris dimidiam longitudinem
non aequante : pedes mediocres calcaribus parvis : abdomen
thoracis longitudine, obovatum subdepressum, iseve nitidum
segmentis dorsi septem ; ^ segmenturn imum, gj-acile ascendens ;
posteriora lineari- transversa ; sextum ventrale leviter carinatum,
apice productum aculeum fulciens ; aculeus apice subexertus.

Genus III. — Microgaster.

Palpi maxillares 5-articulati, labiales S-arficulati : os breve :
antennarum articulorum numerus determinatus mari femi-
nssqiie par: occiput concavum: oculi villosi: thorax de-
pressus, scuto mesothoracis haud tripartito : pedes postici
majores approximati : abdomen sessile aut subsessile
brevissimu?n : valvula ventralis aculeum fulciens : corpus
parvum, nigrum; modo flavo varium ; rarius fiamim : alee
diaphance.

Subgen. — AciELius.
Subgenus cum Chelono annectens.

Antennae 20-articulatae, scapo lon-

giore ; femince apice attenuatas re-

volutae.
Occiput concavum, definitum.
Abdomen 5-annulatum.
Tibiae posticae subclavatae.
Alse anticae stigmate rotundato ; areola

radiali incompleta arcuata ; area

cubitali ubique lata.

Subgen. — Microgaster.

Generis typum coviplectens.

Antennae IS-articulatae scapo niinuto.

Occiput retusum.

Abdomen 8-annulatum.

Tibiae postica- apice truncatae.

Alae anticas stigmate trigone ; areola

radiali trigona; area cubitali medic

valde coarctata.
Posticae areolis radialibus 2, cubitali-

bus 2.

Subgen. I. — Ac^lius.

Adelius (lapsu calami). Ent. Mag. Vol. I. p. 262.

Corpus minimum : caput fere hemisphaericum, occipite contracto,
concavo definito ; vertice rotundato ; ocelli in triangulum ; oculi

f Probably eight would be seen in recent specimens, that being the typical
number in the Ichnenmnniilre.

232 HALIDAY OX

parvi villosi cum genis sequati : Irophi fere quales Microgastri
sed labrum minus, lineari -trans versum, epipharyngis lirabum
undique retegens : antennae 20-articulatae, scapo longiusculo
incrassato ; flagellum maris gracilius filiforme ; femince medio
crassius compressum, apice attenuatum revolutum (ut in Chelonis
feminis) : thorax fere M/crogastris ; metathoracis (i. e. propodei)
margo posticus utrinque denticulatus : alae anticae — stigma
semiovatum ; areola disci antica vix remota : cubitus arcuatus
mox abruptus, areolam radialem ovatum inchoans : areolae
cubitales 2, interior sub stigmate clausa ante originem cubiti ;
nervi exteriores sensim evanescunt ; nervus recurrens fere inter-
stitialis : alse posticae, areola humeralis distincta ; brachialis an-
terior basi sensim attenuata; posterior mediocris parum distincta;
areolae exteriores obliteratee : pedes postici crassi compressi, tibiis
apice rotundatis, subclavatis (ut in Chelonis nonnullis) : abdomen
thorace brevius, ovatum subdepressum, segmentis dorsi 5 ; 1""°.
maximo dimidium totum obtegente, laevi ; 5*°. minuto : — ventris
6 ; 6*°. subcarinato : aculeus vix subexertus.

Sp. 1. M. A. Germanus. Mas et Fem. Pedibus mite-
rioribus testaceis. (Long. corp. .08; alar. .17.)

Fem. — Niger : os et palpi testacea : antennas corpore longiores, medio
multo crassiores : pedes anteriores testacei, coxis, trochanteribus
basi, et femoribus latere supero fuscis ; postici fusci, tibiis basi
testaceis : alae albidae ; stigmate fusco ; medio late infumatae,
lineolA albida parum distincta sub basi stigmatis ; squamulae
nigrae: thorax subtiliter punctulatus: abdomen laeve nitidum.

Variat facie fere tota, pedibus anticis, coxis et trochanteribus
testaceis.

Mas. — Antennis longioribus gracilioribus apice teretibus.

Habitat in Salice Caprea minus frequens.

Sp. 2. M. A. subfasciatus. Mas et Fem. Pedibus nigris.
(Long. corp. .06; alar. .14.)

Fem. — Praecedente fere duplo minor : antennae minus incrassatas :
palpi et tarsi anteriores fusci ; trochanteres apice picei : alarum
fasciae 2 nigricantes manifestiores, lineola albida disjunctae. —
Mas. — Antennae longiores filiformes.

Habitat in Salice argentea littorum rarissime.

PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA.

ass

Subgen. II. — Microgaster.

Microgaster Lair. 77. N. XIII. Gen. vi.

Spinola. Ins. Lig. II. p.
144. Essenb. Act. Acad.
Tom. IX. A. D. 1818.
Curtis E. B.32\.

Ichneumon. (Sec. Leptogastri.) Latr. H. N. III.

Ichneumon. Fam. 2'*'' Jurine. (Agathide et Microdo

commixtis.)

Vipio Fallen. Spec. Meth. Hyme-

nopt.

Caput oblatum, thorace angustius, antice orbiculatum ; vertex
arctus ; occiput retusum, vix unquam definitum ; ocelli fere in
lineam curvam ; oculi ovati parum prominuli, villosi ; facies
supra clypeum leviter bifoveolata : labrum transversum lateribus
rotundatum, epipharynga obtegens, hujus tantum ligula apicali
attenuata prostante ; mandibulse curvatse, apice bidentes ; maxillae
lobus rotundatus ; labium integrum obtusum ; palpi maxillares
articulis 5, 1™°. breviore, 2''". crassiore ; labiales 3-articulati :
antennae IS-articulatse corpore longiores vel breviores ; mari
saepe incrassatse apice attenuatse ; femince breviores et graciliores ;
scapus perbrevis ovatus ; pediceilus fere retractus ; articuli reliqui
cylindrici, striati, medio cingulati quasi duplicati : thorax oblongus
subdepressus ; prothorax inconspicuus ; mesothoracis scutum
rotundatum planiusculum, absque sulculis ordinariis ; scutellum
trigonum planiusculum ; metathoracis scutellum distinctum foveo-
latum ; postscutellum (^Propodeon) undique discretum, seg-
mento 1™°. (Metapodeo) saepius conforme et pariter exculptum :
alae anticae latiusculae ; stigma trigonum ; areola disci antica
remota quinque angularis ; cubitus fere rectangulatim flexus,
areolam radialem trigonam paulo ante apicem alae concludens ;
area cubitalis sub angulo cubiti valde coarctata, areola intermedia
ibidem, trigona seu stapiaeformi minuta, aut nulla ; areola interior
nervum recurrentem excipit ; areola brachialis posterior ultra
anteriorem elongata ; posterior disci brevissima : alae posticae —
areola brachialis anterior angusta, ante medium subito coarctata
sub sinu nervi subcostalis, apice cum cubitali contigua ; posterior
ilia plus duplo brevior, vix longior quam latior ; radiales 2,
interior minor ; cubitales 2, interior brevissima : pedes postiei
NO. III. VOL. 11. H H

JsO-* HALIDAY ON

approxima(i elongati et saepius incrassati, femoribus compressis,
coxis magnis, tibiis apice truncatis ; calcaria plerisque elongata
subulata : abdomen sessile aut subsessile thoracis longitudine vel
eo brevius, segmentis dorsi octo, ventris sex : segmenta anteriora
multimodis difformia, primi scutum dorsale plerisque angustatum,
latera membranacea utrinque retegens ultimum minutissimum ;
ventris segmenta anteriora plerunque pallido pellucent, sextum
carinatum aculeum fulciens nee libere mobile ut in Agathide :
aculeus mode subexertus vel reconditus, modo abdominis longi-
tudine et apice decurvus.
Lepidopterorum larvis genus maxime infestum. Mater erucam vix
repugnantem insiliens, terebrse ictu repetito ova plurima cuti
infigit (vel pilis agglutinat ?) : ^ larvaB hinc enatae intra corpus
erucse degunt gregariae adipem depastae extis intactis ; maturse
mox erucse cute perforata undique prorumpunt, et statim meta-
morphosi se accingunt, folliculum subcylindricum e serico subtili
sibi cuique nentes ; quos modo annectunt ramulo, lateribus ad
invieem agglutinatos et in modum alvearis laminas dispositos ;
modo foliis, parietibus, arborum truncis, seriatim vel temere
aggregates, reticulo laxiore universis substrate ; vel denique
cunctos intra globum spissum bombacinum obtectos culmo
graminis alligant. Metamorphosin peragunt intra paucas septi-
manas ; alii hyemem in folliculis durant, pro anni tempore.
Insectum in pupario latet corpore extenso, antennis et pedibus
inflexis. Folliculi operculis pulsu capitis excussis, declaratis dant
exitum. Ut hi erucas sic ipsos Crypti nonnuili minores enecant ;
saucii tamen folliculos ut intefrri conficiunt, at non sibi.''

^ Ichneumon necutor. Scliarfenberg.

^ The cocoons of this tribe are composed of a very fine glossy silk of one
colour, which can be woinid oft" like that of the silkworm, while in most of the
remaining Ichneumoncs they are of a gummy texture and banded. They are
arranged in various modes, examples of which, and a minute account of the process
of construction, may be found in the second volume of Reaumur's Memoirs. The
larvEe are generally supplied with a two-fold secretion of silk ; that which comes
out first being of a looser and coarser texture, and serving for a common envelope
for the whole society. The sections into which the genus has been divided, do
not appear to be characterised by a particular disposition of the cocoons, as this
differs in species the most nearly related. Some are collected into a ball, and
entirely concealed within a thick cottony mass attached to a stalk of grass (as
M. glohatus, intricatus, &c.) ; others are fastened round a twig, and arranged side
by side, like the cells of a honeycomb {M. alvearius, alvearifex). In many they are
scattered, or collected in an irregular heap, and covered with a loose web of open
textin-e, but tough, as is the case with M. glomeratus, the most familiar species,
which keeps down the numbers of the common white butterfly. A correspondent
in Loudon's Magazine, Vol. III. p. 52, affirms that the caterpillar of the butterfly

^ru.

parasitic hymenoptera. ^35

Sectio a.
Areolce cubitales tres in alls anticis. (Trichori.)

(A.) a.

Abdomen depressum rotundatum Iseve : aculeus reconditus : alae
coloratfe ; anticse areola radiali angustiore acuminata, cubitali
intermedia distincta : pedes postici minus elongati : calcaria
minuta : statura mediocris.

Sp. 3. M. mediator. Mas et Fem, Abdomine antice jjedi-
busque Jlavo -ferriigineis ; seginenti primi vitta nig
(Long. Corp. .16; alar. .33.)

Fem. — Niger, capite et thorace granulato-opacis, pallido-pubescenti-
bus : antennae graciles corpore longiores : palpi fiavi : pedes
graciles flavo-ferruginei, posticorum coxae basi et tarsi nigro-fusca :
alae flavescentes aut ferrugineae, stigmate fusco basi determinate
pallido ; squamulae flavo-ferrugineae : metathorax rugulosus : ab-
domen obovatum planum, laeve nitidum ; segmenta imum^ 2^^™^. et
3*". basis plerunque flavo-ferruginea aut fulva ; primi scutum
lineare elevatum, punctatum, nigrum ; 2*^^ latera arcuato-im-
pressa.

Variat, segmenti primi lateribus membranaceis infra scutum lineare
contractis, unde abdomen subpetiolatum evadat ; his etiam seg-
menta intermedia obscuriora ; tibiae posticae et tarsi intermedii
apice fusca.

Variat, antennis subtus et pedibus totis flavo-ferrugineis.
Variat, coxis omnibus, femoribus intermediis basi, posticis totis
nigro-fuscis ; alis fusco-ferrugineis ; abdominis basi obscurius
• rufescente.

spins the outer web over its parasites, and Goedart has written the same.
Madame Merian has a similar statement relative to the caterpillar of Cynthia
Cardui, and its Microgaster. I am more inclined, however, to place my faith in
the usual accuracy of Reaumur. It would be a singular fact, that the caterpillar
of a butterfly which, for its own transformation, produces only a few threads
which fasten the tail and girt the middle of the chrysalis, should become provided
with this superabundant supply in consequence of its interior being nearly
devoured. In the case of those species, indeed, which infest the tribes o( Bom-
byces and Arctite, it appears that the imperfect cocoon spun by the caterpillar
may serve for the envelope of its parasites (see M. consularis, No. 15). In
general they are found in Lepidopterous larvae ; but Mr. Curtis has obtained one
species out of that of an aphidivorous fly.

236 HALIDAY ON

Mas. — A femina vix distinguendus antenuis paullo longioribus.
Habitat in agris autumno passim ; varietates a, /3, frequentes ; y, I,
rarissime. — {Mus. Soc. Ent.)

Sp. 4. M. spectabilis. Fern. Femoribus anticis, tibiis
tarsisque testaceis; alls ferrugineis, fasciold albidd;
antennis brevissimis. (Long. corp. .13; alar. .25.)

Fern. — Niger capite thoraceque granulato-opacis, pallido-pubescen-
tibus : occiput Isevissimum definitum : antennae capite cum thorace
paulo longiores : palpi ferruginei : femora media medio, postiea
tota, coxaeque omnes nigro-fusca : alas dilute ferrugineze ; stigma
nigro-fuscum, basi determinate pallidum, excurrit liinc fascia
linearis albida trans alam; areola radialis insuper medio pallescit ;
squamulse fusco-ferrugineae : metathorax brevior quam pragcedenti,
rotundato-declivis, rugulosus : abdomen ovatum planum, laeve
nitidum, lateribus baseos sordide flavis ; segmentum primum
ascendens, scuto oblongo elevato, punctulato, medio levigato :
valvula ventralis apice hians etsi aculeus penitus sit absconditus '•
pedes breviores quam praecedenti, calcaribus paulo longioribus.

Habitat in Hibernia boreali rarissime.

Sp. 5. M. ingratus. Fem. Pedibus nifis ; coxis nigris ;
alls fuels. (Long. corp. .18; alar. ,3Q>.)

Fem. — Brevis crassus niger : antennae corpore longiores crassiusculaj :
palpi apice ferruginei : pedes validi, rufo-ferruginei ; coxis et
trochanteribus nigris ; tibiis posticis apice et tarsis iisdeni fuscis ;
calcaria minuta fusca : alae fuscae, costa latissima interne flavente ;
stigma basi flavescens ; squamulae obscure ferruginese : meta-
thorax brevis rugulosus : abdomen breviter ovatum subde-
pressum ; segmenti 1™. ascendentis scutum convexum laeve
subquadratum, latera anguste lutescentia ; anus rotundatus :
aculeus (si revera/emma sit) penitus absconditus.

Habitat {Mus. J. Curtis.)

Sectio (A.) b.

Abdomen subtus conipressum, dorso planum, segnientis anterioribus
latis aciculatis : aculeus exertus, valvulis subclavatis : alae ut
praecedentibus : pedes postici crassi : calcaria longa : statura
major.

PARASITIC HYMENOPTEIIA. 237

1°. Segmentis tribus aciculatis.

Sp. 6. M. infumatus. Mas. Pedibiis riifis, coxis nigris.
(Long. Corp. .2 ; alar. 42.)

Microgaster deprimator. Curt. E. B. 321. No. 1.

Mas. — M. globato duplo major ; niger : mandibularum cuspis
palpique obscure rufi : pedes rufi trochanteribus concoloribus,
coxis et unguibus nigris : alae fuscse, stigmate toto intensius
concolore : abdominis segmenta 4*™\ et sequentia conjunctim vix
longitudine primi, laevia.

Habitat " Prodiit e larvis Acronyctce Salicis, mense Septembre."
Curtis. I. I. — {Mus. J. Curtis.)

Sp. 7. M. russatus. Mas et Fern. Abdomine
rufis ; ano nigro.

Fern. — Niger : antennae corpore parum longiores, subtus rufee :
mandibularum cuspis palpique rufi : pedes crassi rufi coxis con-
coloribus ; postici apice summo tibiarum et tarsorum fuscis ;
ungues nigri : alae fusco-ferrugineae intus lutescentes ; stigma
subfuscum, basi flavum ; squamulae fuscae : areola minor quam
prsecedenti : thoracis scutum nitidum punctulatum, dorso medio
depressum et obsoletiiis trilineatum ; metatborax quadratus, magis
angulatus quam in illo, rugulosus : abdomen segmentis tribus
anterioribus rugulosis rufis ; reliquis Isevissimis dorso nigris ;
subtus totum rufum : aculeus segmento primo longior, valvulis
nigris. (Long. corp. .2 ; alar. .42.)

Mas. — Prsecedentis mare longior : antennae corpore dimidio longiores,
articulis singulis valde elongatis : abdomen solito longius. (Long,
corp. .23.)

Habitat in littoribus limosis Hiberniae borealis rarissim^. — {Mus.
Soc. Ent.)

2°. Segmentis duobus aciculatis.

Sp. 8. M. globatus. Mas et Fem. Pedibtis rufis ; coxis
nigris. Fem. Aculeo abdominis dimidio breviore. (Long,
corp. .17 ; alar. .^Q.)

Ichneumon globatus ^Linn. Fn. S. 1645.

gossypinus. (Rctz.) De Geer. I. T. 29. F. 13, 14.
Geoffr. II. p. 320.

S;.50 HALIDAY ON

Cryptus globatus . . . Fahr. Syst. Piez. 89. 88.
Microgaster globatus . Spin. Ins. Lig. II. p. 147. No. 1.
Ichneumon globator . Thunb. Act. Petr. IX. p. 349.

Fern. — Niger : mandibulae apice rufte ; palpi pallidiores : pedes rufi.,
coxis et trochanterum basi nigris : alse flavescentes apice fusces-
centes ; stigma fuscum : venter antice rufo pellucens ; aculeus
vix longitudine segmentorum 2 anteriorum. — Mas. similis, an-
tennis longioribus, abdomina magis oblongo.

Habitat in agris aestate et autumno passim frequens : — " In gra-
minum culmis circa autumnum in pratis non infrequens est
folliculus sericeus magnitudine ovi columbini solitarius albus e
quo prodeunt numerosi Jchneumones." Linne I. I. — Fabricius
adjicit " in Phalenarum larvis." — Synonyma vero a Linneo et
Fabricio hue adscita cautius excutiendasunt, quum uterque potius
folliculos conglobates (quod pluribus et longe diversis speciebus
commune accidit) quam auctorum descriptiones respexisse
videtur.— (71/ms. Soc. Ent.)

Sp. 9. M. annulipes. Fern. Pedihus ritfis, posticis fusco-
armulatis ; coxis nigris ; aculeo abdomine parum breviore.

Microgaster annulipes. Curtis. E. B. 321. No. 4.

Fern. — M. globato sequalis et simillimus : antennse subtus rufes-
centes : pedum posticorum femora et tibiae apice, digitique
singuli fusco-annulata : abdominis segmentum 3""™. basi punc-
tulatum ; venter totus rufescens.

Habitat " in larvis Bombycis cujusdam : folliculi albi." Curtis. 1. 1.
— {Mus. J. Curtis.)

Sp. 10. M. Spinolae. Mas et Fem. Pedibus riifis, basi
nigris; alis apice denigraiis. Fem. Aculeo brevi.
(Long. Corp. .19; alar. .41.)

Fem. — M. russato brevior at robustior ; ater dense atro-pubescens :
antennae crassiores quam in prsecedentibus : palpi rufi : pedes
omnium longe validissimi, rufi coxis et trochanteribus totis nigris ;
femora intermedia basi praesertim subtus, antica et jjostica perbrevi
spatio aut vix, nigricantia ; tibiae posticse basi ipsil pallidiores,
apice suinmo fusca; ; tarsi postici et ungues omnes fusci : alse

PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA. 239

pallide flavescentes, nigredine apicis oblique definite ; stigma sub-
fuscum basi sordide lutescens : segmentum tertium obsoletis-
sime punctulatum ; aculeus segmentis 2 anterioribus conjunctim
brevior. — Mas. antennis eximie incrassatis, apice attenuatis.
Habitat in littoribus limosi Hibernise borealis at infrequens. — {Mus.
Soc. Ent.)

Sp. 11. M. meridianus. Mas et Fem. Pedibus rufis, basi
nigris ; alis infuscaiis. Fem. Aculeo abdominis dhnidio
longiore. (Long. corp. .16 — .18 ; alar. .^^Q — .40.)

Fem. — Palpi nigri aut fusci : femora antica basi, media latius aut
fere tota nigra ; postica rufa lineol^ supera et aliS. infera, vel
puncto tantum nigrieantibus ; tarsi apice fusci : alse nebulosas
fuscae, stigmate fusco-ferrugineo : aculeus multo longior et
crassior quam sequenti, pro cujus varietate aliter duxerim. —
Mas similis.

Habitat cum sequente rarissime.

Sp. 12. M. messorius. Mas et Fem. Tibiis testaceis ; alis
denigratis. Fem. Aculeo abdominis dimidio breviore.
(Long. Corp. .15— .18; alar. .30— .36.)

Fem. — M. globato plerunque minor, praesertim brevior, antennis
brevioribus : niger pubescens : palpi nigri vel apice rufescentes :
femora antica apice et tibiae testacea, postica apice fusca ; tarsi
anteriores testacei apice fusci : alse dorso incumbentes fere car-
bonarise videntur ; anticoe vel fuse infuscatse ut in praecedente ;
vel basi pallidae, apice nigricantes ; fasciis insuper duabus irregu-
laribus fractis et vix distinctis (altera sub stigmate, altera
interiore), nigrieantibus ; stigma fuscum : posticae nigricantes,
prope costam intus pallescentes : metathorax brevior quam
M. globato, et abdomen medio latius : aculeus segmentis 2 ante-
rioribus conjunctim fere brevior. — Mas, antennis incrassatis
(minus tamen quam M. Spiniolce), et apice attenuatis.

Variat Fem. rarius, femoribus rufis, anticis basi, posterioribus supra
et subtus nigrieantibus.

Habitat in pratis aestate et autumno passim frequens. — {Mus. Soc.
Ent.)

Sp. 13. M. luctuosus. Mas. Tibiis anterioribus rufescen-
tibus ; alis infuscatis ; segmenti X^^K punctis later alibus
apicis luteis. (Long. corp. .18; alar. .S6.)

240 HALTDAY ON

Mas. — Niger pubescens : palpi nigri : genua, tibiae tarsique antici et
calcaria rufescentia ; tibiae intermediae apice fuscae, posticae vixbasi
summa rufescentes : alse fuscse nebulosae, stigmate fusco : abdomen
subrotundatum segmentis 2 equidem rugulosis, sed primi scuto
angustiore quam secundo, unde margines illius laterales mem-
branacei lutei extant. Hie itaque in sectionem A. a. quodammodo
prodendet.

Habitat in Anglia meridionali mibi semel captus.

Sectio (A.) c.

Abdomen subcompressum segmento primo angustato : aculeus
brevissinius : areola minutissima, fere imperfecta : alae hyalinae ;
areola radialis latior in apicem recti excurrens : pedes postici
elongati : calcaria longa : statura parva. Patet itaque hos in
sectionem B. transitum parare. Differunt autem constanter, area
cubitali multo magis coarctata.

Sp. 14. M. alvearius. Mas et Fem. Flavus thorace postice
abdomtnisque dorso nigris. (Long. corp. .12; alar. .22.)

* Reaumur II. T. 35. F. 7.

Mem. 11. p. 432.
L'Ichneumon a coques en ) ^ ^^ ^^^^ ^^_ ^

forme de rayons de ruche . > "^

Ichneumon alvearius Fahr. Suppl. 232. n. 232.

Cryptus Fabr. Syst. Pies:. 90. n. 91.

Microgaster alvearius .... Spin. I. L. II. p. 149. n. 6.

Curtis. E. B. 321. fig. ibid.

No. 6.

f^^^ — Flavo-ferrugineus : antennae corpore parum longiores fuscse,
base subtus ferruginese : ocelli fusco-cincti : oculi fusci : pedes
pallidiores ; posticorum femora et tibiae apice, tarsique fere toti
fuscescentia : alse hyalinae, stigmate nervisque nonnullis dilute
ferrugineis, plerisque decoloribus : metathorax supra nigricans,
punctatus : segitientum imi"". scuto angustiore aciculato, late-
ribus flavum ; 2'^'^™. aciculatum, 3*'". non brevius ; reliqua laevia :
venter antice flavus, postice niger : aculeus vix subexertus. —
Mas similis.

Habitat " in Phalence Crategatce larvis : folliculi albi, circa ramulnm
alvearis modo ordinati." — {Mus. J. Curtis.)

PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA. 211

Sp. 15. M. consularis. Mas et Fem. Antennis suhius j)e-
dihusque Jlavo-ferrugineis, post'icorum genicidis fuscis.
(Long. Corp. .14; alar. .3.)

Fem. — Niger : antennse corpore longiores subtus late rufescentes :
OS ferrugineum ; palpi pallide flavi : pedes flavo-ferruginei ; pos-
ticorum coxae latere extero, femora et tibiae apice, tarsique fere
toti fuscescentia : alae hyalinae, stigmate ferrugineo basi pallidiore ;
nervis disci medii ferrugineis, exterioribus decoloribus, inte-
rioribus flavicantibus ; squamulas ferruginese : thorax confertim
punctulatus ; metathorax subtiliter aciculatus : segmentum
primum scuto oblongo aciculato, lateribus flavis ; 2^^"^. breve

. apice bisinuatum, obsoletius aciculatum ; reliqua fere laevia :
venter flavescens postice niger. — Mas, antennae subtus basi
tantum rufescentes : stigma totura fuscum.

Habitat in larv^ pilosa Arctice, quae folliculos hujus conglobatos
secum una reticule laxo filorum pilis suis comraixto involverat in
folio Rubi prope Londinum. Folliculi candid] . — (Mus. G. C.
Hyndman.)

Sp. 16. M. flavipes. Fem. Antennis subtus pedibusque
flavis; coxis posticis nigris. (Long. corp. .1 ; alar. %2.)

Fem. — M. alveario gracilior : niger : antennae breviores articulis
apicis magis discretis ; flavae, supra fuscae, scapo et apice toto
concoloribus : os, palpi pedesque flavi ; unguiculi tantum sub-
fusci ; coxae posticas totae nigrae : alae hyalina? stigmate dilute
ferrugineo, nervis disci medii perpaucis pallidioribus, reliquis
decoloribus ; radix et squamulae flavae : thorax subtilissime punc-
tulatus ; metathorax sublaevis : segmentum primum scuto an-
gustiore oblongo aciculato ; 2''"™. 3*'°. baud brevius, subtilius
aciculatum ; reliqua laevia : ventris latera pallide flava.

Habitat in Corylo Hiberniae borealis rarissime.

Sp. 17. M. calceatus. Fem. Pedibus flavo -ferrugineis ;
posticis fusco variis, coxisque nigris ; alis apice denigratis.
(Long. corp. 17 ; alar. .4.)

Fem. — Niger nitidus : antennas corpore longiores, teretes, totae
nigras : palpi flavescentes apice fusci : pedes anteriores flavo-fer-
ruginei tarsis fuscescentibus ; posticorum coxae nigrae, femora
ferruginea apice fusca, tibiae pallidae apice tarsisque fuscis : alae
limpidae apice denigratse, stigmate nigro-piceo, nervis fuscis,
squamulis piceo-stramineis : thorax subtilissime punctulatus ;

NO. III. VOL. IT. I I

242 HALIDAY ON

metathorax rotundatus : segmentum primum brevius quam
praecedentibus, scuto latiore elevato, apice rotundato, lateribus
luteis ; 2<i"'". 3*'°. sequale, bistriatum ; reliqua laevia : ventris
latera antice sordide lutescentia.
Habitat Hiberniam borealem ; in gramine captus, semel.

Sectio B.

Areolce cuhitales duee. (Dichori.)

Alse hyaliiise ; areola radialis latior, in apicem recta excurrens ;
posticarum areolae radiales et cubitales propter nervos decolores
minus conspicuse, at luminis obliquo reflexu semper distin-
guendse : calcaria longa : statura parva.

Incipit ordo a speciebuslonge-aculeatis, abdominis dorso planiusculo,
segmenti 1"". scuto oblongo. Mediante M. Umhellatarum (No. 33.)
attingimus species paucas (No. 34 — 38.) abdomine compresso,
segmenti ejusdem scuto tenuissimo insignes : aculeus illis modo
porrectus, modo brevissimus ; sequentibus semper brevissimus
quarum proximae propter scutum illud adhuc angustatum,
M. glomeratum (No. 41.) mox inducunt : deinde reliquarum
usque in calcem, segmenta anteriora fere aequilata aciculata
Sectionem A. b. quodammodo referunt.

Sp. 18. M. equestris. SquamuUs et pedibus fuh-is, coxis
nigris. Fem. Valvuld ventrali subtnincata ; aculeo
elotigato arcuato. Mas. Forcipe anall crasso exerto.
(Long. Corp. .15— .17; alar. .34— .36.)

M.glohato gracilior at vix minor ideoque maximus ex hac sectione. —
Fem. antennae corpore breviores : palpi picei : pedes fulvi ; tarsi
posteriores fuscescentes ; coxse nigrse intermedise apice fulvae :
alse flavescentes, stigmate fusco-ferrugineo ; nervis fuscis, interio-
ribus flavicantibus ; squamulse fulvae : thorax nitidus ; metathorax
subtil iter punctulatus : segmenti 1"". scutum angustum subti-
lissime punctulatum 2<^"™. breve tripartitum lateribus fulvescens :
venter antice rufo pellucens, segmentis anterioribus brevissimis ;
6^°. maximo oblique truncato, anum non attingente, nee acuminata
ut in plerisque speciebus aculeo longo praeditis : aculeus abdomine
parum brevior deorsum curvatus. — Mas. antennae corpore longiores
graciles : femorum posteriorum linea supera, tibiseque eaedem
apice fuscescentes : forceps analis ingens penitus exertus.

Habitat in pratis herbidis sestate et autumno passim frequens ; in
floribus Jacobece apricans. — {Mus. Soc. Ent.)

PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA. 24o

Sp. 19. M. albipennis. Thorace Icevissimo ; tibiis basi
ferrugineis ; alls albis, stigmate Jlavo-piceo. Fem. Aculeo
elongato arcuato. Mas. Forcipe anali exerto. (Long.
alar. .22.)

.Fem. — M. candidato (No. 21) simillimus dimidio minor, statura
longior : pedes graciliores picei, tibiis basi tantiim ferrugineis :
stigma fiavo-piceum, cubiti basis et costa concolores, nervi reliqui
albidi : aculeus quam illi manifeste longior et crassior, arcuatus
ut in prsecedente fere, sed valvula ventralis cuspidata anum
equans.

Habitat in arvis autumno minus frequens. — {Mus. Soc. Ent.)

Sp. 20. M. infimus. Mas et Fem. Thorace Iceinssimo ;
tibiis basi fuscis ; alis obsciiris. Fem. Aculeo dimidii
abdominis longituditie. (Long. alar. .20 — .24.)

Parvus praecedente vix major : antennae femince longiores : tibiae in
utroque sexu basi summa fusco-ferruginese : alee obscurse aut fere
exalbidae, stigmate nervisque piceis : metathorax lateribus vage
punctulatus : abdomen quam illi brevius ; segmenta antica con-
formia : aculeus crassiusculus rectus valvulse ventrali incumbens.

Habitat ad litora minus frequens. — {Mus. Soc. Ent.)

Sp. 21. M. candidatus. Thorace Icsvissimo ; alis niveis

stigmate nigro. Fem. Tibiis basi, anticis totis jlavo-

ferrugineis ; aculeo abdomine parum breviore. Mas.

Tibiis basi ferrugineis ; segmenti primi scuto apice subro-

tundato. (Long. corp. .\o\ alar. .27.)

M. glomerato asqualis : niger sericeus (i. e. subtilissime albo-pubes-
cens). — Fem. antennee corpore breviores plane filiformes : palpi
fusci : pedum anticorum genua, tibiae tarsique, posteriorum tibiae
basi flavo-ferruginea : alae niveas, nervis nonnullis disci medii
piceis, reliquis albis ; stigma nigro-piceum, costa concolor basi
flavescens : thorax Isevissimus : segmenti 1™'. scutum oblongo-
quadratum et reliqua laevissima : aculeus abdomine brevior
gracilis, perparum curvatus : valvula ventralis cuspidata anum
sequansut in plerisque. — Mas, antennas corpore longiores teretes ;•
tibiae anticae medio infuscatge : alarum costa latius, et nervi plures
nigricantes : segmenti T™. scutum multo angustius, apice sub-
rotundatum ; 2'^"™. arcuato impressum.

Habitat in Salice argentea arenarum, et alibi litorum satis frequens.. —
{Mus. Soc. Ent.)

244 HALIDAY ON

Sp. ^2. M. Xanthostigma. Mas. Tliorace Icemsshno ;

fibih basi, anticis totis Jlavis ; alls candidis, stigmate

Jlavo.
Mas. — Praecedenti sequalis et simillimus : palpi fiavi, basi fusci :

al« Candidas ; stigma flavum, nervo ambiente et subcostali nigri-

cantibus ; costali et cubiti basi stiamineis ; reliquis albis.
Habitat in gramine bis atque iterum lectus.

Sp. S3. M. lacteipennis. Mas. Thorace Icevisshno ; tihiis
basi jlavo-ferrugineis ; alls niveis, stigmate nigro ; segmenti
1™. scuta apice aquilato. (Long. corp. .15; alar. .32.)

Curt. E. B.32\. n. 10.

Mas. — M. candidato simillimus plusquam dimidio major : antennae
validiores : alarum costa et stigma nigro-picea ; cubitus basi fer-
rugineus ; nervi reliqui candidi : segmenti primi scutum quam
illius mari latins, apice non attenuatum nee rotundatum ; sccundi
lineola tantum lateralis impressa.

Habitat {Mus. J. Curtis.)

Sp. 24. M. annularis. Mas et Fem. Thorace Icvvissimo ;
pedibus atiterioribus, j)osticorum tibiis tarslsque basi et
squamulis ftads / stigmate bicolore. Fem. Aculeo abdo-
mine breviore.

Fem.— M. candidato paullo minor brevior : niger sericeus : antennae
corpore parum breviores, graciles plane filiformes, articulis vix
manifesto discretis : palpi flavi : pedes anteriores flavi ; coxis
nioris ; femora media basi infuscata ; posticorum tibiaj et metatarsi
basi flava : alae limpidae aut stramineo-candidee ; stigma fuscum
basi pallidum ; nervi nonnulli disci medii subfusci, reliqui
decolores : costa interius, radix et squamulae paliide flavae :
abdomen paulo brevius quam M. candidato, lateribus ventris
fiavo-pellucidis : aculeus ut illi : valvula ventralis minus acuta. —
Mas concolor ; anteunse elongatie gracillimse apice teretes.

Habitat in Curylo minus frequens.

Variat, Fem. — Major, antennis paulo brevioribus : femora intermedia
latius tibiajque eaedem apice fusca : stigmatis punctum pallidum
minutum : squamulse basi et humeri fusca.

Habitat in Salicc Russelliana mihi lectus rarissime. — {Mas. Sac.
Enl.)

PARASITIC HYMEN OPTEKA. 245

Variat, Mas. — Palpi basi fusci : pedes antici basi nigri ; posteri-
orum tibiae basi, tarsi latins ; mediorum femora insuper apice
flava : alarum stigma dilutius, basi pallescens ; squamulse nigrse :
annon distincta species ?

Habitat adsunt exemplaria 4 nescio ubi capta. — (Mas. Soc. Ent.)

Sp. 25. M. decorus. Fem. Thorace Icevi ; pedihus fultis ,
coxis nigris ; valvula ventrali acuminata ; aculeo abdominis
longitudine. (Long. corp. .14; alar. .30.)

Fem. — M. glomerato major : antennae corporis longitudine apice
teretes : palpi pallide ferruginei basi fusci : pedes fulvi aut fer-
ruginei ; trochanteres antici saepius concolores, postici et coxae
nigra ; femora puncto infero baseos, postica lineola supera fuscis ;
tibiae posticae summa basi pallidiores, apice fuscae ; tarsi iidem
fere toti fusci : calcaria pallida : signaturae pedum vero modo
manifestiores extant modo obsoletissimae : alae amplae byalinae,
stigmate fusco-ferrugineo ; squamulis nigris : thorax laevis nitidus :
segmento 1'^. scutum oblongum lagve ; venter rufo-pellucens.

Variat, Fem. — Pedes fusci, anticorum femora et tibias subtus, poste-
riorum femora lineola longitudinali tibiteque basi ferruginea. —
Mas. concolor (huic varietati) femince : antennae multo longiores.

Habitat in Quereu, Larice passim minus frequens. — {Mus. Soc.
Ent.)

Sp. ^6. M. hilaris. Fem. Thorace suhtilissime punctulato ;
squamulis et tihiis Jlavo-testaceis, posticis apice fuscis ;
stigmate bicolore ; aculeo abdominis longitudine.

Fem. — Statura et magnitudo praecedentis : antennae corpore longiores
teretes : palpi flavi : femora antica basi nigra, intermedia summo
apice ; tarsi anteriores, basis summa posticorum, et tibiag flavo
testacea; tibias posteriores apice fuscae: alae amplae byalinae,
stigmate fusco-ferrugineo basi flavo ; nervis disci medii dilute
ferrugineis, exterioribus decoloribus, interioribus flaventibus :
squaraulaeflavo-testaceae : thorax nitidus dorso suhtilissime punc-
tulatus lineolA longitudinali et scutelli medio laevigatis ; meta-
thorax et segmenti primi scutum punctulata.

Sp. 27. M. contaminatus. Fem. Thorace punctulato ; squa-
mulis tibiis tarsisque testaceis ; aculeo ahdomine breviore.
(Long. alar. .32.)

Fem. — Praecedentibus acqualis, abdoiuine breviore obtuso : antennae
corpore fere longiores tcrctiusculae : palpi, femora antica basi

246 HALIDAY ON

nigra, posteriora summo apice, tibiae tarsique flavo-testacea : alae
amplae obscure flavescentes, stigmate nervisque piceo-flavis ;
squamuloe flavo-testaceae : thorax punctulatus ; metathorax et
segmenta 2 anteriora aciculata.
Habitat lectus in neraore sub-montibus Mourne, Hibernise borealis,
mense Julio.

Sp. 28. M. arenarius. Thorace pimctatissimo ; alts obsctire-
hyalinis. Fern. Tibiis ferrugineis, posiicis apice fiiscis ;
valvula ventrali anum longe superanie pallida; aculeo
abdomine breviore. Mas. Tibiis basiferrugineis. (Long,
alar. .25— .28.)

Fem. — M. glomerato paullo major : antennae corpora breviores :
palpi ferruginei basi fusci : femora antica apice, tarsi iidem toti,
intermedii basi, tibiae et calcaria ferruginea ; harum posticse apice
fuscas : alse obscure hyalinae, stigmate nervisque fusco-ferrugineis ;
squamulis nigris : thorax confertim punctatus, prope medium
dorsi utrinque subdepressus ; metathorax punctato reticulatus :
segmenti 1™'. scutum paulo longius quam latius, apice nonnihil
dilatatum punctato - reticulatum ; 2'^""\ brevissimum subtilius
aciculatum, lateribus laeve : valvula ventralis pallida anum longe
superans, compressa apice non acuminata : aculeus abdominis
dimidio longior. — ]Mas, antennae corpore multo longiores ; tibiae
anticse medio, et tarsi latius infuscata ; tibiae posteriores basi
tantum ferruginese.

Habitat in Salice arcjentea arenarum eestate. copiose. — (Mus. Soc.
Ent.)

Sp. 29. M. sodalis. Fem. Thorace punctulato ; tibiis
basi, anticis totis fiavo-testaceis ; alis albidis, stigmate
stramineo / aculeo abdomine breviore.

Fem. — Praecedenti sequalis et non dissimilis, sculptura multo sub-
tiliore : antennae longiores ; color tibiarum et calcarium pallidior,
illarum posteriores latius fuscae : alae albidae aut fere hyalinae,
stigmate obscure stramineo : thorax dorso non impressus : seg-
nientum 1™"™. angustius ; 2'^""'. longius quam illi : valvula ven-
tralis anum aequans.

Sp. .'30. M. dilectus. Fem. Thorace granulato ; pedibus
flavo-tcslaceis, posterioribusj'usco-nebidosis ; coxis nigris ;
sf/gnialc bicolorc ; ucidco dimidii abdominis longitudinc.

PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA. 247

Fem. — M. glomerato fere brevior : antennoe corporis longitudine
apice crassiusculae : palpi pallide flavi basi fusci : pedes flavo-
testacei, coxis nigris ; femora posteriora saturatiora, supra et
subtus infuscata ; tibiae posticae et tarsi summo apice fuscescentia :
alae hyalinse ; nervis pallide ferrugineis, interioribus flavicantibus,
exterioribus decoloribus ; stigma fusco-ferrugineum, basi flaves-
cens ; squamulae nigrse : thorax confertim subtilissime punctulatus
opacus : abdomen breve, segmenti 1"". scuto oblongo punctulato.

Habitat in Saliee rarius.

Sp. 31. M. coniferae. Mas et Fern. Squamulis, tibiis
tarshque flavo-testaceis ; femoribus anticis concoloribuSy
posticisfuscis. Fem. Aculeo abdominis dimidio breviore.

Fem. — M. glomerato aequalis : antennae fere corporis longitudine
teretiusculae : palpi pallide fiavi : pedes antici flavo-testacei coxis
tantum nigris ; femora intermedia lineola supera et alia infera
abbreviatis, postica latius fusca ; vel hsec tota fusca relicta tantum
lineola longitudinal! testacea : alse hyalinse, stigmate nervisque
disci dilute ferrugineis, exterioribus decoloribus ; squamulae flavo
testaceae : thorax (ob pubescentiam confertam at subtilissimam)
pruinosus, fere iridescens ; metathorax et segmenti 1™. scutum
subtilissime aciculata ; hoc angustum apice nonnihil attenuatum :
aculeus anum non multum superans. — Mas. femora antica lineola
superb, posteriora fere tota fusca.

Habitat in Laricetis minus frequens.

Sp. 32. M. exilis. Fem. Tibiis tarsisque testaceis ; aculeo
abdominis dimidio breviore.

Fem. — Praecedenti quodammodo afRnis ; dimidio minor, antennis et
pedibus gracilioribus ; tibiis posterioribus versus apicem tarsisque
latius obscurioribus : femora antica basi, intermedia apice demto,
postica tota nigra : segmenti 1™'. scutum gracile equidem, sed
postice non attenuatum ut insequentibus, confertim punctatum.

Sp. S3. M. Umbellatarum. Fem. Abdominis subcotnpressi
lateribus, squamidis pedibusque flavo-ferriigineis, posterio-
ribus fusco nebidosis ; coxis nigris ; alis jlavescentibus ;
aculeo dimidii abdominis longitudine. (Long. alar. .22.)

Fem. — M. coniferce dimidio minor : thorace pruinoso similis, sed
abdomine subcompresso, metapodeo graciliore, etc. in sequentes
propendet : antennae graciles corporis longitudine : palpi pedesque

248 HALTDAY ON

flavo-ferruginei ; coxae nigrse ; pedes posteriores fiisco-sign,iti
fere ut in M. dilecto (No. 30) : alse obscure flavescentes, stigmate
nervisque piceo-flavis ; squaraulis flavo-ferrugineis : thorax laevis ;
metathorax vage punctulatus : abdomen breve subcompressum,
lateribus baseos ferrugineis ; segmenti primi scutum pauUo latius
quam sequentibus, postice sensim attenuatum punctulatum.
Habitat in flosculis Angelicce sylvestris autumno lectus.

Sp. 34. M. lateralis. Mas et Fem. Abdominis compressi
lateribus, sqiiamulis ijedibiisqitejlavis ; jjosticis fi/sco vuriis ;
coxis nigris ; segmenti primi sciito grnciUimo elevato.
Fem. Aculeo dimidii abdominis longitudine. (Long.
Corp. .12— .15; alar. .28— .34.)

Fem. — Antennae corpore breviores fere filiformes : palpi pedesque
flavi ; posticorum coxae nigrse, femora et tibiae apice, tarsique
fusca : alae amplissimae caerulescenti-hyalinae, stigmate fasco ;
nervis exterioribus baud profecto decoloribus ; squamulae flavae :
thorax laevis pallido-pubescens ; metathorax vage punctulatus :
abdomen breve, valde compressum dorso fornicatum ; segmenti
l™i. scutum gracillimum elevatum, postice sensim attenuatum,
punctulatum. — Mas, antennae longiores crassiores apice teretes :
abdomen minus.

Variat, Mas. — Saepe femoribus posterioribus latere supero, tibiis
intermediis apice, posticis usque ad medium infuscatis.

Habitat in gramine nemorum frequens. — (Mus. Soc. Ent.)

Sp. S5. M. vitripennis. Mas et Fem. Abdominis compressi
lateribus, squamulis pedibusque JIavis ; jjosiicis fusco-
variis, coxis nigris ; segmenti 1"". scuto gracillimo elevato.
Fern. Aculeo brevissimo. (Long. alar. .So.)

Curt. E.B.321. n. 8.

jPem. — Praecedenti simillimus, sed metathorax laevis; segmenti 1"".
scutum adhuc gracilius Iseve ; abdomen brevius ; aculeus tantum
subexertus : segmenta 2'^^™. et S"™'. modo flava puncto tantum
dorsali communi nigro, a nigredine sequentium disjuncto. — Mas,
abdomen minutissimum coxis posticis baud multo longius, generis
Evanice habitum in animum revocans.

Habitat cum praecedente rarius. — (Mus. Soc. Ent.)

Sp. 36. M. callidus. Fem, Abdominis compressi lateribus,
squamulis pedibusque JIavis ; posticorum coxis basi, tibiis

PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA. 249

ajnce tarsisque fuscis ; segmenti jjrimi scuto gracillimo
elevato granulato ; aculeo hrevissimo. (Long. corp. .12;
alar. .26.)

Fern. — Proxime prascedentibus affinis ; M. lateralem segmenti primi
latitudine referens (etsi punctura tarn hujus segmenti quam meta-
thoracis multo confertior sit) ; M. vitripennem vero aculeo vix
subexerto ; sed abdomen adhuc brevius et minus compressum :
alse minores, obscure hyalinse ; squamulae flavse : pedes postici
magis ferruginei, coxis apice concoloribus, femoribus apice vix
obscurioribus : prseterea. calcaria cum M. fuhipede, &c. potius
quam illis conveniunt.

Sp. 37. M. exiguus, Fem. Abdominis compressilateribus
pedibiisque pallide fernigineis, coxis nigris ; posteriorum
tibiis apice, femoribus tarsisque fuscis ; segmenti V^^.
scuto gracillimo elevato ; aculeo abdominis dimidio breviore.
(Long. alar. .22.)

Fem. — M. vitripenni affinis duplo minor, aculeo longiore, segmenti
1™. scuto fere lineari, calcaribus ut in M. fulvipede : palpi
pedesque pallide ferruginei, trochanteres omnes concolores ; coxa?
nigrae ; femora intermedia basi, postica fere tota, tibiae posteriores
apice, tarsique (metatarsi basi demta) fusca : ala; caerulescenti-
hyalinae stigmate pallido ; squamulis fuscis.

Habitat in Umbelliferis rarius.

Sp. 38. M. fulvipes. Mas et Fem. Squamulis pedibusque
fulvis; coxis posticis nigris; segmenti 1™'. scuto gracil-
limo elevato. Fem. Aculeo hrevissimo. (Long. corp.
.11— .14; alar. .24— .28.)

Microgaster glomeratus ? Sjnn. Ins. Lig. II. 149. n. 5.

Fem. — M. glomerato longior : antennae gracillimas corpore longiores :
mandibulae apice ferruginese ; palpi flavo-ferruginei : pedes elon-
gati graciles ferruginei aut flavo-ferruginei ; coxae posticae nigras
apice ferruginei ; calcaria postica metatarsi dimidio breviora,
intermedia metatarso breviora recta, quae in aliis praesertim vero
M. laterali et vitripenni nonnihil curvata sunt metatarsi longitu-
dinem attingentia : alae quam illis minores glauco-hyalinse, stig-
mate sordide flavo, nervis dilute piceis ; squamulis ferrugineis :
thorax laevis ; metathorax lateribus subtiliter punctulatus : abdo-
men subcompressum ; segmente 1™. scutum gracillimum elevatum,

NO. HI. VOL. II. K K

250 HALIDAY ON

postice sensim attenuatum, subtilissime aciculatum ; 2^'""\ bi-
striatum, medio obsoletius aciculatum, lateribus obscure lutescens :
aculeus vix subexertus.

Mas. — Antennae corpore plusquam dimidio longiores gracillimae :
pedes paulo validiores ; posticorum tibiae apice et tarsi nonnun-
quam fuscescentia : abdomen gracilius basi coarctatum.

Habitat in gramine nemorum passim frequens, ab aequinoctio inde,
caeteris pr3ecocior.---(MMS. Soc. Ent.)

Sp. 39. M. popularis. Mas/ Thorace lavi ; tibiis flavis,
posticis apice et suhtus fuscis ; alis albidis.

Mas. — M. glonierato paulo major : niger : palpi flavescentes basi
fusci : femora antica basi nigra, tibiae tarsique flava aut flavo-
testacea ; tibiae posteriores apice, posticae etiam subtus et tarsi
iidem fusca : alae candido-byalinae costa et stigmata fusco-ferru-
gineis ; nervis disci medii dilute fuscis, reliquis decoloribus : thorax
laevis sericeus : segmentum l™w°i, scuto longiore quam latiore,
apice rotundato-attenuato, Isevi nitido, 2''"'". 3''°. non brevius
utrinque oblique impressum, medio subtiliter punctulatum ;
reliqua lasvia nitida : statura hujus solito validior : vix dubito
quidem femince aculeum fere brevem ut sequenti.

Hab. — Prodiit e folliculis albis segregatis. — {Mus. G. C. Hyndman.)

Sp. 40. M. immunis. Fem. Thorace Icevi ; femorihus
tihiisque jlavo-testaceis ; posterioribus illorum utrinque,
harum apice ^ fuscis ; alis hTjalinis ; aculeo hrevissimo.

Fem. — M. glomerato sequalis : antennae longiores : palpi fusci apice
pallidi : pedes flavo-testacei, coxis et trochanterum basi nigris ;
femora antica summa basi, intennedia lineola superb et alia inferA
fuscis ; postica fusca plaga longitudinali testacea ; tibiae posticae
et tarsi posteriores apice fuscescentia : alae hyalinae stigmata cos-
taque piceis : thorax laevis nitidus : segmentum 1™"™. quam
M. glomerato brevius scuto lateribus subrotundato medio latiore,
subtilius aciculato ; 2'^^"^ arcuato-impressum medio subtilissime
aciculatum : aculeus subexertus.

Sp. 41. M. glomeratus. Mas et Fem. Tliorace subtiliter
punctidato ; pedibiis flavo - ferrugineis , coxis nigris,
genttbus posticis infuscatis ; alis limpidis. Fem. Aculeo
hrevissimo. (Long. corp. .12— .14. ; alar. .24— .28.)

PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA. 251

Vermiculi e Crambide . . * Wagner. Helvet. 226.

Musca Brassicarise erucas . Ra?/. Ins. 260. Goedart. p. 59,

No. 11. Reaumur. II. T. 33.

F. 2—13. T. 34. F. 1, 2.

Mem. II. p. 419. De Geer. I.

T. 16. F. 6. Geoffroy. II.

331. 2.
Ichneumon glomeratus . Linn. Fn. S. 1646.

Cryptus Fabr. Stjst. Piez. 90. 89.

Ichneumon glomerator . . Thunb. Act. Petr. IX. 349.
Microgaster glomeratus . Loudon, Mag. V. 108. fig. a — h.

Fern. — Antenna; corpore breviores palpi pedesque flavo-ferruginei ;
coxae nigrae ; apex femorum posticorum supra fusco-lineatus ;
tarsi summo apice, postici late infuscati : alse limpidse stigmata
fusco-ferrugineo ; nervis disci nonnullis interrupte ferrugineis,
plerisque flavescentibus, exterioribus plane decoloribus ; sqiiamulse
nigrse : alarum apex solito brevior et^ rotundior, cubiti basis sub
stigmate nonnihil obliquatus brevior : thoracis scutum punctu-
latum, scutellum parum convexum ; metathorax brevis punctato-
reticulatus, uti etiam segmenta 2 anteriora ; quorum primi scutum
secundo fere dimidio angustius, longius quam latius, lateribus
flavis retectis ; 2*1^^ transversum 3*'°. brevius ; intermedia solito
longiora; ultima brevissima fornicato-deflexa : aculeus vix sub-
exertus : venter antice flavo-pellucens.

Mas. — Antennae corpore longiores : femora postica apice latifls,
tibiae etiam apice infuscata ; trochanteres basi nigri.

Habitat in larvis Pontice Brassicce vulgatissimus : folliculi flavi
aggregati. — (Mus. Soc. Ent.)

Sp. 42. M. placidus. Mas. Thorace l<svi; tibiis flavis,
posticis apice fuscis; cilis candidis ; segmentis anterio-
ribus latis aciculatis. (Long. alar. .30.)

Mas. — Praecedente major : antennae praelongae teretes : palpi flavi
basi fusci : femora antica pallide flava, basi summa fusca ; tibiae
tarsique flava; illarum posticae apicae, tarsique iidem fere toti
fuscescentia : alae candido-hyalinae stigmate fusco-ferrugineo ;
nervi disci medii dilute ferruginei ; interiores flavescentes ; exte-
riores decolores : squamulse nigrae : thorax dorso laevis nitidus :
metathorax punctato-rcticulatus : scutum segment! primi vix

252 HALIDAY ON

longiiis quam latius, (latins quidem quam AI. (jlomeraio sed paulo
augustius quam sequentibiis) ; segmenta 2 anteriora aciculata.
Hah. {Mus. J. Curtis.)

Sp. 43. M. lineola. Mas. Thorace suhtilissinie punctulato;
femorihus tibiisque jlavo-testaceis ; posterioribus illorum
iitrinque, hariim apice fuscis ; alls albidis ; segmentis
tribus aciculatis.
Curtis. E.B.321. n. 11.

Mas. — M. glomerato aequalis : palpi flavi : pedum colores quales
M. immuni (No. 40.) fere : alse albidae, stigmate nervisque disci
medii dilute ferrugineis, reliquis decoloribus ; squamulse nigrse :
thorax confertim at subtilissinie pmictulatus ; metathorax punc-
tato-reticulatus : abdomen solito brevius et latius, segmentis
3 anterioribus punctato-reticulatis ; primum breve latum angulis
apicis vix flavo-marginatis.

Hab, — Prodiit e larva Sccevce Pyrastri. — (Mus. J. Curtis.)

Sp. 44. M. praepotens. Fern. Thorace subtilissime punc-
tulato ; tibiis ferrugineis, 2^osticis apice fuscis ; alis
limpidis ; aculeo perbrevi.

Fern. — M. glomerato major et adhuc robustior, antennis brevibus
crassioribus : paiporum. et pedum colores fere quales M. intricato
(No. 45), laetiores modo : alae latse apice rotundatse (uti M.
glomerato), limpidse, stigmate crasso nigro-ferrugineo, nervis disci
nonnullis ut in illo interrupte ferrugineis, reliquis decoloribus,
costa interius fiavicante ; squamulse nigrse : thorax nitidus subti-
lissime punctulatus ; scutellum laeve ; metathorax brevissimus
punctato-reticulatus : segmenta 2 anteriora ut in sequentibus
latitudine subsequalia, aciculata; aculeus magis exertus quam
illis.

Sp. 45. M. intricatus. Feni. Thorace punctatissimo ;
tibiis ferrugineis, posticis apice fuscis ; alis obscure hya-
linis ; aculeo brevissimo.

Fein. — M. glomerato fere aequalis : antennae corporis longitudine :
palpi ferruginei : femora antica basi nigra, tarsi anteriores et tibias
ferruginea ; harum posticae apice (nonnunquam latiils) fuscae :
alae obscure hyaline stigmate nervisque fuscis ; squamulae
nigra; : thoracis dorsum opacum confcrtissime, scutellum parciiis

PARASITIC IIYMENOPTERA. 253

punctatum ; metatliorax et segmenta duo antica punctato-reti-
culata aut rugulosa : aculeus vix subexertus.
Hab. — Folliculi latitabant intra globos spissos bombacinos strami-
neo-pallidos, graminum culmis appensos : prodiit ex his Micro-
gaster parciiis, Hemiteles fulvipes vero copiose. — {Mus. G. C.
Hyndman.)

Sp. 46. M. vestalis. Mas et Fern. Thorace punctatissimo ;
squamulis et iihiis ferrugineis, liarum posticis apiqe fuscis ;
alis hyalinis. Fem. Aculeo hrevissimo.

Fern. — M. intricato simillimus : mesothoracis scutum et scutellum
tota confertissime punctata opaca : alag hyalinae, stigmata dilutius
ferrugineo ; squamulae ferrugineae.

Sp. 47. M. ruficrus. Mas et Fem. Thorace inmctat'iss'imo ;
squamulis pedihusque flavo-ferrngineis ; post'icorum coxis
nigris et genubus infuscatis. Fem. Aculeo hrevissimo.
(Long. alar. .22.)

Fem. — M. intricati statura et sculptura, plusquam dimidio minor:
palpi flavo-ferruginei ; pedes concolores ; posticorum coxce nigrse,
femorum apex fusco-notatus ut in M. glomerato: alas obscure
hyalinse stigmate ferrugineo.

Sp. 48. M. gracilis. Mas et Fem. Thorace punctulaio ;
iihiis Jlavo-ferrugineis ; femorihus anticis co?icolorihus,
posterioribus infuscatis. Fem. Aculeo hrevissimo.

Curt. E. B. 321. n. 12.

Fem. — Statura M. intricati, dimidio minor ; thoracis punctura sub-
tilior ; antennae longiores : pedes antici flavo-ferruginei, coxis et
trochanteribus nigris ; posteriorum femora supra et subtus fusca ;
tibiae posticse apice et tarsi latius obsoletius fuscescentia : alas
hyalinae stigmate ferrugineo ; squamulae nigral.

Hab. {Mus. J. Curtis.)

Sp. 49. M. rubripes. Fem. Thorace punctulaio ; antennis
subtus, squamulis pedihusque rufis ; coxis nigris ; aculeo
hrevissimo.

M. glomeratus. Curt. E. J5. 321. n. 7.

Fem. — M. glomerato paulo major ; statura fere praecedentium :
antennas corpore longiores, subtus rufescentes, basi clarius : os

254 IIALIDAY ON

rufum, palpi pallidiores : pedes rufi, tarsi postici obscuriores ;
coxae basi, posticae totae nigrae : alas obscure byalinae stigmate
fusco-ferrugineo ; squamulae rufae : thorax confertim subtiliter
punctulatus; metathorax et segmenta 2 anteriora aciculata:
venter rufescens : aculeus vix subexertus.
Hab. — Prodiit e foUiculis flavis Hipparchi papilionarii larvae
agglutinatis. — {Mus. J. Curtis.)

Sp. 50. M. praetextatus. Fem. Thorace punctulato ; ahdo-
mine postice, squamulis pedibusque flavo -ferriigineis ;
aculeo brevissimo.

Fem, — Praecedentium statura fere, M. glomerato aequalis : antennae
longae graciles : palpi pedesque flavo - ferruginei ; posticorum
geniculi fusco-punctati et coxae basi fusc^ : alae obscure byalinae
stigmate ferrugineo ; squamulae flavo-ferrugineae : thorax dorso
subtiliter confertim punctulatus: abdomen flavo - ferrugineum,
segmentis 1™". 2''°. et 3'". basi dorso nigris ; 7"^°. fuscescente :
aculeus subexertus.

ADDENDUM.

Sp. 11. M. meridianus. (Long. corp. .18.; alar. .36.)

Fem. Variat. — Femora postica rufa apice nigra : alae pallide flavas,
clarius pictae, vix triangulum apicale nigricans vertice areolam
attingit ibidem cum fascia transversa sinuata conjunctum ; fascia
interior magis obsoleta et interrupta ; alarum posticarum nigredo
occupat areolam cubitalem exteriorem et radialis apicem : aculeus
abdominis dimidio paulo brevior. Patet itaque speciem 12™™'.
cum hac sensim collabi et e numero specierum dimittendam esse.
Forsitan utraque cum M. deprimatore conjungi posset.

Hab. — Lectus in Rosa spinosissima arenarum die Mali 20'"".

ADDENDA.

Species mihi invisce, vel non rite determinalce.

Sp. 51. M. auriculatus.

*Fabr. Syst. Piez. 69. 82. " Ichneumon auriculatus : ater capite
abdominisque depressi segmento secundo tertioque rufis. Parvus :

PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA. 255

antennae supra fuscse subtus rufce : caput rufum vertice nigro :
thorax ater immaculatus : abdomen depressum petiolatum, basi
apiceque nigrum : pedes rufi tarsis posticis nigris."

Spin. Ins. Lig. II. 147. 2. " Microgaster auriculatus : niger seg-
mentis intermediis rufis. Alae hyalinae superiores fasciolis 2
fuscis : abdomen segmentis 3 anterioribus rugosis."

Thunh. Act. Petr. VIII. p. 266. " Ichneumon auriculator : rufus
abdominis basi ano tarsisque posticis nigris."
In sectionem A. referendus est.

Sp. 52. M. deprimator.

* Panzer. Fn. Germ. 79. 11.

Fabr.^E. S. Suppl. 227. 182. "Ichneumon deprimator: ater

abdomine depresso piano, pedibus rufis."
Spin. Ins. Lig. II. 148. 3. " Microgaster deprimator : niger pedibus

rufis, alis hyalinis fasciis 2 fuscis. Alas ut in M. auric idato :

abdomen omnino nigrum, segmento primo maximo rugoso : pedes

toti rufi."

Pertinet hie etiam sectionem A.

Sp. 53. M. sessilis.

Fabr. Ent. Syst. II. 194. 4. Evania sessilis, &c.

Coqiiebert. HI. Dec. 1. T. 4. F. 8.

Fabr. Syst. Piez. 187. 8. " Ceropales sessilis: atra abdomine
brevi cylindrico."

Spin.Ins.Lig.il. 148. 4, "Microgaster sessilis: niger tibiis
tarsisque rufis alis hyalinis. Alae profecto hyalinae stigmate
nigro : abdomen neutiquam cylindricum, sed supra depressum et
subtus fornicatum, triangulare ut in reliquis Microgastribus, seg-
mentis 1'™. et 2'^". basi supra rugosis : pedes rufi coxis femoribus
tarsisque nigris."

Sp. 54. M. dorsalis.

Spin.Ins.Lig.il. 151.8. "Microgaster dorsalis: niger ventre
pedibusque rufis. (Long. 2 linearum ; lat. |.) Antennae nigrae
corpore longiores : caput nigrum : thorax concolor : abdomen
supra nigrum segmentis 3 anterioribus rugosis, ventre rufo palli-
diore : pedes rufi genubus nigris, tarsis nigro annulatis : alae
hyalinae stigmate nigro : femina terebram gerit abbreviatam vix
conspicuam."

256 HALIDAY ON

Sp. 55. M. aphidum.

Spin. Ins. Lig. II. 150. 7. " Microgaster aphidum : niger abdo-
minis hasi pedibusque quatuor anticis testaceis alis hyalinis. Alae
hyalinae stigmate nigro : pedes 4 antici rufi aut testacei, postici
coneolores coxis femoribus nigris : abdomen supra perfecte
laevigatum segmento 1™°. testaeeo ventre pallido. — Var. segmento
1™°. nigro utrinque testaeeo."

. N.B. — Synonyma a Spinola hue allata rejicienda sunt.

Sp, 56. M. necator.

Scharfenherg. p. 960. n. 14. " Ichneumon necator: niger pedibus
abdontineque flavicantlbus hoc apice nigro. (Long. 1^ linearum.)
Antennae nigrse setacese corpore longiores : caput et thorax nigri nitidi
immaculati : alas hyalinae iridese stigmate nigro : pedes aurantiaci
femoribus posticis nigris : abdomen flavum segmentis ultimis
nigris : aculeus absconditus. — Femina agglutinat ova cuti et pilis
larvarum Bombycis chrysorrhcece aarifluce, &c. Larvae exclusas
albas capite acuminato perforant cutem penetrantque in corpus
illarum. Initio Junii ad mutationem subeundam e corpore exeunt,
sibique folliculos parvos conficiunt angustos albos H lineas
longos, socialiter aggregates, e quibus decursu dierum 12 — 21,
Ichneumones prorumpunt."

Revocat avictor ad hanc speciem Ichneumonem necatorem Fabricii
(qui a Gravenhorstio pro Hemitele necatore suo habetur) ; uterque
laudavit Ichneumonem, Roesel. II. Vesp. T. 14. F. 3, 4. ab illorum
descriptionibus tamen nonnihil discrepantem, quem Linneus ad
Ichn. glomcratum jam antea adhibuerat, Scopolius autem ad Ichn.
globatum. Ichn. necatorem Scharfenbergii, ut plures alios nimis
leviter adumbratos, a cultoribus Lepidopterorum mox agnoscendum
expectemus.

Sp. 57. M. tortricis.

Schranck. Ins. Austr. 763. Ichneumon tortricis : " niger minutus
abdomine ovato depresso sessili subtiis pallidiore. (Long. 1^;
alarum anticar. Ig ; aculei \ ; antennarum 1 lin.) — Hab. in larva
tortricis fasciance larvulae duae apodes cylindricae lunulato
inflexse, corpore rugoso molli capite retractili, unde natum
praesens insectum."

Schr. Fn. Boica. II. p. 2. 366. n. 2143. Ichn. tortricis: ^^ niger
pedibus anticis et tibiis basi palUdis, abdomine sessili ovato-subde-
presso. Mas et fem. In larvis tortricis gregarius, Junio mense

PARASITIC HYMF.NOPTERA. 257

evolat. Metamorphosin subit inter folia a Tortrice consuta in
folliculis albis bombacinis aggregatis reticulo comnnuni obductis."

Sp. 58. M. Intercus.

Schranck. Ins. Aust. 764. " Ichneumon Intercus : minutus niger
abdomine ovato depresso basi testaceo. (Long. 2 lin, ; antenn. § ;
alar. ant. 1 ; aculei i.) Simillimus priori sed abdominis basi et
tibiis rufis."

Sp. 59. M. gregarius.

Schranck. Ins. Aust. 766. " Ichneumon gregarius : ni(/er pedibus
abdominisque lateribus ferrugineis. (Long. H lin.; alar, anticar.
1|; antenn. If.) Antennae nigra? articulis plurimis minutis :
caput nigrum lingua flava : pedes ferruginei : abdomen nigrum
brevi petiole thoraci annexum lateribus taraen et subtus basi
flavum : alse incumbentes hyalinae anticae macula marginali
nigra. — Hab. in larvis Papilionum gregarius. Exeuntes proprios
foUiculos singuli aggregates nent ; sed folliculus albus non
flavus."

Discrimen ab M. glomerato quod ex anni tempore Auctor duxit,
nos falsum esse comperimus ; hie etenim ssepius hyemem in folliculis
durat vere proditurus ; quod Reaumurius jam docuerat.

Sp. 60. M. alvearifex.

Schranck. Ins. Aust. 767. " Ichneumon alvearifex : niger petiolatus
pedibus ferrugineis, abdomine subtus basi decolore. — Hab. in folli-
culis albis in moduih alvearis dispositis."
Laudat autem ad hanc auctor Ichneumonem Geoffroy, II. p. 322,

qui a Fabricio ad Ichn. alvearium adhibetur.

Sp. 6L M. tibialis.

Curt. E. B. 321. No. 9. " Microgaster tibialis : niger pedibus
ochraceis, femoribus poster ioribus et tarsis piceis, alis subfuscis."

Sp. 62. M. atrator.

Curt. ibid. No. 13. " Microgaster atrator : niger tibiis et tarsis
ochreis, posticis fuscescentibus."
NO. III. VOL. III. L L

258 HALIDAY ON

Sp. 63. M. Anomalon.

Curt. E. B. 321. No. 15. " Microgaster anomalon: niger corporc
hrevissimo compresso, femoribus anticis apice et tibiis ochreis,"
Hie et proxime prsecedentes ad sectionem B. pertinent.

Sp. 64. Microgaster ?

Ray. Ins. 255. No. 13. " Vespa Ichneumon parva Erucigena nullis
in Cauda setis, corpora antennis et pedibus nigris. Ad marginem
exteriorem alarum notse nigrae et vix conspicuse sunt. Haec
viridis cujusdam erucae lineolis albican tibus notatse prsecocis
alumna est. Vermiculi hujus generis productrices omnes unam
quamprimum ex erucae corpore erepserunt nidum sibi texunt e
lana tenuissima alba, rotundum seu globosum nucis Avellanae
magnitudine."

Sp. 65. Microgaster ?

Reaum. II. Mem. 11. p. 424. T. 35. F. 2. Ex erucis Phalense
Aristolochiam, Urticam et Peucedanum depastis larvae prodierunt.
Hae folliculos in globum communem bombacinum contexere.

Sp. 66. Microgaster ?

Reaum. II. Mem. 11. p. 424. T. 35. F. 5, 6. E globis similibus
in culmis graminum vulgatissimis prodierunt Ichneumones
minutissimi antennis longis, abdomine ferrugineo tenuissime
petiolato.

Sp. 67. Microgaster ?

Reaum. II. Mem. 11. p. 432. T. 33. F. 17. Larvae hujus paulo
majores quam M. alvearii, ex eruca quercus folia depasta pro-
dierunt et ibidem folliculos albos in folio irregulariter aggregatos
absque reticulo communi contexere.

Sp. 68. Microgaster ?

Reaum. ibid. F. 14, 15. Larvae hujus magnitudine intermediae
inter larvas praecedentis et M. alvearii, folliculos albos sericeos in
folio graminis absque ordine aggregatos contexere.

Sp. 69. Microgaster ?

Loudon. Mag. Nat. Hist. V. p. 768. Microgaster glomeratus ; pro-
diit e larvis Phalenae grossulariatae.

PARASITIC HYMENOPTEKA. 259

Sp. 70, Microgaster ?

Loudon. Mag. Nat. Hist. V. p. 109. Microgaster glomeratus ; pro-
diit e larvis Phalenae Cajae. D""^ Newman. D°"^ Westwood ver6
autumatur hunc diversum fore a M. glomerato vero (ibid. p. 301) ;
quod verisimile videtur.

Sp. 71. Microgaster ?

Merian. Ins. I. 22. Ex eruca (Tortricis?) Ros^ victitante pro-
dieriint quinque larvae. Folliculos harum albos eruca contexebat,
die 14™^ prodierunt Ichneumones parvi.

Sp. 72. Microgaster ?

Merian. Ins. IT. 41. Ex eruca Vanesse Atalantce. FoUiculi ag-
gregati reticulo communi obtecti. Ichneumones nigri.

Sp. 73. Microgaster ?

Merian. Ins. II. Ex eruca (Noctuae ut videter) viridi lineis tribus
flavis maculisque nigricantibus ornata in foliis alni invent^ pro-
dierunt larvae quamplurimae ; harum folliculos aggregates ut
M. glomerati tabula exhibet. Ichneumones parvi nigri.

Sp. 74. Microgaster ?

Merian. Ins. III. 15. Ex eruca Cynthice Cardui prorupere larvae
quamplurimae. Folliculos harum eruca contexebat in unum,
reticulo gossipium referente. Ichneumones nigri, quorum aculeum
abdominis longitudine tabula exhibet.

Sp. 75. Microgaster? ?

Merian. Lis. IL 38. Ex eruca (Tortricis) viridi, capite flavo,
urticae folia convolvente prodierunt larvae quam-plurimae. Folliculi
harum sparsim positi. Ichneumones parvi nigricantes.

Sp. 76. Microgaster? ?

Merian Ins. II. 30. Ex eruca flava alni foliis enutrita proruperunt
tres larvulse quae mox folliculos albicantes seorsim contexebant
Ichneumones hinc enati flavi sunt pedibus concoloribus, capite
nigro.

A. II. Haliday.

3, Xorlh Cumberland-street, Dublin^
.1/«V 23, 183*.

260 NOTES ON NAMKS.

Art. XXU.— Notes on Names.— By E. N. D.

Juliet. — What's in a name?

Every language consists of two classes of words ; those
which have been so long naturalized, as to be considered
native ; and those which have been so lately introduced, or are
of such outlandish sound, that we at once detect their extrac-
tion, and which mix as well with our e very-day discourse as a
black sheep with white. Surely no one will hesitate to acknow-
ledge, that in every language the native words are spoken with
the greater ease, and heard with the greater pleasure. The
English language consists of words of one, two, and three
syllables. From the Greek and Latin we obtain others of
four, five, and even six syllables ; but it is a very small
portion of these that ever thoroughly lose the traces of their
extraction, or trip from an English tongue with perfect ease
and smoothness. You must have found how much easier it is
to praise than eulogise, much less jjanegyrise, an author.
The opposites of these terms I will not quote as examples ;
because your pen, ever flowing with the cream of human kind-
ness, refuses to acknowledge them. In their native languages,
on the contrary, high-sounding polysyllables are not only
appropriate, but beautiful. I recollect, with pleasure, the
many occasions in which you have delighted me with examples
of this ; — when the stored-up treasures of by-gone ages have
overflowed in a tumult of quotation ; — yet were your venera-
tion for the ancients to induce you to transplant their sounding
compounds into your native tongue, your discourse or
writings would become encumbered and displeasing. On
account of this paucity of polysyllables our language has been
charged with poverty ; — a charge from which our poets, in
my opinion, fully exempt it: it is indeed simple, but has a
sweetness and purity which often approach to an exceeding
beauty.

Now I admit, that our technical names should be derived
entirely from the dead languages ; but if we expect them to be
introduced in common parlance in a modern tongue, should
we not pay some little respect to the character of that tongue?
Names which we wish to see becoming familiar household
words, should they not be adapted in some degree to our usual

NOTES ON NAMES. 2(31

mode of speaking ? I have heard it gravely contended, tliat
number of syllables and grandeur of sound gave importance
to names ; — alas, they simply proclaim the bad taste of the
name-giver ! Let me recommend to my fellow-travellers in
this, the most humble path of the science, to limit their new
names to as few syllables as possible ; two will be found, in
general, amply sufficient; three, however, may be considered
perfectly allowable ; and on rare occasions, when the name is
minutely descriptive, four may be pardoned : but, in all
instances, the name should be so compounded, that a child of
seven years old, with an ordinary education, might read it with
perfect ease.

Long, harsh, and ill-compounded names, are generally to be
imputed to want of taste. There is, however, another frequent
fault in the naming of species, which I attribute solely to po-
verty of resource. I refer to the practice of giving to an
insect the name of its captor, with one or two i's appended
by way of making a genitive : — thus we have Davis-i, Hope-/,
and Waterhouse-?', the nominatives being Davis-?^*, Hope-w*,
and Waterhouse-z/*. Hundreds of names have lately been
given in this elegant manner. This way of latinizing names is
not, however, confined entirely to entomologists ; as the letters
W. R., standing for Williamw* Rex, in divers and sundry
places, abundantly testify.

A third complaint I have to make, is, that of taking the
name of a species after it has been in use for years, and apply-
ing it to a genus or family, giving, at the same time, a new
name to the species. This practice invariably creates confusion.

A fourth, and common fault in nomenclature, is that of
giving to a species a name of distinct meaning, yet affording
no possibility of our applying such meaning. I consider objec-
tionable, on this ground, all names denoting size, as major,
meclius, minor, minimus, minutus, minutissimus ; all names
denoting a frequency of occurrence, as communis, vulgaris,
vulgatus, vulgatissimus ; all names denoting similarity, as
similis, assimilis, confinis, cognatus, congener; all names
denoting the plants on which insects are accidentally found,
as quercus, salicis, lapathi. As instances of the faultiness of
these, we have in one genus a minor larger than a major ; in
another, a niinutissinius larger than a minutus ; a vulgatissi-
mus, of excessive rarity ; a quercus, that feeds on every tree

262 OBSERVATIONS ON PIPUNCULID^..

except the uak ; and many other departures from truth equally
absurd.

As general rules, liable to but few exceptions, I would say,
a generic name should be of Greek derivation, and descriptive
of a character not possessed by neighbouring genera; that a
specific name should be a Latin adjective decidedly descriptive
of character, not possessed by neighbouring species, or a pro-
per name derived from the Heathen Mythology, and conveying
no idea excepting in connexion with some fable, which may
perhaps serve to assist our memory ; and that generic and
specific names should be very easily pronounced or read, and
should not exceed three syllables in length.

Art. XXIII. — Observations on the British Species of
Pipunculida\ By Francis Walker, F. L. S.

These insects were first noticed by Latreille, in his Hist.
Nat. Insect, and Gen. Crust, et Insect., where he placed
them at the end of the Syrphidce, followed by the Conopidce ;
remarking, however, that their situation is doubtful, and that
they have the external appearance of the Sargidce. Fallen
also placed them with the Sijrphidce, and designated them by
the characteristic name Cephalops. Meigen first allowed
them the distinction of a family (Megacephali), which he
placed between the Plati/pezidce and the DolichopidcB. In the
first edition of the Regne Animal, Latreille observed that they
have some resemblance to the Stratiomydce, and especially to
Scenopinus, but that the third joint of their antennas is not
annulated. In the second edition of this work he has partly
followed Meigen's arrangement, by uniting Callomyia, Platy-
peza, Pipunculus, and Scenopinus into a family {Cephalop-
sides), placed between the Dolichopidce and the Tabanidce.

Family. — Pipunculid^.

Musca . . . Bosc.

Pipunculus. Latreille, Meigen, Si. Faryeau and Sermlle,

Haliday.
Microccra . Meigen.
Cephalops . Fallen.

OBSERVATIONS ON PIPUNCULID^. 26S

Corpus parvum, lineare aut subliueare : caput magnum, tliorace
latius, fere hemisphsericum : oculi maximi, caput fere totum
occupantes : ocelli 3 mediocres, approximati, supra verticem
trigone dispositi : antennae 4-articulatse, parvae, capite breviores ;
articulus 1"^. minimus ; 2"^ mediocris, cyathiformis ; 3^^ longior,
latus, compressus ; 4^^. setiformis, 3*. basi proximus : hypostoma
angustum : os parvum, occultum ; labium breve ; maxipalpi
longi, apice erassiores ; mandibulse brevissimse : thorax convexus,
longior qiiam latus : prothorax minimus, supra vix conspicuus :
mesothoracis scutum maximum, nonnunquam indistincte bili-
neatum ; scutellum mediocre, semicirculum fingens : maris ab-
domen segmentis 6, thorace multo longius, plerumque sublineare,
apice obtusum ; segmenta 5 aut 6 subtus conspicua : fern, ab-
domen segmentis 7 ; apicale parvum, subtus abdomen recurvum,
oviductu corneo acuminato terminatum : pedes breves, sub-
sequales, spinis nigris brevissimis instructis armati ; coxae
mediocres ; femora subincrassata ; tibiae quasi contortae, paullo
arcuatoe, subclavatae ; tarsi lati ; articulus 1"^. longus ; 2"^ brevis ;
3"^. et 4"^. brevissimi ; 5^^ 2". paullo longior ; ungues longi,
graciles : alse incumbentes parallelas, plerumque angustae et
corpore longiores, piiis vix conspicuis dense vestitse ; nervus
costalis pilosus, paull6 ultra alse apicem productus : nervus
secundarius et nervus auxiliaris basi conjuncti, hie ultra, ille
paullo ante costae medium nervum costalem attingentes : nervus
2"^. et S^^. nervo auxiliari orti, basi conjuncti, hie multo ante, ille
prope alse apicem nervum costalem attingentes : nervus 4^^. aut
perfectus, aut valde abbreviatus ; nervus 5"^. alae marginem
posticum attingens ; nervi 2 breves, incompleti, unus alae basi,
alter nervo 5". emissus et nonnunquam obsoletus : nervulus
transversus medius brevissimus : cellulae costales et basales
longae, angustae ; marginales magnae, irregulares, aj^icem versus
plerumque latiores : halteres et squamae parva.

In form they are very peculiar, and have but httle resem-
blance to the Other families of Dijiiera. They are nearest
alhed to the Syrphites, particularly to Paragus and Sphegina,
but the structure of the mouth is more simple, and somewhat
resembling that of Scenopinus, the PlatypezidcB, and the
Muscites. Like the Syrphites, they fly well, and are often
seen hovering in the air, but they walk slowly, and have feet
more adapted for climbing than for running. They slightly
resemble the Platypezidcc externally, but have no affinity to
the Muscites. The species may be found from spring to

2G4 OBSERVATIONS OX PIPUNCULID,^.

autumn, in woods, and on the grass beneath trees. Their
economy is unknown. The females have a curved and rather
long ovipositor, apparently adapted to pierce the substances
where they deposit their eggs. I have made a new genus of
Meigen's third division, which differs very much from the
first and second ; however, the form and clothing of some of
the latter species indicate an approach to it : e. g. P. campesiris
and others are distinguished by their cylindrical abdomens,
which in P. modestus and P. rurulis are flat, and, in the
females of the latter, pilose. They are pilose and flat in both
sexes of P. ai(ctiis and of Meigen's third division.

Genus I. — Pipunculus, Latreille.
Pipunculus. (A. et B.) Meigen.

Corpus plerumque breve : maris oculi supra connecti : antennae
articulo 3°. apice curve acuminato : metathorax mediocris : ab-
domen subarcuatum ; mari segmento P. brevi ; 2". 3°. et 4".
subaequalibus ; 5°. longiore ; 6°. parvo ; fern, segmentis P. ad 6"'".
subgequalibus : pulvilli magni : alae iridescentes ; nervus 3"*.
vmdulatus ; nervus 4"\ perfectus, undulatus, angulum ad nervum
transversum ordinarium formans et nervi costalis apicem at-
tingens ; nervi 2 incompleti apice conjuncti ; nervulus transversus
ordinarius subarcuatus.

Ohs. — Maris hypostoma angustius ; antennae articulo 3°. breviore
et obtusiore ; tarsi angustiores ; ungues et pulvilli parviores ; alae
longiores et plerumque obscuriores.'

* Nervus 4"^ loncjitudinaUs simplex.

"f" Abdomen cylindricum, hasi paullo anquslius.

X Alee immaculatce .

Sp. 1. Pip. maculatus. Mas et Fem. j^neo-uter, abdomine
maculis rufis (Mas) aut fascia interrujita Jlava, (Fem.)
pedibus Jlavis, alisfuscis.

iEneo-ater, nitens, pubescens : caput atrum, antice utrinque et subtus
argenteo micans : oculi ocellique rufi : os flavum : antennae fuscoe ;
articulus 3"*. argenteo micans ; 4"^. niger : thorax glaber ; antice
utrinque flavo tuberculatus : abdomen basi utrinque pilis albis
vestitum ; mari segmentis 2°. ad 4"'". apice utrinque rufis ;

• First observed by Mr. Haliday.

OBSERVATIONS ON PIPUNCULID.E. i^65

-5". et 6". nigris scabris obscuris ; fern, segmento 2". apice utrinque
flavo, 3°. et 4°. flavis supra nigro vittatis : oviductus flavus :
pedes flavi ; femora basi nigro maculata ; tarsi articulo 5°. supra
plus minusve fusco ; ungues flavi, apice fusci ; pulvilli pallide
flavi : maris alae obscure fuscag ; nervi nigri, basi fulvi : fem. alJE
subfuscse ; nervi fusci ; costa nigra ; squamulse flavse ; squamae
et halteres straminea, hi basi fulvi. (Corp. long. \\ — 1^ lin. ;
alar. 2|— 3| lin.)
Var. /i. — Mas, meso- et rarius metafemora omnino flava.
July ; on furze and heath ; near London.

Note. — The male of this species resembles P. rufipes of
Meigen, but he says that the abdomen and thighs are black ;
the tips only of the latter red : in this species they are yellow,
with only a small, and sometimes obsolete, black spot near the
base.

Sp. 2. Pip. sylvaticus. Mas et Fem. Nigroviridis, pedihus

nigris, genubus tarsisque flavis, alisfuscis.
Pipunculus sylvaticus. Meigen, Dipt. Etirop. IV. 20. 3.

Nigroviridis, nitens, glaber : caput antice utrinque et subtus
argenteo micans : oculi ocellique rufi : os rufum : antennae nigrae ;
articulus 3"^ fuscus, argenteo micans : thorax antice utrinque
stramineo tuberculatus ; scutellum non prominens : abdomen
pubescens, basi utrinque pilis nigris vestitum, maris angustius ;
segmentum 1^™. griseum : oviductus flavus : pedes nigri ; femora
apice, tibiae basi et tarsi subtus flava ; tarsi supra fulvi, articulus
5"^ fuscus ; ungues et pulvilli flavi, illi apice fusci : maris alae
obscure fuscae, fem, fuscae ; nervi et squamulse nigro-fusca, illi
basi paJlidiores : squamae flavae ; halteres straminei. (Corp. long.
IJ— 1| lin. ; alar. 2—2^. lin.)
July ; on grass beneath trees ; near London. June ; New

Forest, Hampshire.

Note. — Meigen says that the tibicB are fuscous, with yellow
tips.

Sp. 3. Pip. geniculatus. Mas. Ater, pedihus nigris, genubus

flavis, alis subfuscis.
Pipunculus geniculatus. Meigen, Dipt. Europ. IV. 20. 2.

Ater, nitens, glaber : caput antice utrinque et subtus argenteo
micans : oculi ocellique rufi : antennaj nigrse ; articulus 3"■^
NO. III. VOL. II. M M

266 OBSERVATIONS ON PIPUNCULID^.

argenteo micans : thorax antice utrinque fusco tuberculatus ;
scutellum non prominens : abdomen, breve, latum, vix pubescens,
basi utrinque pilis nonnullis albis vestitum, apiee angustius :
pedes nigri ; tibiae basi, genua, pulvilli et ungues flava ; hi apice
fusei : alae subfuscae, breves, corpore vix longiores ; nervi nigri,
basi fusci : squamulae fuscse ; squamae et hal teres straminea.
(Corp. long. 1§ lin. ; alar. 2 lin.)

May ; on grass beneath trees ; near London.

XX -^^^ 5"^ costa inter nervum secundarium et nervum. auxiliarem
fusco maculates.

Sp. 4. Pip. flavipes. Fem. Ater, pedibus fiavis fusco
fasciatis, alls subfuscis latis.

Pipunculus flavipes. Meigen, Dipt. Europ. IV. 21. 5.

Ater, nitens, glaber : caput antice subtus et utrinque argenteo
micans : oculi ocellique rufi : antennae fuscoe, articulus 3"^. flaves-
cens, argenteo micans : thorax antice utrinque fusco tuberculatus ;
scutellum non prominens : oviductus flavus : pedes obscure flavi ;
coxae nigrse, apice flavae ; pro- et mesofemora fusco, metafemora
nigro interrupte fasciata ; tarsi articulo 5°. fusco ; ungues et
pulvilli flavi, illi apice fusci : alae subfuscae ; nervi nigro-fusci,
basi pallidiores ; squamulae et squamae flavae ; halteres pallide
flavi, basi obscuri. (Corp. long. \\ lin. ; alar. 2\ lin.)

October ; on grass beneath trees ; near London.

Note. — According to Meigen's description, the legs are
entirely yellow.

Sp. 5. Pip. pratorum. Mas et Fem. Griseus, pedibus
flavis, fusco nigroque cingulatis, alisfuscis.

Cephalops pratorum . Fallen, Dipt. Suec. Syrph. 15. L
Pipunculus pratorum. Meigen, Dipt. Em-op. IV. 22. 7.

Griseus, obscurus : caput utrinque, antice et subtus argenteo
micans : oculi ocellique rufi : antennae nigras ; articulus 3"^.
nigro - fuscus, argenteo micans : thorax postice et utrinque
argenteus, antice utrinque fusco tuberculatus ; scutellum vix
prominens : oviductus flavus : pedes flavi ; coxae basi nigrae ;
femora nigra, apice basique flava ; tibiae- fusco fere cingulatae ;
tarsi articulo 5". fusco, fem. pallidiore ; ungues et pulvilli flavi,
ille apice fusci : inaris alee fuscae ; nervi nigri, basi fusci ; squa-

OBSERVATIONS ON PIPUNCULID^. 267

mulae fuscse ; squamae flavas ; halteres fusci, basi pallidiores:
fern, alse subfuscae ; nervi basi et squamulae flava ; halteres flavi,
basi fulvi. (Corp. long. If lin. ; alar. 2| — 3 lin.)

May to July ; on grass beneath trees ; near London.

Sp. 6. Pip. campestris. Griseus, maris abdomine atro, pedi-
hus nigris, alisfuscis, mas ; mit hyalinis, fem.

Musca cephalotes . . . Bosc. Journ. d'Hist. Nat. I. 53. PI.

20. No. 5.
Pipunculus campestris. Latr. Hist. Nat. des Crust, et des

Insect. XIV. 892 ; Gen. Crust, et

Insect. IV. 332 ; Meig. Dipt.

Eur op. IV. 19. 1 ; Leach, Edin.

Encycl. X. 130.

Mas. — Fuscus, obscurus, pubescens : caput nigrum, argenteo micans :
oculi ocellique rufi : antennae nigrae ; articulus 3"^ argenteo
micans : thorax apice, utrinque et subtus nigro-nitens ; scutellum
non prominens : abdomen atrum, holosericeum, basi utrinque
pilis nonnullis sordide albis vestitum : segmentum 1"™. griseo
circumdatum ; sequentia apice nigro-aenea, nitentia : pedes nigri,
nitidi ; trochanteres nigro-fusci ; tibiae basi et genua fulva ; tarsi
nigro-fusci, subtus pallidiores, articulus 5"^ niger ; ungues et
pulvilli flavi, illi apice fusci : alae fuscse ; nervi nigri, basi fusci ;
squamulae et squamae fuscae ; halteres obscure rufi, basi fusci.

Fem. — Nitens : thorax griseo-ater : abdomen pubescens : oviductus
flavus : trochanteres et tibiae fusca ; femora apice, tibiae basi et
genua flava ; tarsi fusci, basi et subtus flavi : alae hyalinae ;
nervi basi flavescentes ; halteres et squamae flava, illi basi fusci.
(Corp. long. 1^ — If lin. ; alar. 2^ — 4| lin.)

Var. j3. — Fem. propedes tibiis tarsisque pallide fuscis ; meso- et
metapedes tibiis tarsisque nigro-fuscis.

May to July ; on grass beneath trees ; near London.
June; Windsor; New Forest, Hampshire.

'W Abdomen planum. Alee maculatce.

Sp. 7. Pip. modestus. Mas et Fem. Ater, griseo macu-
latus, pedihus nigris fuscojlavoque cingulatis, nlis fuscis,
mas ; aut subhyalinis, fem.

Pipunculus modestus. Haliday, Ent. Mag. I. 162.

268 OBSERVATIONS ON PIPUNCULID.E.

Mas. — Ater, opacus, laevis : caput antice, utrinque et subtus
argenteo micans : oculi ocellique rufi : antennae nigrse : thorax
antice utrinque fusco tuberculatus ; latera et apex grisea : ab-
domen elongato-ovatum, pubescens ; latera grisea et basi pilis
nonnullis nigris vestita : pedes nigri ; trochanteres fusci ; genua
et tibia; basi flava ; tibiae nigro-fuscse ; tarsi fusci, basi et subtus
fulvi, articulus 5"^. nigro-fuscus ; ungues et pulvilli pallide flavi,
illi apice fusci : alae fuscse ; squamulae fuscse ; nervi nigri, basi
fusci ; squamae fiavse ; halteres fusci.

Fern. — Nigro-aeneus, pubescens : thorax antice utrinque fulvo tuber-
culatus ; thoracis latera et apex, necnon abdominis maculse laterales
albo-grisea : oviductus niger, apice flavus : tarsi fusci ; articulus
5"^ niger: alse subfuscse ; halteres fusci. (Corp. long. 1 5— Is
lin. ; alar. 2— 2| lin.)

Var. (j. — Mas, tibiae nigrae ; meso- et metatarsi nigro-fusci, basi
fusci.

Var. y. — Mas, tarsi fulvi, apice fusci.

Var. c. — Fern, tarsi basi et subtus fulvi.

May and June ; on grass beneath trees ; near London.

Sp. 8. Pip. ruralis. Mas et Fem. Fuscus, abdomine griseo
maculato, jJedibus nigris fusco Jlavoque cingidatis, alts
suhfuscis.

Pipunculus ruralis. Meigen, Dipt. Europ. IV. 22, 8.

Mas. — Fuscus, pubescens : caput argenteo micans : oculi ocellique
rufi : antennae nigrae ; articulus 3"^ apice argenteus : thorax
antice utrinque fusco tuberculatus ; latera et apex grisea : ab-
domen utrinque ad segmentorum apices griseo trigone maculatum :
pedes nigri ; genua et tibiae basi flava, hae subtus nigro-fuscae ;
tarsi fusci, subtus rufofusci, articulus 5"^ nigro-fuscus ; ungues
et pulvilli flavi, illi apice fusci : alae subfuscae ; squamulae fuscae ;
nervi nigri, basi fusci ; squamae flavae ; halteres fusci, medio
albi.

Fem. — Pilosus : scutellum prominentius, apice setosum : abdomen
basi utrinque pilis albis vestitum ; maculae medio connectae :
oviductus flavus : tibiae fuscae, basi flavae ; tarsi pallide fusci, basi
et subtus flavi : alae subhyalinae ; nervi basi flavescentes ; halteres
pallide rufi, basi fusci. (Corp. long. U— 1| lin.; alar. 3|— 3|
lin.)

OBSERVATIONS ON PIPUNCULID.^. 269

May to July ; on grass beneath trees ; near London.
June ; Windsor forest ; New Forest.

** Nervus 4"^ longitudinalis ramulum brevem eniittens.

Sp. 9. Pip. auctus. Mas et Fern. Ater, mas; aid fuscus,
fem ; griseo maculatus, jjedibus nigris fusco cingulatis,
alls hyalinis.

Cephalops auctus . Fallen, Dipt. Suec. Syrph. 61. 1. 2.
Pipunculus auctus. 3Ieigen, Dipt. Europ. IV. 23. 10.

Mas. — Ater, obscurus, pilosus : caput argenteo micans : oculi
ocellique rufi : antennae nigrae ; articulus 3"^. argenteo micans :
scutellura prominens : abdomen planum, apice angustius, subtus
nigro-griseum ; segmenta apice utrinque grisea : pedes iiigro-
grisei, pilosi ; genua flava ; tibiae nigro-fuscse, apice basique
fuscae ; tarsi fusci, subtus fulvi ; ungues et pulvilli albi, illi apice
fusci : alae hyalinae ; squamulje nigro-fuscae ; nervi-nigri, basi
fusci ; squamse et halteres fusca.

Fem. — Fuscus, pilosus : abdomen apice paullo angustius : thorax
utrinque et apice abdominisque segmenta apice grisea : oviductus
niger, nitidus, apice rufus : squamulae fuscae : squamag et halteres
rufa. (Corp. long. l\ — If lin. ; alar, 2| — 3 lin.)

July ; on grass beneath trees ; near London. May ;
Birchwood, Kent. June ; Windsor. New Lanark, Scotland.

Genus IL — Chalarus.* Walker.

Maris oculi supra non connecti : antennarum articulus 3"^. ovatus,
2°. non multo longior : maris et fem. ungues et pulvilli similes,
mediocres : alarum nervus longitudinalis 3^^. fere rectus ; 4"**. apice,
nervulus transversus ordinarius nervusque basaUs incompletus
omnino obsoleti.

Sp. 1. Cha. spurius. Mas et Fem. Ater, obscurus, jiedibus
nigris, alisfuscis.

Cephalops spurius . Fallen, Dipt. Suec. Syrph. 16. 3.
Pipunculus spurius. Meigen, Dipt. Europ. IV. 24. 11.

Mas. — Ater, holosericeus, obscurus, pilosus : oculi ocellique rufi :
antennae nigrae : thorax antice utrinque nigro-fuscus : scutellum
prominens, metathoracem obtegens : abdomen depressum, apice
angustius ; segmenta subaequalia : pedes atri, pilosi ; tarsi subtus

* XaAfipbs, languidus.

270 THE HONEY BEE.

nigro-fusci ; ungues nigri ; pulvilli fusci : alae obscur^ fuscse ;
nervi nigri ; macula sub costam inter nervos secundarium et
auxiliarem elongata, brunnea ; squamulae, squamae et halteres
nigro-fusca.
Fern. — Sparse pilosus : abdomen nigro-fuscum : oviductus fuscus :
tarsi nigro-fusci : alae fuscae ; squamae et halteres pallid^ fusca.
(Corp. long. 1 — \\ lin. ; alar. 1^ — 2\ lin.)

May to July ; on grass beneath trees ; near London.

Sp. 2. Cha. holosericeus. Mas et Fem. Niger, j)sdibus
nigro-fiiscis Jlavo cingulatis, alls subfuscis.

Pipunculus holosericeus. Meigen, D'qit. Europ. IV. 24. 12.
Pipunculus exiguus . . . Haliday, Ent. Mag. I. 1G2.

Mas. — Niger, obscurus, vix pilosus : oculi ocellique rufi : antennae
nigrae : thorax antice utrinque nigro-fuscus : abdomen nigro-
fuscum, pilis albis sparse vestitum : pedes nigro-fusci, vix pilosi ;
genua, tibiae apice et basi tarsisque fusca, propedum flava;
ungues et pulvilli flavi, illi apice fusci : alae fuscae ; nervi nigri,
basi fusci ; squamulae nigro-fuscae ; squamae et halteres fusca.

Fem. — Oviductus fuscus : pedes flavi ; coxae fuscae ; femora fusca,
apice basique flava ; protibiae flavo, meso- et metatibiae fusco
cingulatae : alae subfuscoe ; squamae et halteres flava. (Corp.
long. 1 lin. ; alar. 1| lin.)

August ; on grass beneath trees ; near London.

Art. XXIV. — The Honexj Bee. By Edward Bevan, M. D.
London : Baldwin & Cradock.

Gentle Bee ! bright example to mankind of industry, eco-
nomy, concord, and obedience ! vi^hat triumphs, vi^hat vi^onders,
dost thou not achieve ! It shall be our delightful task to talk
of thee, and to write of thee ; and if we talk not, and write
not, pleasantly, then indeed the fault is in ourselves, and not
in thee. Sweet is the sound of thy morning hum, attuned to
music, when thou revellest on some gay bank of purple heather,
visiting bell after bell in quest of their ambrosial essence,
heaven-distilled ! Sweet is the air around thee, air impreg-

THE HONEY BEE. 271

nated with the breath of flowers ! Sweet is the joyous concert
of feathered choristers above and about thee ! Sweet is the
memory of those few happy days when we have drank
freely of scenes Hke these, and basked in the early sunshine
on some fragrant bed of thyme, " dazzled and drunk with
beauty " — the beauty of nature.

Gentle reader ! has thy soul never sympathized with nature —
has it never been so deeply steeped in the love of nature as to
have assumed, for a passing moment, her rosy hue ? Young
love lends a light to woods and fields that is not all their
own — we have felt it, but feel it no longer.

Oh ! the days are gone when beauty bright

Our heart's-chain wove,
When our dream of life, from morn to night,

Was love — still love.

The "milder, calmer" days are now come, and we love
nature for her own sake ; our delight in her is perhaps a little
diminished in intensity since objects have ceased to reflect the
glowing tints of our thoughts, but there is a soberer, purer,
more endui'ing beauty in the colours which are truly her own, and
the soul now receives at her hands those hues which, in earlier
life, it had the power to impart. Love invests objects with a
joyous dancing splendour that is not real, as the glare of a
noon-day sun gives a quivering motion to the white stones in a
churchyard, while, in reality, they partake of all the deathy
quiet of those whose tale they tell.

Gentle reader ! we will now give thee a few directions about
thy bees ; and these, not thrown together at random, but the
result of much observation and experience. Select the site for
thy colony with care ; let not the wide and rapid river roll by
it, nor the pool stagnate near it; these are often sources of
great loss of life to bees, especially in windy weather ; yet a
gently murmuring brook, bubbling, in all its transparent purity,
over flattened pebbles, may harmlessly meander through thy
clovery meadows, or even through thy garden, stored, as it
must be, with honey-distilling flowers. Let a high wall or a
close hedge protect thy colony from the biting north-wind, yet
take care that it be not placed so as to hide the hives from thy
view as thou art sitting in thy parlour, for thine eye should be
continually upon thy treasure, taking instant cognizance of
any thing that is amiss. Let each hive be placed on a stand.

272 THE HONEY BEE.

at least eighteen inches fi'om the ground, and four feet from
each other. Let the hives stand quite clear from the wall or
hedge, so that thou mayest approach them readily from behind.
Let no tree or house overshadow or drip on them. And lastly,
let no offensive smell or harsh noise trouble their quiet, for
they enjoy quiet, and ease, and comfort. Gentle reader !
listen while we repeat to thee an ode in commendation of these
things.

Quiet — he prays for on the vast JEgean,

When by black storm-clouds the fair moon is hidden,

And the bright stars, those certain guides to seamen,

Cease from their shining.
Quiet — the Thracian, furious in warfare :
Quiet — the Mede, so graceful with his quiver :
Grosphus — with jewels, purple, nor with riches

Can it be paid for.
For neither treasures nor the consul's Hctor
Can move the spirit's miserable tumult.
Nor yet the troubles that so often flutter

Round gilded ceihngs.
He may live Avell with little, whose paternal
Salt-cellar shines upon his slender table ;
Terror nor filthy avarice can mar his

Peaceful slumbers.
Why so short-lived then plan we many projects ?
Why do we seek for regions that are heated
By other sunshine ? Who his country's exile

Self too can fly from ?
Care inauspicious climbs the brass-clad vessel :
Never abandons multitudes of horsemen :
Swifter than stags are, and impelling rain-clouds ;

Swifter than Eurus.
Spirits at present joyful, for the future
Hate to be thoughtful ; and the bitter sweeten,
Mirthful with smiling ; nothing is on all sides

Doomed to be happy.
Sudden the death of heroic Achilles:
Lingering old age wore away Tithonus ;
And to me the hour, that to thee's forbidden.

Perhaps may be lengthened.
Hundreds of cattle, and of cows Sicilian,
Low all around thee; mares, too, raise their neighings,
Yoked to thy chariot ; and in Afric's murex

Doubly empurpled

THE HONEY BEE. "<0

Mantles enfold thee ; me a little cottage,
And p. sliglit spirit of the Grecian nmses,
Fate, not deceitful, gave ; and the malignant
V'ulgar to pity.

Gentle reader ! that is a long digression, certainly, but thou
wilt pardon us, for it is from the pen of Rusticus, and thou art
ever indulgent when he is addressing thee : he will soon be
again amongst us, and then he will take the " Log" in his own
hands, for we found we could not manage it so as to do him
justice. Now we return to the bees, and nothing shall again
induce us to wander. Select, if possible, a country that abounds
in lime-trees, furze, heath, clover, and thyme ; let the bowers
in thy garden be entwined and overshadowed with honeysuckle
and jasmine ; and cultivate, in abundance, borage, and vipers'-
bugloss, and mignionette, and sage.

A bee -hive consists, like this highly-favoured nation, of
three estates, king, lords, and commons. The king of a bee-
hive is, however, always a queen ; here, only sometimes. The
lords are useless, except as perpetuators of the kind, and are
called drones ; at the end of the season, instead of being
allowed to riot on the riches of the commonwealth during the
winter, they are all put to death in the most sunmiary manner.
The commons are called worker bees or neuters.

The Queen is slow and majestic in her movements, and
differs from the workers in being larger, having a longer body,
shorter wings, and a curved sting; she is accompanied by a
guard of twelve workers, who are always on duty. In what-
ever direction she wishes to travel, these guards clear the way
before her, always with the utmost courtesy, turning their faces
towards her, and when she rests from her labours, approaching
her in all humility, licking her face, mouth, and eyes, and fond-
ling her with their antennae. The principal engagement of the
queen is the laying of eggs : she may be called the mother as
well as queen of the hive.

The Drones are all males ; they are less than the queen,
but larger than the workers ; they have no sting. The drones
live on the fat of the land, and are wholly without use as mem-
bers of the community, except as being the fathers of the future
progeny : when this sole office is accomplished, the workers
inform them very respectfully that they are no longer wanted ;
a buzzing and a bustle commences in the hive ; the workers

NO. III. VOL. II. N N

274 THE HONEY BEE.

and the drones sally forth together, grapple each other in the
air, hug and scuffle for a minute, during which the poisonous
dagger of the workers is plunged into the side of the drones,
who bow down their heads, gather their legs together, and
gracefully drawing their wings as a gauzy mantle around
them, hide their face from observation, and so die.

The Workers are the smallest bees in the hive, and by far
the most numerous ; they have a longer lower lip for sucking-
honey than either of the others ; their thighs are furnished
with a brush for the reception of the farina of flowers ; and
their sting is straight. The workers do the entire work of the
community; they build the cells, guard the hive and the queen,
collect and store the honey, elaborate wax, feed the young, and
kill the drones. The respective number of individuals in a
full hive are thus : 1 queen, ,^,000 drones, 20,000 workers.

The queen lays her eggs one in the bottom of each cell ;
the egg is long, slightly curved, and of a bluish colour ; when
laid it is covered with a glutinous matter, which enables it to
adhere to the bottom of the cell. For eleven months the queen
lays only workers' eggs ; after that those which produce drones.
As soon as this change has taken place the workers begin to
construct royal cells, in which, without discontinuing laying
the drones' eggs, she deposits now and then, about once in
three days, an egg which is destined to produce a queen. The
workers' eggs hatch in a few days, and become little white
maggots, which immediately open their mouths to be fed : this
the workers attend to with the utmost assiduity. In six days
the maggot fills up its cell ; it is then roofed in by the workers,
spins a silken cocoon, and becomes a chrysalis, and on the
twenty-first day it comes forth a perfect bee. The drones
emerge on the twenty-fifth day, and the queens on the six-
teenth.

As we have already stated, the queen for nearly a year lays
no eggs that are destined to produce queens ; it therefore
follows, that if, during that period, any evil befall her, the hive
is left without a queen : sometimes she dies ; sometimes she
wanders too near the mouth of the hive, falls out, and a bird
devours her ; sometimes she is taken away by the experimenting
apiarian for the express purpose of watching the result. For
twelve hours little notice is taken of the loss ; it appears not to
be known, and the workers labour as usual. After that period

THE HONEY BEE. 215

a hubbub commences ; work is abandoned ; the whole hive is
in an uproar ; the nation has lost its sovereign, and feels the
loss deeply ; every bee traverses the hive at random, with the
most evident want of purpose. This state of anarchy some-
times continues for days ; then the bees gather in knots, clusters
of a dozen or so, as though engaged in consultation; shortly
after a resolution seems to have been made ; a few of the
workers go to work at the cells in which are the eggs of
workers ; three of these cells are quickly broken into one, the
edges polished, and the sides smoothed and rounded; a single
egg being allowed to remain at the bottom. When this egg
hatches, the maggot it produces is fed with a peculiarly nutri-
tive food, called royal bee bread, which is never given to any
maggots but such as are to produce queens. Work is now
resumed over the whole hive, and goes on as briskly as before.
On the sixteenth day the worker's egg produces a queen, whose
appearance is hailed with every demonstration of delight, and
who at once assumes sovereignty over the hive.

Gentle reader ! in the course of thy earthly pilgrimage thou
wilt meet with many things that may seem at the first glance
rather unaccountable, and this is perhaps one of those things ;
but a calm inquiry will relieve our statement of all impossibility,
at least: let us endeavour to explain it. There are, as we
have set forth, three kinds of bees in a hive ; but there are
only two sexes, male and female. Drones are the males ;
queens and workers are the females, the workers being for the
most part abortive. That the workers are females is amply
proved by their possessing a sting, and various other anatomical
similarities, besides the circumstance of their occasionally laying-
eggs ; and therefore, in the wonderful instance before us, the
change is to be attributed solely to the difference of food and
care bestowed on the maggot by the workers.

Let us pause an instant, and look at this fact in another
light; let us recollect that, if each maggot were supplied with
a sufficiency of food, and that food sufficiently nutritious, then
every female would be a queen. How then would the labour
of the hive proceed ? there would be no cells, no honey stored
for the winter, and the whole community would consequently
perish. It is as remarkable, indeed it is more remarkable, that
so large a proportion should thus be stinted in their growth,
purposely that they might never be encumbered with the cares

276 THK HONEY BEE.

of maternity, but their whole attention fixed on other matters,
than that a maggot well supplied with wholesome nutriment
should arrive at that perfect development which is the charac-
teristic of its sex.

When, under ordinary circumstances, a young queen emerges
from the chrysalis, the old one frequently leaves the hive,
heading the first swarm for the season, and, flying to some
neighbouring resting-place, is observed by the apiator, captured,
placed under a new hive, and a new colony is immediately
commenced. Before a swarm leaves the hive, sure indications
are given of the intended movement ; the workers leave their
various occupations, and collect in groups, especially near the
door of the hive, as though in consultation on the important
event about to take place.

As the summer advances many queens are hatched, but the
workers do not allow them instant liberty, as severe battles
would instantly take place between them and the reigning
queen, in which one would be killed. The workers, therefore,
merely make a small hole in the ceiling of the royal cell, through
which the captive queen thrusts her tongue, and receives sup-
plies of food from the attentive workers. In this state of con-
finement the queens utter a low querulous sound, which has
been compared to singing. When the reigning, or any other
queen that has gained her liberty, finds one of these captives,
she uses every effort to tear open the cell and destroy her rival.
To prevent this the workers often interpose, pulling her away
by the legs and wings. To this she submits but a short time,
when, uttering a peculiar cry, called her voice of sovereignty,
she commands instant attention and obedience, and is at once
freed from her assailants.

We must not extend our remarks ; we fear some of our
readers will think we have already done so beyond the bounds
of etiquette to our contributors, many of whom have become
weary with long waiting. At a future time we may again use
the title of Dr. Bevan's book as an excuse for writing about
Bees ; for the present we content ourselves with recommending
it to our readers.

CAPTURE OF INSECTS AT MICKLEHAM.

277

Art. XXV. — Entomological Captures at Micldeham and
Neig/ibour/iuod. Bt/ 3onN Walton^

Sir, — I have now before me a numerous catalogue of insects
captured, in the summer and autumn of 18o2 and 1833, in the
vicinity of the dehghtful village of Mickleham, situated in a
narrow valley between the chalky ridges near Box-hill, Surrey.
From this catalogue I have selected such as are stated to be
rare or local, adding a few observations on their localities, &c.,
which, if you deem worthy to be published, are much at your
service.

I. — Lepidotera.

Colias Electra

Leucophasia sinapis

Nemeobius Lucina

Meliteea Euphrosyne

Araynnis Aglaia
Paphia

Vanessa Polychloros

Cynthia cardui

Hipparchia Semele
Galathea

Thecla rubi

Polyommatus Alsus

Corydon
Adonis
Argus
Agestis

Tliymele Alveolus
Tages

Paniphila comma

Xylopliasia lithoxylea
sublustns
epomidion
Hadena plebeia

capsincola
Heliophobus popularis
Kama aliena
Apamea nictitans

furca
Scotopliila porphyrea
Miselia compta
Polia advena
tiiicta
Serena
Lucania rul'escens
Cucullia Verbasci
umbratica
lucifuga
Stilbia aiionialata
Ophiusa lusoria
Euclidia glyphica

Hypena proboscidalis

obesalis
Polypogon neraoralis
Ennycliia anguinahs
Pyrausta purpiiralis

porphyrialis
Hydrocampa nympha>ata
Diaphania lucernalis
Margaritia palealis

flavalis
Lozotoenia oporana

fulvana
Orthotaenia uiidulana
Pfecilochroma Udmaniiiana
Xanthosetia Zcegana
Haniana
Oncocera carnella
Crambus argentellus
Pterophorus didactylus

IV.— COLEOPTERA.

Ino statices
Sphinx ligustri
Deilephila porcellus
Dasychira pudibunda
Euthemonia russula
Nemeophila plantaginis
Spilosoma menthastri
Callimorpha jacobaeae
Lithosia helvola
griseola
Gnophria rubricoUis
Setina irrorella
Triphaena orbona
Cerigo texta
Lytsea umbrosa
Agrotis cortlcea
segetum
Ciraphiphora brunnea
punicea
C. nigrum
plecta
Mythimna grisea
Caradrina Morpheus
glareosa
Pyrophila Tragopogonis

Bupalus Piniarius
Crocallis elinguaria
Campaea margaritata
Hemithea vernaria
Cleora lichenaria
Alcis repandatii
Aspilates gilvaria
Larentia bipunctaria
Harpalyce fulvata
ocellata
unangulata
Polyphasia immanata
Steganolophia prunata
Anaitis plagiata
Xereue procellata
rubiginata
Phibalapteryx tersata ■
Triphosa dubitata
Eupithecia nebulata

Centaureata
Kmmelesia r.vulata
Strenia clathrata
Ptychopoda lividata

ornata
Macaria liturata
Drepana unguicula

Lamprias nigritarsis

cyanocephalus

Tarus angularis
macularis

Brachinus crepitans

Cychrus rostratus

Leistus spinibarbis

Badister bipustulatus
microcephalus

Licinus silphoides
depressus

Odontonyx rotunilitoUis

Amara ajrata
lata

Bradytus discrepans
marginatus
apricarius
1 thoracicus
ignavus
azureus
punctatissimus
puncticollis
cribellum

Atopa cervina

Clirysomela hyperici

Callidium violaceura.

Harpalii
Ophonu

Remarks. — Nemeobius
matus Argus, Caradrina

Lucina, Thecla rubi, Polyom-
glareosa, Stilbia anomalata.

278 CAPTURE OF INSECTS

Ophiuna liisoria. — On the east side of Sir Henry Leslie's park,

adjoining the Beechwood.

Pohjommatus Cory don, P. Adonis, Parnphila comma. — All

very plentiful on the south side of Juniper-hill and inNorbury-

park.

Hippar cilia GaIathea,PolyommatusAlsus, Setina irrorella,

Aspilates gilvaria, Ptychopoda ornata, Margaritia Jlavalis. —

On the first chalky bank, at the end of a wood on the left, in a

lane leading from Juniper-hall to Headley, about a quarter of a

mile from the principal road to Dorking.

Deilepliila porccllus, Agrotis corticea, Xylophasia suh-

lustris, Polia advena, P. tincta. — Captured from the flowers

of the Lychnis dioica and Silene injlata, with forceps, in

fields intersected by a foot-path leading from behind the

church, through a fir plantation, to Juniper-hill.

Cerigo texia, Lyicea umbrosa, Heliophobus Popidaris. —

Banks of the river Mole ; in fields opposite a beech-wood,

divided by the river.

Lithosia helvola. — Very plentiful on the west side of Box-
hill.

CalUdium violaceum. — Crawling on the gravel-walks, and

in the house, of a cottage-villa adjoining Mr. Haynes' timber-
yard.

Tarus angularis, T. macularis, Lamprias nigritarsis,
Badister microcephalus, Licinus silphoides, L. depressus,
Bradytus marginatiis, Harjjalus tlioracicus, H. ignavus,

Ophonus azureiis. — Under flints, on the south-side of Box-
hill, facing Dorking ; Licinus depressus is in greater abundance
on the same continuous bank, more easterly, near a large fir
plantation, under flints on the grass eaten bare by sheep,
which it seems to prefer to more sterile situations. I obtained
upwards of three hundred specimens, frequently found in pairs
{in copula), from the middle of September until the latter end
of October. Licinus silphoides is more plentiful about a mile
west of Mr. Denison's house, in every field on the same
chalky ridge, which runs on to Guildford. In one stubble field
I found thirty-five specimens in a few hours, under large
pieces of chalk and flint. Unlike its congener, it seems to
prefer situations more or less free from grass, to expedite its
running after its prey, or otherwise. It is by fir the commonest
beetle in that neighbourhood, and not periodical in its times

AT MICKLEHAM. 279

of appearance. I have captured upwards of five hundred spe-
cimens in two successive years ; and it is surprising that an
insect so common, and to be found in so many habitats near
London, should have been so rare, a few yeai's back, as to be
estimated to be worth a guinea a pair : I apprehend they are
now at a discount, for I cannot get rid of my duphcates.
Tarus macularis appears to be a mere variety of the T. angu-
laris: the result of a comparison by entomologists of nearly
one hundred specimens, captured in two successive autumns,
seems to strengthen this opinion. It is plentiful in October,
under flints, on the southern slope of Box-hill, opposite tlie
town of Dorking. Every year's experience seems to confirm
the opinion of Mr. Stephens, so often mentioned in his
invaluable Illustrations, that insects which are stated to be rare
or local are generally very plentiful in some of their localities :
for example ; I well recollect the difficulty I had, and the days
which I lost in Norbury-park, in procuring a single pair of the
Lithosia hehola, and the pleasure I felt when I at last suc-
ceeded ; when, to my utter astonishment, about two miles from
the same place, upon the west side of Box-hill, during twilight,
I found this very rare insect in the greatest profusion. On
the wing it performs its graceful undulations about the tops
of yew-trees, particularly in warm, still evenings : this is a
nearer habitat than the New Forest. Perhaps some persons
will be surprised at my having described, as nearly as possible,
the localities of the preceding insects, as well as those
captured on yew-trees, (Vol. II. page 207.) I have not
followed the system, so much in vogue, of disguising or of
giving such vague and indefinite descriptions, as to render it
impossible for any one to find them ; on the contrary, I have
copied from the botanist, and imitated the example of some
entomologists, particularly Mr. Newman, in describing or
directing the foot-step of every lover of nature to the locality
of that beautiful insect, the Chrysomela cerealis, in the first
number of the Magazine. I am quite aware of the difficulty,
or utter impossibility, of accurately describing the habitats of
some insects, on account of their extreme locality ; but this
does not excuse the^ attempt to misguide, or justify an entire
suppression of the information. We have proof enough that
the pages of the Magazine aie impartially open to every
humble labourer in the field of science ; and is not the industry

2S0 THOUGHTS ON THE

of these necessary to assist the more scientific in completing
the great fabric of the system of nature, and in giving accuracy
and uniformity to its nomenclature?

Where insects are plentiful, the naturalist, I imagine, will
experience less difficulty in ascertaining their habits and
economy; but how is this interesting knowledge to be acquired
if we continue to disguise their habitats? On the contrary,
by publishing them we diffuse a more intimate knowledge of
our indigenous productions, we give our brother entomologists
the power of enriching their own cabinets, and we increase
their enjoyments in the anticipation of the pleasure of supplying
their friends with desiderata. Will it not have a tendency to
surpress or discourage that dealing spirit, and all its degrading
accompaniments ? to shame and expose that petty, sordid
selfishness of exulting in public or in private, like the miserable
miser over his useless gold, in being the possessor of a series
of insects of which others have not a specimen ? Persons
who do this are, in my opinion, ignorant in the extreme, and
totally insensible to the best pleasures of science. *' The
happy influence of the study of nature is only felt by a few,
giving more ardour to sentiment, more elevation to the
thoughts, and more benevolence to the disposition."
I am. Sir,

Your obedient servant,

John Walton.

Bjiard's Lodge, Ktmreshro' , Yorkshire,
June 3, lS.j4.

Art. XXVI. — Thoughts on the Geographical Distribution
of Insects. — By Delta.

(Continued from j). 54.)

The Entomologist, who feels interested in studying those
laws which regulate the distribution of genera and species over
the surface of the earth, will carefully observe, as far as he is
able, the mean annual temperature, the mean summer and
mean winter temperature, the elevation, the latitude and lon-
gitude, of the places where he may collect. He will remember,
that it is not the mean annual temperature alone that influences

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF INSECTS. *28 1

the production of any region, that these are influenced as much
by the mean temperature of the coldest and hottest months ;
that often, countries, possessing the same mean annual tem-
perature, differ surpi'isingly in their mean summer and mean
winter temperatures ; that, as we approach the equator, the
temperature of elevated districts will become more and more
uniform throughout the year, and less resemble that of the low
grounds of higher latitudes, where the mean temperature is the
same. Nor should he omit to observe the nature of the soil,
the humidity or dryness of the atmosphere, and the generally
clear or cloudy state of the sky, which so much influences
vegetation.

In speaking of the generally cloudy state of the sky, I allude
more particularly , to parts where, as on the coast of Peru,
or in the neighbourhood of Turbaco, in Colombia, the sky is
almost always covered with a sort of haze, which of course
diminishes much the effect of the sun's rays. It would be
highly interesting to observe carefully the insects of parts situ-
ated under such a sky, because thence we might be enabled to
form many interesting conjectures as to the effect of light upon
their colouring. Without doubt the greater intensity of light
in the equatorial regions adds to its richness and brilliancy.
M. Boisduval informs us that Urania Rhiphceus, if disclosed
from the pupa in the shade, never attains its full beauty, the
colouring always being fainter than when the wings are ex-
panded in the sun.

Latreille, in his " Introduction a la Geographic Generale
des Arachnides et des Insectes," observes, " Je crois pouvoir
assurer que I'augmentation de la lumiere tend a convertir le
jaune en rouge ou en orange, et que sa deperdition fait passer
ce jaune au blanc. Ce fait s'applique aussi a des coquilles
\j' Helix nemoralis, ou la livree, qui dans nos climats a le fond
jaune est rouge ou rougeS.tre en Espagne : des qu'en allant
du nord au midi Ton arrive a I'lle de Teneriffe, Ton s'aperqoit
deja que notre papillon du chou {Papilio Cheiranthi, Hiibn.) et
icelui qu'on nomme le Viilcain {Atalanta) ont eprouve une modi-
fication dans leurs couleurs." This may all be perfectly true,
but there follows a sentence which, I must confess, a little
staggers me; and if M. Latreille brings forward the fact there
stated to support his theory, that the diminution of light " fait
passer ce jaune au blanc," nothing could be more unfortunate,

NO. III. VOL. II. o o

J^8x? THOUGHTS ON THE

for it goes entirely against it. " Les papillons diurnes de aos
iTiontagnes ont ordinairement le fond des ailes blanc ou d'un
brun plus ou moins fonce." It really is most astonishing that
this admirable entomologist should have so entirely forgotten
himself; he must, had he given it a moment's consideration,
have remembered that the intensity of light is much greater on
elevated ground, and that, owing to this very cause, the vine is
cultivated upon these mountains at an elevation which corre-
sponds, in mean temperature, to that of the plains four degrees
farther north than the extreme point at which, in the plains, it
prospers by the effect of the mean temperature alone. " If
the spaces, through which light passes in a uniformly dense
diaphanous medium, increase in arithmetical progression, the
quantity will decrease in geometrical progression." Hence we
can readily conceive how much more intense the light must be
on high mountains than in vallies, to reach which it has to pass
through some thousand feet of air, not uniformly, but increas-
ingly, dense, and, moreover, often humid. I should attribute
the changes to which he alludes more to the influence of tem-
perature than to that of light, yet we cannot doubt that this
last has some influence, for the diurnal Lepidoptera gain much
more in brilliancy than do the nocturnal.

It is much to be regretted that naturalists, who visit foreign
climes, which afford most excellent opportunities for physiolo-
gical inquiries of this kind, mostly neglect them altogether,
contenting themselves with merely collecting new species, to be
described under barbarous half- Greek half-Latin names, by
some fireside naturalist. Oh for another Humboldt ! one who
would do for entomology what he has done for botany. But,
alas ! such men are rare, and seem only given us

Ut in hoc infelici campo
Ubi luctus regnat, et pavor,
Mortalibus prorsus non absit solatium,
Hiijus eniin scripta evolvas
Mentemque tantaruni rerurn capacem
Corpori caduco superstitem credas.

And now, to show my admiration of this great man, I am
going again to extract a passage from his " Tableaux de la
Nature." " The prodigious elevation, in tlie tropical regions,
not of isolated mountains alone, but also of entire countries, and

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF INSECTS. 283

the cool temperature of this elevation, procure to the inhabit-
ants of the torrid zone an extraordinary spectacle. Besides
groups of palms and bananas, they have around them forms of
vegetables which seem to belong only to the regions of the
north. Cypresses, firs, and oaks, barberries and alders, nearly
resembling our own, cover the mountains of the south of
Mexico, as well as the chain of the Andes, under the equator.
In these regions, nature has enabled man to behold, without
quitting his native land, all the forms of vegetables spread over
the face of the earth, and the vault of heaven, which displays
itself from pole to pole, with all its glittering worlds. These
natural enjoyments, and an infinity of others, are wanting
to the inhabitants of the north. Many constellations and many
forms of vegetables, especially the most beautiful, those of the
palms, the plantains, the axhovescent graminece, and the mi?nosce,
with their fine pinnated foliage, remain for ever unknown to
them. The languishing individuals contained in our hot-houses
can give but a feeble idea of the majesty of tropical vegetation.
But the perfection of our language, the burning inspiration of
our poets, and the imitative art of our painters, open to us an
abundant source of recompense. Our imagination may hence
draw living images of exotic nature. In the rigorous climate
of the north, in the midst of the desert heath, man, though
solitary, can appropriate to himself all that has been discovered
in the most distant regions, and thus create within himself a
world, which, the offspring of his genius, is, like that, im-
perishable."

In countries which offer so great a variety of elevation and
of temperature, an entomologist may sometimes wish to ascer-
tain, within a little, the temperature and elevation of a spot
when unprovided with the necessary instruments. Here he
can call in botany to his aid. The different forms of plants
alluded to in the above extract will enable him to form a tole-
rable estimate of the mean temperature. The abundance of
the Palmes, Musacece, and other plants confined to the hotter
regions, of course will show that the elevation is but small,
whilst the oaks, or Cinchonce, will point out to him that he
has reached that happy elevation where all fear of the dreadful
disorders of the lowlands is at an end ; where the air breathes
nothinii but health : —

8 [' THOUGHTS ON THE

"Where a leaf never dies on the still blooming bowers,
And the bee banquets on through a whole year of flowers ;
Where only to feel that we breathe, that we live,
Is worth the best joys that life elsewhere can give.

But merely to judge by the general aspect of vegetation would
be by far too vague, and there is a means of arriving at much
more satisfactory conclusions. Nature has assigned to all
plants certain limits which they cannot pass ; — they are limited
in their range by temperature, elevation, and also as to latitude
and longitude ; — and though the agency of man may carry
them beyond these latter limits, yet no art can cause them to
flourish without that degree of heat which is necessary to their
development. The olive, the peach, and other fruits carried
from Europe to the high plains of the Andes, never there
ripen their fruit, although they attain a greater growth than
even in their native country. The cause of this is, that they
require a much higher temperature during one portion of the
year (namely, the period of the growth and ripening of their
fruit), than is to be found in these elevated regions. The
temperature of these regions resembles more that of our spring
months, only less changeable ; and hence, perhaps, we may
be allowed to conjecture that their insects would be analogous
to the vernal ones of the neighbouring countries nearer the
poles. Now, if we know— and Humboldt has told us — the
temperature required by those plants most commonly cultivated,
we can, from the presence of two or more of these, deduce very
nearly not only the mean annual temperature, but also the
extremes of temperature. I say two or 7?iore, because any one
may extend over a very considerable range as to climate, but
by observing two or more, and comparing their limits, we may
arrive at very precise ideas on these points. Let us suppose
ourselves to be not more than ten degrees on either side of the
line, —

Where the slumbering earthquake

Lies pillowed on fire,
And the lakes of bitumen

Rise boilingly higher; —
Where the roots of the Andes

Strike deep in the earth.
As their summits to heaven

Shoot soaringly forth.

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF INSECTS. 285

Suppose, that when unprovided with instruments, or without
sufficient time to make use of them, we wish to ascertain the
temperature of some one of the plains on the sides of these
colossal mountains, —

Whose heads in wintry grandeur tower,

And whiten with eternal sleet;
While Summer, in a veil of flowers,

Is sleeping rosy at their feet.

Let us look around us. The breeze plays wantonly through
the dense dark-green foliage of the cacao, and the silky leaves
of the banana, whilst the tree-ferns wave gracefully above thick
groves of Cinchonas and arborescent Melastomce. The coffee
flourishes, exposed to full radiance of the sun. There are
no rows of plantains or of Erythrince, whose scarlet blossoms
are frequented by humming-birds, to shelter it from its too
great power. The presence of the cacao indicates a mean heat
between 84° and 74° Fah., whilst that of the Cinchoncs indicates
a much cooler temperature than the former of these. This
shows us that we are near the limit, — as one ceases, the other
begins to thrive. The coffee-shrub will only flourish without
shelter from the sun where the mean temperature does not
exceed 75° Fahv Comparing this with the limits of the cacao,
we arrive at the conclusion, that the temperature is either 74°
or 75° Fah. ; and knowing this, and the latitude, we can easily
deduce the elevation.

In plants, we find equinoctial forms extending much farther
south of the equator than north of it ; and this also appears to
be the case in insects. Latreille states, that Trinidad is the
extreme northern limit of Morpho Menelaus and other equi-
noctial insects, whilst these are well known to be far from rare
at Rio, in lat. 20° 59' south ; and, if I mistake not, Spix and
Martius state, that they occur at an elevation of 2,000 or
0,000 feet on the campos in that latitude.

Although we may lay it down as a rule, that the insects of
two countries enjoying the same temperature, but widely dif-
fering in latitude and longitude, will be totally different, yet we
shall find a certain resemblance between them, — a kind of
representation of one another, — which will be more strong in
proportion as the soil and general outline of the two countries
resemble one another. Thus we find the extraordinary South-

286 MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM.

African genus Manticora, represented on the plains of New
Mexico by a cognate genus, Omiis ; and on the sandy plains
of Chili, the insects much resemble those of Africa, a very
considerable portion of the Coleoptera being heteromerous.
I am indebted for this information to my kind friend Mi'.
Walker, who also informs me that many insects from the
extreme southern part of America nearly resemble our own.
This is exactly what we should be led to infer from the nature
of the climate, which may be called insular with as much pro-
priety as that of our own country.

And now, reader, farewell ! I doubt not that thou hast
found many an error in this paper, and hast often exclaimed —

" Tramite quo tendis majoraque viribus audes,"

or something of that sort. These I trust that thou wilt par-
don ; and I promise that I will not often, in this way at least,
intrude upon thee again ; perhaps never, unless those visions
should be realized which have been to me " like the vapour of
the plains, which the thirsty traveller thinketh to be water, but
when he cometh to it he findeth nothing."

Vale!

A.

Art. XXVII. — Monographia Chalciditum. By Francis
Walker.

( Continued from p. 1 79.)

the green myriads in the peopled grass.'

Family, Pteromalid^.

Corpus plerumque metallicolor aut nigrum : caput et thorax pubcs-
centia, quasi squamea, nunquam aut rarissime colore pallido
variegata : caput breve, transversum, thoracis latitudine, mart
ssepe magnum thorace latius : ociili mediocres, laterales : ocelli 3,
supra verticem trigone dispositi : osoccultum: mandibulpe parvae:

MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM. Z» <

palpi plerumque simplices, mart rarissime dilatati aut fissi :
antennae articulis 13, nonnunquam 12, rarissime 11, mari ple-
rumque filiformes corporis longitudine, fern, plerumque clavatse.
corpore breviores, simplices, plus minusve pubescentes ; articuli
approximati, sublineares ; 1^**. longus ; 2"*. cyathiformis ; clava
triarticulata : thorax varius : mesothorax plerumque ejus fere
totum occupans : abdomen sessile, quasi subtilissime squameum,
supra planum, maris rotundum lineare aut spathuliforme, fem.
ovatum sublineare aut basi latum inde ad apicem gradatim acumi-
natum : oviductus carinula ventrali receptus, nonnumquam sub-
exertus et vaginis duabus lateralibus reconditus : pedes mediocres,
sub-aequales, pubescentes ; coxse parva; ; tibiae rectae, apice spinis
armatae, mari nonnunquam dilatatas ; tarsi graciles, articuli P. ad
4"™. longitudine decrescentes ; 5"*. 4°. longior ; ungues et pulvilli
parvi : alee plerumque amplae, pubescentes, iridescentes ; pro-
alae nervo unico solito, cujus humeralis ulnari longior, radialis sat
longa stigmate terminata ; metalae nervo unico simplici, costse
medium attingente.
Metamorphosin in Lepidopterorum, aut rariiis Muscidum et Tenthre-
dinidum, pupis subeunt; nonnullas ad Cleonymum propinquae
Coleoptera lignivora {Anobium Hylurgum et Hylesinum) diruunt.
Mares saepe colore Iseto abdomineque flavo maculato gaudent ;
femince obscuriores, abdomine rarissime maculato. Characteres
quibus Chaleiditum tarsis 5 articulatis familise discrepant breviter
memorabo. Spalangiidum caput planum ; Eurytomidwm corpus
gibbosum aut cylindricum ; Chalcididum et Leucopsidum meta-
femora incrassata ; Torymidum et Perilampidum nervus cubitalis
brevissimus ; Miscogasteridum abdomen petiolatum ; Ormoceridum
antennae moniliformes ; Pteromalidum abdomen sessile et planum ;
Cleonymidum thoracis structura propria ; Ewpelmidum et Encyr-
tidum mesotarsi dilatati; Aphelinidum antennae articulis paucis.

The genus Pteromahis was named and characterized by
Swederus in the Stockhohn Transactions, where fifteen species
are described, which, with the exception of two or three, have
been since removed to other genera. His first species, P.
imparmn, is very abundant, and has been often described by
entomologists : from one to two hundred specimens of it are
found in a single chrysahs of the common white or tortoiseshell
butterfly {Pontia Brassicce and Vajiessa Urticce). It is often
difficuk to identify the species of this family, for the males and
females generally differ entirely in form and colour, and, like
the Ichneunionites, the latter are either the most numerous

288 MONOGRAPIIIA CHALCIDITUM.

in individuals, or are oftener met with, being constantly
engaged in search of chrysalises wherein to deposit their eggs.
They comprise by far the greater part of the pentamerous
Chalcidites. The parts of the mouth do not vary much.
Generally the prothorax and the metathorax are very small,
and the sutures between the pa? apsides and the scutum of the
mesothorax indistinct. The first and last divisions depart
from this structure ; the first resembles many of the Miscogus-
teridcB and Ormoceridce, the last is allied to the Cleonymidcc.

The principal divisions are the following : —

* Prothorax brevissimus, transversus.

■\ Mesothoracis parapsides scuto discretce.

+ 1 Mesothoracis parapsides scuto fere in umim confusce.

^ Antennce W-articulatce .

j;J Antennce 12-articulatce.

+++ Antennce IS-articulatce.

X Antennce articulo 3°. vix conspicuo, 4". minima, 5°. parvo.

X X Antennce articulo 3°. et 4°. minimis, 5°. mediocri.

** Prothorax productus, antice ancjustus.

* Prothorax brevissimus, transversus.
^ Mesothoracis parapsides scuto discretce.

-articulatae I. Seladernia.

Antennae ^ 12-articulatae. Thorax punctis ma- ( aspersus . .II. Semiotus.
( lion aspci-sus. III. Systasis.

Genus I. Seladerma,^ Watter.

^ 12-i

Pem. — Caput mediocre, thorace vix latius : mandibuloe elongato-
subquadratse, paullo arcuatse, tridentatae, similes ; dens externus
et medius acuminati ; internus latus, obtusus : maxillaj elongatae,
subarcuatae, ciliatse, quqgeue interne apicem versus in lobum
produeta ; palpi sat longi, 4-articulati, subfiliformes ; articuhis
1"^. mediocris ; 2"*. paullo longior; 3"^ 1". aequalis: 4"^. 2°. longior
fusiformis: mentum elongato-ovatura, basi emarginatum : labium
breve, latum, apice ciliatum ; palpi 3-articulati, breves ; articidus
1"**. mediocris ; 2*^^ brevis ; 3"^ 1". paullo longior crassus acumi-

' SeAas splendor, hep^a cutis.

MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM. 289

natus : antennce corporis dimidio aequales aut paullo longiores,
subclavatae, pubescentes ; articulus 1"^ gracilis, filiformis ; 2"^.
mediocris ; 3"^ et 4"^. minimi ; 5"^. et sequentes ad 10"™. gra-
datim breviores et latiores ; clava ovata, articulis 9°. et 10°. paullo
longior et latior : thorax ovatus, quasi plane squameus ; prothorax
minimus, supra vix conspicuus ; parapsides convexee scuto valde
distinctse, scutellum conicum, paraptera et epimera bene determi-
nata ; metathorax mediocris : abdomen ovatum aut elongato-
ovatum, fere laeve, subtus angulatum ; segm.entum 1""\ magnum ;
sequentia breviora, subsequalia : oviductus occultus : femora et
tibiae gracilia : alae amplse ; nervus cubitalis fere alse apicem
attingens ; stigma ramulum brevissimum, nonnunquam fere
obsoletum emittens.

Sp. 1. Sel. laetum. Feni. Viride, antennis tiigris, pedibus
riifis, femoribus fuscis, alls subfuscis.

Viride, nitens, sparse pubescens : oculi ocellique rufi : antennae
nigras, corporis dimidio longiores ; articulus 1"^ obscure rufus,
apice niger : thoracis segmentorum margines nonnunquam seneo-
virides : abdomen nonnunquam cyaneo- aut seneo-viride, subtus
valde angulatum : pedes obscure rufi ; coxae virides ; trochanteres
et femora fusca, hae apice basique rufa ; tarsi apice, ungues et
pulvilli fusci ; protarsi pallide fusci : alae subfuscae ; squamulae
fuscae ; nervi nigro-fusci ; stigma parvum ; metalarum nervi
pallidiores. (Corp. long. \\ — 1| lin. ; alar. 2| — 3 lin.)

Var. j3. — Minus : thoracis segmenta nonnulla cyaneo-viridia : ab-
domen viridi-cyaneum : femora, trochanteres et protarsi rufa,
ilia supra fusco vittata. — Species distincta. 1

July ; on grass beneath trees ; near London.

Sp. 2. Sel. bicolor. Fem. Viride, abdomine cupreo, an-
tennis nigris, pedibus rufis, alis subfuscis.

Viride, nitens, sparse pubescens : oculi ocellique rufi : antennae
nigrse, corporis dimidio non longiores ; articulus 1"^. rufus ; 2"^.
obscure fuscus : thoracis segmentorum margines nonnulli aeneo-
virides : abdomen cupreum, S. Iceto brevius et convexius, subtus
valde angulatum; segmentum 1™", Isete viride, apice cupreum:
pedes laete rufi ; coxae virides ; ungues et pulvilli fusci : alae sub-
fuscas ; squamulae et nervi fusca ; stigma parvum ; metalarum
nervi pallidiores. (Corp. long. 1| — 1^ lin. ; alar. 2^ — 2| lin.)

June, July; on grass beneath trees; near London.

NO. III. VOL. II. p P

290

MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM.

Sp. 3. Sel. convexum. Fern. Cyaneo-viride, antennis nigrisy
liedibiis fuscis, femorihns mridihus, alls suhhyalinis.

Cyaneo-viride, nitens, sparse pubescens : caput viride : oculi ocelli-
que rufi : antennae nigrse, corporis dimidio vix longiores ; articulus
|us^ viridis : mesothoracis parapsides et scutum antice purpurea :
abdomen cyaneo-viride, subtus valde angulatum, eodem longitudine
quod S. bicolor ; discus seneo-viridis ; segmentum 1 "™. purpureo-
cyaneum : pedes fusci ; coxae et femora viridia, hae apice basique
rufa ; tibiae basi et subtus, metatibiae fere totae, rufae ; meso- et
metatarsi rufo-fusci, apice fusci : alae subhyalinae ; squamulae et
nervifusca; stigma mediocre ; metalarum nervi pallidiores. (Corp.
long. If lin. ; alar. 2| lin.)

July ; on grass beneath trees ; near London.

Sp. 4. Sel. breve. Fem. Aureo-vinde, antennis nigris,
pedibus ruJis,femoribus basifuscis, alls hyalinis.

Praecedentibus brevius et latius, laete aureo-viride, sparse pubescens :
oculi ocellique rufi : antennae nigrae, corporis dimidio paullo
longiores ; articulus 1"^. viridis : abdomen subtus angulatum :
pedes rufi ; coxae virides ; femora basi fusca ; meso- et metatarsi
apice, ungues et pulvilli fusci: alae hyalinae ; squamulae fuscae;
nervi nigro-fusci ; stigma mediocre ; metalarum nervi pallidiores.
(Corp. long. \\ lin. ; alar. 2^ lin.)

July ; on grass beneath trees ; near London.

Genus IL — Semiotus,'' Walker,

Corpus pubescens : caput mediocre, thorace vix latius : mandibulae
subquadratae, fere rectse, similes, dentibus .3 parvis acutis armatae ;
dens internus latus : maxillae elongatae, subarcuatae quaeque
interne apicem versus in lobum producta ; palpi 4-articulati, breves,
ad apices gradatim crassiores ; articulus 1"^. et 2"^ mediocres,
subaequales ; 3"^ paullo longior ; 4"^ 3°. paullo longior, elongato-
ovatus : mentum breve, conicum : labium parvum, quasi fissum ;
palpi 3-articulati, brevissimi, filiformes ; articuli subaequales :
antennae 12-articulatae, mari fere filiformes corporis dimidio
longiores, fem. plus minusve clavatae corporis dimidii longitudine
aut pavillo breviores ; articulus 1"^. gracilis, filiformis ; 2"^. brevis;
5"^ et sequentes ad 9""\ lineares longitudine decrescentes ; mari

^ (TrifxetuTos, signatus.

MONOGRAPIIIA CHALClDITUiM. 291

clava sublinearis, articulis 8". et 9°. paull6 lougior et latior ; fern.
clava elongato-ovata, articulis 8". et 9". latior et paullo longior :
thorax ovatus, quasi plane squameus, punctis majoribus aspersus :
prothorax minimus, supra vix conspicuus : mesothorax magnus ;
parapsides bene determinatae, scuto distinctae ; paraptera et
epimera parva ; scutellum apice sixbacuminatum : metathorax
mediocris : mari abdomen elongato-ovatum, fere Iseve ; segmentum
1""'. magnum ; sequentia breviora, subsequalia : sexualia exerta,
abdominis dimidio nonnunquam vix breviora : fern, abdomen
ovatum, plus minusve elongatum et acuminatum, subtus aiigu-
latum, non compressum : pedes graciles ; tibiee simplices : ala;
mediocres ; nervus radialis cubitali paullo longior, humeralis
prope apicem ramiiluin rejiciens brevissimum sed bene determi-
natum ; stigma ramulum brevissimum nonnunquam fere obsoletum
emittens.

Sp. 1. Sera, raundus. Mas et Fem. Viridis,pedibns riijis,
alts hyalinis.

Mas. — Viridis : caput postice ?eneo-viride : oculi ocellique rufi :
antennae nigrse : abdomen viridi-cupreum, basi et utrinque viride :
sexualia nigra, apice fusca : pedes rufi ; coxje virides ; femora
basi nigra ; tarsi pallide rufi, apice necnon ungues et pulvilli
fusci ; protarsi pallide fusci : aloe hyalinse ; squamulse et nervi
pallide fusca : stigma minimum ; metalarum nervi flavi.

Fem. — Antennae clavatte, corporis dimidii longitudine ; articulus
1"^. flavus, apice et supra nigro-fuscus : abdomen nigro-viride,
elongato-ovatum, basi cupreo-viride nitentius, subtus angulatum
aeneum, apice paullo attenuatum : pedes pallide rufi ; coxae
virides ; meso- et metatarsi flavi ; ungues et pulvilli fusci.
(Corp. long. 11 — U lin. ; alar, if — 2 lin.

July; on grass beneath trees ; near London.

Sp. J2. Sem. clarus. Mas et Fem. Prcccedenti minor, fern.
ahdomine longiore, alarum nervis ohscurioribus.

Mas. — Viridis : oculi ocellique rufi : antennae nigrse : abdomen
cupreum ; latera et apex viridia : sexualia nigra, apice fusca :
pedes rufi ; coxae virides ; femora basi nigra ; meso- et metatarsi
flavi ; ungues et pulvilli fusci : alae hyalinas ; nervi et squamulae
fusca; stigma par vum ; metalarum nervi pallidi.

Fem. — Antennae clavatae, corporis dimidio breviores : abdomen cy-
aneo-viride, elongato-ovatum, subtus angulatum, apice attenuatum :

292

MONOGRAPIIIA CHALCIDITUM.

femora basi et coxae viridia: meso- et metatarsi apice fusci.

(Corp. long. 1— U lin. ; alar. 1|— If lin.)
Var. /3. — Alas, aeneo-viridis.
Var. y. — Mas, meso- et metafemora nigra, apice rufa ; meso- et

metatibiae apice pallide fuscse.

June and August; on grass beneath trees ; near London.

Sp. 3. Sem. tarsalis. Mas et Fem. Viridis, pedibus fuscis,
tarsis pallidis, alls hyalinis.

Mas. — Viridis : oculi ocellique rufi : antennae nigrse : abdomen
cupreum, basi apice et utrinque viride : sexualia nigra, a^iice
fusca : pedes rufi ; coxae virides ; femora basi nigra ; metafemora
fere omnino nigra ; metatibiae fuscae, basi rufae ; tarsi straminei,
apice necnon ungues et pulvilli fusci ; protarsi pallide fusci : alcE
hyalinae ; squamulze et nervi fusca ; stigma parvum ; metalarum
nervi pallidiores.

Fem. — Antennae subclavatae, corporis dimidio vix longiores : ab-
domen viridi-cupreum, elongato-ovatum, apice paullo acuminatum :
femora, meso- et metatibiae rufa, fusco cingulata ; meso- et
metatarsi flavi, apice fiisci. (Corp. long. § — 1 lin. ; alar. 1 — 1|
lin.)

Var. fl. — Mas, mesothoracis scutum viridi-aeneum.

Var. y. — Mas, pro- et mesotibiae pallide fuscae ; metatibiae obscu-
riores.

Var. c. — Mas, femora omnia nigra, apice rufa ; meso- et metatibiae
fuscae.

Var. e. — Mas, metafemora omnino nigra; tibiae nigro-fuscae ; pro-
tibiae fuscjE ; meso- et metatarsi flavi, apice fusci.

Var. '(. — Mas, protarsi rufi ; meso- et metatarsi fiavi.

Var. rj. — Mas, abdomen purpureo-cupreum : tibiae nigrae ; protibiae
rufae, fusco cingulatae.

Var. 6. — Mas, meso- et metatarsi pallide fusci.

July; on grass beneath trees; near London. June;
Windsor Forest.

Sp. 4. Sem. Scoticus. Fem. .'Eneo- viridis, pedibus riifis,
alls subhyalinis.

^neo-viridis : caput obscure viride : oculi ocellique rufi : antennae
nigrae ; clava articulo 9°. multo latior : thoracis puncta majora
vix conspicua : abdomen viride elongato-ovatum, basi aeneo- viride

MONOGRAPHIA CIIALCIDITUM. 293

nitentius, sublus angulatum aeneum, apice non atteiiuatum : pedes
rufi ; coxae virides ; femora fusco cingulata ; ungues et pulvilli
fusci : alse subhyalinae ; nervi et squamulae pallide fusca ; stigma
minimum; metalarum nervi pallidiores. (Corp. long. 1^ lin. ;
alar. 2 lin.)

New Lanark, Scotland.

Sp. 5. Sem. varians. Mas et Fem. Tiridis, prcecedenti
brevior, 2)edihus fuscoriifis, alls sithfuscis.

Mas. — Obscure viridis : oculi ocellique rufi : antennas nigrse :
abdomen nigro-cupreum, basi et utrinque viride : sexualia nigra,
apice fusca : pedes fusci ; coxse virides ; trochanteres, femora
apice, tibiae basi tarsique flava ; tarsi basi et apice, ungues et
pulvilli fusci : alae subfuscse ; squamulae et nervi fusca ; stigma
parvum ; metalarum nervi pallide fusci.

Fem. — Viridis : antennae clavatae : abdomen nigro-viride, elongato-
ovatum, basi aeneo-viride, subtus angulatum aeneum, apice vix
attenuatum : pedes pallide rufi ; coxae virides ; femora basi
viridia ; meso- et metatarsi flavi ; ungues et pulvilli fusci. (Corp.
long. I — \\ lin. ; alar. 1^ — 2 lin.)

Var. jj. — Mas, meso- et metatarsi basi flavi.

Far. y. — Mas, femora nigro-fusca, apice flava ; tarsi flavi, apice
fusci.

Far. c. — Mas, protibiae rufae ; tarsi flavi, apice fusci ; protarsi
pallide fusci.

Var: e. — Fe77i. abdomen omnino seneo-viride.

Far. ii. — Fem. protarsi fusci.

Far. 7}. — Fem. thorax viridi-aeneus : tarsi omnes pallide rufi.

Far, 6. — Fevi. abdomen cupreum, viridi marginatum : antennas
articulo 1°. basi rufo.

June ; on grass beneath trees ; near London. July ; near
Clermont, Auvergne.

Sp. 6. Sem. praestans. Mas et Fem. j^neo-viridis, pedibus
rufis aid flams, alts subfuscis, S. Scotico clava angustiore
S. variante alls latioribus discrepans.

Mas. — Viridis : oculi ocellique rufi : antennae nigrse : caput postice
et mesothoracis scutum antice aeneo-viridia : abdomen cupreum,
basi et utrinque viride : sexualia nigra, apice fusca : pedes rufi ;
coxae virides ; femora basi nigra ; meso- et metatibisc et protarsi

2di< MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM.

pallide fusca ; ungues et pulvilli fusci : alae subfuscse ; nervi el
squamulse nigro-fusca ; stigma parvuin ; metalarum nervi pallidi.

fern. — Antennae clavatae : abdomen viride, ovatum, basi seneo-
viride nitentius, subtus paullo angulatum, apice acuminatum sed
vix attenuatum : femora basi viridia ; tibiae et protarsi rufa ; meso-
et metatarsi flavi : pro-alarum nervi fusci. (Corp. long. 1 — Ih
lin. ; alar. 1| — 2 lin.)

Far. /3. — Mas, viridis : abdomen cupreum, basi aeneo-viride : tibiae
omnes et protarsi rufa ; meso- et metatarsi flavi.

Far. y. — Mas, femora et protarsi fusca, ilia apice flava.

Far. k — Mas, Far. /3. similis : abdomen oeneum, basi viride niten-
tius : meso- et metatarsi apice fusci.

Far. £. — Mas, abdominis discus obscure cupreus : pedes flavi ;
coxae virides ; femora basi nigra ; meso- et metatarsi straminei,
apice necnon ungues pulvilli et protarsi omnino fusci.

July; on grass beneath trees ; near London. June; New
Forest, Hampshire.

Sp. 7. Sem. diversus. Mas et Fern. Viridis, pedibitsriijis,
alisfuscis, S. variante et praestante fem. abdomine longiore
et angustiore discrepans.

]\[as. — Viridis : oculi ocellique rufi : antennae nigrae, graciles :
abdomen basi nitentius : sexualia nigra, apice fusca : pedes rufi ;
coxEe virides ; femora basi fusca ; meso- et metatarsi apice,
ungues et pulvilli fusci : alae fuscae ; squamulae et nervi obscu-
riora ; stigma parvum ; metalarum nervi pallidi.

fern. — Antennae clavatse, corporis dimidio breviores : abdomen
aeneo-viride, elongato-ovatum, angustum, subtus paullo angu-
latum, apice acuminatum et attenuatum : oviductus rufus : pedes
rufi ; coxae et femora basi viridia ; meso- et metatarsi pallide rufi ;
ungues et pulvilli fusci. (Corp. long. 1 — If lin. ; alar. 1| — If
lin.)

Far. (3. — Mas, femora basi nigra ; protarsi pallide fusci.

Far. y. — Fem. antennas articulo 1°. rufo : femora omnino rufa.

Yd^^ ^. — Fem. aeneo- viridis : antennae articulo 1°. fusco : abdomen
asneum.

j/fiY. £. — Fem. Far. c. similis, viridis : mesothoracis scutellum et
metathorax viridi-aenea : abdomen seneo-viride.

j^fif^ ^, — Fem. Far. e. similis : abdomen obscure viride, basi aeneo-
viride nitentius : tarsi apice fusci.

June ; on grass beneath trees ; near London.— Jersey.

MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM. 295

Sp. 8. Sem. quadratus. Mas et Fern. Viridis,

rujis, alls fuscis, specibus 4 j)rcscedentibus alts angusti-
oribus discrepans.

Mas. — Viridis : oculi ocellique rufi : antennae nigrse : abdomen
cupreum, basi viride : sexualia nigra, apice fusca : pedes rufi ;
coxae virides ; femora nigra, apice rufa ; profemora mfa, basi
nigra; protarsi pallide fusci ; ungues et pulvilli fusci : alse fuscse,

■ breves, angustae ; squamulse et nervi obscuriora ; stigma parvum ;
metalarum nervi pallidi.

Fern. — Antennae clavatae, corporis dimidii longitudine ; articulus
1"*. rufus, apice fuscus : metathorax viridi-seneus : abdomen aeueo-
viride, ovatum, basi nitentius, subtus angulatum, apice acuminatum
non attenuatum : femora et protarsi omnino rufa. (Corp. long.
I — \\ lin. ; alar. 1 — \\ lin.)

Var. fl, — Mas, meso- et metatibiae supra pallide fuscae.

Far. y. — Fern, antennae articulo P. nigro, basi fusco : abdomen
viride, basi seneo-viride nitentius : femora basi viridia.

Var. c. — Fern, caput et thorax aeneo-viridia ; antennae articulo
1°. nigro.

Far. £. — Fern, caput et thorax cupreo nitentia: antennae articulo
1°. nigro, basi fusco : abdomen apice aeneum : meso- etmetatibias
rufo-fuscae.

Far. '(. — Fern, abdomen cupreum, basi seneo-viride nitentius.

Var. Tj. — Fern, thoracis latera et abdomen viridi-senea.

Var. 6. — Fern, viridis : antennae totae nigree, femora basi viridia.

June ; on grass beneath trees ; near London.

Sp. 9. Sem. mierens. Mas. Obscure viridis, pedibus Jlavis,
alls griseis.

Obscure viridis, longus, sublinearis : oculi ocellique rufi : antenna?

nigrae : sexualia nigra, apice fusca : pedes flavi ; coxae virides ;

femora basi fusca ; ungues et pulvilli fusci : alae griseae ; squamulns

et nervi obscure fusca ; stigma parvum ; metalarum nervi pallidi.

(Corp. long. 1 — \\ lin. ; alar. 1^ — 1| lin.)
Var. j3. — ^neo-viridis: femora nigra, apice flava ; tibiae pallide

fuscae.
Var. y. — Femora nigra ; tibiae fuscae, basi flavae ; tarsi apice fusci.
Var, L — Tibiae nigro-iuscse ; protibiae et protarsi pallide fusca.
Var. £. — Pedes lufi ; femora basi et coxa; viridia ; meso- et meta-

296 MONOGRAPHIA CIIALCIDITUM.

tibiae nigro-fuscae, basi rufe ; mcso- et metatarsi pallide flavi,
apice rufi.

June; on grass ; Windsor Forest, New Forest. September;
near Linton, North Devon.

Genus III. Systasis,"" Walker.

Corpus crassum, breve : caput mediocre, thoracis latitudine : mandi-
bulse breves, subquadratas, similes, dentibus 3 vix acutis armatae ;
dens externus et medius parvi, internus minimus : maxillae
elongatse, subarcuatae, quaeque interne apicem versus in lobum
producta ; palpi 4-articulati, breves, ad apices gradatim crassiores ;
articulus 1"^. mediocris ; 2"^ paullo longior ; 3"^ 1°. aequalis ;
4us^ 2°. paullo longior elongato-ovatus : mentum conicum : labium
parvum, quasi fissum ; palpi 3-articulati, brevissimi, crassi, sub-
filiformes ; articuli subsequales, 3"^ acuminatus : antennse 12-
articulatae, mari subfiliformes, fe7n. clavatae crassiores, corporis
dimidio vix longiores ; articulus l^^-.linearis, longitudine triens ;
2"^. mediocris ; 5"^. et sequentes ad 9""^ subsequales ; clava
elongato-ovata, articulis 8°. et 9°. longior et fern, latior : thorax
convexus, brevis, ovatus : pro- et metathorax minimi, supra vix
conspicui : mesothoracis scutum, scutellum, parapsides et paraptera
bene determinata : abdomen breve, ovatum aut fere rotundum,
supra planum, fern, subtus carinatum et angulatum, mari angus-
tius, apice vix acuminatum ; segmentum 1"™. magnum ; sequentia
breviora, sub-aequalia : oviductus non exertus : pedes graciles,
simplices: alaa lata?, sat longae ; nervus humeralis ulnari longior
ramulum rejiciens nullum, cubitalis radiali vix brevior stigmate
rotundo terminatus : metalse nervo unico simplici solito.

Sp 1. Syst. encyrtoides. Mas et Fern. Viridis, antennis
nigris, pedibus viridibus, tarsis flavis aut fuscis, alls
hyalinis, nervo humerali ramulum rejiciente nullum.

Mas. — Lsete viridis, nitens, quasi minute squameus : oculi ocellique
rufi : antennae nigras ; articulus P^. viridis : abdomen fere laeve,
basi aeneo-viride nitentius : pedes virides ; trochanteres nigro-fusci ;
genua rufa ; tarsi flavi, apice fusci ; articulus 5"**., ungues et
pulvilli nigro-fusci ; protarsi fusci : alae hyalinae ; nervi et
squamulae nigro-fusca ; stigma parvum ; metalarum nervi pallidi.

Fern. — Mesothoracis scutellum cupreo-vittatum : abdomen basi

c avaraffis, coJurrerit/a.

MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM. 297

cupreo-viride ; segmenta basi asnea : tarsi flavi ; protarsi rufi ;

omnium articulus 5"^ nigro-fuscus. (Corp. long. | — 1| lin. ;

alar. 1^—2 lin.)
Far. (3. — Fem. scutelli vitta vix conspicua : abdomen basi aeneo-

viride : protarsi fusci.
Far. y. — Fem. thorax cupreo - viridis ; segmentorum margines

cuprei : tarsi omnes fusci ; metatarsi articulo 1°. basi flavo.
Far. L — Fem. thorax omnin6 viridis : abdomen cyaneo-viride, basi

viride : profemora apice et protibias rufa, hse supra fusco vittatae.
Far. e. — Fem. abdomen cupreum, utrinque et subtus viride : protarsi

fusci.
Far. Z. — Fem. viridi-cyaneus : caput viride : abdominis discus

cupreus : genua et tarsi omnes fiava, hi apice fusci.
Far. 7], — Fem. Far. ^. similis : protibia et protarsi fusca : alarum

nervi pallide fusci.

August ; on grass beneath trees ; near London. Sep-
tember ; Isle of White.

Sp. 2. Syst. tenuicornis. Mas et Fem. Viridis, prcecedenti
angustior, antennis nigris, pedibus fuscis aut viridibus,
alis griseis, nervo humerali ramulum rejiciente brevis-
simum.

Mas. — Obscure viridis, quasi minute squameus : oculi ocellique
rufi : antennae nigrse ; articulus 1"^ viridis : abdomen obscure
seneo-viride, angustum, fere laeve : sexualia nigra : pedes nigro-
fusci : coxBe et femora viridia ; protibiae et protarsi fusca ; meso-
et metatarsi pallide fusci, apice obscuriores, subtus flavi : alag
griseae ; squamulee et nervi fusca ; stigma parvum ; metalarura
nervi pallidi.

Fem. — Abdomen obscure viride, ovatum ; discus cupreo -viridis :
pedes virides ; trochanteres nigri ; tarsi flavi, apice fusci ; pro-
tarsi, ungues et pulvilli fusci. (Corp. long. | — 1 lin. ; alar.
11— If lin.)
June; on grass; Windsor Forest.

■j-j- Mesothoracis par apsides scutofere in unum confusce.
X Antennce W-articulatce.

Genus IV. Eunotus/ Walker.

Mas. — Corpus convexum, crassum, latum, contractum, quasi squa-
meum, vix pubescens : caput maximum, thorace latius, breve :

"* eS ben^, vHros dorsum.
NO. III. VOL. II. Q Q

298 MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM.

antennae 11-articulatas, clavatse, thorace breviores ; articulus 1"".
linearis, gracilis ; 2"\ mediocris ; 3"^. et 4"^ vix conspicui ;
5"^ et sequentes ad 8"™. gradatim longiores et latiores ; clava
articulis 8°. et 9°. iiiult6 longior et latior, apice quasi truncata :
thorax fere quadratus : prothorax parvus, brevissimus : meso-
thoracis parapsidum suturse vix conspicuse ; paraptera et epimera
bene determinata ; scutellum fere rotundum, postiee subproductum
et abdominis basin attingens : metathorax supra vix conspicuus :
abdomen fere quadratum, paullo longius quam latum, quasi
subtilissime squameum ; segmentum 1"™. maximum, reliqua
omnino obtegens et ultra abdominis apicem productum : pedes
simplices, graciles, breves : alse breves, angustae : nervus ala dimidio
brevior; humeralis longus ; ulnaris brevis ; cubitalis radiali longior
et angulum plerisque hujus familise acutiorem fingens.

Sp. 1. Eun. cretaceus. Mas. Nigro-viridis,antennisfulvo-
fuscis, pedibus fuscis, alls subfuscis.

Nigro-viridis, obscurus : oculi ocellique rufo-fusci : antennae fulvo-
fuscse ; articulus 2"^ obscure fuscus : abdomen quasi subtilisime
squameum, basi laeve : pedes nigro-fusci ; coxae virides ; tibiae
pallide fuscae ; genua tarsique flava, horum articulus 5"*. ungues
et pul villi fusci : alae subfuscse ; squamulae et nervi fusca ; stigma
minimum. (Corp. long. | lin. ; alar. ^ lin.)

Fern. — Aptera.

June and September ; on chalk clitfs in the Isle of Wight.
I found one specimen of the female in the same situation, but
have since lost it.

i; mediocris Thorax aoice ^ ^^'"^ '^'- ^^eraporus.

Clava ^ P ( angustus ... VI. Metastenus.

f maxima VII. Metopon.

Genus V. — Meraporus,^ Walker.

Corpiis breve, vix pubescens : maris caput magnum thorace latius,
fern, thorace vix latius : mandibulse 4-dentatae, subquadratae, fere
rectae, intCis indentatae, similes ; dentes obtusi, parvi, subaequales :
maxillae elongatse, subarcuatae, apice angustae, acuminata; ; palpi
4-articulati, mediocres, filiformes ; articulus 2"^ 1°. paullo longior ;

• ixepoi pars, 6.Tropos egeiius.

MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM. 299

3"^ 1°. brevior ; 4'^^ linearis, 2". et 3°. longior, apice acumina-
tus : mentum elongato-ovatum, postice angustius : labium par-
vum, rotundatum, integrum, antice ciliatum ; palpi 3-articulati,
breves, crassi ; articulus 2^^. brevissimus ; 3"^ acuminatus : an-
tennae corporis dimidii longitudine, clavatae ; articulus 1"^ gracilis,
linearis ; 2"^ elongato-cyathiformis, mediocris ; 5"^ et sequentes
ad 9™\ gradatim latiores ; clava ovata aut elongato-ovata, plana,
articulis 8°. et 9°. latior et paullt) longior : thorax ovatus,
abdomine longior : prothorax et metathorax parvi, ille brevis :
mesothoracis parapsides scuto in unum confuste ; paraptera et
epimera bene determinata : maris abdomen brevissimum, ro-
tundum ; segmentum 1™\ maximum, ejus fere dimidium occupans ;
reliqua brevissima : fern, abdomen ovatum, thorace vix brevius,
subtus paullo carinatum, apice acuminatum et sparse pilosum ;
segmentum 1^^^ magnum ; sequentia breviora, subaequalia :
pedes simplices, graciles : alae brevissimee aut mediocres ; nervus
humeralis ulnari multo longior, ramulum rejiciens nullum ;
cubitalis radiali paullo brevior ; stigmatis ramulus fere obsoletus.

Sp. 1. Mer. graminicola. Mas et Fern. Viridi-ceneus, an-
tennis aut Jiavis aut fuscis (mas) aut nigris (fern.), pedibus
Jlavis aut fuscis, alls vix ullis.

Mas. — Viridis, quasi subtile squameus : oculi ocellique rufi :
antennae flavae ; articulus 2"^ pallide fuscus ; clava ovata : meso-
thoracis scutellum aeneo-viride : abdomen viridi-aeneum, sub-
tilissime squameum, glabrum, basi viride : pedes flavi ; coxae
virides ; tarsi pallide flavi ; articulus 5"^, ungues et pulvilli fusci :
alee hyalinae, brevissimae, volatu ineptse.

Fern. — Obscure viridis : antennae nigrae ; articulus 1"^. pallide
rufus : abdomen viridi-aeneum, apice sparse pilosum : pedes pallide
rufi ; coxae aeneae ; meso- et metatarsi flavi, apice necnon ungues
et pulvilli fusci. (Corp. long, i — | lin.)

Var. $. — Mas, antennae articulis 3". 4°. et 5°. pallide fuscis : thorax

et abdomen omnino viridi-aenea.
Var. y. — Mas, antennae articulis 3°. et 4°. pallide fuscis.
Var, 0. — Mas, antennae articulo 1". fusco.
Var. E. — Mas, aeneus : caput aeneo-viride : antennae rufo-fuscae ;

articuli 1°. ad 5^"*. fusci: metathorax viridis : femora fusca.
Var. 'C. — Mas, viridi-aeneus : caput, thorax antice et abdomen basi

viridia : antennae fuscac ; clava rufa : femora fusca.
Var. T], — Mas, omnino aeneus.

300 MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM.

Far. 6. — Mas, caput et thorax viridia : abdomen seueo-viride, basi

viride : protarsi omnino pallide flavi.
Far. I. — Mas, caput viride-: thorax viridi-aeneus : abdomen cupreo-

seneura.
Far. K. — Mas, aeneus : protarsi articulo 5°. pallide fusco.
Far. \. — Mas, aeneus : femora pallide fusca.
Far. jjL. — Mas, aeneo-viridis : abdomen cupreo-aeneum, basi viride :

femora pallide fusca.
Far. y. — Mas, aeneo-viridis : antennae fuscae ; articulus 1^^ flavus,

apice fuscus ; 2"^ nigro-fuscus : abdomen cupreo-aeneum, basi

aaneo-viride.
Far. 4- — Mas, antennae articuHs 1°. et 2°. fuscis : femora fusca,

apice flava.
Far. o. — Fern, caput et thorax aeneo-viridia : abdomen cupeo-seneum :

femora basi fusca.
Far. IT. — Fern, antennae articulo 1". apice fusco.
Far. p. — Fern, femora viridia ; tibiae pallide fuscae.
Far. (T. — Fern, femora et tibiae pallide fusca.
Far. T. — Fern, obscure aeneus : abdomen basi cupreum.
Far. V. — Fern, obscure viridis : antennae articulo P. fusco : abdomen

basi aeneo-viridi et nitentius : femora et tibiae supra pallid^ fusca.
Far. (p. — Fern, aeneus : caput viride : femora et tibiae pallide fusca.
Far. X- — Fern, aeneus : antennae articulo 1°. obscure fusco.
Far. 4^. — Fein, viridis : mesothoracis scutellum et abdomen apice

aenea.
Far. w. — Fern, antennae nigro-fuscae.
Far. aa. — Fein, aeneo-viridis : thorax aeneus.
Far. /3/3. — Fern, omnino viridis : antennae articulo 1°. nigro-fusco.

August and Sieptember ; on grass in fields near London.
September ; Isle of Wight, Westmoreland and Cumberland ;
New Lanark, Scotland.

Sp. 2. Mer. alatus. Mas. j^neo-viridis, antennis pedi-
husquejlavis, alis subjlavescentibus.

Viridis, pariim nitens : oculi ocellique rufi : antennae flavae ; arti-
culus 2^^. pallide fuscus ; clava elongato-ovata : mesothoracis
scutellum, paraptera et epimera viridi-aenea : abdomen aeneo-
viride, nitens, glabrum, basi laete viride ; sexualia flava : pedes
flavi ; coxae virides ; tarsi apice, ungues et pulvilli fusci ; meso-
et metarsi pallide flavi : alae hyalinae, amplae, paullo flavescentes ;
squamulae et nervi fulva ; stigma parvum. (Corp. long. \ — §
lin. ; alar. § — | lin.)

MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM. 301

Var. (i. — Abdomen viridi-cupreum, basi laete viride,

Var. y. — -/Eneo-viridis : antennae articulis P. ad 4™\ fuscis: ab-
domen basi et metathorax viridia.

Var. h. — Antennas fulvae ; articulus 2"^ obscurior.

Var. e. — Viridi-seneus : antennae omnino flavae : abdomen basi
viride.

Var. ^. — Viridi-seneus : abdomen basi et metathorax viridia.

Var. Tj. — Abdomen basi cyaneo-viride.

Var. 6. — Antennae omnino flavae : abdomen cupreum, basi apiceque
viride.

Var. t.— Caput et thorax obscure viridia : antennae articulis 1°. ad
4}^. fuscis.

Var. K. — ^neo-viridis : abdomen viridi-aeneum, basi viride.

Var. X. — Laete viridis : abdomen viridi-aeneum, basi viride.

Var. 11. — Var. prsecedenti similis : antennae articulis 1°. ad 4"™,
fuscis.

July to September ; on grass in fields ; near London.

Sp, 3. Mer. exiguus. Mas. Viridis, prcecedenti multb gra-
cilior, antennis fuscis, pedibus fulvis, alis subfulvescen-
tibus.

Viridis : oculi ocellique rufi ; antennas fuscae ; articulus 1"^. basi
2^5que apice flavi : pede^ fulvi ; coxae virides ; femora tibiaeque
apice et protibiae omnin6 flava ; tarsi apice, ungues et pulvilli
fusci : alae subfulvae, amplae ; squamulae et nervi obscuriora ;
stigma parvum. (Corp. long. \ lin. ; alar, f lin.) ^

October ; on grass in fields ; near London.

Genus VL — Metastenus/ Walker.

Fern. — Corpus sparse pubescens : caput thorace paull6 latius : man-
dibulse 4 dentatae, arcuatae, similes, basi angustae ; dentes acumi-
nati ; externus et 2"^ magni, discreti ; 3"^ et internus parvi, basi
connecti : maxillae elongatae, subarcuatse, acuminatae, apice
angustae ; palpi 4-articulati, filiformes ; articulus 1"^. et 3"^. sub-
aequales ; 2"^ pauUo longior ; 4^^ 2'. longitudine, apice acumi-
natus : mentum ovatum : labium minutum, breve, quasi fissum ;
palpi 3-articulati, breves, crassi ; articulus 2"^ brevissimus ;
3"^ 1'. longitudine, apice acuminatus : antennas 12-articulat£e,
subfusiformes, corporis dimidio breviores ; articulus !"«. linearis,
fxird post, oTivos angustus.

S02 MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM.

gracilis ; 3"^. et 4"^. vix discernendi : 5"^ et sequentes ad 9"'".
lati approximati, subaequales ; clava conica, acuminata, articulis
8°. et 9°. vix longior : thorax brevis, paullt^ longior quam latus ;
prothorax brevissimus ; mesothoracis parapsidum suturas indis-
tinctse, paraptera et epimera magna, scutellum fere conicum :
metathorax apice angustus : abdomen ovatum, thorace pauUo
longius, subtus convexum, basi abmpte angustius, apicem versus
gradatim acuminatum ; segmentum 1""^. magnum, ejus fere
trientem occupans ; reliqua breviora, subaequalia : oviductus
apicem non transiens : pedes graciles. simplices : alee mediocres ;
nervus cubitalis longus, radialis fere alae apicem attingens ; stigma
ramulum brevissimum vix conspicuum emittens.

Sp. 1. Met. concinnus. Mas. Cyaneus, antennis fuscis,
pedibusfulvis, alls liyalmis.

Cyaneus, obscurus : oculi ocellique rufi : antennae pallide fuscae,
basi obscuriores, subtus flavse : abdomen cupreo-cyaneum, nitens,
glabrum, basi viride, apice sparse pilosum : pedes fulvi ; coxae
cyaneae ; femora et tibiae apice tarsique flava ; horum articulus
5"^., ungues et pulvilli fusci ; protarsi articulo 1°. fulvo : alae
hyalinae ; squamulae et nervi fulva ; stigma parvum. (Corp. long.
I lin. ; alar. 1 lin.)

Var. j3. — Antennae omnino fuscae.

August ; on grass in fields : near London.

Genus VII. — Metopon,° Walker.

Fem. — Sparse pubescens, quasi minute squameum : caput maximum,
thorace multo latius : antennae 12-articulatae, clavatae, corporis
dimidio longiores, apices versus crassissimse ; articulus l"^
gracilis, linearis ; 2"^ brevis ; 5"^ et sequentes ad 9™\ longitu-
dine subaequales, latitudine crescentes ; clava maxima, elongato-
ovata, apice acuminata, articulis 8°. et 9°. multo latior et longior :
thorax brevis, fere rotundus : prothorax minimus, supra vix
conspicuus : mesothorax magnus ; parapsides scuto in unum
confusas ; paraptera et epimera bene determinata ; scutellum
convexum, fere rotundura : metathorax mediocris : abdomen
parvum, angustum, compressum, loeve, thorace vix longius, supra
planum lateribus elevatis, subtus carinatum ; segmenta sub-
aequalia : pedes graciles, simplices : alae mediocres ; nervus

B fxeiuirov frons.

MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM. 303

humeralis ramulum rejiciens nullum ; cubitalis radiali paullo
brevior, stigmate rotundato terminatus.

Sp. 1. Meto. atrum. Fern. Atrum, pedibus rufo-fuscisy
antennis femoribusque nigris, alisfuscis.

Atrum, obscurum : oculi ocellique rufo-fusci : antennae nigras ;
articuli 1"^ 3"^ et 4"^ rufi ; 2"^ fuscus : abdomen aeneo-atrum,
nitens, fere glabrum : pedes rufo-fusci ; coxae et femora nigra ;
tarsi flavi, apice fusci : alas fuseae ; squamulas et nervi obscuriora ;
stigma parvum ; metalarum nervi pallidi. (Corp. long. | lin. ;
alar. \\ lin.)

August ; on grass beneath trees ; near London.

+++ Antennce IZ-articulatce.
-\ Antennce articulo 3°. scepe vix conspicuo. 4°. 5°. que minimis.

C iexh planus. Corpus angustum, sublineare VIII. Playterma.
Thorax supra <

f convexus. Corpus breve, latum IX. Amblymerus.

Genus VIII. — Platyterma,^ Walker.

Corpus angustum, quasi squameum, plerumque sublineare : caput
mediocre, tborace vix latius : mandibulae 4-dentat8e, parvae, rectse,
similes, intus breves et emarginatse ; dens externus mediocris,
subacutus ; reliqui parvi, fere obtusi : maxillas elongatse, sub-
arcuatae, angustae, basi latse, apice acuminatae ; palpi 4-articulati,
filiformes ; articuli, 1"^., 2"^ et 3^^ subaequales ; 4"^ longior,
apice acuminatus : mentum elongato-ovatum : labium parvum,
quasi fissum ; palpi 3-articulati, breves ; articulus 2^^. parvus ;
3^^. acuminatus: antennae IS-articulatae, clavatae, latae, corporis
dimidio breviores ; articulus !"«. sublinearis, gracilis ; 3"^. vix
conspicuus; 4"^. et 5^^. minimi; 6"^ et sequentes ad 10"™.
magnitudine crescentes, valde approximati ; clava brevi-ovata,
depressa, non acuminata, articulo 10°. mult6 latior : thorax
elongato-ovatus aut sublinearis, supra fere planus : prothorax
brevissimus : mesothoracis parapsides scuto fere in unum confusae :
metathorax parvus, postice vix angustius : maris abdomen sub-
lineare, tborace paull6 brevius et angustius ; segmentum 1™\
longum ; sequentia paullo breviora, subaequalia : fern, abdomen
ovatum aut sublineare nonnunquam subcompressum, apice acumi-

*" irAuTus latus, rtpfxa finis.

304 MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM.

natum, subtus plus minusve angulatum ; segmenta subsequalia :
pedes graciles, simplices : alee mediocres ; nervus radialis cubitali
paull6 longior ; stigma ramulum brevissimum emittens.

Sp. 1. Plat, nobile. Fern. Viride, antennisfulvis, pedibus
Jlavis, alts hyaUnis.

Laete viride, sparse pubescens : os flavum : oculi ocellique rufi :
antennas fulvae, corporis triente vix longiores, supra pallide fuscae,
basi obscuriores : thorax elongato-ovatus ; mesothorax postice
viridi-cyaneus : abdomen elongato-ovatum, micans, fere laeve,
thorace paull6 longius, sparse albo pilosum, subtus angulatum,
apice acuminatum ; discus cupreus : pedes laete flavi ; coxte virides ;
mesofemora subtus prope apices seta nigra armata ; protibise et
protarsi fulva ; meso- et metatarsi apice, ungues et pulvilli fusci :
alse hyalinae, albse ; squamulae et nervi flava, hi ante costam
attingunt obscuriores; stigma minutum. (Corp. long. \\ — li
lin. ; alar. If— If lin.)

Var. /3. — Abdominis discus cyaneo-viridis ; segmenta apice obscure
cuprea : meso- et metafemora basi fulva.

Var. y. — Thorax omnino viridis : abdomen viride, basi apice et
subtus cyaneo-viride ; discus cupreus : meso- et metafemora basi
fulva.

September ; on grass in fields ; near London. Isle of

Wight.

Sp. 2. Plat, laticorne. Fern. Prcecedentis colore, antennis
brevioribus et latioribus.

Viride, sparse pubescens : oculi ocellique rufi : antennae fulvae,
corporis triente paulld breviores ; supra pallide fuscae : thorax
elongato-ovatus : abdomen thorace longius, sublineare, fere laeve,
sparse albo pilosum, subtus angulatum, apice acuminatum pilosius
et paull6 attenuatum ; segmentum 1™\, 2"'". et 3^™. apice cuprea ;
apicale asneum : pedes fulvi ; coxae virides ; femora basi fusca,
apice flava ; meso- et metatibise basi flavo cingulatae ; meso- et
metatarsi pallide fulvi, apice fusci ; ungues et pulvilli fusci : alae
hyalinae, albae ; nervi et squamulae fulva, illi apice pallidiores ;
stigma minutum ; metalarum nervi pallide flavi. (Corp. long.
Ulin. ; alar. If. lin.)

August ; on grass in fields ; near London.

MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM. 305

Sp. 3. Plat, teliforme. Mas et Fern. ProBcedentium colore^
gracilius, abdomine longiore.

Mas. — Lsete viride, sparse pubescens : os flavum : oculi ocelJique
rufi : antennae fulvse, corporis dimidii longitudine ; articuli 2°.
basi fusco ad 6"™. supra fusco-fulvi : thorax sublinearis : abdomen
sublineare, fere laeve, thorace paullo brevius et angustius ; discus
cupreus : sexualia pallide fusca : pedes laete flavi ; coxae virides ;
protibiae et protarsi fulva ; meso- et metatarsi apice, ungues et
pulvilli fusci : alae hyalina?, albae ; squamulas et nervi straminea ;
stigma parvum.

Fem. — Antennae paullo graciliores, corporis trientis longitudine ;
articuli 2°. ad 10""". supra pallide fusci: abdomen cyaneo-viride,
sublineare, thorace dimidio longius, paullo compressum, apice
acuminatum et attenuatum, subtus angulatum : oviductus flavus,
subexertus ; tegmina nigra : protibise basi flavae. (Corp. long.
I — 1|: lin. ; alar. 1 — 1^ lin.)

Far. /3. — Fem. antennae articulis omnibus supra pallide fuscis :
abdomen viridi-cyaneum ; segmenta apice viridia.

Far. y. — Fem. abdomen supra seneo-viride.

Far. ^. — Fem. abdomen omnino viride.

September ; Isle of Wight.

Sp. 4. Plat, prasinum. Fem. Prcecedentium colore, P. teli-
formi et laticorni brevius illoque latius, P. claro abdomine
nan subtus angulato discrepans.

Lsete viride, sparse pubescens : oculi ocellique rufi : antennae fulvae,
corporis triente vix longiores ; clava laete flava : thorax elongato-
ovatus : abdomen elongato-ovatum, thorace vix longius, fer^
Iseve, albo sparse pilosum, subtus convexum, apice acuminatum
non attenuatum ; discus aeneo-viridis : pedes laete flavi ; coxae
virides ; femora basi fulva ; protibiae et protarsi fulva, hi apice
pallide fusci ; meso- et metatarsi apice, ungues et pulvilli fusci :
alae hyalinae, albas ; squamulae et nervi straminea ; stigma
minutum. (Corp. long. | — 1 lin.; alar. 1^ — \\ lin.)

Far. fi. — Antennae articulis 1°. ad 4^™. supra pallide fuscis : abdo-
minis discus cupreo-viridis.

Far. y. — Antennae articulis 1°. ad 10™\ supra fuscis.

Far. c. — Abdomen omnino viride : femora basi fusca.

Far. e. — Abdominis latera cyaneo-viridia.

September ; Isle of Wight.

NO. III. VOL. II. R R

306 MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM.

Sp. 5. Plat, cincticorne. Mas et Fern. Prcecedentium colore,
antennis fulvis, mas ; aut jjallide fuscis, fem. ; fusco
cingulatis.

Mas. — Laete viride, vix pubescens : oculi ocellique rufi : antennae
fulvae, corporis dimidio paull6 breviores ; articulus 2"^ basi nigro-
fuscus ; 6^^. et sequentes ad 10^"". basi fusei ; clava fusca, basi
flava : thorax elongato-ovatus : abdomen sublineare, thoracis
longitudine sed paullo angustius ; discus seneo-viridis : sexualia
pallida fusca : pedes laste flavi ; coxae virides ; protibiae fulvae ;
protarsi pallide fusci ; meso- et metapedum tarsi apice, ungues et
pulvilli nigro-fusci : alae hyalinae, albae ; squamulae et nervi
fulva ; stigma parvum ; metalarum nervi pallide flavi.

Fem. — Paullo gi-acilius : antennae pallide fuscag, corporis dimidio
breviores ; articuli basi obscuriores ; 1"*. nigro-fiiscus : caput
postice aeneo-viride : abdomen viridi-cyaneum, elongato-ovatum,
thorace paullo longius, subtus angulatum, apice acuminatum non
attenuatum ; discus aeneus : oviductus subexertus : femora fusca,
apice fiava ; protibiae pallide fuscae ; meso- et metapedum tarsi
apice, ungues et pulvilli fusci. (Corp. long. \\ lin. ; alar. Ij
lin.)

May ; on grass in fields ; near London.

Sp. 6. Plat, terminale. Fem. PrcBcedentium colore, P. claro
laticorni et prasino ahdomine angustiore, P. teliformi ab-
domine hreviore discrepans.

Laete viride, vix pubescens : oculi ocellique rufi : antennae flavae,
corporis dimidio vix longitudine ; articulus 3"^ et sequentes basi
obscuriores : thorax elongato-ovatus : abdomen aeneum, sub-
lineare, compressum, thorace longius, basi viride, subtus paullo
angulatum, apice acuminatum vix attenuatum : pedes Isete flavi ;
coxae virides ; femora fulva, apice flava ; tarsi apice, ungues et
pulvilli fulvi : alae hyalinae, albae ; squamulae et nervi pallide
flava ; stigma minutum. (Corp. long. 1^ lin. ; alar. 1| lin.)

August ; on grass in fields ; near London.

Genus IX. — Amblymerus," Walker.

Fem. — Corpus crassum, latum, quasi squameum, sparse pubescens :
caput breve, thorace vix latius : mandibulae 4-dentata?, sub-

' 'A)U|8Auj obtusus, /xtpof pars.

MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM. 307

quadratag, paullo arcuatae, similes, intils breviores et emarginatae ;
dens externus et 2"^ mediocres, acuti ; 3"^. et 4"®. parvi, obtusi :
maxillae elongatse, subarcuatae, acuminatoe, apice angustae et
ciliatae ; palpi 4-articulati, filiformes ; articuli 1°. ad 3"™.
breves, subaequales ; 4*^^ 2K et 3*. longitudine, apice acuminatus :
mentum elongato-ovatum, angustum : labium parvum, angustum,
quasi fissum ; palpi 3-articulati, filiformes, breves, crassi ; articulus
2"^. brevissimus ; 3"^. apice acuminatus : antennae 13-articulatae,
clavatae, thorace breviores ; articulus 1"^ gracilis, linearis ; 2"^.
elongato-cyathiformis ; 5"^. et sequentes ad 10""". gradatim
breviores et latiores ; clava ovata, plana, articulis 9°. et 10°. latior
sed vix longior: thorax ovatus, convexus : prothorax brevissimus :
mesothoracis parapsidum suturae vix conspicuae ; scutellum fere
rotundum ; paraptera et epimera bene determinata : abdomen
ovatum, fere laeve, subtus carinatum et nonnunquam angulatum,
apice acuminatum ; segraentum l^^™. fere trientis longitudine ;
reliqua breviora, subeequalia : pedes simplices, latiusculi : alae
plerumque latae ; nervus humeralis ulnari longior, ramulum
rejiciens nullum ; cubitalis radiali dimidio brevior, stigmate
ramulum brevissimum emittente terminatus.

Sp. 1. Amb. amgenus. Fern. Viridis aid ceneo-cupreus,
antennis fuscis, abdomine non subtus angulato, pedibus
flavis aut fulvis, alls hyalinis, proalis nonnunquam sub-
flavescentibus.

Laete viridis, caput thoracis latitudine : oculi ocellique rufi : antennae
fuscae ; articulus P^ et 2"^. pallida rufi : capitis, prothoracis
mesothoracisque latera cupreo-viridia : abdomen cupreum, subtus
carinatum non angulatum, apice pilosum ; segmenta basi et
utrinque viridia : pedes flavi ; coxae virides ; metatibiae intus
fulvo vittatae ; meso- et metatarsi straminei, articulo 5°., unguibus
et pulvillis fuscis ; protarsi articulo 5°. rufo : alae hyalinae, latae ;
squamulae et nervi pallide flava ; stigma minimum. (Corp.
long. I — li lin. ; alar. 1| — 2\ lin.)

Var. $. — Antennae articulis 3°. ad 10™\ rufo-fuscis.

Far. y. — Thoracis dorsum cupreo variegatum : abdomen cupreum,

basi et utrinque viridi variegatum : metatibiae omnino flavae.
Var. c. — Antennae articulo 2". rufo : thorax aeneo-viridis ; seg-

mentorum margines virides : femora et metapedum tibiae pallide

rufa.
Far. e. — Abdomen viride, apice cupreum ; discus chalybeo fasciatus :

femora, meso- et metatibiae fulva, apice flava.

308 MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM.

Var, ^. — Far. e. similis : abdomen cupreum, basi aeneo-viride.

Far. Tj. — Antennae articulo 2°, supra fusco.

Far. 6. — jEneo-viridis : thorax antice et utrinque cupreus : femora,

tibiae et protarsi pallide rufa ; meso- et metatibiae apice flavae :

proalae sub-nervum ulnarem paull6 flavescentes.
Far. I. — Far. 6. similis, aeneo-cupreus : caput viridi-aeneum, antice

et postice viride.
Far. K. — Thorax aeneo-viridis ; scutellum cupreum.
Far. \. — Viridis : thorax postice aeneo-viridis : abdominis seg-

mentum !"">. viride, micans.

August ; on oak trees, &c. ; near London. September ;
Isle of Wight.

Sp. 2. Amb. dubius. Fern. Viridis aut ceneus, prcecedenii
angvstior, antennis fulvo fuscis, pedibusfulvis, alis hyalinis
vix flavesceniibus .

Laete viridis, caput thoracis latitudine : oculi ocellique rufi : antennae
fulvae articuli 1°. ad 4"'". flavi ; clava fusca : abdomen aeneum,
basi viride nitentius, subtus carinatum non angulatum : pedes
fulvi ; coxae virides ; femora fusca, apice flava ; tibiae apice flavae ;
mesofemora subtus ante apices seta valida armata ; tarsi apice,
ungues et pulvilli fusci : alae hyalinae, minime flavescentes ;
squamulse et nervi pallid^ fusca ; stigma minimum. (Corp.
long. I — 1 lin. ; alar, l^ — \\ lin.)

Far. ft. — Antennae fuscae ; articulus 1"^. omnino et 2"^ subtus flavi :
femora apice fulva ; metatibiae fuscae, apice flavae ; tarsi et pro-
tibiae flava, illi apice fusci.

Far. y. — ^neus : abdomen basi viride, apice cupreum, segmenta
apice nigro-aenea: pedes fulvi ; coxae aeneae ; metafemora inermia? ;
meso- et metatarsi flavi, apice nigro-fusci. — Species distincta. ?

Far. c. — Far. y similis: abdomen nigro-aeneum, basi apiceque
viride.

August; near London. September; Isle of Wight.

Sp. 3. Amb. validus. Fem. ^neus, viridi et cupreo varie-
gatus, antennis fuscis, abdomine subtus angulato, j^edibus
fulvis, alis hyalinis, nonnunquam subjlavescentibus.

Cupreo-aeneus : caput aeneum, postice aeneo-viride, thorace paullo
latius : oculi ocellique rufo-fusci : os pallide flavum : antennae
fuscae; clava obscurior ; articulus 1"\ pallide rufus : abdomen

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 3(>9

nigro-aeneum, subtus aiigulatum, basi cupreo-asneum nitentius :

pedes fulvi ; propedes flavi ; coxae aenese ; ungues et pulvilli

fusci ; meso- et metapedum genua et tarsi pallide fiava, hi apice

fusci : alje subflavescentes : squamul^ fulvae ; nervi pallidiores ;

stigma minutum. (Corp long. 1 — 15 lin. ; alar. 1| — If lin.)
Var. /3. — Caput et thorax obscure cupreo-senea, ilium postice viride :

abdomen cupreo- viride, basi nitentius ; discus nigro-seneus : alae

vix subflavescentes.
Var. y. — ^neus : caput viride : antennae pallide fuscae ; articulus

1"^ flavus : abdomen nigro-asneum, basi viride nitentius ;

segmenta apicalia viridescentia : coxas virides ; profemora fulva :

alae omnino perlucidae.

August; near London. New Lanark, Scotland.

Art. XXVin. — Entomological Society.
Seventh Sitting. — April 7.

We observed Dr. Ure among the strangers present.

The President informed the meeting that Mr. Walker and
Mr. Newman had withdrawn their names from the council of
the Society, and that it was necessary that the vacancies thus
occasioned in the council list be filled up by the Society. The
council had met on the subject, and had agreed to propose to
the meeting the name of Mr. Hanson, instead of Mr. W^alker,
and the name of Dr. Roget, instead of Mr. Newman..

The Secretary read letters from M. Wiedemann and
M. Lefebvre, who had been elected honorary members of the
Society.

The Secretary read a paper by Mr. Spence, detailing a
curious mode, adopted in Italy, of excluding the house-fly
from houses. The plan consisted simply in straining a net,
made of white thread, across the aperture of an open window:
the meshes of the net were about half-an-inch in diameter. It
had occurred to Mr. Spence, whether it could be the dread of
a spider's-net which caused the flies to avoid this thread-net,
but on consideration he had determined otherwise, and he was

310 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

totally at a loss how to account for so singular a circumstance.
Mr. Spence expressed a wish that the metaphysical history of
insects might be more attended to than had at present been
the case ; he thought much instruction would result from it.

The Secretary read a paper by Mr. Saunders, on some
Indian Insects, among which some nocturnal Cicindelcs were
particularly remarkable.

The Secretary read a notice, by Mr. B. Standish, of the
discovery of the larva of Cucullia Thapsiphaga on the
golden-rod in Darent-wood, in a south-west aspect; he found
one specimen on the 8th, and a second on the 23d, of Sep-
tember. They came out of the chrysalis in the following
June, and proved to be male and female. An exquisite
drawing of the larva, by a nephew of Mr. Standish, was
presented to the Society.

The Secretary read an abstract of the Entomological
affairs of the Linnsean Society. A paper had been read by
Mr. Newman, giving an arrangement of the Annulate animals,
and of that particular portion of them known as insects, solely
by the metamorphosis. Mr. Newman referred the metamor-
phosis of insects to the change always going on in organized
beings, and considered that insects had truly but three stages
of existence : the egg, or foetal ; the larva, or adolescent ; and
the imago, or adult.

The Secretary read the remainder of Mr. Hope's paper
on Amber Insects.

Dr. Ure made some observations on the chemical proper-
ties of amber and anime : he had found (as we understood)
amber soluble on the surface only, but anime was perfectly
converted into gelatinous matter by alcohol and spirit of
caoutchouc.

Col. Sykes made some observations, in reference to the
paper by Mr. Saunders, on the singular places selected by
insects for nidification ; he instanced one which had built its
nest in a flute.

Eighth Sitting. — May 5.

The Secretary read letters from Signor Passerini, of
Florence, and Dr. Hammerschmid, of Vienna.

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 311

The Secretary read a paper by himself, on the onion-fly,
and the larva of Tipula.

The Secretary read a description by the Rev. F. W. Hope,
of two new and remarkable Coleopterous insects from Swan
River.

The Secretary read a paper by Mr. W. B. Spence, illus-
trative of a passage in Herodotus, relating to the defence
adopted by the fishermen of Egypt against the nightly attacks
of gnats.

The Secretary read a second notice by Mr. B. Standish
of CucuUia Thapsiphaga. The insect, and an exquisite
drawing of it by a nephew of Mr. Standish, were exhibited.
Mr. Standish had heard Mr. Stephens express an opinion that
the insect in question was not the Thapsiphaga, but he
(Mr. Standish) felt convinced that it was.

The President. — As Mr. Stephens is present, perhaps he
will be kind enough to favour us with his opinion on the
subject.

Mr. Stephens. — I am certainly of opinion that the insect
now exhibited, which I have carefully examined, is not the
Cucnllia Thapsiphaga, nor does it appear to me to belong to
the same division of the genus. I consider it an entirely new
insect, at present undescribed.

The Secretary read a paper by Mr. Shuckard, on the eco-
nomy of some fossorial Hymenopterous insects.

An interesting discussion took place on insects injurious to
agriculture, in which Mr. Yarrell, Mr. Waterhouse, &c. took
part : in the course of it frequent allusion was made to the
celebrated letter of Rusticus on the turnip-fly, published in the
fourth number of this Magazine.

Ninth Sitting. — June 2.

The Rev. W. Kirby took the chair.

The Secretary read letters from M. Schoenherr, of Stock-
holm, and M. Lefebvre, of Paris.

The Secretary read a paper by Mr. Stephens on Thyri-
dopteryx Ephemeraformis, a unique insect formerly in the
collection of the late Mr. Haworth, and described by that

312 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

eminent Lepidopterist under the name of Sphinx Ephemeroe-
formis.

The Secretary read a paper by Mr. Waterhouse on the
larvce of various Coleopterous insects, and the pupa of
Raphidia.

The Secretary read a paper by himself on the economy of
Odynerus Antilope, one of the wasp tribe.

The Secretary read a paper by himself on the genera
Lepisma and Podura, introducing some notices of Irish
species of these genera, by Mr. Templeton.

Mr. Spence exhibited some very minute ants, which he
said had swarmed to so great a degree at Brighton, and some
parts of London, that, in several instances which had come to
his knowledge, the inhabitants had found no other alternative
than entirely quitting their houses.

The Secretary announced that the council of the Society
had agreed to appropriate annually the sum of five guineas as
a prize for the best essay on the history of any insect preju-
dicial to agriculture, accompanied with figures, and detailing
the result of experiments made for prevention or cure of its
attacks. The Turnip-fly is the subject of the first essay,
which must be delivered, with a fictitious signature, in Bond-
street, by the fourth Monday in January, 1835, and be
addressed to the Secretary of the Society.

[We were the first to connect Entomology with Agriculture,
and we can scarcely express the delight we feel in finding that
our dear little " Fire-fly" has lighted the way to this spirit
of inquiry. A word more : — Several of our correspondents
have complained that it is beneath our dignity to report the
affairs of the Entomological Society, and that the space might
be better occupied. To these we say, that nothing which
tends, in ever so humble a way, to the advance of Entomology,
shall ever be passed over by us as beneath our dignity. We
have abridged already as much as possible, but we cannot,
and will not, consent to give up these notices.]

SIS

Art. XX IX. — Entomological Notes. By E dward N ewman.
( Continued from Vol. II., page 205 J

Class. — Diptera.

Natural Order. — Syrphites, }ned.

Genus. — Eristalis.

Eris. Stygius. Nigro-ceneus ; pedes nigri, tibiis ad basin
luteis.

Black, shining, with a slightly metallic tinge ; perfectly unico-
lorous : wings with the costal portion smoke coloured ; the
remainder perfectly transparent ; the stigmal spot ochraceous,
opaque, internally black : legs black, with the base of the tibiae
yellow.

Var. a of the male, with a bright brassy tinge.

Var. ft of the male, with the basal joint of the tarsi yellow.

Taken on the south east and south coasts of England,
frequenting the sea-walls, umbellate flowers, &c. In May, at
Walton, by my friend, E. Doubleday.

[This is only a slight variety of Eristalis ceneus, Fabr. — Ed.]

Class. — Coleoptera.
Natural Order. — Staphylinites, ined.

Genus. — Pseudopsis,'* Neivman.

Caput elongatum, angustum, antice rotundatum ; epicranio valde
depresso, partibus lateralibus supra oculos, iterumque parte media
longitudinali, elevatis ; clypeo prono, rotundato : antennae fili-
formes ll-articulatse, extus incrassatse articulo apicali conico :
maxipalpi articulo apicali elongato, acuto, tenuissimo ; proximo
quadruplo majori, alia instrumenta cibaria baud examinavi : pro^
thorax depressus fere circularis sed antice et postice paull6

^ V€i)5t)s fulsus, o^is aspectus.
NO. III. VOL. H. SS

314 ENTOMOLOGICAL NOTES.

truncatus ; lateribus, lineisque quatuor disci longitudinalibus
perspicue elevatis : elytra valde depressa, marginibus, sutura,
lineisque diiabus singuli disco longitudinalis perspicue elevatis :
segmenta septem nuda, baud elytris tecta, medio depressa, lateribus
elevatis, versus telum magnitudine pedetentim decrescentia ; telo
elongato angusto.

Pseu. sulcatus. Niger, ore antennis pedibusque fuscis.

Head long, narrow, rounded before, black, vi^ith tbe mouth brown ;
crown of the head very much depressed, with an elevated line
passing along each side above the eyes, and a third less elevated,
distinct and regular, passing between these down the centre :
antennae brown, moniliform, composed of eleven joints, of which
the apical is somewhat conical ; the folloAving are rather more
broad than long, and very gradually decrease in size towards the
head : maxillary feelers, with the apical joint long, pointed, and
very slender ; the next incrassated, four times the size of the
apical : the disk of the prothorax is somewhat circular, but
evidently truncate anteriorly, and slightly so posteriorly ; it is
much wider than the head, and very flat ; it has the lateral edges
and four perfectly straight longitudinal lines on the disk very
conspicuously elevated, thus producing five distinct longitudinal
indentations or furrows : the elytra are rather wider than the
prothorax, very flat, with their margins, suture, and two longitu-
dinal lines on each, conspicuously elevated ; the lines are not
perfectly straight, but, as they recede from the base of the elytra
exteriorly, incline towards the suture : there are seven segments
entirely uncovered by the elytra ; these are much depressed in
the middle and elevated at the sides, and gradually decrease in
size to the last, which is very long and narrow : the prothorax,
elytra, and uncovered segments, are dull black : the legs are
brown. (Length ]| line.)

This singular insect was taken, by Mr. Walker, in the Isle of
Wight, in the month of September. I regret not being able to
furnish more complete characters from its mouth, but, as it is
unique and exceedingly valuable, it would have been too great
a risk to have attempted dissection. Its appearance is precisely
that of a Mlcropeplus , to which genus it is evidently related,
although presenting in so marked a manner the characters of
Staphylmites. I hope the scientific reader will pardon the
repetition of the supposed generic characters in English ; for.

NOTICE OF ENTOMOLOGICAL WORKS. 315

with only a single specimen of the genus in existence, it is diffi-
cult to say whether the sculpture on the prothorax and elytra
is to be considered generic or specific ; I must confess I incline
to the latter opinion, and have named the insect accordingly. We
find, in Hisier, Onthoph'dus, Oxyteliis, Haliplus, &c. &c.,
that similar markings serve merely to distinguish species.

Art. XXX. — Notice of Entomological Works.

1. British Entomology ; by John Curtis, F.L.S., S(C. —
Nos. 123 — 126. — PI. 490. Lucanus Cervus, (Coleoptera
Lucanidag). Mr. Curtis has greatly detracted from the merits
of this beautiful plate, by giving a most confused and erroneous
nomenclature to the dissections. The clypeus is called the
labrum ; the remarkable galea is treated as a lobe of the
maxilla, &c. &c. If Mr. Curtis were to take a little more
trouble with his anatomical nomenclature, he would find it
not ill-bestowed. PI. 491. Cochylis rupicola, (Lepidoptera
Tortricidae) ; 492. Livia Juncoruni, (Hemiptera Psyllidae) ;
493. Tijmla longicornis, (Diptera Tipulidae) ; 494. Donacia
Typhce, (Coleoptera Crioceridse) ; 495. Hydrocampa stratio-
tata, (Lepidoptera Pyralidae ?) ; 496. Diodontus gracilis,
(Hymenoptera Crabronidae). The plate, and the accompany-
ing letter-press, present another instance of inattention to
correct nomenclature ; the species figured has no such cha-
racter as that represented in the labrum : whether Mr. Curtis
has dissected one insect and described another, or has
misapplied the term labrum, we neither know, nor can we stop
to inquire. PI. 497. Acentropus Garnoiisii, (Trichoptera
Phryganidae) ; 498. Tritoma bipustulatum, (Coleoptera Trito-
midse) ; 499. Callimorpha Jacobcece, (Lepidoptera Litho-
siidae) ; 500. Alractus literatus, (Hemiptera Coreidae); 501.
Tanypus nebulosiis, (Diptera Tipulidae) ; 502. Mycetcea hirta,
(Coleoptera Engidae ?) ; 503. Asopia pictalis, (Lepidoptera
Pyralidae); 504. //e/zWe* /rwwcorww, (Hymenoptera Apidae);
505. Plutyslonia seminalionis , (Diptera Muscidae).

316 XOTICE OF ENTOMOLOGICAL WORKS.

2. Genera et Species Curculionidmn, cum Synonymia /ii/jus
fnm'dice ; a C. J. Schoenkerr, ^c. Tomus II. Pars 1"*.
Parisiis, 1834.

3. Annates de la Societe Ento?nologique de France.
Tome II. Trhnestre 4, Paris, 1834. — Among the contents
are a classification of the Cerambycidce, with the characters of
a host of new genera, by M. Audinet Serville, and various
other interesting essays.

4. Revtie Entomologique, publiee par Gustave Silbermann.
Strasbourg. Livraison 8. 1834. — Almost the whole of this
Number is occupied with an essay on the genus Cicada, by
Professor Germar. The different sections of the genus are
illustrated in eight plates, containing coloured figures of as
many species.

5. Iconographie du Regne A?/imal de M. le Baron Cuvier ;
par M. F, E. Guerin. Paris. Lirraison 34. Insectes, PL 61. —
Several genera belonging to the class Neuroptera, and their
dissections, are here delineated.

6. Magazin de Zoologie ; par F. E. Guerin. Paris,
1833. — 1. A monograph of the Pselaphidce, by M. Aube,
which is here concluded. He divides them into thirteen
genera, three of which are new, viz. Tyrns, Trirnium, and
Batrisus. 2. Description of Amallopodes, a new genus of
Prionidce, by M. Lequien. &c.

7. Iconographie, 8(c. des Coleopteres d' Europe; jyar M.
le Comte Dejean, et M. le Docteur J. A. Boisduval. Tome
IV. Livraison 2. — With illustrations of the genera Anisodac-
tylus, Bradybcenus, Geodromus, Hypolithus, Gynandro-
morphns, and Harpaliis.

8. Monographic des Ceioines, et Genres voisins, Sfc. ;
jiar M. H. Gory, et M. A. Percheron. Livraisons 2 et 3.
Paris, 1833. — Containing a detailed description, and a beau-
tiful and correctly coloured figure, of each species.

f). Annates des Sciences NalurcUcs. Tome Premier.

NOTICL or ENTOMOLOGICAL WORKS. 317

Zoologie. Janvier, 1834. Paris. — The Botanical essays,
formerly included in these " Annales," now form a separate
collection. This number contains two interesting essays :
1. " Recherches sur I'ordre des Acariens en general et la
famille des Tromhidies en particulier. Par Ant. Duges.
Premier Memoire." He divides them into seven families
{Trombidiei, Hydrachnei, Gamasei, Ixodei, Acarei, Bdellei,
and Oribatei), and establishes the following new genera:
RhapM gnat] IKS, Rhyncholophus , Diplodontus, Arreneurus,
Dermamjssus, and Hypopus. 2. " Recherches anatomiques et
Considerations entomologiques sur quelques Insectes Coleop-
teres, compris dans les Families des Dermestins, des Byrrhiens,
des Acanthojjodes, et des Ijeptodactyles ; par M. Leon
Dufour.

10. Die Arachniden. Getreu nach der Natur abgebildet
und heschrieben von D. Carl. Willi. Hahn. ; Erster Band.
Sechstes Heft. Ziveiter Band. Erstes Heft. 1833. —
Species of the genera Atypus, Epe'ira, Micrommata, 'i/io-
misus, Uloboriis, Drassiis, Phalangiiim, Trogolus, Clubiona
and Lycosa, are here figured.

11. Die Wander -oder Prozessions-Raupe (Bombyx pro-
cessionea) in naturhistorisch-landespolizeilich und medici-
nischer Hinsicht geschildert von Dr. A. H. Nicholai. Nebst
einen Steindrucke. Berlin, 1833. — The plate accompanying
this pamphlet contains figures of the moth, M'ith its iniim,
larva, and nest.

V2. The Affinities of Plants with Men and Animals: a
Lecture ; by Edwin Lees. Edwards : London. — Mr. Lees
gives a new version of analogy and affinity. Ecce ! " We
perceive no analogy between a plant and a predaceous cat ;
but the cat, by smelling to, and playing with, pungent herbs,
manifests a strong affinity with them. The child who brings
home a handiul of gaudy or fragrant flowers would be puzzled
enough to make out an analogy between himself and his
nosegay ; but he might readily comprehend that the rich
colours that charmed his eye, and the delicious odours that
had attracted his scent, intimated design, and an intention that
the colours and odours of the one were calculated to please

318 VARIETIES.

the senses of the other, and thus that an affinity or relationship
was shewn between them in these respects. But when I say
that the spongioles of the root of a plant act as tender nerves
to the stem, by imbibing and conveying nourishment for its
growth and support, I make use of an analogy which is well
understood, though no one supposes that I mean to say these
spongioles know what they are doing." (P. 4.) Will Mr, Lees
allow us to throw the light of the " Fire-fly" on this subject
for a single moment ? Analogy is that external similarity
observable between the hops so gracefully festooning the
poles at Knightsford- bridge and the scarlet-runners in
Mr. Lees' garden : affinity is the relationship between those
rambling scarlet-runners and the pale-blossomed dwarf-beans
growing at their feet.

lo. Magazine of Natural History. — No. 39 contains but
one Entomological article of any length ; this is entitled, " On
the Structure of Annulate Animals, and its Relation to their
Economy; by Omega.'" It is the second of a series of letters
on the same subject, and evidently emanates from the pen of
an individual who is thoroughly master of his subject.

14. Illustrations of British Entomology ; by J. F. Ste-
phetis, F.L.S. — Mr. Stephens has completed the Coleoptera
and commenced a supplement ; the Lepidoptera will be
finished in one more number. We believe the remaining
classes will be published by subscription ; we hear that a large
number of Entomologists have already sent in their names.

Art. XXXL — Varieties.

13. Eggs and LarvcB of Orgyia antiqua. — A friend sent
me a deposition of the eggs of Orgyia antiqua, which com-
menced hatching on the 21st of January, and have continued
to evolve their larvae until the present time (February 25) ;
thus occupying the space of five weeks in completing the
hatching of the whole brood. The majority of those that were
hatched first are still alive, having eaten, since their evolution,

VARIETIES. 319

nothing but the top or lid of their respective egg-shells, which
they devour, as do the larvae of Pieris Cratcegi.^ I am aware
that Redi, and other entomologists, have observed that such
larvae as have been prevented from casting their first skins,
owing to the want of alimentary stimulus, will continue to
live in a state of perfect abstinence for many months ; but as
the instances are few and extraordinary, I anticipate that this
will be granted a corner in your Magazine.

James Fennell.

14. Preservation of Caterjnllars. — It is, perhaps, to be
ascribed to the mode of preserving caterpillars being so im-
perfectly understood, that they so seldom gain a place in the
entomological cabinet. It unfortunately does not appear that
Mr. Abbott, (the author of The Lepidopterous Insects of
Georgia,) whom Mr. Kirby mentions as having been " re-
markable for the admirable manner in which he prepared
caterpillars, so as scarcely to differ from life," has recorded
the method he pursued. Not being acquainted with any
professed entomologists, and, consequently, having only wit-
nessed the plans adopted in the preservation of these creatures
in our public museums, I know not whether the following
directions may possess aught deserving of attention. If the
caterpillar be hairy or spiny, enlarge the orifice of the anus,
and from thence endeavour, by gentle pressure, performed
with a smooth instrument, to squeeze out as much of the
contents of the inside as possible ; and while thus operating,
let the subject be laid on a sheet of blotting paper, that the
moisture exuded, being imbibed, may be prevented from wetting
and spoiling the hairs or spines. This done, insert frequently
fresh pieces of dry blotting paper, rolled round the end of a
smooth piece of stick, and continue to do so, until the dryness
of the paper, when retracted, indicates that no moisture re-
mains within. Let the skin be now distended into its proper
shape, by means of a stuflSng of down, or other soft materials,
(but not of sand, as recommended in some books,) taking the
precaution of guarding against the attacks of destructive in-
sects, by enclosing within a small quantity of camphor,
cayenne pepper, and red oxide of lead ; ingredients which, for
this purpose, I have found very serviceable. In preserving

* And (if i\iany other Lepidoptera. — Ed.

SZV VARIETIES.

smooth, hairless caterpillars, care must be taken that their
colours be not removed by a too rough application of the
absorbing instrument. A specimen of the larva of Cosf/us
ligniperda, in my possession, is partly divested of its reddish
tinge, in consequence of its having been grazed internally by
the absorber, a circumstance which shews that the colouring
matter of this species lies beneath the surface.

James Fennell.

15. Spider. It is well known that there is found, in the
palace of Hampton Court, a very large species of spider,
called there the " Cardinal." Mr. Jesse, in his delightful
Gleanin<Ts in Natural History, says, that he has only met
with it in that locality, and conjectures that they have re-
ceived the above appellation from their having been first
observed in Cardinal Wolsey's Hall. Pray what scientific
name has been conferred upon this species; is it Hampton-
Courtieiisis, Woheyensis, or what ? ''

James Fennell.

16. Gossamer Spider. — On the 2d of November, I observed,
near Wednesbury, in Staffordshire, an unusual quantity of
the floating spider-web, commonly known by the name of
** gossamer;" and on carefully examining the ground, I found
every object which projected above the level of the field, as
bents of grass, sticks, and particularly stones, covered with an
innumerable quantity of small spiders. On one stone alone
there wei'e more than seven hundred. These gossamer
spiders are about a line in length, and black, with the excep-
tion of the palpi, which are bright red ; and those of the male
at least three times the length of those of the female.

J^ P * iir * * *

17. Larva of Tipida. — Near Wednesbury is a field in
which are two kinds of soil very distinct from each other ; one
is a loose light sand, the other a heavy marly clay. In the
spring of 1827 this field was cropped with barley, but the
sandy part of it was so completely infested with the larvce of
a large Tipula, that, before the end of May, the crop was

'' We are ignoiant in this matter, l)ut hope tluit some entomologist will be so
kind as to infoim ns. — Ed.

VARIETIES. 321

wholly destroyed. The ground was then ploughed, and
immense swarms of sparrows came and devoured the larvce as
the plough turned them up ; it was then cropped with potatoes,
and the Tipula disappeared. The clayey part of the field, to
the very limit of the sand, entirely escaped the devastation ;
thus, apparently, proving the Tipulce could not penetrate the
clay.

j^_ p * * * * *

18. Chelifer Cancroides. — The habits of that little oddity,
the Chelifer Cancroides, seem to have puzzled entomologists ;
at least, I cannot discover that they can assign any reason for
its attachment to flies' legs. Perhaps the following facts may
suggest a few queries which might elicit some light on this
curious subject.

Last summer I watched the manoeuvres oi^ a. Musca Domesiica
that had one of these crab-like dependents attached to its femur.
It was in the window of a cold and damp out-office. The fly
appeared but little annoyed, and continued to travel tardily
about the glass, while its hanger-on busily occupied its free
claw in seizing such minute objects as came in its way, — at
least such appeared to be its business. On attempting to
catch the fly, off" it flew to another window with its wingless
passenger. I followed closely and quickly, when lo ! the little
appendix relaxed its grasp, and dropped itself into a crevice
in the frame, where I secured it. Intending to experiment, I
put it into a pill-box with a fly, to the leg of which it soon
clung, and would, with its neighbour's help, have speedily
escaped, had it not been prevented by shutting them up
together till another opportunity. But next morning my
curiosity was dead. On recollecting these facts, the following
queries occur to my mind :

Does not the Chelifer experience inconvenience, in con-
sequence of its construction, when it would be pursuing its
prey ? and does it not take advantage of the leg which the
fly so readily offers that it may ride out on its hunting excur-
sions, and, by the aid of the fly's legs and wings, get cheaply
conveyed from place to place ? Is not one of its claws especially
adapted for this purpose ? and are not the resorts of the fly
those which furnish prey for its occasional companion ? If so,
do not these circumstances present an additional instance of

NO. III. VOL. II. T T

322 VARIETIES.

accommodating provision, which is so often most beautifully
illustrated in the habits of insects ?'^

Denmark Hill. G. MoORE.

19. Metamorphosis of Ephemera. — On a fine evening,
towards the latter end of May, I was collecting in the neigh-
bourhood of Brixton, near some ponds, when I was suddenly
covered by a multitude of a small species of Ephemera, — I
think the genus Cloeon. They settled on me apparently from
my being the most conspicuous object near on which to undergo
their final transformation. Their colour was of a dusky white,
and opaque. They retained their position without moving,
enabling me to observe beneath the glass the process by which
these fragile creatures withdraw themselves from the compara-
tively cumbrous garment which envelopes their beautiful and
aerial form.

Immediately on settling, the wings were laid flat at right
angles with the body, and the insect remained about half a
minute in a state of repose. A slight motion then appeared
about the bases of the wings, which gradually collapsed, and
were drawn alongside the abdomen. At this moment the
insect resembled a piece of dirty cotton wool with little form.
The elevated portion of the thorax now distended, and then
gave way longitudinally, exhibiting the bright brown thorax of

"^ The Chelifer cancroides is very abundant throughout the year on planks and
bricks that are placed on decayed vegetable matter, where it j)reys on minute
Diptera, {Molobrus, Scatopse, SfC.) Lonchaa vaginalis, a fly common in the same
situations during the month of June, is particularly infested by it, and also by
Acari, and may be often seen on windows with from one to four Cheliferi attached
by the claw to its trochanteres, and apparently without sustaining any injury
from them. The other day we put several of both into a bottle, and often, when
the fly approached the Chelifer, the latter immediately extended one of its claws,
and seized the fly by the end of the tarsus ; with the otlier claw it grasped either
the middle of the tarsus, or the costal nervure of the wing, and then loosened the
hold of each of its claws alternately till it arrived at the trochanter, where it
remained fixed. We added three other flies, belonging to the genera Anthomyia,
Sepsis, and Borborus. The first, a much more active insect than the Lonchcea,
was soon seized by a Chelifer. It used its utmost efforts to disengage its tarsus
without success; however, the Chelifer soon relaxed its hold of its own accord.
When we looked at the insects the following day, the Lonchaa, the Anthomyia,
and the Borborus were alive, and only the first had a Chelifer attached to it ; so,
likewise, had the Sepsis, whose death was probably occasioned by confinenient»
not by any wound. — Ed.

VARIETIES. 323

the insect, which was rapidly followed by the head and
anterior legs. After this effort the insect rested a few seconds.
The next discernible motion was in the two or three last
segments of the abdomen, where the muscles were in violent
agitation, evidently for the purpose of extricating the fine set(B
which adorn that part. The contractions continued upward ;
and the wings, freed from their flimsy covering, were fully
developed, and in an instant the delivered captive took its
flight : the whole process strongly resembling the drawing off
of a tight glove. The whole operation did not, in most cases,
exceed three minutes ; in some cases less. Scarcely an instant
elapsed between the full development of the insect and its taking
flight : so rapidly did they acquire consistency. In some few
instances I observed them coupled, in which case they soon
died. I made a dozen or so find their way into a phial ; they
instantly deposited their eggs and died : one only, which I
believe was a male, survived when J reached home, less than
one hour after.

The number of the insect was truly surprising : they covered
every part of my apparel, and my face and hands were not
exempt. On my arrival at home my hat looked like a miller's,
from being completely covered with the ejcuvice. I had taken
several of these insects during the evening, and had put them
into pill-boxes; almost all, however, were immature, and died
without undergoing their metamorphosis ; from which it would
appear, that light and a free atmosphere are essential to its
accomplishment. The principal swarm, however, appeared
about an hour before sunset, and, I presume, enjoyed their
hour's existence in one of the finest sunsets of this glorious
summer.

The remarkable, and, I believe, peculiar habit, of the
EphemercB to undergo a quadruple metamorphosis, deserves
more notice than it has obtained. The insect appears to
possess all the faculties of the perfect insect prior to this last
change : it is true it does not fly so readily, and it is apparently
of a more yielding matter : if disturbed in this state, although
inactive, they will escape. Can any of your correspondents
inform me as to the prior state of this tribe, and the characters
of the larvcc and pvpce ?

A. H. Davis.

Camberwetl, Annual.

324 VARIETIES, iaii^,:.,,^^

20. Hymenopterous Insect parasitic on the Eggs of a
Spider. — A few days ago, on tearing open the bag or nest of
the common geometric spider, I was very much surprised to
find that, instead of eggs, it contained several empty/?M/)«-cases
of one of the minute parasitical Hymenoptera, probably a
species of Alymar, whose larvce had evidently destroyed the
brood of spiders. On a further search, I found that every
spider's nest in its vicinity had been visited by the same
parasite, and in one I detected a full grown larva of a Dipte-
rous insect, most likely an Exorisia, but, being unfortunately
damaged in taking it out, I was unable to rear it. The eggs
of those insects which leave them exposed are, it is well known,
subject to the attacks of the Mymares, but I don't recollect an
instance where either they, or the parasitical Diptera, have
been noticed as depositing their " Cuckoo" eggs in those
apparently so well secured as the spiders are by the thick and
closely interwoven web which envelopes them. I will
endeavour to detect the female Mymar ovipositing next
summer, or at least to secure the perfect insect on its escape
from the impce., for the examination of my friend Mr. Walker,
whose contributions, in conjunction with those of Mr. Haliday,
have thrown so much light on this hitherto neglected portion
of the insect world.

M,„-c/,. 1834. G. WaILES.

21. Capture of Callicerus Spencii. — In May last I took a
single specimen in Battersea-fields, and for the last fortnight I
have made many captures of this insect at this place, on the
south side of hedges, by brushing ; and shall be most happy to
supply any of your friends with examples.

Croft, March, 1834. G. T. RuDD.

22. Asiraca pulchella. — I have taken this insect, both
males and females, in plenty, and not one of them agrees with
the Cicada crassicornis of Panzer, as stated in your Maga-
zine, Vol. I. p. 454. I have taken another species allied to,
but distinct from either, near Oxford ; and saw a second
specimen, near Ugg-Mere, last season.

J. C. Dale.

VARIETIES. 325

23. Carabus exasperatus. — This insect is not Carabus
violaceus. I have seen it alive in the Isle of Portland, and
it is different from the C. violaceus I have seen elsewhere.

J. C. Dale.

24. Lasioglossum tricingulmn. — This is certainly a different
genus from Halictus, which may be seen by comparing the
dissections in Curtis's plate.

J. C. Dale.

25. Cerapteryx Hibernicus. — This is, I believe, Chareas
Graminis ; but it is, at least, a fine and large variety, and
Mr." Curtis is fully justified in his observations ; he merely
says, " it may be a new species."

J. C. Dale.

26. Hippobosca Equina. — In the Entomological Magazine,
you have said that Mr. Curtis's figure of this insect is much too
highly coloured ; I beg to say that I have a specimen of the
insect much more highly coloured than Mr, Curtis's figure.

J. C. Dale.

27. Hister ^-maculatus. — You are wrong in saying that
the Hister 4^-maculatus, of Curtis, is the Hister sinuatus
of authors, and Mr. Curtis is right, for it certainly is the
H. 4-maculatus of Linne, of Gyllenhall, and of Paykull. H.
sinuatus does not belong to the same division ; it has not, what
has been termed, a marginal stria on the elytra, and is a
smaller insect ; its thorax is semiovate and truncated before,
so that the sides are rounded, and the base very much broader
than the fore part, and the apical tooth of the anterior tibiae is
bidentate. Does this, I ask, agree with Mr. Curtis's descrip-
tion or figure ?

J. C. Dale.

Blandford, 2lst May, 1834

28. Smiera Mac Leanii. — Dalman, in describing C. Mela-
tiaris, $ , says " There is a white spot on each side between the
eyes ; the anterior tibiae are rufescent, pale at the base on the
outside : thighs with a somewhat apical white lunule on both
sides." If Dalman's insect, of which he took twenty specimens,

S26 VARIETILS.

had been the opposite sex to mine, of which I have seen four,
I should have suspected that they might be one species, but,
even then, I should not have been justified in making them so
with the above differences ; and Dalman does not mention any
varieties, neither do mine vary.

To J. C. Dale, Esq. J. CuRTIS.

[Our valued friends, Messrs. Dale and Curtis, can do us no
more acceptable service, nor any for which we shall feel more
truly obliged, than in thus pointing out what they consider our
errors : their great experience will, among Entomologists,
ensure respect for their opinions. Mr. Dale has entered into
argument with us somewhat largely on the mode of our
reviewing Mr. Curtis's work — this we suppress ; but we have
extracted, verbatim, all the supposed errors in our review
which he points out; thus the reader will have both sides
before him, and may judge for himself We think Mr. Dale
should, in the case of Asiraca, Carabus, and Lasioglossum,
have given proofs of our being wrong ; the simple assertion
will, we fear, hardly carry conviction to the general reader. —
Ed.]

2.9. Stylops Melittee. — On the 5th May, I took a male
specimen of Andrena nigro-cenea, which was very evidently
infested by a Stylops. I bi'ought the bee home alive, and
placed it, with flowers, beneath a tumbler ; next morning I
had the satisfaction to see that the parasite had emerged, and
was in perfectly good condition. An examination of its
thoracic segments has led me to the following conclusions :
1st. that the prothorax is a very slender segment, almost lost
in the mesothorax, as in Diptera ; 2dly. that the mesothorax
is the same large and conspicuous segment as in Lepidoptera,
Diptera, and Hymenoptera, having its scutellum (I use this
word as it is usually understood in Diptera) remarkably
elongate and developed: this segment bears the pseudelytra
on its anterior portion laterally, yet the protliorax is so small
that they appear to originate close behind the head ; they
appear the precise analogues of the tippets of Lepi-
doptera, and behind them originate the fore wings, which are
large and spreading, and fold longitudinally : the metathorax

VARIETIES. 327

is a minor, but still very apparent segment ; it protrudes on
each side of the scutellum of the mesothorax, and bears a pair
of crumpled, opaque, whitish hind wings, which are some-
what pedunculated, and much resemble the hind wings or
halteres of Diptera ; my friend, Mr. Walker, called my
attention to these. The mouth I have not dissected ; as far as
may be ascertained without dissection, its mandibles are
elongate, linear, and without any horizontal motion ; its
maxipalpi fully developed as in Diptera, but the maxillce
scarcely discernible ; its lahunn distinct and triangular, as in
Lepidoptera, but the lahipalpl minute or obsolete. None of
these characters seems sufficient to separate this genus from
Diptera. E. N. D.

30. Bomhus Regelationis. — I found fine females of this
beautiful bee, which, I believe, has not hitherto been recorded
as British, feeding on the blossoms of the whortleberry, on the
marshy summit of the Black Mountain. They were in great
abundance, but exceedingly difficult to capture, owing to the
high wind and the rapidity of their flight.

E. N. D.

31. Sap ?/ga prisma. —hast autumn I observed the females
of this rare insect in considerable numbers, settling i the
leaves of a Morella cherry-tree in my father's garden. I
captured two only. On Dinmore, the beautiful Vicia syliatica
is now in full flower, festooning many of the trees to the height
of twenty or thirty feet ; and, in some instances, completely
hiding their own foliage. There are but few umhellijerce in
blossom ; I have taken one Pachyta octomacidata ; and Athcrix
Ibis is in profusion on the river banks, especially on the
Symphytum, many beautiful varieties of which are in blossom,
some of a splendid purple.

Leomimter, \st June. GeORGE NewmaN, Jun.

32. Farmer s Magazine, v. Rusticus, — Were Rusticus in
England our pen would not be required to defend him : as it
is, we offer the following to the inspection of our readers,
simply to show, what appears to us, the unceasing desire to
extinguish truth :

S-2H VARIETIES.

farmer's magazine. rusticus.

" It occurred to the experimentalist " I accordingly made some pretty

to attack these eggs, which he did by strong- brine, and soaV:ed the seed in it

making a pretty strong brine, in which for twenty-four hours ; then dried it

the seed was soaked for twenty-four thoroughly, and with all the precau-

hours, taken out, dried, and sowed ; tions I have mentioned above, I sowed

the plants rose freely, on which nei- it again, and with a kind of success —

ther grub, fly, nor beetle was to be there was not a single fly, but neither

seen." teas there a turnip."

The plan of thus misrepresenting an author in good repute is
now of every day occurrence : when pointed out, the com-
mentator quietly eats his own words, laughing in his sleeve at
the mischief he has done to a brother candidate for public
favour, and apparently losing nothing in the esteem of those
who would rather perish than be guilty of such actions. — Ed.

33. Metamorphosis of Insects. — A paper on this subject,
by Mr. Newman, has been read at the Linnaean Society ; as its
substance will eventually appear in this Magazine, either as
original matter or as a review, we abstain from giving an
abstract ; its main object appeared to us to be the con-
firmation of the septenary system, as proposed in Sj^hin.v
Vespiformis. — E d.

34. Bombus opening the Nectary of Floivers. — I have
observed the great humble bee, Bombus terrestris, extracting
the honey from the nectaries of the common Columbine ; and,
as I think the modus operandi has not hitherto been in print,
I will relate it. The bee settles on the outside of the flower,
looking upwards, then bites a small hole in the nectai'y with
its mandibles, and instantly thrusts its proboscis into the
aperture. On examining a number of flowers, not less than
250, I found that at least two-thirds of them were thus
perforated.

E. N. D.

35. Entomological Club Dinner. — This was solemnized at
the Bull Inn, Birch Wood, on the 21st of May last. Mr.
Davis took the chair, and we observed among the company
Messrs. Bowerbank, Hanson, Walker, Newman, Walton,
W. Christy, J. Christy, Hoyer, Letts, Bennett, Bevington, &c.

ENTOMOLOGICAL MAGAZINE.

OCTOBER, 1834.

Art. XXXII. — Colloquia Entomologica.

TvwQi aeavroi'.

Scene — The Parlour at the Bull Itifi, Birch-wood-corner.

Erro and Entomophilus.

Entomophilus, {adjusting a wreath of Vicia cracca round
Erros head.) There's a purple crown : have we not an arm-
chair in the room ? he must not sit on this footy affair : oh !
yes, I'll place it on the table : there 's a throne ; come, mount
up : next to the possession of great genius is the capability of
discerning it, and the disposition of honouring it in others.
Come, come, mount, and make a speech ; prorogue the par-
liament.

Erro. What ! what ! what ! no, don't be silly, I'm not
going to perch myself up there.

Ent. Ah! that 's the way ; talent is always wayward ; I'll
put the chair down then. Now, take this water-net in the
right hand for a sceptre, and this box in the left, so; it's a
globe, the emblem of universal sovereignty, that's it. There
sits the king of entomology ! the friend of the wise, the terror
of all pretenders, the abstractor of Straus-Durckheim, the
Delta, the Omega, the Rusticus, the Editor, wit, and critic,
of the Entomological Magazine. Oh king ! live for ever !

Erro. —

Ast illos centeiii quemque sequuntur,
Purpurei cristis juvenes auroque corusci.

Ent. Answering the address in Hebrew ; that's all right.

NO. TV, VOL. II. U U

330 COLLOQUIA ENTOMOLOGICA.

Erro, {Taking off the crown and admiring it) —

Ilia; continuo saltus sylvasque peragrunt,
Purpureosque inetunt flores.

Ent. Your majesty is very condescending. Now, thank
the contributors ; speak of the overflow of contributions ;
thank the public for the increased sale ; say that the profits of
the Magazine will be given to the Hope Assurance Company.

Erro. —

Hie Venus indigno nati concnssa dolore,
Dictamnum geiiitrix Crsetsea carpit ab Ida,
Puberibus caulem foliis et floi-e comantem
Purpureo.

Ent. Sire, on behalf of my brother entomologists, I beg
to thank your majesty for your continued good will, so warmly
expressed, and to assure your majesty of our undiminished
regard and obedience.

Erro. It could not be the Dictamnus, after all. See,
they begin to droop already.

Purpureus veluti cum flos succisus aratra
Languescit moriens ; lassove papavera collo
Demisere caput, pluvia cum forte gravatur.

Ent. Another speech ! that will do, Roey.

Erro. You have never got me seeds of the Dinmore-hill
vetch, Vicia sylvatica. I want it for my garden.

Ent. Oh ! don't try to gardenize it : it is beautiful in the
woods, where its graceful festoons glow with a thousand
bunches of bloom, delicately tinted ; but in a garden with
prim brick walls, it would fret, pine, droop, dwindle, and die :
don't try it.

Erro. What! why not? it would chmb the trellis-work,
and I should guide it and train it with Lophospermum and
Maurandya, managing them so as to make a blaze of bloom.

Ent. It would not grow, indeed, Roey ; or, if it did, it
would smother the Maurandya, and break down the trellis.

Erro. The Gladiolus Byzantinus is a very favourite
flower of mine. I am sure it is Ovid's Hyacinthus.

Talia dum vero memorantur ApoUinis ore,
Ecce cruor qui fusus humi signavei'at herbam,
Desinet esse cruor : Tj'rioque nitentior ostro
Flos oritur ; formamque capit quam lilia : si non

COLLOQUIA ENTOMOLOGICA. 331

Piirpureus color huic, argentius essct in illis.
Non satis hoc Phoebo est : is enim fuit auctor honoris,
Ipse suos gemitus foliis inscribit ; et AI, AI
Flos habet inscriptum.

Ent. I hope you are entertained.

Erro. The AI AI are just the white marks which the
gladiole or cornflax, whichever you call it, bears on the lower
petals, and the " Vaccinia nigra," in " Formosum pastor
Corydon," is the same flower. Old Heyne says, " Vaccinia
nigra esse eundem florem cum Hyacinthis poetarum;" and
Duncan the same, — " Melius cum Turnebo et Salmasio dicemus
Hyacinthum esse." " Martinus," says Heyne, " Hyacinthum
poetarum lilium floribus reflexis sive Martagon esse putet;"
the common Martagon lily : but this could not be ; for we find
in Theocritus, " Kai to \ov fiiXav Ivrl kuX aypavTa vaKivdog,"
which will not suit the Martagon : but all these things must
remain doubtful. Some commentator even says, that the Nar-
cissus of the ancients was our common red Valerian !

Ent. What think you was the Narcissus ?

Erro. The Narcissus of Ovid was certainly our Narcissus
or Dafibdil ; the yellow centre, with the white petals round it,
is very accurately described,

Croceum pro corpora florem
Inveniunt foliis medium cingentibus albis.

Ent. Roey, I must learn French.

Erro. Ovid's Narcissus is a beautiful story.

Nee vigor, et vires, et quae modo visa placebant,
Nee corpus remanet, quondam quod amaverat Echo ;
Qui tamen ut vidit quamvis irata memorque
Indoluit; quotiesque puer miserabilis "Eheu"
Dixerat; hcec resonis iterabat vocibus " Eheu."

Ent. I must learn French ; I know it must be useful —
yes, I must learn it — I must, indeed — between ourselves, on
purpose to puff myself in the French Magazines.

Erro. M. Entomophilus a public dans le Magasin Ento-
mologique un traite sur I'Osteologie des Insectes ; ce savant a
deploye la plus grande erudition et un genie vraiment etonnant.

Ent. I catch the idea of all that; it's about gardening;
my mind's eye pictures you in a straw hat, half way up a little
ladder, with a pair of scissors cutting off faded flowers and

382 COLLOQUIA ENTOMOLOGICA.

withered leaves : now, was not that conveyed in what you have
been saying?

Oh ! could we do with this world of ours
As thou dost with thy garden bowers,
Reject the weeds and keep the flowers,

What a heaven on earth we'd make it !
So bright a dwelling should be our own,
So warranted free from sigh or frown.
That angels soon would be coming down,

By the week, or month, to take it.

Like those gay flies that wing through air.
And, in themselves, a lustre bear,
A stock of light still ready there,

Whenever they wish to use it ;
So, in this world, I'd make for thee;
Our hearts should all like fire-flies be,
And the flash of wit and poesy

Break forth whenever we choose it.

Erro. Would that my life were synchronous with such a
blissful world ; but, alas ! how different is ours ! Look on our
entomological world, how barren the minds, not only of all wit
and poesy, but of all greatness, and nobleness, and goodness !
Ambulator, Hanson, Bird, and one other, are the only ento-
mologists to whom I feel bound by any ties of kindred feeling,
affection, or gratitude. The fourth shall be nameless ; it is
not well to detail the whole list of one's friends to every one
with whom one may chance to have a gossip. {Continues
musingly and half aside.)

Te vero mea quem spatiis propioribus aetas
Insequitur, venerande puer, jam pectore toto
Accipio, et comitem casus complector in omnes.
Nulla meis sine te quseretur gloria rebus ;
Seu pacem sen bella geram : tibi maxima rerum
Verborumque fides.

Ent. Come, I'll have nothing said against the Society,
underhand: it is going down; I was at the meeting on
Monday ; there were not a dozen members present, and half
of those wore visages I had never seen before ; I vvent with
Marshall, one of the good old school.

Erro. I once hoped that the Entomological Society would
have been the means of uniting entomologists into one body,
and called forth kindlier feelings among us. I looked for

-COLLOQUIA ENTOMOLOGICA. 333

bread and discovered a stone ; I sought for Antirrhodus and
I found Scylla ; I expected an isle of gardens, and I beheld a
barren and dangerous rock : " it is as the mist of the valley in
the desert, seen afar off by some thirsty traveller, and when he
Cometh thereto, he findeth nothing to drink." Had I the means,
I would leave England for a few years, and bury myself in the
woods of America, in the hope that, when I returned, I should
find that entomologists had recovered their senses. Oh,
America !

Ent. I am firmly persuaded, from what I see of the work-
ing members of its council, that the Entomological Society
will retard, not advance, entomology. How differently I
thought, how differently I spoke, nine months ago !

Erro. " Totum per annum est aer instar aeris verni ;
ubivis sunt floridi campi, montes sylvescentes, rivi perennes,
coelum hilaritate et laetitia plenum."

Ent. My dear friend, on this subject, you may surely
speak the vernacular.

Erro. Palmarum feracissima regio, coelo sereno. Nihil
quietius, nihil muscosius, nihil amoenius.

Ent. Oh, envy ! envy !

Erro. How singular it is to see envy for ever watching
the opportunity to transfer merit from one to another, thus
endeavouring to diminish the actual amount.

Ent. Yet talk not of leaving us ; there are good spirits,
though very, very few, who have not turned their backs on the
cause of truth.

Erro. I may not go ; yet life is to me of little value, now
that its darling hope is crossed ; I could say with Gray, whilst
regarding the setting sun —

O ! ego felix, vice si nee unquam
Surgerem rui'sus, simili cadentem
Parca me lenis sineret quieto

Tollere leto.

Fame, once my load-star, now no longer leads me.

Donee eram sospes tituli tangebar amore,
Quaerendique mihi nonninis ardor erat.

Ent. Roey, you mistake. A ruling passion never yields
its sway, and the love of fame is with you a ruling passion ; the
possession to satiety could alone smother it. Say not that
fame no longer leads, no longer influences : does a man who

334 COLLOQUIA ENTOMOLOGICA.

is not in love prate of his Dulcinea? Our bosoms beat not
with the hopes of our fathers, neither will those of our children
echo the thi'obbings of our own ; yet each individual bosom is
ever faithful to its own aspirations. What do you think of
when alone? for that is the test. Sweet is the smile that
succeeds to weeping ; sweet is the sun-gleam following a
shower ; sweet is the song of the nightingale at moonlit mid-
night ; sweet, very sweet, is the voice of those we love ; but
sweeter by far is that perfectly uninterrupted solitude when
we sit the centre of a halo of thought, when the mind asserts
its empire, proclaims its power, and, unfettered, dashes on-
wards whithersoever it will. Fame, Roey, is your happiness,
even though at present principally prospective ; but, on that
ground, none the less supreme ; for, let me tell you, a principal
character of happiness is stability, and that is the most un-
sullied which casts into futurity the longest shadow; whereas,
unaccompanied by the idea of stability, all happiness, though
obvious, sunny, and glaring, like the great pyramid at noon,
is unsatisfactory, because, like that also, shadowless. Talk not
to me of disappointed hopes ; talk not to me of mankind, as
though your knowledge of them was a painful and afflicting
burden. Would you, I ask, unknow all that you know of
man, just to believe the world better than it is ? If there were
placed within your reach a cup of the waters of Lethe that
would instantly wash away all traces that good and evil had
for a series of years impressed, and leave the mind a perfect
vacuum, would you drink it ? No ! I answer for you, for I
know you better than you know yourself. Let me once more
entreat you to indulge less in idle speculation and morbid
thought; you, who might astonish the world, are wasting
your hours, days, and years, while you see —
Erro. —

When cold in the earth lies the friend thou hast loved,

Ee his faults and his follies forgot by thee then,
Or if, from their slumber, the veil be removed.

Weep o'er them in silence and close it again.
But, oh ! if 'tis pain to remember how far

From the pathways of light he was tempted to roam,
Be it bliss to remember, that thou wast the star

That arose on his darkness and guided him home.

Ent. How beautiful ! alas ! I have no such power.

COLLOQUIA ENTOMOLOGICA. 335

Erro. Moore's versification is exquisite ; it has a charm
that seems almost mysterious ; in what consists the sweet flow
of his Hnes ? I wish I was not so fond of poetry ; I love it
with enthusiasm; yet, to please you, I will give it up, and
make up my mind to follow severer studies ; —

Ite hinc, Camsense, voce inellite divaj
Dulces CamcBniE, nam fatebimur verum
Dulces fuistis ; sed tamen meas chavtas
Revisitote sed pudenter et i"aro.

So says old Virgil, and thereto I say, amen ! I mean, some
day or other, to be able to say —

Jamque opus exegi : quod nee Jovis ira, nee ignes,
Nee poterit ferrum, nee edax abolere vetustas,
Cum volet ilia dies, quae nil nisi eorporis hujus
Jus habet, incerti spatium mihi finiat aevi.
Parte tamen meliore mei super alta perennis
Astra ferar : nomenque erit indelibile nostrum.

That would please even you, " my guide, philosopher, and
friend."

Ent. Do you recollect, in this very room, two years ago
this autumn, calling my " Sphinx" a monument, or some-
thing like that ? Well, when my uncle was in America, he
called on Thomas Say.

Erro. Indeed! I should call that a " non sequitur."

Ent. Um! should you; I tell you it's a positive truth. My
uncle was much delighted with Say ; he was dressed in the
homeliest manner, and appeared to be living in a state of patri-
archal simplicity, but full of information, and his heart over-
flowing with boundless benevolence ; and he was reading —
guess what.

Erro. Mrs. TroUope, I guess, or Malthus? — Adam
Smith? — Hogg, on Sheep? — I give it up then.

Ent. " Sphinx Vespiformis ;" he was pondering over the
musings of your friend.

Erro. Capital. I had long been bent on discovering the
system of nature, when I saw your system first on paper, and
I immediately exclaimed cvjoijica; as I have gone somewhat
more minutely into detail, I have had occasional misgivings as
to parts, but nothing affecting the main theory, especially the
centrality of groups. I am inclined to think that we at
present know so little of nature that we cannot make a very

33G COLLOQUIA ENTOMOLOGICA.

near approach to truth ; but we may gather, here and there,
some scattered rays which may help us in our search : did we
possess a knowledge of the major parts of the productions of
nature, we might possibly, by paying strict attention to
internal as well as external conformation, and by placing
together species, genera, and higher divisions, -whenever we
detected a relationship, thus covering some immense place
with the objects themselves, and having them all under view
at once, we might possibly make a near approach to, if not
actually discover, the true natural position of each and all.
How delicious to the theorist, to see creation thus arrayed,
like a huge army, before him. I think I have said, some-
where, that that system is the most natural which preserves
the most affinities, and breaks the fewest.

Ent. Were it not still better to arrange them before the
mental eye ; that eye, whose gaze stops not with space, whose
vision is uninterrupted by material grossness. Often, often
the waking dreams of the night-watches of my childhood have
presented to my imagination the picture you describe; and
now, now creation spreads itself before me, and each being
that lives, each being that I have seen, or heard of, or read of,
or thought of, or dreamt of, assimilates with its kind and
assumes its appointed place : all is harmonious and glorious
order ; and the mind gazes in exstasy, till, inebriated with
thoughts of delight, it dances before the phantom it has raised.

Erro. I believe it.

Ent. *' Sphinx Vespiformis" gained me much ill-will.

Erro. To be sure it did ; it set so completely at defiance
the quackery of the day ; " and," says Bacon, " all men
oppose with intense hatred him who first proposes an im-
portant alteration or evident improvement, because the very
act implies that they have been previously in blind error ; and,
moreover, the sudden unexpected appeai'ance of such a work
conveys to them the humiliating assurance that the author has
not considered the knowing ones worth consulting on the
subject. Genius has thus ever engendered envy and dislike
among the minors, and has consequently been always, in
some degree, a bar to fame. Let in the light upon a nest of
young owls, and they forthwith cry out against the injury you
have done them. Men of mediocrity are young owls ; when
you present them with strong and brilliant ideas, they instantly

COLLOQUIA ENTOMOLOGICA. .S37

exclaim against them as false, dangerous, and deserving of
punishment. Every abuse attempted to be reformed is the
patrimony of those who have more influence than the reformers.
He who would be great must go alone ; he must not stop to
curry favour here and there with every commentator. The
hope to please all is the diseased yearning of a cold, selfish,
and contracted heart."

Ent. Does Bacon say all that?

Erro. I won't be certain that the passage is entirely
Bacon's, but I think you will find some of the ideas in his
works.

Ent. Rosy ! why always use the language of others ?

Erro. Because it is less trouble to employ the words of
others, than to fit expressions to ray own ideas ; and because
I can think nothing, express nothing, that has not before been
thought and expressed far more beautifully : but I mean to
copy you, in being original. [? Ed.] I feel that, as the flame
of that candle rises to the cigar which you are holding over it,
so does my soul grow upwards to the stature you wish it to
attain.

Ent. Change the subject, Roey, my heart is overflowing.
How truly it is said, that the heart is ever ready to open to
the heart that opens in return !

Erro. Changed it is. You are wrong in the honey-bee
paper, which you wrote for me, in saying, that our love of nature
is less intense when the other love is gone. I once thought
as you say, but I don't now. Love, commonly so called, is
a meteor's light ; the love of nature is like the light of a

Polar day, which will not see
A sunset till its summer's gone :

it is a flame, only dying with our reason ; the other only lives
till our reason awakes, and tells us that what we love in
another is only the fancied image of our own mind : —

Of its own image is the mind diseased.

I love nature more and more, man less and less ; yet I do love
mankind, though I would rather live in a desert than with the
common run of men. Oh ! I can recollect with intense
pleasure the scenes we visited together in Wales, when, as

NO. IV. VOL. II. X X

338 COLLOQUIA ENTOMOLOGICA.

you say (quizzing me, I know), that the stored-up treasures
of by-gone ages overflowed in a tumult of quotation : and it is
true ; the scenery called it forth ; yes ! I remember those
scenes with more intense pleasure than when I witnessed
them. Oh ! that I were now on Snowdon's shaggy side, with
one friend to whom I could whisper, " solitude is sweet."

Ent. Should you live until you have a beard on your face,
your Platonic discourses will be very fine, about outliving
love, and so forth ; at present, they appear rather out of joint
with time. What other criticisms have you for me? what
other errors have you found ?

Erro. I have enough to do to criticise others, without finding
fault with my contributors, and in that I can't give satisfaction;
Swainson and W. Christy have both been written to by James
Wilson, about his Entomologia Edinensis. Now, it's brother
John, the magnifico, the Christopher North of Blackwood's
Magazine, that I 'm afraid of; if we offend him, he will anni-
hilate us with his knout. What shall I do ? I 'd make any
apology.

Ent. I should have thought you had had enough ex-
perience in making apologies already.

Erro. True; I don't excel, I believe, in that species of
composition.

Ent. People who excel in apologies excel in nothing else.

Erro. I am heartily tired of the editorship. My first
number cost me fourteen pounds in weight ; my second eight
pounds ; and my Midsummer number fifteen pounds ; before
the volume is complete, I shall be a second living skeleton.
I knew myself to be unfit from the first. " Mea semper fuit
in hac re voluntas et sententia ; quemvis ut hoc mallem de iis
qui essent idonei suscipere quam me ; me ut mallem quern
neminem." I wish you had kept it.

Ent. Thank you, very cordially ; but I do not feel suffi-
ciently Quixotic to take the helm of the Fire-fly at the present
crisis ; besides, it 's too much trouble, this hot weather, to
contend with the malcontents. I'll take my copies, but no
more trouble.

Er^o. But, about Wilson.

Ent. Be under no alarm about that: a regular scarifying
from North would be an advertisement; he hawks not at
ignoble game ; lions prey not on mice ; if Christopher do

COLLOQUIA ENTOMOLOGICA. 339

throw down the gauntlet to you, it will be a proof that he
considers you no unworthy foe ; and as you, Roey, are a man
of peace, you will confer an everlasting obligation on me by
allowing me to take it up.

Erro. You must be Editor again, next year.

Ent. Not I ! The most suitable man in the club is my
friend, Entex. I understand all eyes are turned to him
for the third volume.

Erro. Our entomological papa: that's good news !

Ent. It's a most profound secret; he would not have it
known for the world. His other work is to be quarterly now.

Erro. But I may have judged too hastily of the Ento-
mologia Edinensis ; it is really a work of some — some —

Ent. Some what?

Erro. Some industry.

Ent. Pooh! My cigar is out.

Erro. I should think, from the pile of ashes before you,
that must be the twentieth, at least, since supper; is it the
last ? it must be growing late.

Ent. The passage of time is voiceless and imperceptible ;
the hours usually pass briskly when we meet at this enchanted
spot. Suppose we take a draught of purer air, and then to
bed. (Goes to the window, and opens it.) Mercy on us, it
is daylight still !

Erro. What, what ! is it evening still ? No !

H&c vice sermonum roseis Aurora quadrigis
Jam medium aethereo cursu trajecerat axem.

Ent. What a sky, Roey ! ten thousand times ten thou-
sand fleecy clouds, the sunward edge of each irradiate with
rosy light, and all in squadron formed ; scattered and separate
each from each above our heads ; but clouded and huddled at
the horizon, and there more glorious than molten gold, and
arranged all in due order; avenues of purest blue immaculate
mark out the limits of each legion ; avenues all tending to a
point, that point the coming sun. Man is, indeed, a worm !

Erro. —

Aurora interea miseris mortalibus almam
Extulerat lucem, referens opera atque labores.

Let us, then, to the woods, and renew our toil.

340 MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM.

Ent. To-morrow, Roey, by steam to Edinburgh ; but let
us stay here as long as we can, and now —

Hie away ! to the woods, hie away !

Auroi-a with crimson has tinted the sky,
And the blithe lark, the herald of day,

Is pouring his music around from on high.
Hie away ! to the woods, hie away !

Hie away! to the woods, hie away!

Field, flower, and forest, all glitter with dew.
And there droops, on its elegant spray,

The harebell, arrayed in its beautiful blue.
Hie away ! to the woods, hie away !

It is not the first time that we have made a door of this
window.

Erro. And the other doors will be fastened now. {He
takes up the nets.)

Et jam prima novo spargebat lumine terras
Tithoni croceum linquens Aurora cubile :
Jam sole infuso, jam rebus luce retutis
Turnus in arma viros, armis circumdatus ipse
Suscitat.

(Exeunt through the open window.)

Art. XXXIII. — Monographia Chalciditum. By Francis
Walker.

(Continued from p. 309.^

the grreen myriads in the peopled grass.'

Genus VIII. — Platyterma.

Sp. 7. Plat, incultum. Mas. P. prasini statnra, antennis
fuscis, alls subhyalinis.

Viride : oculi ocellique rufo-fusci : antennae pallide fuscse, corporis
dimidio longiores, subtus fulvae ; articulus 1^*. laete flavus ; clava
obscure fiisca : abdomen thorace paullo longius ; discus obscure
cupreus : sexualia fusca : pedes laete flavi ; coxae virides ; tarsi
apice fusci ; protarsi fulvi : alae subhyalinae ; squamulae et nervi
flava ; stigma pallide fuscum, minutum. (Corp. long. | lin. ;
alar. I5 lin.)

September ; near the Land's End, Cornwall.

MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM. 341

Sp. 8. Plat, comptum. Fem. P. terminali simile, caput et
abdomen latiora, antennae obscuriores.

Laete aeneo-viride : caput thorace latius : oculi ocellique rufo-fusci :
antennas fuscse, corporis dimidii longitudine ; articulus 1"^ basi
flavus : metathorax viridis : abdomen viride, elongato-ovatum,
thorace paullo longius et latius, subtus non angulatum ; discus
cupreo-aeneus : pedes pallide flavi ; coxae virides ; tarsi apice
fusci ; protarsi flavi : alse hyalinae ; squamulae et nervi pallide
flava ; stigma minutum. (Corp. long. 1 lin. ; alar. I5 lin.)

July ; on grass in fields ; near London.

Sp. 9. Plat, femorale. Mas et Fem. Viride, antennis
fulvis apice fuscis (mas) aut fuscis (fem.), pedibus flavis,
fem. fomoribus viridibus, alis hyalinis.

Mas. — Laete viride : caput thoracis latitudine : oculi ocellique rufo-
fusci : antennse fulvae, corporis dimidii longitudine ; articulus 1^'.
flavus ; 2"^. supra et clava fusca : abdomen seneo-viride, nitens :
sexualia fulva : pedes laete flavi ; coxae virides ; tarsi apice fusci ;
protarsi fulvi : alae hyalinae, paullo flavescentes ; squamulae et
nervi flava ; stigma minutum.

Fem. — Viride : antennse fuse* ; articulus 1^^. fulvus ; 2"^ viridis,
apice fuscus : abdomen Isete viride, thorace vix longius, subtus
non angulatum ; segmenta apice cuprea : femora viridia, apice
flava ; meso- et metatarsi apice nigro-fusci : alae fulvescentes ;
squamulae et nervi fulva ; stigma pallide fuscum, minutum.
(Corp. long. J — 1 lin. ; alar. | — \\ lin.)

Var. /3. — Mas, antennae articulis 11°. basi et 13°. apice fulvis.

Var. y. — Mas, caput cyaneo-viride.

Var. ^. — Mas, antennse clava fulva.

Var. £. — Mas, abdomen viride.

Var. ^. — Mas, abdomen viride ; discus cupreo-viridis.

Var. 7). — Mas, cyaneo-viride : abdominis discus aeneo-viridis.

Var. 6. — Mas, abdominis discus cupreus.

Var. I. — Mas, caput et thorax cyaneo-viridia, ilium inter oculos et
hujus scutum postice seneo-viridia ; abdomen viride ; discus
cupreus.

Var. K. — Fem. antennae articulo 1°. supra fusco.

Var. X. — Fem. antennae articulo 2°. viridi-fusco.

Var. fi. — Fem. antennae articulo 1°. supra viridi-fusco.

Var. r. — Fem. abdominis discus cupreo-aeneus.

Var. ^. — Fem. abdominis segmenta apice cyaneo-cuprea.

Var. 0. — Fem. femora et tibiae fulva. i

3i2 MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM.

Var. IT. — Fern, abdomen cupreo-aeneum, basi apice que viride ; seg-
meiita nonnulla basi cyanea : alae vix fulvescentes.

Far. p. — Fern, alas omiiino perlucidas.

Far. a. — Fern, thoracis dorsum aeneo-viride : stigma fuscum.

Var. T. — Fern, thoracis latera, abdomen subtus et femora seneo-
viridia.

April to September ; on grass in fields ; near London.
June; Windsor. June and September; Isle of Wight.
September ; Westmoreland and Cumberland ; Penzance, Corn-
wall. New Lanark, Scotland.

Sp. 10. Plat, decorum. Mas et Fern. Viride, ahdomine
purpureo, antetuiis fulvis (mas) aut fuscis (fern.), pedihus
jlavis, alis griseo-hyalinis.

Mas. — Lsete aureo-viride : caput thorace vix latius : oculi ocellique
rufo-fusci: antennce fulvae, corporis dimidio paullo breviores ;
articulus 1"^ Isete flavus, apice fulvus ; 2"^. basi pallide fuscus ;
clava obscure fusca, apice pallidior, articulo 10°. paullo latior :
caput antice mesothoracisque scutellum apice viridia : abdomen
thorace paullo longius, basi cvipreo-viride ; discus splendide
cupreo-purpureus : sexualia pallide fusca : pedes Isete flavi ;
coxae virides ; tarsi apice fusci ; protibiae et protarsi fulva ; alae
griseo-hyalinae ; squamulae flavse ; nervi fusci ; stigma minutum.

Fern. — Obscure viride : antennae fulvo-fuscse, corporis dimidio
multo breviores ; articulus 1"^ fulvus ; 2*^^. fuscus : abdomen
obscure purpureum, thorace multo longius et paullo angustius,
basi laite cupreo-viride, subtus aeneo-viride angulatum, apice
concolor attenuatum acuminatum pubescens. (Corp. long.
1| — 1^ lin. ; alar. \\ — If lin.)

July and August; on oak trees ; near London.

Sp. IL Plat, remotum. Fem. Prcscedentibiis latius et
hrevius.

Laete viride : caput thoracis latitudine : oculi ocellique rufo-fusci :
antennae fulvae, corporis dimidii longitudine ; articulus 1"^. palli-
dior ; clava obscurior : parapsidum suturse seneo-virides : abdo-
men obscure cupreo-aeneum, thoracis longitudine et latitudine,
basi Isete viride, subtus angulatum, apice acuminatum ; segmenta
basi viridi-aenea : pedes laete flavi ; coxae virides ; femora basi,
meso- et metatibise medio pallide. fusca : tarsi apice fusci : pro-
tibiae et protarsi fulva : aire hyalinae, minime sub costam flaves-

MONOGRAPHIA CIIALCIDITUM. 34^3

centes ; squamulae et nervi flava ; stigma minutum. (Corp. long.
X lin. ; alar. 1| lin.)

July ; on grass in fields ; near London.

Genus IX. — Amblymerus.

Sp. 4. Arab, ruralis. Fem. A. valido pmillo minor et
angustior ; alee obscuriores.

-lEneo-viridis : caput viride, thorace paullo latius : oculi ocellique
rufo-fusci : antennae fuscse ; articulus 1"^. flavus : abdomen
obscure cupreum, thorace paullo longius, subtus angulatum ;
segmentorum margines basi et utrinque Isete virides : oviductus
pallide rufus, abdominis apicem non transiens : pedes pallid^
fulvi ; coxae seneo-virides ; genua, tibiae apice tarsique pallide
flava, hi apiee fusci ; protarsi flavi : alae subfulvae ; squamulge et
nervi fulva; stigma minutum. (Corp. long. | — 1 lin.; alar.
1— li lin.)

Var, /3. — Antennae articulo 1°. fusco, basi subtusque flavo.

Far. y. — Abdomen fere omne nigro-cupreum ; segmentum 1"™.
basi Isete viride.

August ; on grass beneath trees ; near London. Septem-
ber; Isle of Wight; New Lanark, Scotland.

Sp. 5. Amb. campestris. Fem. Prcecedenli similis, paullo
brevior ; clava angustior et acutior.

jEneo-viridis, vix nitens : caput viride, thorace paullo latius : oculi
ocellique rufo-fusci: antennae fuscse; articulus 1"^ flavo-fulvus,
basi flavus : abdomen nigro-cupreum, thorace vix longius, subtus
non angulatum ; segmenta basi Isete viridia : pedes fulvi ; coxee
seneo-virides ; protibia; pallide fulvae, subtus flavae ; tarsi apice
fulvi; meso- et metatarsi straminei : alse subfulvae ; squamulse et
nervi fulva ; stigma parvum. (Corp. long, i lin. ; alar. | lin.)

lar. /3. — Protibiae omnino flavae: meso- et metapedum genua
tibiseque apice straminea.

August ; on grass in fields ; near London.

Sp. 6. Amb. latus. Fem. Viridis, A. dubii statura, clava
angustiore, antennis fuscis , pedibus jlavis, alis subhyalinis.

Viridis : caput thoracis latitudine : oculi ocellique rufi : antennse
obscure fuscaj ; clava pallidior ; articulus 1"^. fulvus : abdomen

344 MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM.

thorace paullo longius, subtus non angulatum ; discus nigro-
seneus ; segmenta 2°. ad 4^™. cyaneo cingulata : pedes Isete flavi :
coxae virides ; meso- et metatarsi strarainei, apice fusci ; protarsi
apice fulvi : alae subhyalinae, vix flavescentes ; squamulae fuscae ;
nervi flavi; stigma parvum. (Corp. long. 1 lin. ; alar. 1| lin.)

September ; Isle of Wight.

Sp. 7. Amb. truncatellus. Fem. j^neo-viridis, prceceden-
tibus mullb hrevior, antennis obscure fuscis, 2Jedibus Jlavls,
alts hyalinis.

^neo-viridis : caput thorace paullo latius : antennae obscure fuscae,
corporis dimidio vix longiores ; clava pallidior ; articulus 1"^.
basi flavus : oculi ocellique fusco-rufi : abdomen viride, basi
nitentius et cupreo variegatum, thorace paullo angustius vix
longius, subtus angulatum ; discus aeneus : pedes flavi ; coxae
aeneo-virides ; metafemora extus et mesotibiae intus fulva ; meso-
et metatarsi straminei, apice fusci ; protarsi apice fulvi : alae
hyalinae ; squamulae et nervi flava ; stigma minutum. (Corp.
long. I lin. ; alar. | lin.)

July; on grass in fields ; near London.

Sp. 8. Amb. fulvipennis. Fem. Cupreo-ceneus, fere
A. validi statura, antennis fuscis, pedibus fulvis, alls
fulvis,

Cupreo-aeneus : caput viridi-aeneum, thorace paullo latius : oculi
ocellique rufo-fusci : antennae obscure fuscae, corporis dimidio vix
breviores ; articulus 1"^. fulvus : abdomen cupreum, breve, latum,
thoracis longitudine, subtus angulatum ; discus obscurior : pedes
fulvi; coxae cupreo-asneae ; meso- et metatarsi flavi, apice fusci:
alae fulvae ; squamulae et nervi fusca ; stigma minutum. (Corp.
long. 1 lin. ; alar. \\ lin.)

Var. ^. — Abdomen basi viridi-aeneum : tibiae apice basique flavae :
squamulae et nervi pallide fusca.

June; on grass beneath trees ; near London; New Forest,
Hampshire.

Sp. 9. Amb. modestus. Fem^ Viridis, prcscedentis fere
statura sed minor, antennis n/gro-fuscis, abdomine ple-
riimqne ceneo, pedibus fidvis, alis fuscis.

Obscure viridis : caput thorace latius : oculi ocellique rufo-fusci :
antennae nigro-fuscse, crassae, corporis dimidio breviores ; articulus

MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM. 345

1^^. fulvus : abdomen viridi-asneum, thorace non longius sed
mult6 latius, subtus non angulatum, basi nitentius : oviductus
rufus : pedes fulvi ; coxae virides ; femora fusca, apice fulva ;
meso- et metatarsi fiavi, apice fusci : alae fuscae ; squamulse et
nervi fulvo-fusca ; stigma parvum. (Corp. long, g — f lin. ; alar.
1—1 lin.)

Var. (3. — -Antennse fuscse ; articulus 1"^. fulvus, apice fuscus.

Far. y. — Antennas subnigras ; articulus 1^^. obscure fuscus, basi
fulvus.

Far. S. — Antennae articulo 1°. omnin^ fusco.

Far. e. — Antennae articulo 1°. apice fusco: abdomen nigro-viride,
basi aeneo-viride nitentius.

Far. ^. — Antennae articulo 1°. fulvo-fusco : abdomen viride ; discus
nigro-viridis : pedes flavi ; femora fulva ; meso- et metatarsi
straminei, apice fusci : alae subfuscae.

Far. t]. — Antennae articulo 1°. fusco, basi fulvo : abdomen obscure
aeneo-viride ; discus cyaneo-cupreus : alae subfuscse.

Far. d. — Abdomen cupreo-seneum, basi viride nitentius, apice aeneo-
viride.

Far. t. — Abdomen nigro-seneum, basi seneo-viride nitentius : femora
omnin6 fulva.

Far. K. — Abdomen basi seneo-viride : femora fulva ; protibiae et
protarsi flava.

Far. X. — Cyaneo-viridis : abdomen obscure viridi-cyaneum, basi
aeneo-viride.

Far. fi. — Far. X similis : femora fulva: alae subfuscae.

Far. V. — Antennae articulo 1°. flavo : protibiae et protarsi flava:
abdomen aeneo-viride, basi viride : femora fulva.

Far. I. — Abdomen nigro-aeneum, basi apiceque viride: femora fulva;
protibiae et protarsi flava : alae fuscae ; discus obscurior.

Far. o. — Obscure viridi-aeneus : abdomen nigro-seneum, basi apice-
que seneo-viride : femora fulva.

Far. IT. — Abdominis segmenta basi nigro-cyanea : femora fulva ;
alae subfuscae.

Far. p. — Antennae fuscae ; articulus l^^^. apice fuscus : abdomen
viride ; discus cyaneo-cupreus : pedes flavi ; meso- et metatarsi
straminei, apice fusci : alae subhyalinae.

Far. (7. — Jj^neo-viridis : antennae nigrae ; articulus 1"^ nigro-fuscus,
basi fulvus : abdominis segmenta apice nigro-cyanea : pedes
fusci ; tarsi flavi, apice fusci ; genua et protarsi fulva : alae sub-
fuscae.

August ; on grass in fields ; near London. September ;
Isle of Wight; Westmoreland and Cumberland ; Land's End,
Cornwall ; New Lanark, Scotland.

346 MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM.

Sp. 10. Amb. fuscipes. Fern. Viridi-ceneus, A. amoeni
statura, ahdomine cupreo-csneo, antennis pedibusquefuscis,
alts fulvescentibus.

Viridi-aeneus : caput viride, thorace latius : oculi ocel]ique rufo-
fusci : antennae fuscae, sat crassse, corporis dimidio vix breviores ;
articulus 1"^. obscure fuscus, basi pallidior : abdomen purpureo-
seneum, thorace pauUo longius vix latius, apice basique aeneo-
viride, subtus angulatum et apice minime elevatum ; segmenta
basi viridia : pedes obscure fusci ; coxae virides ; mesofemora
subtus apice spina armata ; genua fulva ; protarsi fusci ; meso-
et metatarsi pallide flavi, apice fusci : alae subhyalinae, amplse,
sub nervum fulvae ; squamulae fuscae ; nervi fulvi ; stigma parvum.
(Corp. long. 1 lin. ; alar 1| lin.)

Var. ft. — Caput supra seneum : thorax et abdomen cupreo-senea,
hujus discus cyaneo-purpureus : protarsi fulvi, apice fusci.

June; on grass in woods; near London.

Sp. 11. Amb. humilis. Fern. Viridi-anet/s, picecedejiti
similis, antennis pedibiisque fuscis, femoribus viridibus,
ahdomine cupreo, alls subjlavescentibus.

iEneus : caput seneo-viride : oculi ocellique rufo-fusci : antennae
fuscae ; articulus 1"^. obscurior, basi fulvo-fuscus : abdomen ob-
scure cupreum, basi et subtus aeneo-viride nitentius ; segmenta
basi viridia : pedes fusci ; coxae et femora viridia ; protibiae
pallid^ fuscse ; genua et protarsi fulva ; meso- et metatarsi flavi,
apice fusci : alse hyalinae, sub costam flavescentes ; squamulae et
nervi fulva ; stigma obscurius, parvum. Corp. long. ^ lin. ; alar.
l|lin.)
June; New Forest, Hampshire.

Sp. 12. Amb. albitarsus. Fern. Virldi-cyaneus, A. fusci-
pedis statura, ahdomine purpureo, antennis pedihusque
fuscis, alls hyalinis.

Viridi-cyaneus : caput thorace latius : oculi ocellique rufo-fusci :
antennae fuscae, graciles, corporis dimidii longitudine : abdomen
purpureum, thorace longius et angustius, apice obscure basi laete
viride, subtus non angulatum : metathorax laete viridis : pedes
nigro-fusci ; coxae virides ; genua, tibiae apice tarsique alba, hi
apice nigro-fusci ; propedum genua flava, tibiae tarsique pallide
fusca : alae hyalinae, latae ; squamulae fuscae ; nervi fulvi ; stigma
parvum. (Corp. long. 1 lin. ; alar. 1| lin.)

August ; on grass beneath trees ; near London.

MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM. 347

Sp. Hi. Amb. nitescens. Fem. Viridi-csneus, A. amceni
statura, abdomine purpureo-cBneo, antennis 2^^dibusque
nigro-fuscis, alts subfuscis.

^neus : caput thorace latius, antice viride : oculi ocellique rufo-
fusci : antennae nigro-fuscae, corporis dimidio paullo longiores ;
articulus 1"^ fuscus, basi fulvus : metathorax eeneo-viridis : ab-
domen viride, thorace longius, subtus non angulatum ; discus
purpureo-aeneus ; segmenta basi viridia : coxas virides ; tro-
chanteres fulvi ; femora nigro-viridia ; tibiae nigrae, apice basique
flavse; protibise et protarsi fusca, illae extus nigrae ; meso- et
metatarsi flavi, apice fusci ; alae subfuscae, prope costam obscu-
riores ; squamulae et nervi fusca ; stigma mediocre, nigrum.
(Corp. long, li lin. ; alar. 2| lin.)

August ; on grass under trees ; near London.

Sp. 14. Amb. pusillus. Fem. jEneo-viridis, prcBcedentibus
angustior, A. dubio similis at minor, antennis fuscis,
pedibiisjiavis, alls subhyalinis.

^neo-viridis : caput thorace paull6 latius : oculi ocellique fusco-
rufi : antennae fuscae, corporis dimidii longitudine ; articulus l"^*
basi flavus : scutellum viridi-asneum : abdomen thorace longius,
subtus non angulatum ; discus cupreo-asneus : pedes flavi ; coxse
aeneo- virides ; tarsi apice fusci: alae subhyalinae, minime fla-
vescentes ; squamulae fulvae ; nervi flavi ; stigma minutum. (Corp.
long, i— f lin. ; alar. |— 1 lin.)

Var. (3. — Caput viride.

Far. y. — Viridis : prothorax aeneo-viridis : abdominis discus cupreo-
aeneus.

September ; Isle of Wight.

Sp. 15. Amb. tenuicornis. Fem. A. ipusiWo similis, antennis
gracilioribus, abdomine longiore et angustiore.

^neo-viridis : caput antice viride, thoracis latitudine : oculi ocel-
lique rufo-fusci: antennae fuscas, corporis dimidii longitudine,
hujus generis plerisque graciliores clava angustiore et acutiore ;
articulus 1"^ basi flavus : abdomen viride, thorace longius, subtus
paullo carinatum; segmenta 2°. ad 5"™. nisi ad apices nigro-
aenea : pedes flavi ; coxae asneo-virides ; tarsi apice pallida fusci :
alae hyalinae ; squamulae et nervi flava ; stigma minimum, vix
conspicuum. (Corp. long, f lin. ; alar. | lin.)

July ; on grass in fields ; near London.

348 MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM.

Sp. 16. Amb. hebes. Fern. Viridis, A. modesti statura,
prcecedentibiis plerisque crassior, antennis fuscis, abdo-
mi?ie ccneo, pedihus fulvis, alls hycdinis.

Viridis : caput thorace vix latius : oculi ocellique fusci : antennae
obscur^ fuscae, crassae, corporis dimidii longitudine ; articulus 1"^
flavus, apice fulvus : scutellum aeneo-viride : abdomen thorace
vix longius, subtus non angulatum, medio cupreo-seneum pariim
nitens, basi aeneiim nitentius : pedes fulvi ; coxae seneo-virides ;
tarsi iiavi, apice fusci : alee hyalinse ; squamulpe et nervi fusca ;
stigma minutum. (Corp. long, f lin. ; alar. 1 lin.)

August ; on grass in fields ; near London.

Sp. 17. Amb. tenellus. Fern. A. pusillo similis sed paiillo
longior et angustior.

Viridis : caput thorace vix latius : oculi ocellique fusco-rufi : antennae
fuscae, corporis dimidio breviores ; articulus 1^^. basi flavus :
abdomen thorace multo longius, subtus non angulatum ; discus
cupreo-seneus : pedes flavi ; coxae virides ; tarsi pallide flavi, apice
fusci : alae subhyalinse ; squamulse et nervi fulva ; stigma parvum.
(Corp. long. I lin. ; alar, f lin.)

September; Isle of Wight.

Sp. 18. Amb. fulvipes. Fern. Prcscedenti similis, clava
latiore, abdomine subtus angulato.

Viridis : caput thorace pauUo latius : oculi ocellique rufi : antennas
pallide fuscae, corporis dimidio vix breviores ; articulus 1"^ basi
flavus ; clava articulo 10". multo latior : scutellum aeneo-viride :
abdomen aeneo-viride, thorace paullo longius, subtus angulatum :
pedes fulvi ; coxae virides ; protibise et tarsi omnes flava, hi apice
fusci : alse subfulvae ; squamulae et nervi fulva ; stigma minutum.
(Corp. long, f lin. ; alar. | lin.)

September ; Isle of Wight.

Sp. 19. Amb. stupidus. Fem. A. lato similis sed paullo
angustior.

Viridis: caput thoracis latitudine: oculi ocellique rufo-fusci : antennae
fuscae, corporis dimidio breviores; articulus 1"^. basi flavus:
abdomen aeneo-viride, thorace longius, subtus angulatum : seg-
menta 2°. ad 5"™. apice cupreo-senea : pedes flavi ; coxae virides ;
femora viridia, apice basique flava ; meso- et metatarsi pallide

MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM. 349

flavi ; omnes apice fusci : alse subhyalinse, paullo flavescentes ;

squamulse et nervi fulva ; stigma parvum. (Corp. long. | — 1

lin. ; alar. 1 — 1 1 lin.)
Var. /3.— Tibiae fulvse.

Far. y. — Thoracis dorsum seneo-viride : protarsi fulvi.
Far, S. — Antennae articulo 2°. viridi-fusco.
Far. e. — Caput, thorax, et femora viridi-aenea.

September; Isle of Wight.

Sp. 20. Amb. nanus. Fern. A truncatelli fere statura,
paullo angustior.

Viridis : caput supra cyaneo-viride, thorace paullo latius : oculi
ocellique rufo-fusci : antennae fulvae, corporis dimidii longi-
tudine ; articulus 1^**. basi flavus : abdomen viridi-aeneum, thorace
vix longius, subtus angulatum : pedes flavi ; coxae virides ; femora
et metatibise fusca ; mesotibias fulvae ; meso- et metatarsi pallide
straminei, apice fusci : alae hyalinas ; squamulae et nervi pallide
fulva; stigma minutum. (Corp. long. \ lin.; alar. | lin.)

July ; on grass in fields ; near London.

Sp. 21. Amb. linearis. Fem. A. tenuicornis statura, an-
tennis apice crassioribus, clava breviore et obtusiore, alls
subfulvesce?itibus.

Viridi-aeneus : caput thoracis latitudine : oculi ocellique rufo-fusci :
antennae fuscse, corporis dimidio breviores ; articulus 1"*. basi
flavus : mesothoracis scutellum et scuti discus cupreo-aenea :
abdomen seneum, thoracis longitudinem superans, subtus paull6
angulatum, basi cupreo-aeneum nitentius ; discus nigro-aeneus :
pedes fulvi ; coxae viridi-aeneae ; femora et tibiae apice, meso- et
metatarsi flava, hi apice fusci ; protarsi apice obscure fulvi : alas
subfulvae, apice et postice pallidiores ; squamulae et nervi pallide
fulva ; stigma minutum. (Corp. long. | — § lin. ; alar, f — | lin.)

Far. (3. — ^neo-viridis : scutellum aeneum : abdomen nigro-asneum,
basi aeneo-viride nitentius ; segmenta basi et utrinque viridia :
metafemora subfusca.

Far. y. — ^Eneo-viridis : caput viride : abdominis discus cupreo-
aeneus.

September ; on grass in fields ; near London. Isle of Wight.

Sp. 22. Amb. temperatus. Fem. Prcecedenti similis, an-
te tiuis paullo brevioribus et crassioribus, abdomine laliorc.

350 MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM.

Viridis : caput thoracis latitudine : oculi ocellique rufi : antennae
fusca3, corporis dimidio breviores ; articulus 1"^. fulvus, apice
supra fuscus : abdomen nigro-seneum, thorace longius, subtus non
angulatum, apice basique viride : pedes fulvi ; coxae virides ; tarsi
apice fusci ; genua, meso- et metatarsi flava : alae subhyalinse, vix
flavescentes ; squamulse et nervi pallide fulva : stigma minutum.
(Corp. long, f lin. ; alar. | Jin.)

Far. fi. — ^neo-viridis : abdomen nigro-seneum, apice basique aeneo-
viride.

July ; on grass in fields ; near London. September ; Isle of
Wight.

Sp. 23. Amb. iners. Fem. Prcecedenti similis sed laiior,
antennis brevioribus et crassioribus.

Viridi-aeneus : caput thoracis latitudine : oculi ocellique rufo-fusci :
antennas fuscae, corporis dimidio breviores ; articulus 1"^ flavus :
abdomen nigro-aeneum, thorace latius et paullo longius, basi
apiceque viride, subtus non angulatum : pedes fulvi ; coxae seneo-
virides ; tarsi flavi, apice fusci : alse fulvae ; squamulae et nervi
fulva ; stigma parvum. (Corp. long. \ lin. ; alar, f lin.)

September ; Isle of Wight.

Sp. 24. Amb. trossulus. Fem. A. modesti statura, ahdo-
mine paullo breviore, antennis fulvis, alls Jiyalinis.

^neo-viridis : caput viride, thorace paullo latius : oculi ocellique
rufo-fusci : antennae fulvae, crassae, corporis dimidio longiores ;
articulus 1"^. flavus ; 2*^^. supra basi et clava pallide fusca : abdo-
men obscur^ cupreum, thorace latius sed non longius, basi laete
viride, subtus non angulatum ; segmenta apice viridi-senea : pedes
flavi ; coxae virides ; meso- et metatarsi straminei, apice pallide fusci :
alae hyalinae, minime flavescentes ; squamulae pallide fuscae ; nervi
flavi; stigma fulvum, parvum. (Corp. long. § lin.; alar. | lin.)

August ; on grass in fields ; near London.

Sp. 25. Amb. stenomerus. Fem. A tenuicorni similis, paullo
brevior et gracilior, alis angustioribus.

Viridis, angustus, sublinearis : caput thorace paull6 latius : oculi
ocelliqae rufofusci : antennae pallide fuscae, graciles, corporis
dimidii vix longitudine ; articulus 1"^. fulvus; clava articulo 10°.
multo latior : scutellum et abdomen viridi-aenea ; hoc thorace

MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM. 351

paullo longius, subtus non angulatum : pedes pallide fusci ;
coxae virides ; protibiag et tarsi omnes flava, hi apice fusci : alas
subfuscse, angustae ; squamulae et nervi fulva; stigma minutum.
(Corp. long. I lin. ; alar. | lin.)

October ; on grass beneath trees ; near London.

Sp. 26. Amb. tenebricus. Fem. A. nitescentis statura, ob-
scurior, stigmate majore.

Viridi-seneus, obscurus, crassus : caput aeneo-viride, thoracis latitu-
dine : oculi ocellique fusci : antennae nigrae, crassae, corporis
dimidio paullo breviores ; articulus 1^^ fuscus, basi fulvus :
mesothoracis scutellum cupreo-seneum : abdomen obscure cu-
preum, thorace brevius et paullt> latius, subtus angulatum, basi
cupreo-viride nitentius, apice elevatum : pedes nigro-fusci ; coxae
et femora viridi-aenea ; trochanteres fusci ; genua fulva ; tarsi
articulo 1°. fusco, basi pallide fiavo : alae obscure fuscae ; squa-
mulae fulvae ; nervi nigro-fusci, metalis pallidiores ; stigma
nigrum, magnum. (Corp. long. 1| lin. ; alar. 2 lin.)

October ; on grass in fields ; near London.

Sp. 27. Amb. mirus. Fem. Viridiceneiis, antennis nigris,
abdomine basi pedibusque fnlvis, oviductu exerto, alls
hyalinis.

Nigro-viridis, quasi productus, Callimomi similis : caput thorace
paull6 latius : oculi ocellique fusci : trophi ferruginei : antennae
nigrae, crassae, breves, corporis trientis longitudine ; articuli 1°. ad
5™\ fulvi, clava nigro-fusca, fere rotunda : prothorax laete viridis,
macula supra cupreo-cyanea : thorax subtus viridi-cyaneus : ab-
domen cupreo-asneum, thorace paullo longius, subtus angulatum,
basi fulvura, apice fuscum ; latera aeneo viridia : oviductus rufus,
abdominis trientis longitudine ; vaginae nigro-fuscae, pilosae, apice
pallidiores : pedes fulvi ; coxae cyanese, apice flavae ; femora
extus pallide fusca ; trochanteres, genua, meso et metatarsi flava,
hi apice fulvi : alae hyalinae angustae ; squamulae et nervi fulva ;
stigma parvum. (Corp. long. IJ lin.; alar. 1| lin.)

August ; on grass in fields ; near London.

f f Antennce articulis 3°. et 4°. minimis, 5°. mediocri.

§ Clava brevis, vix acuminata,

-intus dilatatae Platymesopus.

A/a>? mesotibiae«^ -extus dilatatae Mesopolobus.

-simplices Eutelus.

352 MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM.

Genus X. — Platymesopus, Westwood.

Mas. — Caput mediocre, thorace pauUo latius : antennae clavatse ;
articulus 1"^ validus, subfusiformis ; 3"^ et 4"^ minimi ; 5*^^,
gus, et 7"'. subsequales; 8^\, 9"s. et 10"^ gradatira latitudine
crescentes ; clava ovata, articulo 10°. mult6 latior : mandibulze
4-dentat8e, subquadratse, vix arcuatae, intiis emarginatse, subse-
quales ; una dente externo mediocri acuminate, 2". obtusiore et
raulto minore, 3". et 4°. minutis, hoc latiore et obtusiore ; altera
dentibus brevioribus, 3". et 4". minimis vix discretis aut con-
spicuis : maxillae basi latae, inde abrupte angustatae, angulum
utrinque extus fingentes, ad apices elongatae acuminatae ; lacinia
in lobum quaeque intus producta ; palpi 4-articulati, crassi, lon-
gitudine mediocri; articuli 1"®. et 2"'*, breves; 3"^ et 4"^. magni,
dilatati, hie ovatus, ille fere rotundus : labium ^^ angustum, subli-
neare, postice conicum ; ligula'' parva, antice quasi fissa ; palpi
3-articulati, breves, crassi ; articulus 2^^. brevissimus ; 3"^. apice
acuminatus : thorax ovatus : prothorax brevissimus : mesotho-
racis scutum et scutellum maxima ; parapsidum suturae vix
conspicuae ; paraptera et epimera bene determinata : metathorax
parvus, subtilissime squameus : abdomen elongato ovatum, thorace
angustius sed non longius ; segmentum 1™*. magnum ; sequentia
brevia, subeequalia : sexualia exerta : pro- et metapedes sim-
plices ; mesopedum femora apices versus spina gracili subtus
armata, tibiae intus valde dilatatae: alae mediocres ; nervus hume-
ralis ulnari vix longior, setis armatus, ramulum rejiciens nullum ;
cubitalis radiali brevior, stigmate ramulum brevissimum emittente
terminatum.

Fern. — Antennae articulo 1°. gracili, 5°. et sequentibus ad 10^"".
gradatim latitudine crescentes; clava articulo 10", paullo latior;
palpi maxillares graciles, filiformes ; articuli 1°. ad 3"'". subse-
quales ; 4"^. 2*. et 3^ longitudine : abdomen thorace paullo
latius, subtus non angulatum, apice acuminatum : oviductus non
exertus : m.esopedum tibiae simplices.

Sp. I. Platy. tibialis. Mas. Viridis, antennis Julvis ajnce
nigris, abdotnine cupreo, pedibus fiavis, alls hyalinis.
Fem. Viridi-ceneus, cupreo variegatus, antennis pedibus-
que fuscis, alls subhyalinis.

* The mentitm of my former descriptions. Vide Osteology of Insects, by Mr.
Newman, page 71 of this volume.

^ Tlie labium of my former descriptions.

MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM. 358

Platymesopus tibialis. Westwood, Lond. and Edinb. Phil.
Mag. Third Series. Vol. II.
No. XII. p. 444.

Mas. — Lsete viridis : oculi ocellique rufo-fusci : trophi fiavi ; maxillae
basi et mentum viridi-aenea : antennse fulvse, corporis dimidio
longiores, vix pubescentes ; articulus 1^^. Isete flavus, apice
fulvus ; 9"*. et 10"^ fusci ; clava nigra : abdomen cupreum, basi
apiceque viride nitentius, subtus aeneo-cupreum pubescentius :
sexualia fusca : pedes Isete flavi ; coxae virides ; profemora basi
extus ferruginea ; mesofemora intus ferrugineo vittata, spina
fusca armata ; protibise extus ferrugineo et mesotibiae intus fusco
vittatae, h« rubro marginatae puncto nigro pilis nigris ciliato ter-
minatae ; tarsi pallida fulvi, apice fusci : alse hyalinse ; squamulae
flavae ; nervi fulvi, ubi costam attingunt pallide fusci ; stigma
concolor, parvum.

Fern. — Caput viride : antennae pallide fuscae, corporis dimidio vix
longiores, apice obscuriores, basi fulvae : thorax aeneo-viridis,
cupreo variegatus : mesothoracis scutellum purpureo-cupreum :
metathorax viridis : abdomen asneo-cupreum ; segmenta basi
viridia : pedes fusci ; coxa aeneo-virides ; femora et tibiae apice
tarsique pallide flava, hi apice fusci ; protibiae et protarsi flava,
illae extus fulvae: alae subhyalinae. (Corp. long. | — l^lin. ;
alar. | — 2 lin.)

Var. jo. — Mas, caput supra et circum oculos asneo-viride : meso-
thoracis dorsum cupreo-viride ; scutum antice viride : metathorax
aeneo-viridis : abdomen apice basique aeneo-viride.

Far. y. — Mas, Var. /3. similis : thorax viridis ; mesothoracis scutum
antice cupreoaeneum.

Var. c. — Mas, abdomen purpureo-cupreum, basi apiceque aeneo-
cupreum.

Var. e. — Mas, caput et thorax cyaneo-viridia.

Var. ^. — Mas, abdomen purpureo-cupreum, basi aeneo-viride.

Var. r]. — Mas, antennae articulo 1°. omnino flavo.

Var. 6. — Mas, thorax antice et utrinque viridicyaneus.

Var. I. — Mas, caput supra, mesothoracis scutum antice, epimera et
paraptera cupreo-aenea : abdomen cupreum, basi seneo-viride.

Var. K. — Mas, caput antice cyaneo-viride : abdomen purpureo-
cupreum, basi apiceque viride.

Var. X. — Mas, caput supra aeneo-viride.

Var.fi. — Mas, prothorax omnino et mesothorax antice aeneo-virides.

Var. V. — Mas, antennae articulo 9°. fulvo : abdomen aeneo-viride.
NO. IV. VOL. II. z z

35i MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM.

Far. ^. — Mas, antennae articulis 1°. ad 7"™. flavis, 8°. et 9". fulvis,

10°. fusco.
Far. 0. — Mas, nervi omnes pallide fulvi.
Far. TT. — Fern, caput supra tEneo-viride : protibise fuscse.
Far. p. — Fern, antennse obscure fuscse, basi pallidiores : thorax

aeneo-viridis ; mesothoracis scutum cupreo-seneum.
Far. a. — Fern, mesothoracis scutellum cupreo-aeneum.
Far. r. — Fern., metathorax asneo-viridis.
Far. V. — Fern, femora fusco-viridia.

Far. (p. — Fern, mesothoracis scuti dorsum cyaneo-viridi maculatum.
Far. X- — Fem. thorax seneo-viridis ; mesothoracis scutellum fere

omne et scutum postice cupreo-cyanea.
Far. xp. — Fem. Far. x- similis sed mesothoracis macula cuprea.
Far. w. — Fem. abdominis segmentum 1*^"^ basi viride ; 2""\ et

sequentia basi senea : alse subflavescentes ; stigma obscure fus-

cum.
Far. aa. — Fem. thorax cupreo-aeneus : abdominis segmenta basi

viridi-senea.
Far, /3/3. — Fem. thorax seneo-viridis ; metathorax viridis.

May and June ; on grass in woods ; near London. June ;
Windsor. New Forest, Hampshire, Isle of Wight.

Genus XI. — Mesopolobus, West wood.

Mas. — Corpus angustum, sublineare : caput parvum, thoracis lati-
tudine : antennae subclavatse ; articulus 1"^ gracilis, sublinearis ;
3US, et 4"^ minimi ; 5"^. et sequentes ad 10"™. subaequales, lati-
tudine gradatim crescentes ; clava ovata, articulo 10°. paullo
latior : mandibula una 4-dentata, subquadrata, vix arcuata, intus
emarginata ; dens externus mediocris, 2"^ minor, ambo acumi-
nati, 3"^ et 4"^. brevissimi, ille subacuminatus, hie latior obtusus ;
altera similis sed dentibus 3°. et 4°. vix discretis aut conspicuis :
maxillae basi latse, ad apices angustse et acuminatae ; quseque in
lobum lacinia intus producta ; palpi 3-articulati ?, graciles, longi-
tudine mediocri, articulus 1"^ cyathiformis, mediocris; 2"^ P.
longitudine, basi crassior ; 3"^ subfusiformis, 1°. et 2°. longior,
ramulum intus prope basim longum gracilem emittens : labium
angustum, basi conicum ; ligula minuta, antice quasi fissa ; palpi
3-articulati, breves, crassi ; articulus 2"^ brevissimus : thorax
elongato-ovatus, angustus : prothorax brevissimus : mesothoracis
scutum et scutellum maxima ; parapsidum suturse vix conspicuse ;
paraptera et epimera magna : metathorax mediocris : abdomen
sublineare, thorace paullo brevins et angustius, basi et apice

MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM. 355

angustatura ; segmentum 1"™. maximum; sequentia breviora ;
apicalia parva : pedes graciles ; metacoxag longiores ; mesotibise
apices versus in lobum extus productse trigonum : alas mediocres ;
nervus humeralis ulnari multo longior, ramulum rejiciens milium;
cubitalis radiali brevior ; stigma ramulum brevem emittens.

Sp. 1. Mesop. fasciiventris. Mas. Viridis, antennis pedi-
busque Jlavis, abdomine ctipreo fiavo fasciato, alls
hyaUnis.

Mesopolobus fasciiventris. Wesiwood, Lond. and Edinb. Phil.
Mag. Third Series. Vol. II.
No. XII. p. 443.

Laete viridis, nitens : oculi ocellique rufo-fusci : trophi laete flavi :
mandibulae apice rufae : antennae laete flavag, corporis dimidii
longitudine : metathorax subtilissime squamous : abdomen cu-
preum, ante medium late flavo fasciatum, apice viride : sexualia
fusca: pedes laete flavi, graciles; coxae virides; mesotibiarum lobi
apice nigri et pilis nigris vestiti ; tarsi apice pallide fusci : alae
hyalinae, subangustae, inter nervos cubitalem et radialem fuscae ;
squamulae flavae ; nervus humeralis flavus, pilis nonnullis nigris
vestitus, ubi costam attingit obscure fuscus ; ulnaris pallide
fulvus ; radialis obscurior ; cubitalis obscure fuscus ; stigma con -
color, parvum ; metalarum nervi pallide flavi, ubi costam attin-
gunt fulvi. (Corp. long, f — 1| lin. ; alar. | — Ij lin.)

Far. 13. — Caput, thorax et coxas aeneo-viridia : abdomen basi
cupreo-aeneum.

Var. y. — Far. (3. similis : antennae articulis 1". apice et 2°. supra
pallide fulvis : alae inter nervos cubitalem et radialem subhyalinas ;
uervi pallidiores.

Far. L — Metalarum nervi ubi costam attingunt fusci.

Far. £. — Abdomen basi aeneo-viride.

Far. Z. — Thorax antice et caput cyaneo-viridia : abdomen basi
aeneo-viride.

Far. T]. — Nervus cubitalis et stigma pallide fusca.

Far. 6. — Nervi pallide fulvi ; nervus humeralis ubi costam attingit
fuscus.

May and June ; on grass beneath trees ; near London.
June ; New Forest, Hampshire. September ; Isle of
Wight.

356 MONOGRAPIIIA CHALCIDITUM.

Genus XII. — Eutelus, •= Walker.

Mas et Fern. — Corpus multiforme : caput mediocre : antennae cla-
vatse ; articulus 1 ^'^. rwan subfusiformis, /em. sublinearis gracilior ;
3"^. et 4 "^. minimi ; 6"^ 5°. longior ; sequentes ad 10^™. gra-
datim breviores et latiores ; clava articulo 10°. latior et plus duplo
longior : mandibulae 4-dentat3e, subquadratee, vix arcuatae, intus
emarginatae ; una dente externo mediocri acuminato, 2°. obtusiore
minore, 3°. et 4°. minutis, hoc latiore obtusiore ; altera dentibus
brevioribus, 3°. et 4°. minimis vix discretis aut conspicuis : max-
illa; elongataj, subarcuatae, basi latae ; intus lacinia quzeque in
lobum producta ; palpi 4-articulati, graciles, filiformes, longi-
tudine mediocri ; articuli I"'*., 2"''. et 3"^ mediocres subasquales ;
4"^, subfusiformis, 2\ et 3'. longitudine: labium elongato-ovatum,
postice conicum ; ligula parva, antice quasi fissa ; palpi 3-articu-
lati, breves, crassi ; articulus 2"^ minimus : prothorax et meta-
thorax brevia : mesothoracis scutum et scutellum maxima ;
parapsidum suturae vix conspicuae ; paraptera et epimera bene
determinata : fern, abdomen acuminatum ; segmentum 1*^™. mag-
num ; sequentia breviora, subaequalia : oviductus plerumque
occultus : pedes simplices ; mesofemora saepe apices versus spina
armata : alse mediocres ; nervus humeralis ulnari mult6 longiorj
ramulum rejiciens nullum ; cubitalis radiali brevier ; stigma
ramulum brevissimum emittens.

Sp. 1. Eut. dilectus. Mas. Viridis, antennis
Jlavis, illarum articulo 8°. clavaque fuscis , abdomine cupreo
flaco fasciato, alts hyalinis.

Laste viridis, latus : caput thorace paull6 latius : oculi ocellique
fuscorufi : antennse Isete flavae, corporis dimidii longitudine ;
articulus 1"^ validus ; 8^*. pallide fuscus ; clava fusca, apice
pallidior : thorax elongato-ovatus : abdomen cupreum, ovatum,
thoracis longitudine, ante medium flavo late fasciatum, basi
apiceque viride ; segmenta basi aeneo-viridia : sexualia fusca :
pedes laete flavi ; coxae virides ; tarsi apice fusci : alae hyalinae ;
squamulee et nervi flava, hi pilis nigris vestiti ; pro- et metalarum
nervi humerales ubi costam attingunt pallid^ fusci ; stigma con-
color, parvum. (Corp. long. § — \\ lin. ; alar. 1 — 2 lin.)

Var. ft. — Antennae articulo 2°. basi fusco : alae subflavescentes.

* e5lient>, reAos finis.

MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM. 357

Var. y. — Far. /3. sirailis : alas hyalinse ; stigma flavum.
Far. 8. — Abdeminis segmenta basi cuprea : stigma tiavum.
f^ar. £. — Metathorax basi seneus.

Far. ^. — Caput et thorax aeneo-viridia : abdomen purpureo-cupreum :
stigma flavum.

June to October; on grass beneath trees; near London.
June ; Windsor. September ; Linton, North Devonshire.
New Lanark, Scotland.

Sp. 2. Eut. immaculatus. Mas. Viridis, antennis pedibus-
que flavis, illarum articulo 8°. clavaque fuscis, abdomine
cupreo, alts hyalinis.

Laete viridis, crassus, E. dilecti statura : caput thorace pauUo
latius : oculi ocellique rufo-fusci : antennae laete flavas, corporis
dimidii longitudine ; articulus 1"^. validus ; 8"^ pallide fuscus ;
clava fusca, apice pallidior : abdomen cupreum, immaculatum,
thorace paullo brevius et angustius, basi apiceque cupro-aeneum :
sexualia fusca : pedes laete flavi ; coxae virides ; tarsi apice pal-
lide fusci ; protibiae apice et protarsi fulvo-flava : alse hyalinse ;
squamulse flavae ; nervi pallid^ fulvi ; stigma minutum. (Corp.
long. 1 lin. ; alar. 1| lin.)

Far. (3. — Metathorax seneo-viridis.

August ; on grass beneath trees ; near London.

Sp, 3. Eut. signatus. Mas. Viridis, E. dilecto angustior,
antennis pedibiisque flavis, illarum articulo 8°. clavaque
fuscis, abdomine cupreo flavo fasciato, alis hyalinis.

Viridis, E. dilecto minor angustior et multo obscurior : caput thorace
latius : oculi ocellique rufo-fusci : antennae pallide flavas, corporis
dimidii longitudine ; articuli 2*^^ supra, 7"^ apice et 8"^ fusci ;
clava nigro-fusca, apice basique flava : abdomen cupreum, thorace
paull6 brevius, flavo ante medium late fasciatum : sexualia fusca :
pedes pallide flavi ; coxaj virides ; tarsi apice pallide fusci : alee
hyalinjfi ; squamulae flavae ; nervi pallide fulvi ; stigma parvum.
(Corp. long. I lin. ; alar. | lin.)

September; Ambleside, Westmoreland.

358 MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM.

Sp. 4. Eut. pygmaeus. Mas. Viridis, E. dilecto angusiior,
antennis fulvis, articulo 2°. clavaque fuscis, abdominis
fascia pedibusque Jlavis, alls hyalinis.

Viridis, E. dilecto angustior et minor: caput thoracis latitudine:
antennae fulvae, corporis dimidio paull6 longiores ; articulus 1"®.
Isete flavus ; 2"^. fuscus, apice flavescens ; clava fusca ; oculi
ocellique rufo-fusci : abdomen thoracis longitudine, ante medium
flavo fasciatum : pedes laete flavi; coxas virides ; tarsi apice
pallide fusci ; alae hyalinse ; squamulae et nervi pallide flava ;
stigma minutum. (Corp. long. ^ lin. ; alar. ^ lin.)

August ; on grass beneath trees ; near London.

Sp. 5. Eut. diffinis. Mas. Viridis, antennis fulvis apice
fuscis, abdomine fulvo fasciato, pedibus Jlavis, alis hya-
linis, metalis fusco maculatis.

Laete viridis, E. dilecto paull6 angustior : caput thorace vix latius :
oculi ocellique rufo-fusci : antennee fulvae, corporis dimidii longi-
tudine ; articulus 1"^. flavus ; 2"^ basi, 3'. et sequentium ad 8^"*.
suturse et clava fusca, haec apice pallidior : abdomen seneo-viride,
thorace pauUo brevius, basi apiceque viride ; segmentum 2""^.
apice fulvum : pedes Isete flavi ; coxae virides ; mesotibise intus
et tarsi apice fusca : alae hyalinse ; squamulae et nervi flava ;
stigma minutum : metalae nisi ad basim subfuscae ; maculae in
cujusque disco fuscae irregulares medio connectae duae. (Corp.
long. ^ — I lin. ; ^ — 1 lin.)

Var. j3. — Caput et thorax eeneo-viridia.

Var. y. — Mesotibise intus ad apices obscure fuscae, ante apices
flavae,

Var. ^. — Proalse sub nervum ulnarem fulvescentes.

August to October ; on grass in fields ; near London.
September; Isle of Wight; Lyme Regis, Dorsetshire; Sid-
mouth and Plymouth, Devonshire. New Lanark, Scotland.

Sp. 6. Eut. jucundus. Mas. Viridis, antennis pedibusque
jlavis, abdomine cupreo flavo fasciato, alis hyalinis.

Laete viridis, angustus : caput thorace vix latius : oculi ocellique
rufo-fusci : antennae laete flavse, corporis dimidio paull6 breviores :
caput postice thoracisque latera et apex aeneo-viridi variegata :
abdomen cupreum, thorace paull6 brevius, ante medium late

MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM. 359

fiavo-fasciatum, apice viride : pedes laete flavi ; coxae seneo-
virides ; tarsi apice pallide fusci : alae hyalinae ; squamulae pal-
lide flavae ; nervi pallide fulvi ; stigma minutum. (Corp. long.
I— l|lin. ; alar. Ij— 1| lin.)

Var. /3. — Caput et thorax omnino viridia.

Var. y. — Abdomen basi aeneo-viride.

May and June ; on grass beneath trees ; near London.

Sp. 7. Eut. placidus. Mas. Viridis, E. diffinis statura, an-
temiis Jlavis fnsco maculatis, pedibus Jlavis , alls hyalinis.

Laete viridis : caput thorace vix latius : oculi ocellique rufo-fusci :
antennae fuscse, corporis dimidio paull^ longiores ; articuli P^,
3"^, 4"^, 5^^^, et 8"^ flavi ; 9"^ et 10"^ pallide fusci : abdomen
thorace paullo longius ; discus cupreo-viridis : sexualia fusca :
pedes laete flavi ; coxae virides ; tarsi apice pallide fusci ; pro-
tarsi fulvi : alse hyalinse ; squamulae et nervi pallide flava ; stigma
minutum. (Corp. long. | lin. ; alar. 1 lin.)

Var. fl. — Antennae articulo 8°. supra pallide fusco.

Far. y. — Mesothoracis paraptera et epimera aeneo-viridia : antennae
articulo 8°. pallide fusco : abdominis discus obscure cupreus.

Far. L — Antennae articulis 6°. et 7". pallide fuscis ; 8°., 9°. et 10°.
fulvis : thoracis latera abdominisque marge aeneo-viridia.

August ; on lime-trees ; near London.

Sp. 8. Eut. ocellus. Mas. Viridi-ceneus, antennis nigris,
abdominis fascia flava, pedibus fulvis, pro-alis quasi
ocelligeris.

Viridi-aeneus, obscurus, latus : caput thorace paullo latius : oculi
ocellique rufo-fusci : tropin fusci : antennae nigrae, corporis di-
midii longitudine, apice nigro-fuscae ; articulus 1^^ pallide flavus ;
2"^, 3"^ et 4"^ pallide fusci: abdomen cupreum, thoracis longi-
tudine, ante medium flavo-fasciatum, apice viridescens : pedes
fulvi, validi ; coxae cyaneo-virides ; genua, tibiae basi, meso- et
metatarsi flava, hi apice pallide fusci : alse subfulvescentes, an-
gustae, breves, infectae ? ; proalae fusco apice marginatae et sub
stigmate maculatae ; squamulae et nervi pallide fusca, nervus
ulnaris obscurior ; stigma obscure fuscum, mediocre. (Corp.
long. \\ lin. ; alar. 1| lin.)

New Lanark, Scotland.

360 MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM.

Sp. 9. Eut. eximius. Fem. ^^neus aut viridis, antennis
pedibusque fulvis, alts hyalinis plus minusve Jlavescen-
tibus.

Laete aeneus, latus : caput thoracis latitudine, postice viride : oculi
ocellique rufo-fusci : antennae fulvse, subtus pallidiores, corporis
dimidio vix breviores ; articulus 1"^. pallide fulvus ; sequentes
basi fusci : thorax ovatus ; segmentorum margines virides :
abdomen cupreo-aeneum, thorace paull6 brevius, subtus non
angulatum ; discus obscure cupreus : pedes fulvi ; coxae viridi-
eenese ; genua, tibiae apice tarsique flava ; hi apice fusci ; protibiae
et protarsi fulvo-flava : alae hyalinse, sub costam flavescentes ;
squamulae et nervi flava ; stigma minutum. (Corp. long. 1 — 1^
lin. ; alar. If — 2J lin.)

Var. (3. — jEneo-viridis : abdomen basi viride ; segmenta 1°. ad 4""\
purpureo-cuprea.

Far. y. — Lsete viridis : abdomen asneum, basi laete viride, medio
cupreum : coxee virides ; profemora et protibiae flava : alae vix
flavescentes.

September and October ; on oak-trees ; near London. New
Lanark, Scotland.

Sp. 10. Eut. platycerus. Fem. JEneus, antennis pedibusque
fuscis, tarsis pallide flavis, alls hyaUnis plus 7niniisve
fiavescentibus.

-iEneus, latus, parum nitens : caput zeneo-viride, thoracis latitudine :
oculi ocellique rufo-fusci : antennae fuscae, validae, corporis dimidii
longitudine, subtus pallidiores ; articulus 1"^. omnino 2"*. -que
subtus fulvi : abdomen obscure cupreum, thoracis longitudine,
basi Izete aeneo-viride, subtus non angulatum ; segmenta basi
viridia : pedes pallide fusci ; coxae aeneo-virides ; trochanteres,
femora apice, tibiae apice et basi tarsique pallide flava ; hi apice
fusci ; protibiae et protarsi fulva : alae hyalinae, subflavescentes :
squamulae fulvae ; nervi flavi ; stigma fulvum, parvum. (Corp.
long. 1 — \\ lin.; alar. \\ — \% lin.)

Var. /3. — Caput viride : thorax viridi-aeneus.

Var. y. — Caput viridi-aeneum : thorax cupreo-aeneus ; segmento-
rum margines virides.

Var. I. — Caput viride : thorax cupreus : abdominis segmenta basi
aenea.

Var, £. — Thorax viridi-aeneus, cupreo variegatus.

MONOGRAPHIA CHAI.CIDITUM. 361

Far, C — Thorax seneo-cupreus ; segmentorum margines virides :

abdominis segmenta basi viridi-senea.
Far. -q — Caput viride : thorax viridi-aeneus ; mesothoracis scutellum

cupreo-seneum.
Far. 0. — Caput cyaneo-viride : thorax seneo-cupreus : meso- et

inetapedum femora et tibiae fusca : alarum nervi fulvi ; stigma

fuscura.
Far. I. — Metathorax aeneo-viridis.
Far. K. — Abdominis segmenta basi aenea.
Far. \. — Antennse articulo P. pallide fusco : alarum nervi fulvi ;

stigma fuscum.
Far. fx. — Tibiae omnes fulvae.
Far. V. — Protibiae et protarsi flava.

June to October; on grass beneath trees; near London.
June and September; Isle of Wight. June; New Forest,
Hampshire. September; Sidmouth, Devonshire.

Sp. 11. Eut. bicolor. Fem. Pracedentis fere statura,
plerumque major, colore Icetiore, pedibus pallidiorihus.

vEneus : caput viride, thorace sublatius : ocuii ocellique rufo-fusci :
antennse pallide fuscas, corporis dimidii vix longitudine ; articulus
1"^ omnino 2"^. -que subtus fulvi: mesothoracis scutellum
cupreo-aeneum : abdomen aeneum, thorace paull6 longius ; seg-
mentum 1"">. basi asneo-viride cupreo maculatum ; sequentia
apice obscure cuprea : pedes fulvi ; coxae viridi-aenese ; genua,
tibiae apice et tarsi flava ; hi apice obscure fusci ; protibiae et
protarsi pallide fulva ; alse hyalinae, minime flavescentes ; squa-
mulae et nervi fulva ; stigma paullo obscurius, parvum. (Corp.
long. \\ — 1| lin. ; alar, If — 2 lin.)

Far. /3. — Abdominis segmenta basi cupreo-senea.

Far. y. — Femora, meso- et metatibias pallide fusca.

September; on grass -> in fields; near London. Isle of
Wight.

Sp. 12. Eut. platynotus. Fem. Viridis, E. platyceri sta-
tura.

Viridis : caput cyaneo-viride, thorace vix latius : oculi ocellique
rufo-fusci : antennae fulvse, corporis dimidii longitudine, supra
pallide fuscae, apice obscuriores ; articulus 1"=*. fulvus : abdomen
thoracis longitudine ; segmenta apice cupreo-senea : pedes fusci ;
coxae virides ; tibia; apice tarsique straminea, hi apice fusci ;

NO. IV. VOL. II. 3 A

362 MONOGRAPIITA CHALCIDITUM.

trochaiiteres, genua, protibioe et protarsi fulva : ala? hyalina; ;
squamulse et nervi fulva; stigma parviim. (Corp. long. | — 1 lin. ;.
alar, l^— U lin.)
Var. ft. — Thorax postice jeneo-viridis : protibijE et protarsi flava.

July ; on grass beneath trees ; near London.

Sp. 13. Eut. sobrinus. Fem. PrcBcedenfibus 3 paullo
longior.

^neus : caput viride, thorace sublatius : oculi ocellique rufo-fusci :
antennfe obscure fulvss, corporis dimidii loiigitudine, supra fuscae ;
clava obscurior ; articulus 1"^. fulvus, apice fuscus : thoracis
latera viridi-eeuea : abdomen obscure cupreum, thorace paullo
longius ; segmenta basi laete aeneo-viridia : pedes fusci ; coxae
aeneae ; femora viridi-fusca ; meso-femora apices versus spina
fusca subtus armata ; trochanteres et protarsi fulva ; genua, tibiae
apice tarsique flava, hi apice fusci ; protibiae flavse, extus fuscje :
alae hyalinje, minime fulvescentes ; squamulaj et nervi fulva;
stigma obscurius, parvum. (Corp. long. 1 — \\ lin, ; alar.
li— 1| lin.)

Var. ft. — Caput inter oculos aeneo-viride : antennae articulis 1°.^
3°. 4°.-que omnin6 fulvis : thorax viridi-aeneus : protibiae extus
fulvse.

Var. y. — Caput inter oculos seneo-viride : antennze fuscae ; articu-
lus 1"^. fulvus : thoracis dorsum cupreo-oeneum : abdominis seg-
menta 2^"™. et sequentia basi senea.

Var. d. — Antennae articulo 1" omnino fulvo ; thorax supra cupreo-
aeneus ; segmentorum margines virides : abdominis segmentum
l""^. basi cupreo variegatum.

Var. £. — Thorax supra abdominisque segmenta 2*^'". et sequentia
basi cupreo-aenea ; protibise utrinque fuscze ; pro-alee fulvescentes.

Var. ^. — Mesothoracis scutellum cupreo-aeneum : abdominis seg-
menta basi viridi-aenea.
May and June ; on grass in fields ; near London. June ;

Windsor.

Sp. 14. Eut. catenatus. Fem. Viridis, ^■2JrcBcedent'ibns
angiistior.

Viridis : caput thoracis latitudine : oculi ocellique rufo-fusci : an-
tennae fusco-fulvse, corporis dimidii longitudine ; articulus 1"^.
fulvus : mesothoracis scutum seneo-viride : abdomen cupreum,
thorace paullo longius ; segmenta basi reneo-viridia : pedes fulvi ;
coxse virides ; femora, meso- et metatibiae fusca, apice flava ;.

TVrONOGRAPIIIA CHALCIDITUM. 363

rneso- et metatarsi flavi, apice fusci : alae hyalinse, nonnunqviam

minime flavescentes ; squaiiiula; et nervi fulva ; stigma parvum.

(Corp. long, f — 1 lin. ; alar. 1| — 1.^ lin.)
Var. 13. — Caput inter ociilos thoracisque dorsum a?neo-viridia.

June ; on grass beneath trees ; near London ; New Forest,
Hampshire.

Sp. 15. Eut. inornatus. Fem. y'Eneus, antennis nigris,
pedibus fuscis, alls sub/uscis.

Obscure seneus, brevis : caput nigrum, thorace vix latius : oculi
ocellique rufo-fusci : antenna nigrae, corporis dimidio breviores ;
articulus 1"^ basi fuscus : abdomen cnpreo-aeneum, thorace latius
sed non longius, subtus non angulatum ; segmentum 1"™. basi et
sequentia apice viridi-senea : pedes fusci ; coxas seneaj ; femora
apice, tibias basi, trochanteres et tarsi fulva, hi apice fusci : alaj
subfuscae ; squamulse et nervi fusca ; stigma minutum. (Corp.
long, f lin. ; alar. 1|- lin.)

Var. /3. — Caput, thorax utrinque et postice, coxae et femora obscure
viridia.

Var. y. — Abdomen basi cupreo-viride.

September; Westmoreland and Cumberland.

Sp. 16. Eut. fulvicornis. Fem. ALneo-viridis, E. dilecto
angustior, antennis fulvis, pedibus flavis, alis hyalinis.

Lsete aeneo-viridis : caput thoracis latitudine : oculi ocellique rufo-
fusci : antennae fulvae, corporis dimidio breviores ; clava pallidior ;
articulus 1"^ flavus : abdomen thorace longius, subtus paullo
angulatum, apice acuminatum vix attenuatum ; discus et apex
obscure cuprei : oviductus fulvus : pedes laete flavi ; coxze virides;
tarsi apice fusci ; protarsi fulvo-fusci : alas hyalinae, sub costam
minime flavescentes ; squamulae et nervi flava ; horum humeralis
ubi costam attingit et cubitalis fulvi ; stigma minutum. (Corp,
long. 1 — li lin. ; alar. H— 2^ lin.)

Var. /3. — Caput et thorax viridia, hujus segmentorum margines
aeneo-virides.

Var. y. — Caput et thorax omnino viridia.

Var. S. — Cyaneo-viridis : abdomen viride ; discus cupreus.

Var. e. — Antennae articulo 1°. apice supra pallide fulvo.

Var. '(. — Abdomen cupreo-aeneum; discus obscure purpureo-cupreus.

Var. 7/. — Abdomen basi cupreo-viride.

Var. 6. — Abdomen supra obscure cupreum, basi cupreo-viride,
subtus et utrinque asneum segmentis basi cupreis.

364 MONOGRAPIIIA CHALCIDITUM.

Var. I. — Nervi omnino flavi.

Var. K. — Var. i similis : metafemora fulva.

y^r. X. — Far. k similis : abdomen cupreum, basi Isete viride ; seg-

menta utrinque et subtus basi viridia.
Var. fx. — Var. k similis : antennae fusco-fulvae.
Var. V. — Nervi radialis et ulnaris fulvi.

July to October ; on grass in fields ; near London. Sep-
tember; Isle of Wight; Linton, Devonshire; New Lanark,
Scotland.

Sp. 17. Eut. flavipes. Fem. Viridis, antennisfuscis, pedi-
bus flavis, ciUs hyalinis.

Lffite viridis : caput thorace paullo latins : oculi ocellique rufo-fusci :
antennae fuscae, corporis dimidii longitudine ; articulus 1"^. basi
fulvus ; 2"^. supra obscure fuscus : thorax brevis : abdomen
longius et gracilius, basi angustum, medio supra obscure cupreum,
subtus aeneum non angulatum : pedes flavi ; coxae virides ; tarsi
apice fusci ; protarsi fulvi : alae hyalinae ; squamulae et nervi
flava ; stigma fulvum, rainutum. (Corp. long. | lin. ; alar.
U lin-)
July ; on grass in fields ; near London.

Sp. 18. Eut. asquus. Fem. ^neo-viridis, antennis fusco-
fulviSf 2y6dibus flavis, alls hyalinis.

^neo-viridis, angustus, sublinearis : caput thorace latins: oculi
ocellique rufo-fusci : antennae fasco-fulvae, corporis dimidio bre-
viores ; articulus P^ pallide fulvus : abdomen agneum, thorace
paullo brevius et latins, basi cupreo- viride, subtus non angulatum,
apice vix acuminatum : pedes laete flavi ; coxae aeneo-virides ;
trochanteres pallide fulvi ; meso- et metatarsi straminei, apice
fusci : alae hyalinae, minime flavescentes ; squamulae et nervi
flava; stigma minutum. (Corp. long. 1\ — l^lin. ; alar. 1| — 2
lin.)

Var. i3. — Viridis : antennae articulo 1". supra apice fusco-fulvo :
abdominis discus cupreus.

Var. y. — Antennae fuscae, apice fusco-fulvas : abdomen aeneo-viride.

Var. S. — Antennae fuscae ; articulus 1"^ fulvus, basi flavus : abdo-
men viride, basi nitentius ; discus cupreus : metathorax laete
viridis.

Tar. f-. — Abdomen cupreo- eeneum ; discus obscure cupreus.

MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM. 365^

Var. ;. — Thoracis dorsum cupreo et purpureo maculatum.
Var. 7]. — Femora omnia et mesofemora prsecipue basi fulva.

August to October; on grass in fields; near London. Sep-
tember; Isle of Wight. New Lanark, Scotland.

Sp. 19. Eut. planus. Fern. Cyaneo-viridis,antennis nigris,
pecUbus Jlavis, alls hj/alinis.

Laete cyaneo-viridis, angustus, elongatus : caput viride, thorace vix
latins : oculi ocellique rufo-fusci : antennae nigrae, corporis dimidio
breviores, apice fuscae ; articulus l"**. flavus, apice nigro-fuscus :
abdomen aeneum, thorace pau]16 brevius, subtus non angulatum ;
discus cupreo-seneus : pedes laete flavi ; coxse virides ; meso- et
metapedum tibiee tarsique straminea, hi apice pallide fusci : else
hyalinae, apice subgriseee ; squamulae et nervi flava ; stigma
minutum. (Corp. Ion. 1| lin. ; alar. 2| lin.)

May; on grass beneath trees ; near London.

Sp. 20. Eut. gracilis. Fem. Viridis^anteniiis nigris, pedi-
bus Jlavis, alis hyalinis.

Laete viridis, angustus, elongatus : caput thorace vix latius ; oculi
ocellique rufo-fusci : antennae nigrae, corporis dimidio breviores,
apice nigro-fuscae ; articulus P's.fulvus, apice nigro-fuscus : meso-
thoracis scutellum ajneo-viride : abdomen thorace pauUo longius,
subtus non angulatum ; discus cupreus ; segmenta basi subtus et
utrinque aenea : pedes laete flavi ; coxae virides; tarsi apice fusci :
alae hyalinae ; squamulae flavae ; nervi pallide fulvi ; stigma mi-
nutum. (Corp. long. Ij lin.; alar. 2 lin.)

New Lanark, Scotland.

Sp. 2L Eut. helvipes. Fem. Viridis, jJedibus Jlavis, an-
tennis femorihusque fulvis, alis hyalinis.

Laete viridis, longus, angustus: caput thoracis latitudine: oculi
ocellique fusco-rufi : trophi flavi : antennee fulvte, corporis dimidio
breviores, supra fuscae ; articulus 1^^ omnino fulvus : abdomen
cupreum, angustum, thorace longius, subtus non angulatum ;
segraentum 1"™. basi lajte viride ; sequentia basi aeneo-viridia :
pedes laete flavi ; coxae virides ; trochanteres pallide fulvi ; femora
fulva ; metafemora fusca ; tarsi apice fusci : alae hyalinae ; squa-
mulze et nervi pallide flava ; stigma minimum. (Corp. long.
]| lin. ; alar. 1| lin.)

New Lanark, Scotland.

366 MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM.

Sp. 22. Eut. posticus. Fern, j^neo-cupreus, antennis
nigris, pedihus fulvo-Jlavis, alls hyalinis.

Jj^neo-cupreus, obscurus : caput viridi-seneum, thoracis latitudine :
oculi ocellique rufo-fusci: antenna; nigrae, corporis dimidio paullo
breviores, apice nigro-fusciE ; articulus 1"^. basi fulvus : thorax
angustus ; metathorax liete viridis : abdomen purpureo-cupreum,
thorace latius sed non longius, apice et subtus viridi-ajneum ;
segmentum 1"™. cupreo-viride ; reliqua basi viridia : pedes flavi;
coxae virides ; femora basi fusca ; profemora basi fulva ; meso- et
metatibiee et protarsi fulva, illse basi apiceque fiavae ; tarsi apice
fusci : alje minime fuscescentes, parva? ; squamulae et nervi fulva;
stigma fuscum.parvum. (Corp. long, l^lin.; alar. If lin.)

New Lanark, Scotland.

Sp. 23. Eut. elevatus. Fem. ^neo-viridis, antennis ni-
gris, pedibiis fulvis, femoribiis viridihus, alls subhi/alinis.

jEneo-viridis, obscurus : caput thoracis vix latitudine : oculi ocelli-
que rufo-fusci : antennae nigrag, corporis dimidio paullo breviores,
apice nigro-fuscae ; articulus 1"^ viridis, basi fulvus ; 2"^. aeneo-
viridis : abdomen thorace longius, subtus angulatum, apice ele-
vatum acuminatum attenuatum ; segmenta apice viridia : pedes
fulvi; coxae csneo-virides; femora viridia, apice fulva; trochanteres
et protarsi fusci ; meso- et metapedum tibiae apice tarsique basi
flava: alee subhyalinae ; squamulse et nervi fulva; stigma obscu-
rius, parvum. (Corp. long. 1^ — 2 lin. ; alar. If — 2| lin.)

Var. /3. — Meso- et metafemora fusco cingulata.

Far. y. — Viridi-eeneus : abdomen basi aeneum.

Var. S. — Antennae nigro-fusca; : abdomen eeneo-viride ; segmenta
basi cuprea.

September; Isle of Wight.

Sp. 24. Eut. intermedius Fem. Prcecedenti similis ; abdo-
men jyaiillo breiiiis et latins.

Viridi-aeneus, obscurus : caput aeneo-viride, thoracis latitudine : oculi
ocellique rufo-fusci : antennas fuscae, corporis dimidii longitudine ;

. articulus 1"^ basi fulvus : abdomen lagte viride, thorace vix
longius, apice basique cupreo variegatum, medio cupreum : pedes
flavi ; coxee et femora aineo-viridia ; tibiae fusco fasciatae ; tarsi
iipice fusci ; trochanteres, protibiic et protarsi fulva : alai subhy-

IVrONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM. 367

alinae ; squamulse et nervi fulva, horum humcralis flavus ; stigma
parvum, obscurius. (Corp. long. 1| lin. ; alar. 2 lin.)
Var. [3. — Meso- et metatibiae fulvo fasciatae : alarum squamulse-
fiilvee; nervi flavi ; stigma fuscum.
September ; Isle of Wight.

Sp. 25. Eut. semotus. Fem. Viridi-ceneiis, antemiisfuscis^
pedibiis Jlavis fiisco cingulatis, alls hi/almis.

Viridi-aeneus, obscurus, E. clavato et intermedio abdomine minus
attenuate hoc quoque antennis gracilioribus discretus : caput

• ieneo-viride, thoracis latitudine: oculi ocellique rufo-fusci : antennee
obscure fuscze, corporis dimidii longitudine ; articulus 1^^*^. fusco-
viridis, basi fulvus : abdomen purpureo-cupreum, apice elevatura
cupreo-viride, subtus angulatum cupreum; segmentum l'^™. cu-
preum, basi viride ; 2"™. et sequentia ad 5""\ apice ffinea : pedes
flavi; coxae virides ; trochan teres fusci; femora fusco-viridia ; tibiie
fusco cingulatJe ; tarsi apice fusci ; protibi?e et protarsi fulva : alai
hyalinae ; squamulag fulvze ; nervi flavi ; stigma fuscum, parvum.
(Corp. long. ; 1 J— If lin. ; alar. 2— 2i lin.)

Var. ^. — Antennae articulo 1°. fusco basi fulvo : abdominis seg-
mentum I'™, basi cupreo maculatum, 5*^™. basi aeneo-viride :
meso- et metatibiae fulvo cingulatae,

September; Isle of Wight.

Sp. 26. Eut. altus. Mas et Fem. Viridis, antennis fusc'iSf
pedibus fulvo Jlavis, femorihus viridibus, alis subhyalinis.

Mas. — Cyaneo-viridis, crassus : caput thorace latins : oculi ocellique
rufo-fusci : antennae fuscae, corporis dimidii longitudine ; articulus
1"^ fulvus, apice fuscus : abdomen thoracis longitudine ; discus
cupreus : sexualia fusca : pedes laete flavi ; coxse virides ; femora
viridi-fusca, apice basique flava ; tarsi apice fusci ; protarsi
fulvi : alse subhyalinae ; squamulse et nervi pallide fusca ; stigma
parvum.

Fem. — Laete viridis : autennee corporis dimidio breviores : abdomen
cyaneo-viride ; segraenta basi cuprea : trochanteres fusci ; femora
viridia, apice basique fusca ; tibiae fulvae, apice flavEe ; metatibiae
fusco cingulatas; protarsi fusci. (Corp. long. 1 — 1| lin. ; alar.
11— If lin.)

Var. (o. — Fem. antennae obscure fuscae ; articulus l"'*. basi fulvus :
abdominis discus cupreus : tibiae fuscae, apice basique fulvas ;
squamula3 et nervi obscure fusca.
June ; Windsor Forest.

368 MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUIVr.

Sp. 27. Eut. chlorospilus. Mas et Fern. Viridis ant cencus^
antennis nigris aut fuscis, maris abdombie JJavo maculato,
pedihus fuscis, femoribus nonnunquam viridibus, tarsis
Jlacis, alls subliyalinis.

Mas. — ^neus, obscurus : caput seneo-viride, thorace latius : oculi
ocellique fusci : antennae fuscse, corporis dimidii longitudine ;
articulus 1"^ fulvus, apice fuscus : abdomen obscure seneo-viride,
thoracis longitudine, basi viride nitentius, ante medium flavo
maculatum : sexualia pallida : pedes fusci ; coxae seneo-virides ;
femora viridi-fusca; tibiae apice basique fiavse ; tarsi flavi, apice
fusci : alse subhyalinze ; squamulse et nervi pallide fusca; stigma
mediocre.

Fern. — Viridi-eeneus : antennae nigro-fuscec, corporis dimidio brevi-
ores ; articulus 1"^. niger, basi fuscus : abdomen thorace paullo
longius, subtus angulatum, basi Itete viride : oviductus fulvus :
pedes flavi ; coxae viridi-aeneae ; femora fusca ; tibiae fusco cin-
gulatze ; tarsi apice fusci : protibiae et protarsi fulvo-flava. (Corp.
long. 3—1 lin. ; alar. 1 4—1-1- lin.)

Var. jS. — Fern. Viridis : antennae nigrae ; articulus 1"^. nigro-viridis,
basi fuscus : abdomen cupreum, basi, apice et subtus viride: coxae
et femora viridia ; trochan teres et tibiae fusca.

September; Isle of Wight. Exeter, Devonshire.

Sp. 28. Eut. fuscipennis. Fern. /Eneo-viridis, ante?inis
nigro -fuscis, ijedibus fuscis, femoribus viridibus, alis
fuscis.

Obscure aeneo-viridis : caput obscure viride, thorace latius: oculi
ocellique rufo-fusci : antennae nigro-fuscse, corporis dimidio bre-
viores, apice subtus pallidiores ; articulus 1"^ fulvus : mesothorax
postice et metathorax virides : abdomen obscure cupreum, thorace
paullo longius, subtus angulatum, basi IjEte viride, apice aeneo-
viride ; segmenta utrinque basi viridia : pedes fusci ; coxae et
femora viridia, has apice basique fusca ; tibiae viridi-fuscae, apice
flavae ; tarsi flavi, apice fusci ; protibiae et protarsi fulva, hi apice
fusci, illae apice flavae : alae fuscae, basi pallidiores ; squarnulae et
nervi obscure fusca ; stigma mediocre. (Corp. long. 1| — If lin. ;
alar. 2— 2i lin.)

Far. j3. — Antennae articulo P. apice fusco: thorax viridis: abdo-
minis segmenta supra basi cyaneo-viridia.

Far. y.— Metathorax cupreo-viridis.

June; Windsor Forest.

P.nt.Maxj.n.lX.

W.Ra.U,.tL Jd a-mdi:

NOTES ON DEILEPIIILA EUPHORBLE. 369

Sp. 29. Eut. politus. Fem. Firidis, antennis fuscis basi
viridibus, pedibus fiavo-Julv'is, femoribus viridibus, alis
htjallnis.

Laete viridis, fere glaber : caput thorace vix latius : oculi ocellique
rufo-fusci : antennae fuscas, corporis dimidio breviores ; articuli
1"". et 2us_ virides : thorax crassus, hujus familiae plerisque Isevior,
antice utrinque seneo-viridis : abdomen fere Iseve, thorace longius
et paullo angustius, subtus non angulatum; discus cupreo-viridis :
pedes flavo-fulvi ; coxee et femora viridia, hse apice flava ; tarsi
apice fusci ; protarsi fulvi : alae hyalinse ; squamulae fulvse, nervi
flavi ; stigma minimum. (Corp. long. | lin. ; alar. 1^ lin.)

August ; on grass in fields ; near London.

Sp. 30. Eut. vagans. Fem. /Eneus, antennis pedibusque
fuscis, alis siibhyalinis.

-^neus, ad Amhlymerum propter articulo 3". parvo antennas pro-
pinquus : caput postice viride, thorace pauUc) latius : oculi ocel-
lique rufo-fusci: antennae pallide fuscse, corporis dimidio longiores;
clava obscurior ; articulus I""*, flavus ; 3^'^ et sequentes ad 6"™.
fulvi : metathorax viridi-aeneus : abdomen thorace paullo longius
et latius, subtus viridi-seneum non angulatum : pedes pallide
fusci ; coxae seneae ; tibiae apice tarsique helva, hi apice pallide
fusci ; protibiae et protarsi fulva : alae subhyalinae ; squamulae
fuscae ; nervi pallide fulvi ; stigma obscurius, minutum. (Corp.
long. I lin. ; alar, f lin.

Var. (3. — Caput et metathorax omnino viridia : antennaj articulis 3°-
ad G"™. pallide fuscis.

July ; on grass in fields ; near London. June ; Isle of Wight.

Art. XXXIV. — Notes on Deilep)hila Eiiphorbice. (See
Plates VIII. and IX.)

Gentle Reader, — Turn with us to the beautiful plates
of Deilephila EuphorblcB, the present of our valued friend,
Mr. Raddon. Our friend, we imagine, has no great partiality
for the pen ; for with so prolific a subject, one which would
have elicited from some of our modern entomologists abstruse
disquisitions on system, physiology, and metamorphosis, IMr.

NO. IV. VOL. II. 3 B

OiO NOTES ON

Raddon has positively not sent us a single line. We must
endeavour to supply the deficiency; we have ourselves watched
the progress of a SpJiinx, from the egg to the imago, and the
operations of the whole tribe are nearly similar ; we will there-
fore intertwine our own gleanings with the information Mr.
Curtis has given us in his British Entomology, information
which that author received from Mr. Raddon.

Gentle Reader, — Let us call thy attention to Curtis's col-
lection of Sphingites, — alike, but different. We are turning
them over to find out all about EupJiorhics. What exquisite
softness, and downyness, and featheryness on that Death's
Head! and what velvetyness, what rotundity, what life, what
reality, in this caterpillar of Carolina ! surely pencil never
told the tale more truly ! surely the lovers of beauty never
gazed on a more delightful assemblage ! Curtis, thou art
without compeer !

Gentle Reader,^ — -Pitifully contracted must be the mind that,
to preserve consistency, would deviate from the path of recti-
tude ; pitifully shallow must be that reasoning which w^ould
lead to perseverance in reproof no longer merited ; pitifully
weak must be that resolution which shrinks from the right, lest
others should suppose it wrong; but, above all, pitifully painful
must be that soul-cramp which attributes all praise after blame
to motives of policy or expediency. We have met Mr. Curtis
at the social board ; we have for years lived on terms of inti-
macy, we may say of friendship, with him : furthermore, Mr.
Curtis was friendly to our undertaking ; he was desirous of its
success ; he exerted himself to assist us : he had an extensive
entomological acquaintance, who bowed to his opinion; his
good will, his good word, were of great importance to us ;
yet, even under these circumstances, when he adopted a course
which, in our sober, unbiassed judgment, we considered wrong,
we did not fail to give the public our opinion openly and
boldly, — not in haste ; we weighed the consequences well.
In our subsequent notices the want of space has compelled us
to be brief, very brief; but in pointing out trivial errors, we
imagine we have still followed the path of duty ; of our praise
we have been sparing, perhaps too sparing, but the exceeding
beauly of many of the figures from which we have turned with-
out a comment, must make its own way, must speak its own
praise.

DEILEPHILA EUPIIORBI/E. 371

Gentle Reader, — We have very unintentionally introduced
an episode but little connected with our subject ; we crave thy
pardon, and proceed. When June, with his bitter blasts and
drenching rains, has sodden the immense sand-hills of Braunton
Burrows,^ and the few intervals of sunshine have warmed the
surface of the reeking sand, the beautiful moths represented in
the Plate ^ awaken from a winter's slumber, shake off the grave-
clothes which had shrouded them, and emerge from the waste
of sand like unquiet ghosts deserting their abode in the tombs.
On their first appearance the wings are small, clumsy, shapeless
appendages, and are more soft and yielding than the lightest
silk that undulates with a breath. The newly-born moth, in
this state, crawls along the sand till it espies a solitary bent, a
stick, a stone, or, better than all, the stem of its favourite
plant. Euphorbia Faralias ; either of these objects it ascends,
till it has found firm footing in a vertical position; it then
remains stationary, allowing its wings opportunity to expand
and strengthen as they droop behind it. In this position it is
most beautiful to observe the shivering pulsatory motion by
which the blood seems to be forced into its newly-developed
channels, — to watch the gradual expansion of the wing, until
it has attained its full dimensions, — to mark the satisfied quiet
that follows this expansion, while the wings hang side by side,
and closely touching behind its back, like those of a butterfly
at rest. In half an hour the wings are brought forward, and
assume their usual position.

When the sun has been gone for about half an hour below
the horizon, the whole tribe of moths begin to quit their diurnal
shelter, and venture on the wing. It is then that our beautiful
Deilephila first essays his newly-acquired powers of flight, and
skims rapidly and in circles over the various branches of spurge
which are scattered about the surrounding waste; here he
finds a virgin-bride, like himself the child of th» departed day.
Next comes the laying of eggs ; these, when first produced,
are covered with an adhesive, gummy substance, which enables
the female to stick them on the small leaves of the spurge, as
represented in Plate IX. In a fortnight these eggs hatch, and
produce little black caterpillars, four of which are represented

" Near Barnstaple, in Devonshire.

^ Plate VIII. The middle figure represents the male, tlic lower the female,
and the upper figure the under side of the insect.

372 NOTES ON DEILEPHILA EUPHORBLE.

on the same sprig of spurge ; the one with red head and tail
being a few days older than the others. After this they grow
very fast ; the middle uncoloured figure represents one at about
five weeks old. In nine weeks the caterpillar attains its full
size and perfect beauty, as represented in the upper figure ;
the red line down the back, the red head and tail, and the
double row of yellow spots along each side, distinguish it rea^Jiy
from every other described or known caterpillar ; when full fed,
Mr. Curtis informs us,4he caterpillars are so conspicuous that
marine birds see them at a distance, and devour great numbers
of them.

Two or three days after the caterpillar has attained the size
depicted, it ceases to eat, crawls down the stem of the spurge,
and roves about on the sand in the most restless manner ; after
wandering for many hours in this way, it makes a shallow
hole in the sand, and, without spinning any web, becomes a
chrysalis, as represented by the lowest of the three principal
figures ; this takes place in September, and in the following
June the perfect insect again appears. *' Sometimes, however,"
observes Mr. Curtis, " they remain in the pupa state two
seasons, as many of the Lepidoptera do ; a wise precaution of
nature, to prevent any accident from destroying the whole
brood. The sand-hills, where the larvae are found, being of
great extent, must have been collected by the winds and storms
to which they are constantly exposed; during the winter the
whole soil is frequently removed, so as completely to alter the
surface of the country ; a great number of the pupae must con-
sequently be either destroyed, or buried at a considerable
depth below the surface, where probably they lie hid until
brought to life and light by the influence of the elements."

Mr. Curtis gives a general view of the group called Crejius-
cularia, or Lovers of twilight, a name we think rather ei'ro-
neous. The species are nocturnal or diui-nal ; but this we
apprehend does not make them crepuscular. Sesia is a true
lover of the sun ; its flight is only in his rays ; he who has not
seen this faery creature pendulizing over a purple patch of
Ajuga, — anon descending to sip, without alighting, the sweets
of each corolla, — he who has not watched its porrected tube
dive into cup after cup, its body the while motionless, its legs
shivering, and its wings invisible through excess of motion ;
he who has not seen it again rise, and again pendulize, and

Fi^.Z .

,fi^>>..

-^-—^1

DESCRIPTION OF SOME COLEOPTEROUS LARV.^. 373

then dart off with immeasurable speed ; he who has not wit-
nessed these things, has yet a dehght to come : let him explore
the woods of Kent dm'ing the month of May, when the air is
calm and sunny, and he will surely be gratified. But what is
this at our jasmine, with bird-hke head, vv^ith brilliant eye, with
spread and party-coloured tail, humming loudly, and, though
driven off, returning again and again, day after day, from the
rising to the setting of the sun? it is Macroglossa: from
January to December we have some flower welcome to her,
and she is welcome, most welcome, to us and ours. De'dephila,
thy wing is scarcely less alert, and around our honeysuckle we
often hear thy happy, thy contented hum, and with our lanthorn
light thee to thy feast ; but thy wing is not all unwearying, and
fain wouldst thou rest awhile on each cup thou drinkest from,
and if disturbed flit circling round our head as loth to leave.
Next comes the heavy Sphinx; his body droops, his tube,
longest of all, rifles e'en the Bignonids bloom ; his wing is
strong, swift and direct his flight, he wastes it not in airy show.
O'er widest pastures, o'er the desert plain, o'er ocean's waters,
the giant Acherontia roams ; turning ever and anon his broad
side to the blast, he wings his swift course onwards. Lastly,
comes thy soft and feeble flight, SmerintJms, silent and owl-like
as the wafted flake or feather at the midnight hour, when all
beside is still.

Art. XXXV. — Descrijition of some Coleopterous Larvtv.
By G. R. Waterhouse.

Larva of Megatoma serra. Fab. Plate X. Fig. 3.

Head corneous : body subcoriaceous, of a dull brown
colour, variegated with markings of a deeper hue, and covered
with long brown hairs ; four of the abdominal segments have
a second series of hairs, which are shorter, and very thickly
set. The telum is also furnished with a long brush of hairs.
(Length, 1| lin.)

Head subrotundate : antennae three-jointed ; basal joint short and
stout ; second elongate, narrowed anteriorly and posteriorly ;
terminal, elonmte and slender. The bead is furaished with six

374 DESCRIPTION OF SOME

stemmata on each side, which are placed behind the base of the
antennae. Maxillary palpi three-jointed, the joints short and
compact ; labial palpi minute, two-jointed ; body twelve- jointed ;
oblong-ovate, depressed ; the segments are of three descriptions.
The prothorax, mesothorax, and metathorax are broader (taking
the breadth of each segment longitudinally of the insect) than the
remaining joints, and without the ridge common to them. The
three next joints are very narrow and compact, and have a slightly
elevated ridge towards the lower part. Four of the remaining
joints are broader than the last mentioned, and have the ridge
very much elevated, and forming a base from which the abdominal
brush of hairs springs ; these hairs, when viewed sideways, pre-
sent four distinct layers. The telum is very minute, and placed
within the apex of the paratelum.

Description of the Figure.
a The larva magnified, b The same, with the hairs removed, c c Sides
of two of the joints at large, showing the part from which the abdominal
hairs spring, d Under side of the head, e Part of the side of the head at
large, showing the antennss, and position of the stemmata. The line in
each figure is the natural size of the larva.

The power which the larva possesses of erecting the ab-
dominal hairs when molested, as the porcupine does its quills,
is remarkable. At first it was rather difficult to ascertain how
this was accomplished ; but upon examination, after removing
the hairs from the larva, I found that the object was attained
by an oblique movement of the four abdominal segments, to
which these hairs are attached, somewhat after the fashion of
the laths of a Venetian blind. These segments are furnished
with a loose fold of skin on the under edge, to admit of the
above movement.

I kept one of these larv^ for upwards of a month, in com-
pany with others of a voracious nature, and observed that, on
any of the latter coming in contact with the longer hairs of this
larva, it erected its abdominal brush, on which they receded ;
this fact seems to prove, that it is only by the sudden move-
ment of the brush that the alarm is caused.

The long brush of hairs springing from the telum, or termi-
nal joint of the abdomen, is also of service as a means of
defence. When the larva is walking, it is always kept in a
tremulous motion, and thus defends it from attack in the rear.

I would query whether the corneous abdominal segment,
which is armed with spines in many of the Coleopterous larvie,

COLEOPTEROUS LARViE. 375

may not be of use to the animal in somewhat the same way ?
These larvae generally live in holes in decayed trees, which
their body completely fills up ; carnivorous larvae, following
in their track, would not be able to wound this part.

I know that, in one instance, it would be a perfect protection.
I possess a small Coleopterous larva, which will fix its jaws in
the soft skin of others, and there remain sucking until it is
satisfied ; after a little time it will repeat the operation, and
this it will do until there is nothing left but the skin. Now
this larva has not strength of jaws sufficient to wound these
corneous segments.

The larva is found, during the winter months, under the
loose bark of elm trees. I have found many of them, and
invariably in company with a particular species of spidei',
which spins a web-like case, in which it lives, and upon which,
I believe, the Megatoma larva feeds. Here we see the especial
necessity for this protection, without which, I should think, it
would soon be devoured by the spider.

I reared several specimens of this larva four or five years
ago, but having misplaced the jar in which they were kept,
did not see the pupa. When I found the jar, which was by
accident, they had assumed the imago state ; — the insect was
dead.

Larva of Dasytes serricornis. Kirby. Plate X. fig. 1.

Head and tail pitchy black ; body whitish, variegated with
markings of a dull green hue. (Length, Ig lin.)

Head rotundate, rugose, with four whitish spots, two placed near
the base on each side, and two anteriorly, behind the antennae ;
just above, and between which and the antennas, are two stem-
mata on each side. Antennae short, three-jointed. Body elon-
gate, soft and pubescent, gradually swelling towards the apex,
which is armed with a corneous forked process.

Description of Figure.

a The larva magnified, h The head at large, showing the situation of
the stemmata and white spots, c The telum.

The accompanying drawing was made from one of a number
which I reared in the year 1828. I found the larva and pupa,
about the beginning of March, in decayed blackthorn and

376 TWO LETTERS WRITTEN BY MR. AUDISON.

pear-trees; they assumed the imago state at the latter end of
April.

Not having a specimen of the larva at present, I am unable
to show the trophi at large. In habits and appearance, how-
ever, it is closely allied to those of Thanasimus and Opilus.

Larva of Orchesia micans. Lat. Plate X. fig. 2.

Head corneous ; body soft, cylindrical, slightly pubescent,
and of a pink colour. (Length, Ig lin.)

Head rotundate ; antennfe very minute ; labnmi semicircular; man-
dibles short, slightly unidentate internally ; maxillae, with the
blade, soft and fleshy, the apex sparingly furnished with spinous
hairs ; maxillary palpi three-jointed, the joints equal in length,
terminal joint conic. Body elongate, cylindrical ; all the joints
are transverse, and nearly equal, excepting the telum, which is
rather small, and semicircular.

Description of Figure.

a The larva magnified, b The pupa, c The head of the larva at large.
d Mandible, e Maxilla. / Leg.

The larva is found, during the autumn, in boletus of the
ash tree, and is generally in a bent position, and very sluggish,
like those of the Curculionidce. The pupa begins to partake
of the activity of the perfect insect, riggling about very much
when touched ; its head is curiously dilated at the sides, and
depressed.

Art. XXXVI. — Two Letters, tvritten by Mr. Addison, in
the Year 1708, to the Earl of Warwick, (afterwards his
Son-in-Law,) when that Nobleman was very young.
Communicated by Arthur Davis, Esq.

[to the editor of the entomological magazine.]

Sir, — Some years since a friend of mine permitted me to
transcribe two original letters from the celebrated Addison to
his after-acquired son-in-law, the Earl of Warwick. I was,
and am still, much delighted with the elegant simplicity which

TWO LETTERS WRITTEN BY MR. ADDISON. 377

pervades them, and having been assured that they have never
yet met the pubUc eye in print, I am incUned to think the
subject of them is not absolutely unfit for the pages of a
Magazine, so prominently identified with nature as the Ento-
mological Magazine.

If you shall consider them worth insertion, they are at your
service ; but if not, please send me back the transcript, as it
may save my copying them, perhaps, at a future time.

Believe me, yours, &:c.

Arthur Davis.

Deptford, 22dJuly, 1834.

My dear Lord, — I have employed the whole neighbour-
hood in looking after birds' nests, and not altogether without
success. My man found one last night, but it proved a hen's,
with fifteen eggs in it, covered with an old broody duck, which
may satisfy your Lordship's curiosity a little, though I am
afraid the eggs will be of httle use to us. This morning I
have news brought me of a nest that has abundance of little
eggs, streaked with red and blue veins, that, by the description
they give me, must make a very beautiful figure on a string.
My neighbours are very much divided in their opinions upon
them ; some say they are a sky-lark's, — others will have them
to be a canary bird's ; but I am much mistaken in the colour
and turn of the eggs if they are not full of tom-tits. If your
Lordship does not make haste, I am afraid they will be birds
before you see them ; for, if the account they give of them be
true, they can't have above two days more to reckon.

Since I am so near your Lordship, methinks, after having
passed the day among more severe studies, you may often take
a trip hither, and relax yourself with these little curiosities of
nature. I assure you no less a man than Cicero commends
the two great friends of his age, Scipio and Laelius, for enter-
taining themselves at their country-house, which stood on the
sea-shore, with picking up cockle-shells, and looking after
birds' nests. For which reason I shall conclude this learned
letter with a saying of the same author, in his treatise of
Friendship: " Absint autem tristitia, et in omni re severitas:
habent ilia quidem gravitatem ; sed amicitia debet esse lenior

VOL. II. NO. IV. 3 C

378 TWO LETTERS WRITTEN BY MR. ADDISON.

et remissior, et ad omnetn suavitatem facilitatemque moruin
proclivior." If your Lordship understands the elegance and
sweetness of these words, you may assure yourself you are no
ordinary Latinist ; but if they have force enough to bring you
to Sandy-End, I shall be very well pleased.

I am, my dear Lord,
Your Lordship's most affectionate and obedient,

J. Addison.

May 20, 1708.

My dearest Lord, — I can't forbear being troublesome to
your Lordship whilst I am in your neighbourhood. The
business of this is to invite you to a concert of music, which I
have found out in a neighbouring wood. It begins precisely
at six in the evening, and consists of a blackbird, a thrush, a
robin-red-breast, and a bull-finch. There is a lark that, by
way of overture, sings and mounts till she is almost out of
hearing, and afterwards, falling down leisurely, drops to the
ground, or as soon as she has ended her song. The whole is
concluded by a nightingale, that has a much better voice than
Mrs. Tofts, and something of the Italian manner in her
divisions. If your Lordship will honour me with your com-
pany, I will promise to entertain you with much better music,
and more agreeable scenes, than you ever met with at the
Opera; and will conclude with a charming description of a
nightingale out of our friend Virgil : —

Qualis populea mcerens Philomela sub umbra
Amissos queritur foetus, quos durus arator
Observans nido implumes detraxit, at ilia
Flet noctem, ramoque sedens, miserabile carmen
Integrat, et mcestis latfe loca questubus implet.

So, close in poplar shades, her children gone,

The mother nightingale laments alone :

Whose nest some prying churl had found, and thence,

By stealth convey'd th' unfeather'd innocence:

But she supplies the night vvith mournful strains,

And melancholy music fills the plains.

Your Lordship's most obedient,

J. Addison.

Mail 27, 1708.

379

Art. XXXVII. — Attempted Division of British Insects into
Natural Orders. By Edward Newman.

Note. — In a few instances the connexions in the following arrangement would
have been imperfect without an allusion to exotic genera ; such exotic genera, or
higher divisions, as may occur, are invariably inclosed by parentheses. In the
following table those orders to which an asterisk is attached are merely
designated, not described. The expression " Larva and pupa unknown," simply
signifies that they are unknown to the author, not to invalidate, in the slightest
degree, descriptions which may have been given of them elsewhere.

TABLE OF THE ARRANGEMENT.

Hexapoda Tetraptera.

AMORPHA

Tabanina

Vespina

I. Lepidopteba

Cyrtites

Vespites

Sphingina

BombUiites

(Masarites)

Sphingites

Tabanites

Apina

Papilionina

Anthracites

Lithurgites

Hesperites

Stomoxites

Panurgites

Erycinites*

Conopites

Andrenites

Coliites*

(Estrites

MeUiturgites

(Heliconiites)*

Asilina

Apites

Papilionites

Leptites

Apathites

Nymphalites*

There vites

Chrysites

(Morphites)*

Asilites

Ichneumonina

Geometrina

Midasites

Proctrotrupites

Geometrites

Empites
Taehydromiites

Mymarites

Noctuina

Chalcites

Phytometrites

Dolichopites

Cynipites

Catocalites*

Syrphina

Evaniites

Noctuites

Xylophagites

Ichneumonites

Phalanlna

Stratiomites

Braconites

Arctiites

Chrysotoxites

Sirecina

Bombycites

Syrphites

Sirecites

Phatenites

EristaUtes*

Xyphidriites

Notodontites

VoluceUites*

Xyelites

Cossites

Rhingiites*

Oryssites

jEgeriites

Muscina

Tenthredinina

Pyralina

Muscites

AUantites

Glaucopites

Scatophagites

Hylotomites

Pyralites

Tetanocerites

Tenthredinites

Crambites

Tephritites

Lydites

Tineina

Phytomyzites

Cephites

Yponomeutites

Phorites

Tortricites

Borborites

IV. Coleoptera

Tineltes

Hippoboscina

Blapsina

Alucitites

(Camites)

Blapsites

Hippoboscites

Helopites

Pulicites*

Nycteribiites

MordeUites

— ^—

Pyrochroites

II. DiPTERA

Stylopites

Cantharites

Tipulina

Anthicites

Cecidomiites

Buprestina

TipuUtes

NECROMORPHA

Ptinites

Mycetophilites

III. Htmenoptera

Clerites

Rhyphites

Formicina

Melyriites

Bibionites

Formicites

Lampyrites

Scatopsites

MutUUtes

Cebrionites

Culicina

Sphecina

Elaterites

Simuliites

Scholiites

Buprestites

Sphseromiites*

Sapygites

ScarabcBitia

Ceratopogonites*

Pompiliites

Cetoniites

Culicites

Sphecites

Melolonthites

Chironomites*

Larrites

Trogites

Corethrites*

(Bembicites)

Scarabaeites

Psychodites

Crabronites

Lucanites

380

lO ATTEJ

^IPTED DIVISION OF

BRITISH INSECTS.

Histerites

Curculionites

Notonectina

Byrrhites

Aiithribites

Notonectites

Silphina

Salpingites

Cicadina

Dermestites

Cicadites

Ipsites

ISOMORPHA

Coccina

Nitidulites

V. Orthoptera

Coccites

Silphites

Forficulina

Aphina

Spheridiites

Forficulites

Aphites

Hydrophilites

Achctina

Helophorites

Aclietites

Aleyrodites

Carabina

Gryllina

Gyrinites

Gryllites

Dytiscites

Locusiina

ANISOMORPHA

CaraWtes

Locustites

VII. Neurottera

Cicindelites

(Spectrina)

TermUina

Staphylinites

(Spectrites)

Termites

Pselaphites

(Mantina)

Perlina

Scydmcenites

(Mantites)

Perlites

Chrysomelina

Blattina

Raphidiina

Endomycites

Blattites

Raphidiites

Coccinellites

Hemerobiina

Cassidites

Thrypsites

Hemerobiites

Chrysomelites

Phryganina

Halticites

VI. Hemiptera

Phryganites

Galerucites

Cimicina

Ephemerina

Criocerites

Cimicites

Ephemerites

CeranibycirM

Hydrometrinu,
Hydrometrites

Lihelltilina

Lepturites

LibeUulites

Cerambycites

Nepina

Cucujites

Nepites

Panorpites

Bostricites

Division I. — Tetraptera Amorpha.

Larva and pupa^ bearing no resemblance in external
appeai'ance to the imago. Pupa perfectly quiescent, having
the organs of manducation and locomotion undeveloped.

Section I. — T. A. Adermata,

Which on entering the pupa state throw off the last skin of
the larva, and consequently exhibit through the remaining
skin the parts of the future imago.

Class I. — Lepidoptera.

Larva with strong corneous mandibles, moving horizontally,
and six articulated feet, situated in pairs on the second, third,
and fourth segments : the fifth and sixth, eleventh and twelfth
segments invariably with feet ; the other segments each subject
to the possession of a pair of fleshy prehensile feet : feeds on
the leaves, bark, wood, or roots of vegetables. Imago with
short, undeveloped, immovable labrum and mandibles ; elongate
palpigerous maxilla3, slender, flexible, and tubular; when at
rest, convoluted between the labial feelers ; labium triangular,

" In a paper read in the course of last spring-, at the Linnaan Society, I have
attempted to prove that the pupa is not a distinct state, but simply the matured
larva ; the term is, however, convenient to express that matured state.

ATTEMPTED DIVISION OF BRITISH INSECTS. 381

bearing two erect conspicuous feelers : all the wings fully and
nearly equally developed, and, together with the body, clothed
with scales : feeds on the honey of flowers, and on fruit.

Stirps. — Sphingina.
Natural Order. — Sphingites, Hawk-moths.
Larva naked, of uniform substances, with ten prehensile legs, and a
stout corneous recurved horn on the paratelum. Pupa smooth,
rounded, generally quite naked; changes in or on the ground.
Imago with the antennae incrassated in the middle ; the tips fur-
nished with a recurved hook composed of fine bristles ; wings
narrow ; hind wings small ; body stout : flight rapid and well
sustained ; diurnal or nocturnal. Sesia, Maeroglossa, Smerinthus,
Sphinx, Acherontia, Deilephila, (Castnia,) &c.

Stirps. — Papilionina.

Natural Order. — Hesperites, Skippers.

Larva generally naked, stout in the middle, and attenuated at the
extremities with ten prehensile legs. Pupa stout, smooth,
unangulated ; changes in a loose web among the leaves on which
the larva feeds, attached by the tail and a thread round the
middle. Imago with the antennae partially clavated; sometimes
nearly filiform, hooked at the extremity ; the hind wings of the
insect, when at rest, reposing in a nearly horizontal position ; the
fore wings nearly erect ; fiight diurnal, brisk, and bustling. Hes-
peria, Thymele.

Natural Order. — Papilionites, Butterflies.

Larva sometimes naked, but generally covered with down, hair, or
spines ; with ten prehensile legs. Pupa naked ; mostly angu-
lated, always attached by the tail ; changes in the air. Imago
with clavated antennaj not hooked ; all the wings erect, and
meeting above the back when at rest. Polyommatus, Lyccena,
Thecla, Amaryssus, Colias, Pontia, Apatura, Limenitis, Hippar-
chia, Vanessa, Argynnis,'^ &c,

^ This order appears to require further division, before we arrive at families ;
perhaps when we attain a more perfect knowledge of the anterior states of
butterflies, they will be found to be divisible thus : —
Natural Orders.
I. Nymphalites. IV. Erycinites.

II. MORPHITES. V. COLIITES.

III. Hesperites. VI. Heliconites.

VII. Papilionites.

382 attempted division of british insects.

Stirps. — Geometrina.

Natural Order. — Geometrites, Loopers, or Slender
bodies.

Larva naked, slender, and very elongate, with four prehensile feet ;
in consequence of the length of body without feet, its back is
arched in walking. Pupa smooth, rounded ; situation of change,
various. Imago with antennse tapering to a point; in the
males often highly pectinated ; wings ample, expanded ; body very
slender ; flight in the evening, silent, feathery. Geometra and
Phalcena of Haworth.

Stirps. — Noctuina.
Natural Order. — Phytometrites, Half-loopers.

Larva naked, elongate, less slender than the preceding, with six pre-
hensile feet ; in walking its back is arched, but not so decidedly
as in the preceding. Pupa smooth, rather pointed at the tail ;
changes in a slight web. Imago with filiform antennae; small
deflexed wings ; moderately stout body ; beautifully coloured :
often with brilliant metallic markings ; flight at all hours ; in the
hottest sunshine, and at midnight. Plusia, Ophiusa, Heliothis,
Acontia, Erastria, Phytometra, ^ &c.

Natural Order. — Noctuites, Full-bodied Moths.

Larva generally naked, cylindrical, robust, with ten prehensile feet; 'i
rolls in" a ring when touched. Pupa smooth ; mostly changes in
the ground. Imago with filiform antennae ; occasionally pec-
tinated in the males ; wings small, deflexed ; body stout and
heavy ; colour dusky ; flight very rapid ; nocturnal. BrejjJm,
Catocola, and the Noctuidce. Noctua and Hemigeometra of
Haworth. «

Stirps. — Phal^nina.
Natural Order. — Arctiites, Millers.

Larva very hairy; sometimes with bunches, brushes, or fascicles of
hairs; with ten prehensile legs; rolls in a ring when touched.

•= This order corresponds with the genus Phytometra of Haworth ; as he
appears to have been the first, and indeed nearly the only author who considered
it as decidedly distinct from the Noctuites, I have adopted his name.

■* Eight only in a few.

« The genus Hemigeometra of Haworth, including Brepha and Catocala, differs
in having larger wings, a more slender body, brighter colours, diurnal flight, and
a half-looping larva: it may possibly, hereafter, form a distinct order, under the
name Cafocalites. The Geometritcs and Noctuites still require subdivision.

ATTEMPTED DIVISION OF BRITISH INSECTS. 383

Pupa, more or less hairy ; changes in a cocoon composed of silk,
in which the hairs of the larva are always intermixed. Imago,
the males with somewhat slender bodies ; more or less pectinated
antennae, and active ; often flying by day ; the females very heavy,
sluggish, and often apterous. Acronycta (part), Spilosoma, Arctia,
Hypercampa, Lithosia (part), Hypogymna, Lar'ia, Orgyia. ^

Natural Order. — Bombycites, Eggars.

Larva elongate, cylindrical, of equal substance, hairy, with ten
prehensile feet ; rolls in a ring when touched. Pupa in a silken
cocoon, more close than the preceding. Imago with pectinated
antennae in both sexes ; males with slender bodies, very active,
and fly by day : females heavy, sluggish, and seldom fly ; predo-
minating colour, fulvous. Eriogaster, Odonestis, Gastropacha,
Lasiocampa.

Natural Order. — Phal^nites, Evqjeror-moths.

Larva obese, with fascicles of bristles disposed in rings on each
segment. Pupa short, obtuse, flat, with bristles at the tail;
changes in a tough pear-shaped cocoon, of which the smaller end
remains open. Imago with highly pectinated antennae in both
sexes ; wings amazingly expanded ; the fore wings more or less
falcate ; beautifully coloured, and ocellated ; body short and
small ; flight of the males diurnal, of the females rare, and mostly
in the evening. Saturnia.

Natural Order. — Notodontites, Prominents.

Larva generally naked ; sometimes slightly downy ; attenuated
towards the tail, with eight prehensile feet; the two posterior
ones being mostly wanting, and the segment usually bearing
them elevated in the air. Pupa smooth, obese, compact ; mostly
changes in a cocoon or web, but occasionally on or in the ground.
Imago with the antennae of the males more or less pectinated;
wings deflexed ; flight, with few exceptions, in the evening.
Endromis, Cerura, Stauropus, Platypteryx, Cilix, Notodonta,
Pygcera, Clostera.

Natural Order. — Cossites, Wood-eaters.

Larva depressed, rather attenuated towards either extremity ; naked,
except a few scattered hairs ; prothorax flat and corneous ; ten

*■ Those in which the larva is furnished with brushes of hair, and in which the
female imago is apterous, I have elsewhere treated as a separate order ; the dis-
tinctions, however, seem of very doubtful value.

384 ATTEMPTED DIVISION OF BRITISH INSECTS.

prehensile feet ; feeds on the bark, solid wood, pith, or roots of
vegetables. Pupa furnished with a double row of short spines on
each segment ; it changes in a tough cocoon amongst its food,
after remaining through the winter in the larva state. Imago with
the antennaj of the males more or less pectinated ; flight noc-
turnal. Hepialus, Cossus, Zeuzera.

Natural Order. — yEcERiiTES, Clear-wings.

Larva and pupa, in habit and economy, precisely as in the pre-
ceding. Imago with antennae incrassated externally, and the tip
furnished with a slightly recurved hook, consisting of a few
bristles ; in the males ciliated ; wings narrow, mostly transparent ;
body elongate, slender, and tufted ; flight diurnal, in the hottest
sunshine, and eminently graceful. JEgeria. s

Stirps. — Pyralina.
Natural Order. — Glaucopites, Burnet-moths.

Larva obese, hairy, with ten prehensile legs. Pupa smooth, very
glossy ; changes in a close gummy cocoon, pointed at both ends,
and attached generally to a blade of grass. Imago with cla-
vate antennae ; slightly pectinated in the males. Zygcena, Ino.

Natural Order. — Pyralites, Pearl-moths.

Larva rather more slender than the foregoing, slightly hairy, with
ten prehensile feet. Pupa elongate, very lively; changes in a
silken cocoon. Imago with filiform antennee ; wings somewhat
triangular, deflexed : legs very long, and furnished with long
spurs. Ennychia, Pyrausla, Hydrocam.'pa, Botys, Seopula, Pyra-
lis, Polypoyon, Hypena.

Natural Order. — Crambites, Veneers.

Larva elongate, naked, with ten prehensile feet. Pupa elongate ;
changes in a slight cocoon. Imago with very prominent labial
feelers, filiform antennae, sometimes pubescent ; wings ample,
folded round the body ; flight in the evening. Cramhus, and
allied genera.

8 The great difference between this and the preceding order, in the imago
state, has induced me to propose this additional order.

ATTEMPTED DIVISION OF BRITISH INSECTS. 385

StIRPS. — TiNEINA.

Natural Order. — Yponomeutites, Ermine-moths.

Larva elongate, slightly hairy, with ten prehensile feet; gregarious,
spinning a web ; if touched, runs backwards, falls and suspends
itself by a thread. Pupa elongate, smooth ; changes in a cocoon
amongst its food. Imago with filiform antennae ; wings folded
round the body, often beautifully dotted and marked with black.
Yponomeuta, and neighbouring genera.

Natural Order. — Tortricites, Bell-moths.

Larva more obese than the foregoing, slightly hairy, with ten pre-
hensile feet ; gregarious, spinning a web ; if touched, runs back-
wards with a rapid twisting motion, and falls, hanging by a thread.
Pupa elongate, attached by the tail; changes in a silken cocoon,
generally amidst the web of the larva. Imago with filiform
antennas ; the fore M-ings with a prominent shoulder, which gives
the insect, when at rest, precisely the shape of a bell. Tortrix,
and allied genera.

Natural Order. — Tineites, Clothes-moths, &c.

Larva elongate, with ten prehensile legs; concealed in a sack con-
structed by itself, which it enlarges from time to time as it
increases in bulk ; feeds on woollen cloths, hair, and decayed
animal and vegetable substances. Pupa elongate ; changes within
the sack. Imago with filiform antennas, and narrow wings ;
flight gregarious, rising and falling. Tinea, and allied genera.

Natural Order. — Alucitites, Plume-moths.

Larva slender, with ten prehensile feet ; the anterior part capable of
great attenuation and extension, in the manner of a leech. Pupa
elongate ; changes in a silken cocoon. Imago with filiform an-
tennae ; wings extended at right angles with the body ; very
narrow, and divided to the base, each division having the appear-
ance of a perfect and distinct feather. Pterophorus, Alucita.

Natural Order. — Pulicites, Fleas.

Class IL — Diptera.

Larva with minute but corneous mandibles, moving horizon-
tally; without articulate or prehensile feet; feeds en recent or

NO. IV. VOL. II. O D

386 ATTEMPTED DIVISION OF BRITISH INSECTS.

decaying animal and vegetable substances. Imago with the
parts of the mouth variously developed ; the mandibles never
possessing the horizontal motion, or masticatory power ; the
fore wings fully developed ; the hind wings undeveloped ;
assuming the appearance of small pedunculated knobs, and
denominated halteres or poisers ; tarsi five-jointed.

StIRPS. TiPULINA.

Natural Order. — Cecidomiites, Hessimi-fly , &c.

Larva elongate, inhabits and feeds on the blossoms of wheat and
other grain, the leaves of plants, &c. causing excrescences.
Pupa changes in the same situation, in a tough case. Imago
usually with moniliform antennae, as long as the body, composed
of about twelve or thirteen joints in the female, and twice as
many in the male ; joints nearly globular, connected by a slender
filament ; maxillary feelers four-jointed ; labium short, obtuse,
and tomentose : other parts of the mouth obsolete ; wings wide,
as long as the body, which they cover horizontally ; female fur-
nished with an oviduct, frequently as long as the body. Cecidomya,
Campylomyza.

Natural Order. — Tipulites, Crane-flies.

Larva stout, very soft, attenuated anteriorly, abruptly terminated
posteriorly ; inhabits the earth, ^feeding on the roots of corn, grass,
and other vegetables, or occasionally decayed wood. Pupa
changes in the same situations ; it has often two remarkable re-
curved hoi-ns porrected from its head, through which it is said to
breathe ; and the segments of the body are mostly armed with
spines. Imago with antennje thirteen to seventeen-jointed ; fre-
quently pectinated in the males ; labium fleshy, bilobed, dilated ;
maxillary feelers five-jointed, moderately long, curved, the points
turning outwards ; the other organs of the mouth nearly obsolete ;
ocelli none, CtenopJiora, Pedicia, Tipula, Erioptera, Limnohia.

Natural Order. — Mycetophilites.

Larva elongate, glabrous ; inhabits and feeds on decaying fungi.
Pupa changes in the same situations. Imago with antennae six-
teen-jointed, sometimes very long, moniliform, and simple in both
sexes ; labium and other organs of the mouth obscurely developed
or obsolete ; ocelli three ; wings rather wide, cover the body

ATTEMPTED DIVISION OF BRITISH INSECTS. 387

horizontally ; body very slender, the same length as the wings ;
legs long. Bolitophila, Macrocera, Synapha, Mycetobia, Platyiira,
Sciophila, Leia, Mycetopliila, Molobrus, Lestrema, Zygoneura.

Natural Order. — Rhyphites.

Larva very elongate, smooth, cylindrical, encompassed by eleven
corneous shining rings ; head furnished with two hooks ; tail with
four short cylindrical tubes : inhabits the earth and cow-dung.
Pupa changes in the earth. Imago with filiform, sixteen-jointed,
antennae, rather longer than the head ; ocelli three ; maxillary
feelers four-jointed ; labium distinctly bilobed, other parts of the
mouth not fully developed ; wings broad, lying horizontally on
the body, which they much exceed in length. RhypJms.

Natural Order. — Bibionites.

Larva elongate, attenuated at each extremity ; divisions of the seg-
ments deeply marked, and fringed with hairs ; head furnished with
two obtuse hooks : inhabits earth, on which it appears to feed, no
other substance being found in the intestines. Pupa changes in
the earth. Imago with stout, nine-jointed, antennae, not longer
than the head ; maxillary feelers four or five-jointed ; labium
pubescent and bilobed, the other parts of the mouth obsolete ;
head and eyes large in the male, small in the female ; ocelli three ;
wings frequently opaque, lying horizontally on the body, which
they equal in length. •■ In the spring every lane and meadow swarms
with these insects, either sailing in the air like balloons, or
settled on flowers, vegetables, paling, walls, and even on the
ground. Bibio {Penthetrid), Dilophus,

Natural Order. — Scatopsites.

Larva and pupa unknown. Imago, with antennae, cylindric-conic,
acute, twelve-jointed ; labium small, pubescent, and bilobed ;
maxillary feelers very short, exarticulate. Inhaljits flowers ; is
sluggish in its movements. Scatops.

Stirps. — Culicina.
Natural Order. — Simuliites, Muscpdtoes.

Larva aquatic ; supposed to feed on vegetable substances ; elongate,
cylindrical, incrassated posteriorly, semi-transparent ; two horns
rise nearly in front of the head, and extend forwards ; eyes or
ocelli four ; two fleshy prehensile legs appear to be placed beneath
the mesothorax, and two more at the posterior extremity : its

388 ATTEMPTED DIVISION OF BRITISH INSECTS.

motion in water is like that of a leech. Pupa also aquatic, but
quiescent ; ovate, gibbous, brown-coloured, clearly exhibiting all
the parts of the future imago : four double filaments, nearly as
long as the pupa, arise from the region of the prothorax on each
side of the head ; these are probably organs of respiration ; the
pupa is inclosed in a sheath, like a watch-pocket, the anterior
portion alone being visible, the sheath being attached to some
substance under the water. Imago, with antennae, eleven-jointed,
very short ; maxillary feelers elongate, incurved, composed of
four distinct joints, the fourth very long and pointed ; the labrum,
mandibles, and maxillae sharp and wedge-shaped ; the labium
fleshy and bilobed ; ocelli none ; wings very wide, with stout
costal nervures, and scarcely any elsewhere ; legs short, and
frequently hairy ; tarsi four-jointed ; mesothorax globose, very
prominent; body short and small, colour black. Inhabits forests,
woods, and all damp places, feeding on the blood of man and ani-
mals ; and is perhaps the most annoying and wearisome persecutor
with which mankind is acquainted, Simulia.

Natural Order. — Culicites, Gnats.

Larva elongate, carnivorous, active, aquatic. Pupa equally active,
but rather shorter, and the head and prothorax much incrassated.
Imago, with fourteen -jointed antennas, plumose in the males,
hairy in the females ; labium slender and elongate, forming,
together with the mandibles, maxillae, tongue, and labrum, (which
are all fully developed, and as long as the labium,) a porrected
blood-sucking apparatus ; the maxillary feelers are long, di-
varicating, and clavate ; all the organs of the mouth exceed the
antennae in length ; ocelli none; wings linear, covering the body;
body narrow, linear, elongate ; legs very long. Inhabits woods,
&c. entering houses ; feeds on the blood of man and quadrupeds.
Culex, Anopheles, {Mdes), Chironomus ? ^ Corethra ? Tanypus ?
Ceratopogon ? Sphcsromias ? The last five genera differ much
in the antennae, mouth, &c. and properly form several distinct
orders.

Natural Order. — Psychodites, Moth Gnats,

Larva and pupa unknown. Imago, with antennae, filiform, and
perfectly simple, alike in both sexes; labium short, entire,

^ The order Culicites appears to require division. The British CuUcina may
probably be divided thus : Psychodites, Corethrites, Chironomites, Culicites, Cera-
topogonites, Spharomyites, SimulHtes,

ATTEMPTED DIVISION OF BRITISH INSECTS. 389

somewhat pointed ; wings deflexed, very hairy, enveloping the
body laterally, and their inner margins uniting above it.
Psychoda.

Stirps. — Tabanina.

Natural Order. — Cyrtites, Bald-headed Flies.

Larva and pupa unknown. Imago, with antennse entirely concealed,
so that the head appears perfectly globular ; they are situated
below the eyes, are very small, and seven-jointed; the basal joint
is short and small, the second stout, and the remaining five united
into one, which is very acute at the apex, and somewhat incras-
sated at the base : labium, as in the Bomhiliites (but much
smaller, shorter, and less obviously porrected), a slender elon-
gate tube ; ocelli three ; wings longer than the body, but too
narrow to cover it ; alulae large ; prothorax and body very
globose. Inhabit white thorn, furze, rushes ; very seldom fly,
and appear exceedingly sluggish. The body in the British genera
is so soft as to indent on the slightest pressure. Henops,
Acrocera. (Cyrtus).

Natural Order. — Bombiliites, Unicorn Flies.

Larva and pupa inhabit the earth; their habit and economy is
imperfectly known. Imago, with antennae, composed of seven
joints ; the basal and second joint short ; the apical portion long,
linear, and consisting of five united joints, of which the terminal
one is acute ; labium very long, rigid, and porrected like a horn ;
ocelli three ; wings widely divaricating, narrow, variegated ; alulae
small ; legs long, slender ; body short, globose, very hairy.
Inhabits lanes and woods, hovering over flowers, occasionally sus-
pended motionless in the air, and then darting away with such
inconceivable velocity that no eye can follow it. Bombylius, ( Usia.)

Natural Order. — Tabanites, Gadflies.

Larva inhabits the earth ; is elongate, cylindrical ; head corneous,
linear, elongate, and furnished with two hooks. Pupa changes in
the earth ; has two tubercles anteriorly, and six sharp points near
the posterior extremity. Imago, with antennae composed of
seven joints, the basal joint long and rather stout, the second
minute, the remaining five of various dimensions and sizes,
differing in the different genera, but also closely connected, and

390 ATTEMPTED DIVISION OF BRITISH INSECTS.

corresponding apparently with the apical seta of the Muscina ;
labium large, bilobed, porrected ; and the other organs of the mouth
very perfectly developed ; ocelli none ; wing divaricating, as long
as the body ; alulae large ; body flat ; colour griseous : male
feeds on the farina of flowers ; females suck the blood of man
and quadrupeds. Tabanus, Hcematopota, Chrysops.

Natural Order. — Anthracites.

Larva and pupa unknown. Imago, with the antennae composed
of seven joints ; the basal joint long and stout, the second glo-
bular, and the remaining five frequently united ii;ito one ; labium
large, fleshy, bilobed, and rather porrected ; the other organs less
perfect than in the Tahanites ; ocelli three ; wings somewhat
divaricating, long, extending beyond the body, beautifully varie-
gated with black or brown ; alulae small ; body flattened, truncate
at the extremity. Inhabits the borders of woods, heaths, &c.
settling, on flowers, on the farina of which it probably feeds.
Anthrax, Stygia.

Natural Order. — Stomoxites.
Larva and pupa unknown. Imago, with the antennas six-jointed ;
the basal and second joints short, the third produced inferiorly,
pendulous, and received into a cavity in front of the head ; the
remaining joints forming a seta which is often plumose ; labium
very elongate, and porrected in front of the head ; wings slightly
divaricate ; alulse very large ; body stout ; colour griseous or
mottled. Inhabits woods, meadows, houses, &c. feeding on the
pollen of flowers and the blood of man and quadrupeds ; particu-
larly annoys horses, piercing its porrected labium through their
skin ; and, seeking shelter in the dwellings of man as winter
approaches, draws his blood even through a worsted stocking.
Stomoxys, Bucentes.

Natural Order. — Conopites.
Larva elongate ; feeds on the bodies of humble bees. Pupa changes
in the same situations. Imago, with antennae placed on a
distinct pedicle, six-jointed ; basal joint long, second and third
long and incrassated, the remaining ones short and decreasing to
a point ; labium long, porrected ; wing narrow, divaricating ;
alulse obsolete ; body elongate, narrow, recurved. Inhabits
woods, feeding on composite flowers, and occasionally, it is said,
sucking the blood o cattle. Conops. Myopa, and Zodion differ
essentially in the antenna; and aluliv, but perhaps belong to this
order.

ATTEMPTED DIVISION OF BRITISH INSECTS. 391

Natural Order. — GEstrites, Bolts.

Larva cylindrical, oblong; feeds in the stomachs, frontal cavities,
or backs of quadrupeds ; when full fed it falls to the ground.
Pupa changes in the earth, or, if the larva inhabit the stomach,
in the dung of the animal it has preyed on. Imago, with six-
jointed antennas ; basal and second joints short, scarcely distinct ;
third large, globose ; the remaining three forming a seta, which is
incrassated at the base ; organs of the mouth obsolete ; wings
divaricating ; alulae moderately large ; body pilose, short, stout.
Inhabits meadows and commons, flying about cattle, and causing
them much uneasiness ; this is done in order to deposit its eggs,
not for the purpose of attacking them : it takes no food. Qistrus,
Cuterehra.

StIRPS. AsiLINA.

Natural Order. — Leptites.

Larva elongate, rather attenuated at the anterior end ; inhabits funnel-
shaped holes, which it constructs in loose sand, to serve as a
pitfall to small insects, on which it feeds ; the larva remains
perfectly motionless when waiting for its prey, and so nearly
resembles the surrounding soil in colour, that it is effectually
concealed from observation. Pupa changes in the same situation.
Imago, with antennae five-jointed ; the basal, second, and third
joints short, and somewhat globose, but varying much in the
genera ; the fourth and fifth closely united, and forming a long,
slender seta ; labium large, membranous, bilobed ; the maxillary
feelers long, two-jointed, and porrected ; ocelli three ; wings
long, divaricating, often spotted ; alulae obsolete ; body mode-
rately long. Inhabits moist hedges, banks of rivers, &c. ; flight
short, weak ; preys on small insects. Leptis, Atherix, Rhagio.

Natural Order. — Therevites.

Larva very elongate, with two air-tubes at the posterior extremity,
and the divisions of its segments very distinct ; inhabits moist
sand, mud and moss. Pupa changes in the same situations.
Imago, with the antennae composed of seven joints ; the basal
joint longer than the second, the remainin'g five united into one,
which is acute at the apex ; the labium is short, linear, and
bilobed ; the wings cover the body ; alulae obsolete ; body very
hairy. Inhabits the sand of the sea shore, roads, &c. making
short flights : preys on small insects. Thcrcm {Chr?jomyza.)

392 attempted division of british insects.

Natural Order. — Asilites.
Larva inhabits the earth ; it is elongate, cylindrical, slightly de-
pressed, very smooth, and has a corneous head, which is slightly
clothed virith down, and armed with two hooks ; the prothorax
and paratelum have each a pair of spiracles : feeds on the minute
insects which abound near the surface of the ground, especially at
the roots of grass. Pupa changes in the same situation, without
spinning any cocoon ; it is very smooth, anteriorly cylindrical,
posteriorly conical ; the head has a bifid projection in front, and
on each side below this is a trifid excrescence ; the prothorax has
on each side a tubercle, which seems to contain a spiracle ; the
body laterally, and at the extremity, is furnished with small
spines. Imago, with the antennas five-jointed ; the basal and
second joints moderately long, the three forming the apical
portion always distinct ; the terminal joint acute, but not seti-
form ; labium large, cylindrical, and corneous ; ocelli three ;
wings as long as the body, M^hich they cover horizontally ; alulae
obsolete ; body elongate, hairy. Inhabit heath and commons
very abundantly, flying a short distance at a time, settling on
the ground, and preying on other insects, particularly Diptera.
Dasypogon, Asilus, Gonipes.

Natural Order. — Midasites.
Larva and pupa unknown. Imago, with the antennae five-jointed ;
the basal joint long, the second short and nearly globular, the
three forming the apical portion united into an elongate, stout
club, on which the union of the joints is marked transversely ;
labium longer and more acute than in the Asilites ; maxillae and
mandible acute ; ocelli nearly obsolete ; wings as in the Asilites ;
legs and body hirsute. Inhabits woods, forests, settling on leaves,
&c. preying voraciously on insects, particularly Hymenoptera.
Dioctria ? Laphria ? {Midas.)

Natural Order, — Empites.

Larva and pupa unknown. Imago, with antennae five-jointed ; the
basal joint oblong, the second nearly globular, the three forming
the apical portion often united, of diflferent proportions in dif-
ferent genera ; labium very long, slender, recurved, contains
elongate and acute maxillae, &c. resembling very much the
beak of a bird ; ocelli three ; wings large, particularly wide in
the female ; alulas small or obsolete ; body rather hairy, linear,
slender. Inhabits woods, lanes, and gardens, preying on other
insects. Hilara, Gloma, Empis, Rhamphomyia, Hybos.

attempted division of british insects. 393

Natural Order. — Tachydromites.

Larva and pupa unknown. Imago, with antennae five-jointed ; the
basal and second joints oblong, the third elongate and robust,
the fourth and fifth forming a seta, which is bent nearly at a right
angle with the third ; labium short, bilobed ; ocelli three ; wings
very large and wide, lying horizontally on the back ; body rather
pilose, short, stout, pointed. Inhabits woods, hedges, and um-
bellate flowers, preying on dipterous and minute hymenopterous
insects ; black, brown, or fulvous. Hemerodromia, Tachydromia,
Platypalpus, Drapetis.

Natural Order. — Dolifochites.

Larva attenuate at the extremities, elongate ; inhabits moist earth
and mud. Pupa changes in the same situations, having all the
parts of the perfect insect distinctly visible. Imago, with the
antennae five-jointed ; the basal, second and third joints robust,
the fourth and fifth forming a seta : labium very stout, short, and
bilobed ; ocelli three ; wings very large, lying horizontally over
the body ; alulae obsolete ; legs very long ; body short and small ;
colour beautifully metallic green, often with a silvery pilosity.
Frequents ponds and damp places in woods, preying upon small
insects. Porphyrops, Chrysotus, Dolichopus, Medeterus, and
several minor genera separated from these.

Section II. — T. A. Dermata.

Which, on entering the pupa state, do not throw off the
last skin of the larva, and consequently do not exhibit in any
degree the parts of the future imago.

Stirps. — Syrphina.

Natural Order. — Xylophagites.

Larva elongate, inhabits decaying wood. Pupa changes in the same
situations : in a cocoon. Imago, with the antennae ten-jointed ;
the basal and second joint are short, moderately robust, and hairy ;
the portion corresponding to the apical seta of the Muscina is ro-
bust, and composed of eight distinct joints ; labium large, fleshy,
and pilose ; ocelli three ; wings horizontally covering the body ;
alulae none ; hind tarsi often dilated in the males ; body linear,
very depressed. Xylophagus, Actina, Beris.
NO. IV. VOL. II. o E

394 attempted division of british insects.

Natural Order. — Stratiomites.

Larva very elongate, attenuated at the anterior end, composed of
twelve very distinct segments, besides the head ; inhabits the
water. Pupa changes on the surface of the water, and continues
floating : no material alteration in the form takes place. Imago,
with the antennae eight-jointed ; the basal and second joint are
uniformly robust and hairy, the remaining six are variously formed
in the genera, and sometimes indistinct ; the labium is large,
fleshy, and bilobed ; the other organs of the mouth minute and
nearly obsolete ; ocelli three ; wings narrow, reposing one on the
other, and seldom wholly covering the body, which appears on
each side ; alulas obsolete ; body very flat, short, and wide. Flies
in the sunshine, settling on leaves and flowers. Stratiomys,
Odontomyia, Oxycera, Nemotelus, Sargus.

Natural Order. — Chrysotoxites.

Larva and pupa unknown ; the former supposed to feed on the
roots of corn, &c. Imago, with the antennae six-jointed ; basal
and second joint long and slender, third very long and more robust,
the remaining three forming a slender and perfectly uniform seta,
which arises from near the base of the third ; labium large, much
dilated, bilobed ; wings divaricating ; alulae small or obsolete ;
body very stout, convex above. Inhabit woods, &c. ; fly
briskly in the sunshine, settling, the males on umbellate flowers,
the females on leaves. Microdon, Chrysotoxum. Psarus ?
Paragus ?

Natural Order. — Syrphites.*

Larva always elongate, but of a variety of forms ; feeds on Ophites,
larvae of bees and wasps, small water insects, &c. &c. Pupa
changes in the habitat of the larva, excepting when aquatic ; it
then leaves the water, and attaches itself to some tree, wall,
paling, or other vertical substance. Imago, with the antennae
six-jointed ; the basal and second joint short and small, the third
very large and nearly globose, the remaining three forming a
perfectly uniform seta, often plumed ; labium always terminated
by two large, long and very distinct lobes ; the other organs of
the mouth distinct and fully developed ; ocelli three ; wings wider
than in the Stratiomites, slightly divaricated ; body convex above.
Fly in the sunshine, feeding on flowers. Ascia, Sphegina, Baccha,

' The order Syrphites appears to require further division into Syrphites,
Eristnlites, VoluceUites, and Rhingites.

ATTEMPTED DIVISION OF BRITISH INSECTS. 395

Eumerus, Psilota, Chrysogaster, Pipiza, Cheilosia, Scceva, Syr-
phiis, Eristalis, Helophilus, Tropidia, Xylota, Spilomyia, Milesia,
Merodon, Criorhina, Sericomyia, Volucella, Brachiopa, Rhingia.

Stirps. — MUSCINA.

Natural Order.— Muscites, Flies. '

Larva obese, but capable of great elongation and attenuation ante-
riorly ; inhabits and feeds on dung, putrid flesb and vegetables,
bark and roots of trees, recent and putrescent fungi, and the
larvae of other insects. Pupa changes in similar situations,
oblong, perfectly uniform and rounded as though turned in a
lathe. Imago with the apical seta of the antennae tri-articulate ;
labium elongate, dilated at the extremity, retractile ; alulae of the
wings distinct and conspicuous ; body hairy ; form obese ; colour
black, brown, or grey, with metallic green and blue, Phasia,
Gymnosoma, Phania, Miltogramma, Gonia, Trixa, Tachina, Echi-
onomyia, Melanophora, Leucostoma, Metopia, Exorista, Eriothrix,
Ocypteryx, Dexia, Mesembrina, Sarcophaga, Musca, Anthomyia,
Ccenosia, Lispe, and the numerous genera which have been sepa-
rated from these.

Natural Order. — Scatophagites, Dung-flies.

Larva inhabits dung, fungi, putrid substances, and the pith of plants.
Pupa as in the Muscites. Imago with the apical seta of the
antennae obscurely triarticulate ; labium elongate, slightly re-
curved, scarcely dilated, retractile ; alulae of the wings very
minute ; body very hairy ; form oblong ; colour yellow. Scato-
phaga, Dryomyza, Sapromyza.

Natural Order. — Tetanocerites.

Larva inhabits moist plants, fruits, putrid substances, also mud at
the banks of ponds, rivers, and all wet places. Pupa as in the
Muscites. Imago with the apical seta of the antennae exarticu-
late ; labium short and broad ; alulae of the wings wanting ;
wings narrow ; form elongate, often very slender : glabrous, not
hairy ; colour black, black with yellow spots, brown or yellowish.
Ortalis, Sepsis, Lonchcea, Luuxania, Ulidia, Piophila, Psila,
Calobata, Micropeza, Tetanocera, Loxocera, Heteromyza, Platy-
cephala, Sciomyza, Lucina, Chryliza, Lissa, Platystoma, Sepedon,
Dorycera, and the genera separated from these.

396 ATTEMPTED DIVISION OF BRITISH INSECTS.

Natural Order. — Tephritites.

Larva inhabits galls or excrescences on the bark and leaves of
plants. Pupa as in the Muscites. Imago with the apical seta of
the antennae exarticulate ; labium large, fleshy, bilobed, and
pilose ; alulae of the wings wanting ; wings rather wider than in
the preceding order, beautifully variegated, striped and spotted
with different shades of black and brown ; body glabrous, of
moderate length and stoutness, and, in the females, furnished
with a large exserted and conspicuous ovipositor. Tephritis.

Natural Order. — Phytomyzites.

Larva inhabits the interior of plants and fruits, and sometimes
putrid substances. Pupa as in the Muscites. Imago with the apical
seta of the antennse exarticulate ; labium large, fleshy, clavate ;
alulae of the wings wanting ; wings as wide as in the preceding
order ; the body very delicate, often very slender, glabrous ;
colour black, or black variegated with yellow. Phytomyza,
Chlorops, Meromyza, Agromyza, Discomyza, Gymnopa, Asteia,
Drosophila, Ochthiphila, Opomyza.

Natural Order. — Phorites.

Larva inhabits the flowers and seeds of vegetables, and the larvae
of other insects. Pupa as in the Muscites. In the imago the
apical seta of the antennae is composed of four joints, the three
basal ones being very short, the apical one very long ; labium
very short ; alulae of the wings wanting ; wings very wide,
extending beyond the body, which is very small, acute at the
extremity, and in colour inclining to black or yellow. Phora.

Natural Order. — Borborites.

Larva inhabits putrid animal and vegetable substances. Pupa as in
the Muscites. Imago, with the apical portion of the antennas,
perfectly simple and exarticulate, sometimes orbicular; labium
large, membranous, and bilobed ; alulae of the wings wanting ;
wing very large and wide ; body very small, and of a black
colour. Borboriis, Ochthero, Dichceta, Ephydra, Notiphilay
Homalura, Orygma, Ccelopa.

StIRPS. HiPPOBOSCINA.

(Natural Order. — Carnites.

Larva and pupa unknown. Imago, with antennae, consisting of a
minute tubercle, situate in a fovea before the eyes ; mandibles

ATTEMPTED DIVISION OF BRITISH INSECTS. 397

unknown ; maxillae short, their feelers apparently exarticulate,
short, erect ; ocelli none ; fore-wings short, not formed for
flying; hind-wings assuming the form of halteres, small, but
distinct. Inhabits the common starling. The only species at
present described is Camus hcemapterus.)

Natural Order. — Hippoboscites.

Larva, apod and nearly spherical, is nourished and attains perfection
in the ovary of its parent. Pupa changes in the same situation, and
is produced in the state in which it undergoes the final change ;
its structure is nearly as in the Muscina, excepting an evident
indentation at the end, which becomes the lower extremity of the
future imago. Imago, with triarticulate antennae, the second joint
most developed, and the third originating in a hollow or socket
near the base of the second ; mouth apparently adapted for suction,
its component parts appear to be two mandibles, two maxillae, and
a sheath-like labium ; tarsi five-jointed ; occasionally with the
fore-wings developed, and the hind-wings appearing as poisers.
Infects quadrupeds and birds. Hippobosca, and the genera se-
parated from it.

Natural Order. — Nycteribites.

Larva and pupa as in the preceding order. Imago, with the
antennae, obsolete ; the mouth situated on the back of the pro-
thorax, in which the head seems sunk ; parts of the mouth
obsolete or unascertained ; wings entirely obsolete ; legs, with
the femora and tibiae, each two-jointed, the tarsi five-jointed.
Infests bats. Nycteribia. Authorities for these characters,
Leach and Latreille ; they are not written from actual investiga-
tion, and appear somewhat unsatisfactory.

Situation at present doubtful.
Natural Order. — Stylopites, Bee-parasites.

Larva apod, with a hard corneous head ; inhabits the bodies of bees
in the imago state, feeding on those parts not positively essential
to life. Pupa changes in the same situation. Imago, when
hatched, comes from between the segments of the body, generally
between the protelum and paratelum ; antennae six-jointed, the
joints variously developed in the genera ; labrum distinct ;
mandibles linear and rigid ; maxillae less developed, each bearing
an exarticulate feeler ; labium triangular and pointed, bearing no

398 ATTEMPTED DIVISION OF BRITISH INSECTS.

feeler ; eyes large, hemispherical, granulated, and distant ; ocelli
none ; head broader than long ; prothorax very short ; meso-
thorax very large ; fore-wings ample, folded longitudinally ;
alulae none ; before these are two patagia or tippets, similar to
those of Lepidoptera, being naked, pedunculate processes, which
the insect can move rapidly at pleasure ; hind-wings obsolete ;
tarsi five-jointed. (Xenos.) Stylops, Elenchus, Halictophagus.

Division II. — Tetraptera Necromorpha.

Larva bearing no resemblance to the imago. Pupa per-
fectly quiescent, having the organs of locomotion and mandu-
cation confined by a shell-like skin ; yet displaying all the
limbs and organs, placed in order by the sides of the body,
and detached from it, except at the usual points of connexion.

Class III. — Hymenoptera.

Larva with small corneous mandibles, moving horizontally ;
in one stirps, with six articulate, and twelve to sixteen pre-
hensile, feet; in the remaining stirps, without feet. Feeds
on a composition provided by the imago (Stirps I. and III.) ;
the putrefying bodies of other insects (Stirps II.); honey and
pollen (Stirps IV.) ; the fleshy parts of living insects (Stirps V.) ;
the wood of dead trees (Stirps VI.) ; or the leaves of living
vegetables (Stirps VII.) Imago, with the mandibles strong,
moving horizontally, and masticatory ; the other organs of the
mouth fully developed; three ocelli; wings all developed, the
fore- exceeding the hind-wings in size, membranaceous, and
used in flying ; the mesothorax largely developed at the expense
of the pro- and metathorax ; the podeon mostly restricted ; the
tarsi five-jointed. Food very various.

Stirps. — Formicina, Ants.

Natural Order. — Formicites, Social Ants.

Larva an inactive, obese, voracious maggot, residing entirely in the
earth, and dependant for food on the care of the perfect insects.
Pupa changes in a tough leathery cocoon ; these cocoons are
commonly known as " ants' eggs." Imago, with the antennas,
composed of about thirteen joints, often elbowed, slightly in-
crassated exteriorly ; mandibles somewhat triangular, toothed ;
maxillae obtuse ; labium short, obtuse, its ligula not produced ;

ATTEMPTED DIVISION OF BRITISH INSECTS. 399

maxillary and labial feelers fully developed and distinctly arti-
culate ; fore-wings ample ; hind-wings small ; lives underground
in immense societies, consisting of three kinds of individuals,
males, females, and abortive females ; the latter differ from the
two former in wanting wings, and in having the pro-, meso-, and
metathorax of nearly uniform development. Formica. {Pohj-
ergus, Odontomachus, Ponera), Myrmiea, (Eciton, Atta, Cryp-
tocerus).

Natural Order. — Mutillites, Solitary Ants.

Larva and pupa unknown. Imago, with antennae composed of
about thirteen joints, not elbowed, rather attenuated exteriorly ;
mandibles long, dentate at the apex ; maxillae obtuse ; labium
short, obtuse, its ligula not produced ; maxillary and labial
feelers fully developed and distinctly articulate ; ocelli indistinct
or wanting ; wings possessed by the males only ; females usually
with the pro-, meso-, and metathorax equally developed ;
abortive females none. Inhabits sandy situations, is solitary.
(Dorylus, Labidus, Apterogyna, Psammotherma,) Mutilla, Myr-
mosa, {Mi/rmecoda, Scleroderma,) Methoca. This and the pre-
ceding order require subdivision.

Stirps. — Sphecina, Sand-wasps.
Natural Order. — Scholiites.

Larva an elongate inactive maggot ; inhabits a burrow or hole made
in the sand by its parent, and feeds on the larvae or imagines of
other insects which she has provided for its sustenance. Pupa
changes in a silken cocoon spun by the larva at the bottom of its
domicile. Imago, with antennae composed of about thirteen
joints, very short, recurved, almost forming a ring; mandibles
short, strong, dentate; maxillae long, their feelers also long; labium
longer than in the Formicina ; its ligula trilobed ; ocelli three,
distinct ; wings alike in both sexes ; legs short, stout, spiny ;
female with a pungent sting. Solitary ; inhabits sandy districts,
settling occasionally on umbellate flowers ; feeds on insects.
Tiphia, {Myzina, Meria, Scholia.)

Natural Order. — Sapygites.

Larva and pupa supposed to be as in the preceding order.
Imago, with antennae composed of about thirteen joints, exteriorly
incrassated, particularly in the males, longer and more robust than
in the preceding order ; mandibles, labium, &e. nearly as in the

400 ATTEMPTED DIVISION OF BRITISH INSECTS.

Scholiites ; ocelli three, distinct ; wings alike in both sexes ; legs
short but slender, and without spines ; female with a sting.
Solitary ; female inhabits walls, palings, and posts ; male settles
on umbellate flowers. ( Thynnus, Polochrum), Sapyga.

Natural Order. — Pompilites.

Larva and pupa as in Scholiites, the food of the former consisting
frequently of spiders provided by its parent. Imago, with an-
tennae composed of about thirteen joints, more long and slender
than in the two preceding orders, attenuated exteriorly, and
mostly recurved ; mandibles long, dentate at the apex ; labium
short, with its ligula short and trilobed ; ocelli three, distinct ;
wings alike in both sexes ; legs long, spiny ; female armed with
a sting ; inhabits all sunny banks in sandy situations, running
with great activity, and continually vibrating its antennae and
wings ; feeds on insects. Ceropales, Pompilus, {Planiceps.)
Jporus.

Natural Order. — Sphecites.

Larva and pupa as in Scholiites, the food differing only in the kind
of insect provided. Imago, with the antennae composed of
thirteen joints, short and recurved in both sexes ; mandibles very
long, acute ; maxillae very long, obtuse at the apex of their
lacinia ; labium, with its ligula, elongate, bifid, and flexible ;
ocelli three ; podeon elongate and very slender, whereas in the
three preceding orders it is very short ; legs long. Inhabits sandy
situations, flying heavily, but running with agility, and feeding
on insects. (^Dolichurus, Pelopceus,) Ammophila, (^Sphex).

Natural Order. — Larrites.

Larva and pupa as in the Scholiites, the former frequently feeding on
Cimicites, provided for it by its parent. Imago, with antennae
composed of thirteen joints, shorter in the females than the males,
and often incrassated exteriorly ; mandibles less elongate than in
the Sphecites, and bifid at the apex ; maxillae very obtuse ;
labium short, its ligula short, obtuse, and bilobed ; ocelli three ;
podeon generally short and indistinct ; legs moderately long.
Inhabits sandy situations, occasionally umbellate flowers ; is fond
of settling on stones, leaves, &c. ; feeds on insects. Gorytes,
Psen, Larra, Lyrops, Dinetus, Trypoxylon, Oxyhelus.

(Natural Order. — Bembecites.

Larva and pupa as in the Scholiites, the food provided for
the larva consisting of Syrphina and Muscina. Imago, with

ATTEMPTED DIVISION OF BPaTISII INSECTS. 401

antennae thirteen-jointed, elbowed at the second, short, and of
nearly uniform substance ; &c. &c. Bembex, Monedula.)

Natural Order. — Crabronites.
Larva and pupa as in the Scholiites, excepting that in this order
many are frequently found in the same burrow. Imago, with
antennas thirteen-jointed, short, and slightly incrassated ex-
ternally ; mandibles long, acute, and terminating in a single
point ; maxillae obtuse ; labium elongate, its ligula short, dilated,
obtuse, and terminating in four lobes ; ocelli three ; head very
large, square ; legs short and stout, fore-legs often patellated ;
body, with its greatest diameter, about the ninth segment, very
glabrous, black, or black and yellow. Inhabits sandy banks,
settling on leaves, stones, and umbellate flowers. Cerceris, Phi-
lanthus, Crabro, Rhapalum, Stigmus.

Stirps. — Vespina, Wasps.
Natural Order. — Vespites. ^

Larva an obese inactive maggot, inhabiting a cell provided by its
parent, who supplies it with food, consisting of honey, pollen, &c.
Pupa changes in a silken cocoon, which the larva spins in its cell.
Imago, with antennae composed of twelve joints in the female,
thirteen in the male, slightly elbowed at the second joint ; eyes
somewhat reniform, the indented portions facing each other ;
ocelli three ; upper-wings folded longitudinally ; podeon slender,
but short ; eighth segment largest, both as to length and breadth.
Live commonly in societies composed of three kinds of individuals,
males, females, and abortive females ; the two last are furnished
with stings : inhabit all climates and all situations, devouring
almost every article capable of affording nutriment, but particu-
larly fond of sugar, fruits, the flesh of animals and living insects.
Vespa, Eumenes, Odynerus, Epipone.

(Natural Order. — Masarites.
Larva and pupa as in the Vespites. Imago, with the antennae com-
posed of thirteen joints, of which the five terminal ones are
closely united and form a club ; wings as in the Vespites, &c.
Masaris, Chelonites.)

Stirps. — Apina, Bees.
Natural Order. — Osmiites.
Larva an obese inactive maggot, deposited as an egg in the midst of
a semi-fluid substance, composed of honey and pollen, collected
NO. IV. VOL. H. 8 F

402 ATTEMPTED DIVISION OF BRITISH INSECTS.

by its parent, and stored in cells which are constructed for the
purpose, mostly in timber which is going to decay ; these cells
are sometimes crowded together without order, but mostly regu-
larly following each other in a cylindrical tube, composed of wax,
leaves, mortar, and a variety of substances ; this cylindrical tube
being constructed in, and closely fitted to, a perforation made in
the timber for the purpose, as the perforation passes completely
through the substance of the timber, the larvae which are first
deposited, and consequently first become pupae and perfect insects,
escape one after another without disturbing those above them.
Imago, with antennae thirteen-jointed in the female, fourteen-
jointed in the male ; they are slightly elbowed at the second
joint, which is much longer than the others ; the blade of the
maxillae is elongate and somewhat falcate ; the maxillary feelers
are minute, and generally composed of six indistinct joints ; the
labium has its ligula variously developed ; it is always trilobed,
but the central lobe, though always elongate, varies in the pro-
portion it bears to the labial feelers ; the lateral lobes are very
minute, short, and acute ; the labial feelers have the basal joint
long, the second longer, the third and fourth short, somewhat coni-
cal, and forming an angle with the second ; the hind-tibias are not
formed for collecting pollen, but the body of the female is clothed
beneath with a thick covering of hair, which serves for this use.
Anthidium, Megachile, Osmia, Heriades, Chelostoma, Ceratina ?

Natural Order. — Panurgites.

Larva and pupa, as far as the British genera are concerned, un-
known. Imago, with antennae thirteen-jointed in the females,
fourteen-jointed, and somewhat moniliform, in the males ; max-
illae with the blade lanceolate and of moderate length ; the
maxillary feelers of equal length, and six-jointed ; labium, with
the liguki trilobed, the central lobe about equal to the true lip in
length, the lateral lobes very short and acute ; the labial feelers
with four joints, varying but slightly in length from each other ;
the feelers exceed the ligula in length ; wings large, flight slow ;
insect inactive ; economy unknown ; body rather stout ; black,
hairy. Inhabits in immense abundance the flowers of Leontodon,
Hieracium, and other similar composite plants, in August and
September. Panurgus. (Systropha, Xi/ocopa,) &c. are closely
allied ; the latter insect's economy nearly approaches that of Ce-
ratina in the preceding order.

attempted division of british insects. 403

Natural Order. — Andrenites.

Larva inhabits a long tortuous burrow, formed by its parent in the
ground ; a small heap of earth, produced in excavating which,
may almost invariably be observed at the mouth of the burrow ;
feeds on a globular pellet of pollen, collected, moistened, and
kneaded into a consistent mass, by the parent. Pupa changes in
the earth. Imago, with antennae thirteen-jointed in the female,
fourteen-jointed, and of much greater length, in the male, el-
bowed, particularly in the females, at the second joint ; maxillae
with the blade somewhat obtuse, and no longer than the maxillary
feeler, which is distinctly six-jointed ; labium, with the ligula
very short, and quadrilobed, the lateral lobes usually equalling
the internal ones in length ; hind-tibise formed for collecting
pollen. Inhabits sunny banks, and flies incessantly about hedges
and evergreens in the spring ; is gregarious, but each pair has its
proper nest. Two kinds of individuals only. Colletes, Dasy-
poda, Andrena, Halictus, Sphecodes.

Natural Order. — Melliturgites.

Larva inhabits nests constructed by its parent, either in the ground
or against a bank or wall, and consumes pollen provided by its
parent, and stored up at the time the egg is deposited. Pupa
changes in a silken cocoon in the same situation. Imago, with
antennae thirteen-jointed in the female, fourteen-jointed in the
male, elbowed at the second joint ; maxillae, with the blade
lanceolate, elongate ; the maxillaiy feelers six-jointed and seta-
ceous ; labium, with its ligula, trilobed, central lobe very long,
obtuse, pubescent, lateral lobes not more than a fourth of its
length, very acute ; ligula, labial feelers, and blade of maxillse,
nearly corresponding in length ; hind-tibipe formed for collecting
pollen ; body short, robust ; wings small ; economy not social.
Two kinds of individuals only, both of which labour in the con-
struction of the nests. Saropoda, Anthophora.

Natural Order. — Apites, Social Bees.

Larva inhabits a cell usually hexagonal, and made of wax by the
imago ; it is fed with honey or a preparation of pollen by the
imago. Pupa changes in a silken cocoon within the cell. Imago,
with the antennae thirteen-jointed in the female, fourteen-jointed
in the male, elbowed at the second joint ; labium, with its ligula
trilobed, the central lobe elongate, hirsute, extending beyond the
labial feelers, the lateral lobes very short and obtuse ; the labial

404 ATTEMPTED DIVISION OF BRITISH INSECTS.

feelers -with the basal joint twice the length of the second, the
third and fourth minute, short, and seated on the back of the
second, rather before its extremity ; blade of the maxillae lanceo-
late, nearly as long as the labial feelers ; maxillary feelers minute,
apparently exarticulate ; hind-tibise with brushes for collecting
farina. Live in large societies, composed of three kinds of indi-
viduals, males, females, and abortive females ; the latter perform
the laborious offices of the commonwealth. Apis, the honey-bee ;
Bomhus, the humble-bee.

Natural Order. — Apathites, Cuckoo-hees.

Larva hatched from an egg, deposited by its parent in the nests of all
the preceding Apina at the time when their own eggs are laid ; when
it hatches, being stronger and larger than the rightful possessor of
the cell, it consumes the food provided for its companion, and
starves it to death ; and in those instances in which fresh supplies
of food are daily provided, it continues to receive and appropriate
them as its own. Pupa changes in the same situation, in a
silken cocoon, spun by the larva. Imago has no apparatus either
on the body or legs for collecting honey ; in other respects it
resembles in structure each of the orders ofApina before described ;
it enters their nest with perfect familiarity, and seems to be quite
unsuspected of intrusion ; it collects no pollen or honey, never
builds a nest of any kind or takes any care of its young, but
spends its time among flowers, or hovering about sand-banks in
which other bees have fixed their habitations. Apathus,^ Ccelioxys,
Melecta, Stelis ? Epeolus, Nomnda, Hylceus ?

Natural Order. — Chrysidites.

Larva and pupa, as in the Apathites, prey on the food destined
for other insects, particularly of the two preceding Stirpes.
Imago, with the antennae thirteen-jointed. in both sexes, the
second joint elongated, and forming a slight elbow; maxillje
obtuse, dilated, their palpi five-jointed ; labium, with the ligula
obtuse, entire ; labial palpi three-jointed; ocelli three ; body con-
vex above, flattened or sometimes concave beneath, furnished, in
the females, with a tubular retractile oviduct, but without a sting;
colours excessively brilliant, red, green, and blue, with a metallic

^ Apatluu!. The genus Psithyrus of Dalbom. It closely resembles Bombus,
except in the want of the hirsuties on the hind legs for collecting pollen. In
both of our lists of British insects the species of this genus are scattered
throughout the genus Bombus : the same is the case in Kirby's " Monographia
Apum Angliae." Psithyrus is a genus oi Sphingites. — A, ahsqiic, iraOos, affect'w.

ATTEA4PTKD DIVISION OF BRITISH INSECTS. 405

gloss ; abundant in fine sunshiny weather, settling on walls, sand-
banks, posts, railings, &c. running with activity, and a vibrating
motion of the antennas. {Parnopes, Stilhum, Euchrceus,) Hedy-
chrum, Elampus, Chrysis, Cleptes.

Stirps. — IcHNEUMONiNA, Parasites.
Natural Order. — Proctrotrupites.

Larva inhabits and feeds on the larvae of other insects. Pupa
changes in the same situations. Imago, with antennfe composed
of ten to fifteen joints, elongate in the males, shorter and often
clavated in the females ; mandibles somewhat elongate, their
extremity generally bifid ; maxillas with the blade dilated,
rounded, feelers generally three-jointed ; labium, with its ligula
seldom produced, entire, feelers minute, often exarticulate ; ocelli
three ; fore-wings with a single principal nervure ; hind-wings
without nervures ; oviduct of the female tubular and retractile,
being simply an elongation of the body. Inhabits grass under
trees, &c. during the greater part of the year. Cinetus, Psilus,
Proetrotrupes, Platygaster, Teleas, Ceraphron, Sparasion, Dryinus,
Helorus ?

Natural Order. — Mymarites.

Larva inhabits and feeds on the eggs of Lepidopterous insects.
Pupa changes within the shell of the e^g. Imago, with the
antennae nine- to thirteen-jointed, sometimes twice the length of
the body in the male, in the female elbowed and clavated ; man-
dibles at the apex tridentate ; the other organs of the mouth are
obsolete or undiscovered ; fore-wings pedunculated, with one
short basal nervure, strongly ciliated ; hind-wings the same, often
a mere seta ; legs long ; podeon elongate, slender ; ovipositor
very slender, concealed beneath the body in a groove. Inhabits
grass under trees. Ooctonus, Litus, Anagrus, Polynema, Mymar,
Eustochus.

Natural Order. — Chalcites.

Larva inhabits and devours other insects in all stages, particularly
the larvje of Lepidoptera and Diptera. Pupa usually changes
within the skin of its victim. Imago, with the antennae gene-
rally composed of thirteen joints, the second long, forming an
elbow, the remaining joints generally incrassated towards the
apex ; mandibles obtuse ; maxillae, with the blade rather pro-
duced, but obtuse ; maxillary palpi four-jointed ; labium, with its

406 ATTEMPTED DIVISION OF BRITISH INSECTS.

ligula always produced, but short and entire ; labial palpi three-
jointed ; ocelli three ; head very large, square ; fore-wings with a
single nervure, often ciliated ; hind with none ; body often short
and depressed in the males, more elongate and pointed in the
females ; oviduct of the female slender, mostly concealed ; colour
mostly brilliant. Perilampus, Leucospis, Smiera, Chalcis, Calli-
mome, Pteromalus, Encyrtus, Eulophus, Spalanyia, Eucharis.

Natural Order. — Cynipitks.

Larva inhabits and causes the excrescences we observe on the
trunks, twigs, leaves, &c. of trees, particularly the oak, and
. commonly known as " galls," feeding on the sap or substance.
Pupa changes in the cavity made by the larva.. Imago, with the
antennae composed of thirteen to fifteen joints, increasing in size
exteriorly, but never clavated ; mandibles obtuse ; maxillee
dilated, obtuse, feelers often five-jointed ; labium short, with its
ligula produced, generally as long as the feelers, entire ; feelers
mostly three-jointed; wings with many nervures; head rather
small, somewhat retiring ; mesothorax large and convex ; podeon
short, very slender ; body compressed ; decatory in the female very
large ; ovipositor curved, or spirally convoluted beneath the body.
Beaten out of trees, and off grass, in the summer. Cynips,
Figites, Ibalia, Anacharis.

Natural Order. — Evaniites.

Larva inhabits the larvse of Sphecina, and occasionally of Blattina.
Pupa changes within the cocoon spun by the larva of the former
of these Stirpes. Imago, with antennce thirteen-jointed, of uniform
thickness, and very straight; mandibles short, stout, acute, and
bifid; maxillae dilated and obtuse, feelers six-jointed; labium, with
the ligula very short, quadrilobed, the lateral lobes very minute,
feelers long, often robust, four-jointed ; wings with many ner-
vures; podeon slender. Found in summer, flying over flowers
and about sand-banks, in which the Sphecina have formed their
burrows and provided for their young. Evania, Brachyyaster,
Fcenus, (Pelecinus ? Siephenus ?) Plancus.

Natural Order. — Braconites.

Larva more obese, without distinct markings and divisions ; feeds,
often in company, on the larvne of Lepidoptera, and other insects,
while they are still living. Pupa changes within the skin of the
Lepidopterous larva, or in small silken cocoons, attached to the

ATTEMPTED DIVISION OF BRITISH INSECTS. 407

hair or body of its prey, or to the trees and leaves in the neigh-
bourhood, from which it is occasionally seen suspended by a
silken thread ; more than thirty of these parasites sometimes feed
within the body of a single caterpillar of the cabbage butterfly,
■which may be seen in numbers glued to palings, in the autumn,
by these parasites, and surrounded by their little yellow cocoons,
giving to the uninstructed the idea of a caterpillar sitting on its
eggs. Imago, with the antennae ten- to twenty -jointed ; man-
dibles short, generally bifid ; maxillae obtuse, feelers six-jointed,
elongate ; labium short ; ligula obtuse and entire ; feelers four-
jointed ; ocelli three ; fore-wings with fewer nervures than the
following Order ; hind-wings with still less ; podeon slender and
short; oviduct with two protecting appendages. Inhabits grass,
shrubs, &c. throughout the summer ; often flies in a vaulting
company, like gnats in the sunshine ; runs slowly. Bassus, Rogas,
Alysia, Bracon, Microcjaster, Microdus, Sigalphus, Aphidius.

Natural Order. — Ichneumonites.

Larva elongate, with the divisions of the segments clearly defined ;
an indentation frequently passes along the sides, above and below
the middle portion, which thus becomes raised : solitary ; inhabits
and devours the fleshy parts of other insects, while they are them-
selves yet alive and performing their usual functions; during the
whole of its parasitic career taking care to do no injury to those
parts on which the life of its prey depends. Pupa changes some-
times within the shell of the pupa of the Lepidopterous insects ;
sometimes in the ground, in a tough, close, leathery cocoon, spun
by the larva. Imago, with long filiform antennae composed of about
forty joints; mandibles short, stout, acute, and bifid; maxillae
dilated and obtuse, their feelers six-jointed, and often very long ;
labium short, its ligula short and bilobed, its feelers generally
four-jointed ; ocelli three ; fore- and hind-wings with numerous
nervures ; podeon always slender, seldom or never elongate ;
oviduct generally defended by a setaceous appendage on each
side, thus appearing to be triple : varies greatly in length. In-
habits vegetables of all kinds throughout the summer, the females
busily engaged in searching after Lepidopterous larvae in which
to deposit their eggs ; their wings and antenna? are continually in
motion ; the males frequent umbellate flowers, and feed on pollen ;
the females not unfrequently eat small insects and larvae. Ich-
neumon, Anomalon, Ophion, Banchus, Peltastes, Alomya, Cryptus,
Pimpla, Xylonomus.

408 ATTEMPTED DIVISION OF BRITISH INSECTS.

StIRPS. — SiRLCINA.

Natural Order. — Sirecites.
Larva hatched from eggs deposited in the wood of the fir-tree, some-
times two or three hundred in a cluster, cylindrical, with six
rudimental articulate legs ; head corneous ; paratelum incrassated ;
gnaws the timber, making a bore, in which it lives, the exact size
of its body. Pupa changes in the same situation. Imago, with
antennae filiform, attenuated exteriorly, composed of fifteen to
thirty joints, the number varying in ditferent individuals of
the same sex and species ; mandibles strong, trifid ; maxillae
rather elongate, soft, flexible, obtuse, their feelers very minute,
exarticulate ; labium somewhat triangular ; ligula short, entire,
dilated ; feelers three-jointed, the terminal joint long and incras-
sated ; ocelli three ; wings ample, with many strong nervures ;
prothorax fully developed, broader than the head, its anterior and
posterior margins concave ; the following segments fully and
equally developed ; ovipositor exserted, composed of three setae.
Inhabits fir-plantations. Sirex, ( Tremex.)

Natural Order. — Xyphidriites.

Larva perfectly without feet. Inhabits and lives on the dead or
dying wood of various trees. Pupa changes in the same situ-
ations. Imago, with antennas composed of seventeen or eighteen
joints, gradually attenuated towards the apex ; mandibles small,
with four distinct teeth ; maxillae short, obtuse, their feelers
biarticulate ; labium short ; ligula, minute, entire ; feelers four-
jointed ; ocelli three ; head orbicular, large ; prothorax very long,
slender, and neck-like ; the remaining segments of uniform size ;
the oviduct of the female exserted, covered above by a sheath-
like appendage. Inhabits posts, decayed willows, &c. flying in
the sunshine. Xyphidria.

Natural Order. — Xyelites.

Larva perfectly without feet. Feeds in the wood of fir-trees, mak-
ing channels, as in the two preceding Orders. Pupa changes in
the same situations. Imago, with antennse twelve- jointed, the
basal and second joint short, the third very long, and the nine
following very short, together scarcely equalling the third in
length, elbowed twice, at each end of the long joint ; mandibles
moderately long, acute, and dentate internally ; maxillae with the
blade small, obtuse, the galea biarticulate, the feelers very long
and four-jointed ; labium short, ligula hitherto undiscovered,

ATTEMPTED DIVISION OF BRITISH INSECTS, 409

feelers four-jointed ; ocelli three ; wings very ample ; legs short;
prothorax not developed superiorly, the mesothorax and head
meeting above it; podeon as wide as the other segments; oviduct
ensiform, exserted, enclosed between two appendages. Inhabits
fir-trees, occasionally settling on umbelliferous plants. Xyela.

Natural Order. — Oryssites.

Larva and pupa unknown ; the former is supposed to feed on the
wood of dead fir-trees and old horn-beams. Imago, with antennas
eleven-jointed in the male, ten-jointed in the female, short, rather
incrassated exteriorly, the joints of various proportions and forms;
mandibles dilated, rounded, pubescent; maxillae, with the blade,
obtuse, rounded ; the galea rather elongate, narrow, and truncate
at the apex ; feelers long, pubescent, and five-jointed ; labium
short, with the ligvila small, rounded, and entire, and the feelers
rather short and three-jointed ; ocelli three ; fore and hind wings
moderately large, with numerous nervures ; legs short ; prothorax
with very little development superiorly ; podeon as wide as the
other segments ; ovipositor spirally convoluted beneath the body.
Inhabits fir and horn-beam trees, running over them in the sun-
shine with great rapidity ; the male has been found on umbellate
flowers. OryssuS'

Stirps. — Tenthredinina, Saw-flies.

Natural Order. — Allantites.

Larva cylindrical, of uniform substance, with six articulated and
twelve or fourteen membranaceous feet. Inhabits vegetables,
feeding upon their leaves in the manner of Lepidopterous larvae.
Pupa sometimes changes in a cocoon, fixed in a curled leaf of
the plant the larva feeds on, but most commonly on or in the
ground. Imago, with antennae nine-jointed, of uniform sub-
stance, or attenuated towards the apex ; mandibles short, strong,
very acute at the apex, and having one internal tooth ; maxillse,
with the blade acute, the galea obtuse and exarticulate, the feelers
long and six-jointed ; labium short, with the ligula distinctly
trilobed ; wings ample, the disposition of their nervures afford
characters for generic division ; podeon equally developed witli
the other segments ; oviduct with teeth like a saw. The species of
this order are most abundant in the spring and summer in woods,
gardens, and lanes, settling on leaves and flowers, flying with
ease, but not far at a time, and being full of motion and activity
in the sunshine. They feed apparently on the pollen of flowers.
no. IV. vol. II. 3 G

410 ATTEMPTED DIVISION OF BRITISH INSECTS.

Nematus, Cladius, Croesus, Emjihytus, Dolerus, Dosytheus, Allan-
tus, Fenusa, Selandria, Athalia.

Natural Order. — Hylotomites.

Larva cylindrical, rather attenuated towards the extremities, with
six articulated and fourteen membranaceous legs. Inhabits and
feeds on the leaves of vegetables ; changes its colour with every
change of skin, a peculiarity to which some of the AUantites are
also subject, Pupa changes mostly on the surface of the ground.
Imago, with the antennae three-jointed ; the basal and second
joints very short, the third very long, ciliated, and often double, or
having two shafts in the manner of a fork ; mandibles corneous,
acute, with a small internal tooth ; maxillae with the blade acute,
the galea robust and obtuse, the feeler long and six-jointed ;
labium short, with the ligula small, but distinctly trilobed ; feelers
four-jointed ; ocelli three; body, with the segments and oviduct,
as in the AUantites. Settles and feeds on umbellate flowers.
Schizocerus, Hylotoma.

Natural Order. — Tenthredinites.

Larva mostly chagreened, cylindrical, with six articulate and twelve
prehensile legs. Feeds on the leaves of trees. Pupa changes in
a case composed of a glutinous matter, which becomes very hard
when exposed to the air ; the case is attached to a slender twig of
the plant on which the larva feeds ; in this case the larva remains
unchanged during the months of autumn, winter, and spring.
Imago, with antennae seven-jointed, of which the third joint is
always elongate, and the apical ones always form a club ; the
mandibles are longer than in the preceding order, acute at the
apex, and internally bidentate ; maxillse, with the lacinia, obtuse
and hirsute, the galea rather obtuse and distinctly articulate, and
the feelers long and six-jointed ; labium short, with the ligula
distinctly trilobed, the feelers four-jointed; ocelli three ; segments
of the body fully developed ; oviduct as in the AUantites. In-
habits flowers and leaves ; flies in the sunshine. Abia, Zarcea,
Cimbex, Trichissoma, ClaveUaria.

Natural Order. — Lydites.

Larva smooth, cylindrical, with six short, articulate, and no prehen-
sile legs. Feeds on the leaves of trees, inhabiting a web of its
own making. Pupa changes in a silken cocoon on the stem of
the trees it inhabits, or on the ground. Imago, with the antennae

• composed of seventeen to thirty segments, filiform, and attenuated

ATTEMPTED DIVISION OF BRITISH INSECTS. 411

exteriorly ; mandibles long, acute at the apex, and having one
tooth internally ; maxillse, with the blade and galea, obtuse, the
feeler long and six-jointed ; labium short, ligula more produced,
trilobed ; ocelli three ; head large, orbicular ; wings ample, with
numerous nervures ; legs short ; podeon fully developed ; body
short and robust. Inhabits woods, flying in the sun, settling on
leaves, and occasionally, but rarely, on flowers. Tar'pa, Lyda,
Lojphyrus ? which principally differs in its pectinated antenna.

Natural Order. — Cephites.

Larva elongate, with its feet obsolete or rudimental. Inhabits and
feeds on the stalks of corn and the buds of fruit-trees. Pupa
changes within the stalk. Imago, with antennee twenty-jointed,
long, filiform, slightly incrassated externally ; mandibles short,
broad, trifid ; maxillae with the blade distinct and acute, the
galea elongate, and separated from the maxilla by a distinct
line, resembling an anchylosed articulation, the feeler long and
six-jointed ; labium, with its four parts, perfectly developed,
the feeler-bearer elongate, and notched at the apex, the ligula
produced and trilobed, and the feeler four-jointed ; ocelli
three ; head rather square, broader than the following segments ;
prothorax fully developed, cylindrical, quite detached from the
mesothorax ; podeon fully developed, divided on the back longi-
tudinally ; body elongate ; legs elongate ; flight easy and graceful
in the sunshine. Settles in abundance on composite flowers by
the road-side, and in meadows on Ranunculi. Cephus.

Class IV. — Coleoptera.

Larva, with corneous mandibles moving horizontally ; a pair
of articulate feet, generally on the second, third, and fourth
segment ; no other feet, unless a prehensile caudal appendage
occasionally present can be so denominated. Food very
various. Pupa of nearly uniform appearance. Imago, with
the parts of the mouth fully developed ; the mandibles moving
horizontally, and being employed in mastication. Wings
fully developed ; fore-wings hard, crustaceous, not used in
flying, when closed meeting with parallel edges, and com-
pletely covering the hind-wings, to protect which appears
their only office ; hind-wings generally much longer than the
body, folded longitudinally and transversely beneath the fore-
wings. Prothorax very large ; mesothorax small ; metathorax
large. Food various.

412 attempted division of blutish insects,

Stirps. — Blapsina.
Natural Order. — Blapsites, Slow-legged-heetles.

Larva elongate, cylindrical, with six articulate and one caudal leg.
Lives in the dark, feeding on decayed animal and vegetable sub-
stances. Pupa changes in the same situations. Imago, with
moniliform antennae, the third joint being the longest ; mandibles
small but strong, bifid at the apex ; maxillse with a single tooth
internally ; wings, particularly the hind pair, frequently wanting.
Inhabits cellars, out-houses, decayed trees, shunning the light,
and moving by night with a slow, awkward, and disgusting gait ; of
uniform dark brown or black colour. (Pimelia), Blaps, Tenehrio.

Natural Order. — Helopites.

Larva very elongate, cylindrical, frequently with two hooks on the
telum. Inhabits and feeds on decayed wood. Pupa changes in
the same situations. Imago, with filiform antennfs ; mandibles
sometimes bifid, sometimes terminating in a single point ; maxillae
without the internal tooth ; fore-wings generally soft and flexible,
hind- wings generally perfect, adapted for flight. Inhabits decayed
woods, flowers, &c. Helops, Cistela, Melandrya, Cono-palpus^
Hypulus, Nothus, A^demera ?

Natural Order. — Mordellites.

Larva less elongate, soft, and more fleshy ; legs less distinct.
Inhabit and feed on decaying wood, flowers, and sometimes
parasitical in the nests of wasps. Pupa changes in the same
situations. Imago, with pectinated antennse, particularly the
males ; head somewhat heart-shaped, and united vertically to the
prothorax ; fore-wings flexible, wide at the base, narrow at the
apex ; hind-wings mostly without the longitudinal fold. Inhabit
flowers ; diurnal, fly and run with rapidity and ease. Mordella,
Anaspis, Ripiphorus.

Natural Order. — Pyrochroites, Soldier-beetles.

Larva more depressed ; head as wide as the prothorax ; paratelum
the largest segment ; telum corneous, and produced into two
spines. Inhabits and feeds on decaying wood. Pupa changes in
the same situations or in the ground. Imago, with long pectinated
antennae ; head exserted, triangular, and porrected, horizontally
narrower than the prothorax ; fore- wings soft, flexible, brilliant
Jed ; diurnal, flying readily in the sunshine. Pyrochroa.

ATTEMPTED DIVISION OF BRITISH INSECTS. 413

Natural Order. — Cantharites, Blister-beetles, 8fc.

Larva and pupa unknown, supposed in some instances to be para-
sitical. Imago, with moniliform antennae incrassated about the
middle ; head larger than the prothorax, to which it is attached
vertically ; fore-wings short, their margins crossing each other,
flexible ; hind-wings often wanting ; tarsi with the terminal
claws double. Meloe, Cantharis.

Natural Order. — Anthicites, Flower-beetles.

Larva and pupa in decayed wood. Imago, with filiform antennae
sometimes slightly serrated ; elongate linear body ; soft fore-
wings. Inhabits flowers, flying readily and in the day-time.
Notoxus, Anthkus, Xylophilus.

Stirps. — Buprestina.
Natural Order. — Ptinites, Wood-boring-beetles.

Larva, with the articulate feet distinct, incrassated in the middle,
narrower towards the tail, often covered with bristles. Commonly
inhabits dry wood, through which it bores in all directions, reduc-
ing it to a powder. Pupa changes in the galleries made by the
larva. Imago, with long antennae generally filiform, but in some
of the males highly pectinated ; the mandibles strong and toothed ;
the head retractile within the prothorax ; the prothorax more or
less spherical ; the fore-wings completely covering the body, and
having often an inflated appearance. Inhabits the habitations of
the larva, and occasionally flowers. Ptilinus, Ptinus, Anohium,
Mezium, Gihhium.

Natural Order. — Clerites.

Larva in structure like the preceding order, but more elongate, and
less commonly hairy. Feeds on the larvae" of the preceding order,
and occasionally of some Hymenoptera. Imago, with the antennae
incrassated externally ; the mandibles bifid ; the maxillse obtuse ;
the prothorax is long, slender, cylindrical, of less circumference
than the head or body. Necrobia, Clerus, Opilus, Thanasimus,
Tillus.

Natural Order. — Melyrites.

Larva and pupa unknown. Imago, with the antennae filiform,
tapering to the extremity ; mandibles elongate, toothed, bifid at
the apex ; head nearly corresponding in width with the prothorax,
but rather less ; prothorax with the margins often dilated ; when

414 ATTEMPTED DIVISION OF BRITISH INSECTS.

touched, a red fleshy substance is protruded from several parts of
the body and again withdrawn. Inhabits flowers ; flies readily
and in the sunshine. Dasytes ? Malachius.

Natural Order. — Lampyrites, Glow-worms.

Larva composed of thirteen very distinct segments, the divisions
between which are deeply marked, giving the back a serrated
appearance ; legs very perfect, the caudal leg also present. In-
habits old hedges among decayed sticks, found also under stones;
feeds on minute snails, &c. Pupa changes under ground. Imago,
with the antennae filiform, moniliform, or pectinated ; the mandi-
bles small, soft, and somewhat imperfect ; the prothorax flattened,
dilated at the margins ; the fore-wings flexible, leathery ; females
sometimes without wings ; frequently emitting from the two last
segments a bright phosphoric light. Lampyris, Drilus, Telephorus,
Lycus.

Natural Order. — Cebrionites.

Larva and pupa unknown. Imago, with the antennae very simple,
(in the British genera) filiform ; mandibles imperfect, terminating
in a single point ; prothorax semicircular, the convex, being the
anterior margin, completely concealing the head ; fore-wings and
whole body soft and flexible, as though immature ; more round
and compact in shape than the preceding orders. Inhabits the
leaves and flowers of plants in summer. Dascillus, Elodes, Scirtes.

Natural Order. — Elaterites, Click-beetles.

Larva elongate, cylindrical, with six articulate and one caudal leg ;
slothful. Feeds on the roots of wheat, potatoes, &c., also occasion-
ally in decaying timber ; is very destructive to crops, and known
to farmers as the Wire-worm. Pupa mostly changes in the
ground. Imago, with moniliform antennae, not unfrequently ser-
rated or pectinated in the males ; mandibles bifid at the extremity ;
head received into the prothorax ; prothorax with a projecting
spine beneath ; metathorax with a cavity for the reception of the
spine ; by means of this instrument the insect, if laid on its back,
leaps to a considerable height, with a loud clicking noise ; diurnal,
flies readily. Inhabits flowers, &c. Elater, Campijlus.

Natural Order. — Buprestites, Burn-cows.

Larva very elongate, cylindrical, with six articulate and one caudal
prehensile leg. Feeds on timber. Pupa changes in the same
situation. Imago, with serrated or pectinated antennae ; mandibles

ATTEMPTED DIVISION OF BRITISH INSECTS. 415

short, strong, and bifid ; head more than two-thirds received into
the prothorax ; prothorax beneath produced posteriorly into a
spine ; but there being no corresponding cavity in the mesothorax,
the insect has not, when placed on its back, the power of leaping
possessed by the Elaterites. These insects are diurnal ; they
possess the most gorgeous metallic colours ; they run and fly with
ease and rapidity. Buprestis.

StIRPS. — SCARAB^INA.

Natural Order. — Cetoniites, Day chafers.

Larva, with six elongate, weak, articulate legs, and the posterior
extremity of the body incrassated, soft, and recurved under the
fore-part, which, touched, rolls in a ring, with the tail on one side
of the head. Inhabits and feeds on decaying wood. Pupa
changes in the same situations, or in the ground. Imago, with
antennae composed of ten joints, of which the three or four termi-
nal ones are produced laterally, and form a club ; labium mem-
branaceous, most concealed by the clypeus ; mandibles and
maxillae pubescent and membranaceous ; colours various and
brilliant ; form generally flattened above ; diurnal, flies with
ease and rapidity. Feeds on the farina or honey of flowers.
Celonia, Trichius.
Natural Order. — Melolonthites, Cock-chafers.

Larva resembles that of the preceding order. Inhabits the earth,
feeding on the roots of vegetables. Pupa changes in the ground.
Imago, with antennae composed of nine or ten joints, the six or
seven terminal ones produced laterally, and forming a flabellated
club ; la^bium more corneous than in the preceding order, and
not entirely concealed by the clypeus ; mandibles corneous and
masticatory ; colour less brilliant ; form generally convex above ;
flight easy, not rapid ; mostly nocturnal. Feeds on the leaves of
vegetables. Hoplia, /fnomala, Melolontha, Amphlmalla, Omaloplia,
PhyllofertJia , S erica .

Natural Order. — Trogites, Sand-chafers.
Larva resembles that of the two preceding orders. Feeds on
decaying animal and vegetable matter found in sand, which it
inhabits. Pupa changes in the sand. Imago, with antennae
composed of nine or ten joints, the three or four terminal ones
forming a small round club ; labium and mandibles concealed
and membranaceous ; colour black ; form oval and very convex
above. Inhabit sand, particularly by the sea-shore ; seldom fly.
Trox, JEgialia, Psammodius,

416 ATTEMPTED DIVISION OF BRITISH INSECTS.

Natural Order. — Scarab^ites, Dung-chafers.
Larva resembles the preceding. Inhabits and feeds on the excre-
ment of animals. Pupa changes in the ground. Imago, with
antennas composed of nine or ten joints, the terminal one forming
a compressed club ; labium generally concealed by the clypeus ;
mandibles sometimes corneous, sometimes membranaceous ; colour
brown, black, or metallic-tinted black ; form oval, convex above.
Inhabit and feed as in the larva state ; flight easy, rapid, mostly
nocturnal. Aphodius, Geotrupes, Bolhoceras, Onthophagus, Copris.

Natural Order. — Lucanites, Stag-beetles.
Larva resembles the preceding ; feeding on decayed wood. Pupa
changes in the same situations. Imago, with ten-jointed antennae,
the basal joint very long, and the others bending forward from it
at a right angle, forming an elbow, the three apical joints forming
a club ; labrum concealed or obsolete ; mandibles very long,
strong, and toothed ; maxillae weak and pilose. Flight nocturnal.
Feed on the sap of plants. Sinodendron, Lucanus, Platycerus.

Natural Order. — Histerites, Mlmick-beetles.
Larva rather more elongate than that of the Lucanites, in other
respects nearly similar in formation. Inhabits and feeds on
putrid substances. Pupa mostly changes in the ground. Imago,
with clavate antennae; strong corneous and projecting mandibles;
head retractile within the pro thorax ; fore-wings square and very
short; legs contractile ; form a long square ; covering excessively
hard, highly polished. Inhabits putrid substances ; mimics death
when disturbed ; flies occasionally in the sunshine. Hister,
DendropMlus, Onthophilus, Abrceus.

Natural Order. — Byrrhites, Pill-hcetles.
Larva as in the Histerites, but somewhat pilose. Feeds on the
roots of vegetables and decaying wood. Pupa mostly changes in
the earth. Imago, with moniliform antennae incrassated towards
the extremity, but not clubbed ; mandibles corneous but not
projecting ; form nearly globular ; covering downy, not polished ;
head and legs contractile. Inhabits vegetables, mimicking death
if touched ; crawls in the day ; flies but seldom. Nosodendron,
Byrrhus, Aspidiphorus, Shnplocaria.

StIRPS. SiLPHINA.

Natural Order. — Dermestites.
Larva somewhat shuttle-shaped, very pilose. Inhabits and feeds
on decayed and dried animal substances. Pupa changes in the

ATTEMPTED DIVISION OF BRITISH INSECTS. 417

same substances. Imago, with short clavated antennae ; mandi-
bles short, strong, and toothed ; form oval ; head and legs
retractile, but less perfectly so than in the two preceding Orders.
Inhabits dead animals ; when shaken out or disturbed mimicking
death : flight principally nocturnal. Attagenus, Dermestes, Me-
gatoma.

Natural Order. — Ipsites.
Larva more elongate, slightly pubescent. Inhabits and feeds on
the bark of trees or fungi. Pupa changes in the bark. Imago,
with clavated antennae, the club not abrupt, but generally formed
by a gradual incrassation of the antennae externally ; prothorax
nearly square, generally longer than wide ; form elongate : flight
only occasional, mostly diurnal. Lyctus, Sylvanus, Rhizophagus,
Nemosoma, Ips, Tetratoma, Triplax, Mycetophagus, Anthero-
phagus.

Natural Order. — Nitidulites.

Larva pubescent, more active than the preceding. Generally in-
habits and feeds on decayed animal substances. Pupa changes
in the same situations or in the earth. Imago, with clavated
antennae, the club abrupt and well defined, usually composed of
three joints : active ; fly readily. Inhabits, in great quantities,
decayed animal substances, particularly bones, and also strongly-
scented flowers. Catheretes, Meligethes, Strongylus, Nitidula,
Thymalus.

Natural Order. — Silphites, Carrion-beetles.

Larva glabrous, depressed, attenuated posteriorly ; very active. In-
habits putrefying animal substances. Pupa changes mostly in the
earth. Imago, with antennae clavated, or moniliform, externally
incrassated ; mandibles strong, pointed, and prominent ; head
capable of being bent vertically, and concealed by the prothorax,
but not withdrawn into it ; prothorax as wide as the body. In-
habits putrid animal substances, as dead birds, mice, rats, &c.
which it buries in the earth as receptacles for its eggs ; flight
diurnal and nocturnal; scent very offensive. Silpha, Necrophorus^
Ckoleva, Catops, Ptomaphagus, Scaphidium, Scaphiosoma.

Natural Order. — Spheridiites, Globe-beetles.

Larva inhabits and feeds on the dung of horses and cows. Pupa
changes in the same situations. Imago, with antenna clavated ;
club distinct and abrupt ; form nearly spherical or oval. Inhabits

NO. IV. VOL. II. 3 H

418 ATTEMPTED DIVISION OF P.RITISH INSECTS.

and feeds as in the larva state ; runs and flies with rapidity in
the sunshine. Sphtjeridium, Cercyon. Anisotomidce ?

Natural Order. — Hydrophilites, Herbivorous Water-
beetles.

Larva elongate, attenuated posteriorly, active, carnivorous, aquatic ;
head large, vi^ith long curved mandibles. Pupa changes in the
earth or under dung. Imago, with clavated antennae ; mandibles
strong and obtusely toothed ; maxillary feelers very strong, and
used in the water as antennae ; the form oval, the sides and
back very convex, the surface glabrous. Inhabits water, swim-
ming with ease, the feet being moved alternately ; female covers
her eggs with silk, forming a kind of cocoon, which she carries
about with her in the manner of some spiders. Feeds on the
decaying leaves of water-plants. Spercheus, Hydrophilus, Hy-
drous, Hydrohius, Berosus.

Natural Order. — Helophorites, Diving-bell-beetles.
Larva less elongate ; sluggish ; margins of the segments fringed
with hair. Inhabits duckweed, and other plants on the surface
and banks of ponds, also the surface of stones, mud, &c. Pupa
changes sometimes in the same situations, but mostly in the earth.
Imago, with antennae more or less clavated, short, and generally
concealed ; the maxillary feelers being employed as antennae ;
form elongate. Inhabits the banks of ponds and rivers, among
aquatic plants, on which it feeds ; enclosed in a bubble of air, it
crawls on water-plants and on the surface of water, with the back
downwards, but does not swim. Hydrcena, Helophoriis, Hydro-
chus, Georyssus, Elmis, Parnus, Heterocerus.

Stirps V. — Carabina.
Natural Order. — Gyrinites, Water-fleas.
Larva, with strong arcuate mandibles ; a long fleshy process, fringed
with hair, rising from both sides of each segment ; carnivorous,
aquatic, natatory. Pupa changes at the edge of ponds. Imago,
with short clavated antennae ; mandibles short and obtuse, but
strong ; maxillae somewhat obtuse ; galea palpiform, exarticulate ;
fore-legs long, middle and hind-legs short and incrassated ; car-
nivorous. Inhabits water, performing in the sunshine its beautiful
and social gyrations on the surface. Gyrinus.

Natural Order. — Dytiscites, Carnivorous Water-beetles.

Larva, with strong arcuate mandibles, perforated at the extremity

for suction ; carnivorous, aquatic, natator)^ Pupa changes in the

ATTEMPTED DIVISION OF BRITISH INSECTS. 419

earth, at the margins of ponds, among roots of trees and grass.
Imago, with filiform antennae ; mandibles short and strong ;
maxillae arcuate and very acute ; galea palpiform and articulate ;
the fore-tarsi patellated in the males ; the middle and hind-legs
flattened and ciliated; form oval. Inhabits water, feeding on
aquatic animals ; swims with great ease and swiftness, moving
• the corresponding legs simultaneously. Acilius, Dytiscus, Colym-
betes, Noterus, Hydroporus, Halipius ?

Natural Order. — Carabites, Ground-beetles,

Larva with strong arcuate mandibles ; active and carnivorous.
Inhabits roots of grass, rubbish-heaps, decaying vegetables, moss,
under stones, &c. in which situations it pursues and seizes its
pr«y. Pupa changes in the earth. Imago, with moniliform
antennae ; mandibles moderately short, very strong ; maxillae
terminate in a blade, sometimes acute, but never articulated ;
galea articulate and palpiform. Universally distributed, running
on the ground in pursuit of prey ; chiefly nocturnal, and during
the day found principally under stones and timber, at the roots of
grass, in the sand of gravel-pits, &c. ; sometimes flies, but not to
avoid pursuit. Elaphrus, Bembidium, Harpalus, Carabus, Dys-
chirius, Brachinus, Dromius, Odocantha, Drypta.

Natural Order. — Cicindelites, Tiger-beetles.

Larva with strong arcuate mandibles, and frequently with two
remarkable recurved hooks on its back ; it is carnivorous, and
lies in wait for its prey in holes or dens, which it constructs in
loose earth or sand, in sunny places. Pupa changes in the holes
of the larva. Imago, with strong, long, arcuate, and deeply-
toothed mandibles, which cross each other at about half their
length ; blade of the maxillae acute and articulated ; galea palpi-
form and articulated ; legs very long and slender : diurnal, car-
nivorous, of light and elegant form ; brilliant colours. Runs
with amazing activity ; flies to avoid pursuit. Cicindela.

Natural Order. — Staphilinites, Devil's Coach-horses.

Larva with strong mandibles ; active, mostly carnivorous. Found
under stones, at the roots of grass, and in rubbish-heaps, &c.
Pupa changes in the same situations. Is remarkable for the
compactness with which the limbs are attached, giving it the
appearance of the Amorpha adermata. Imago, with moniliform
antennae; strong and acute mandibles; obtuse maxillae ; rounded
and never palpiform galea. These beetles are distinguished at

420 ATTEMPTED DIVISION t)F BRITISH INSECTS.

once from all others by their square, short fore-wings, naked
body, elongate form, and disgusting manner of turning up the tail
like a scorpion. Inhabits and devours all putrefying substances,
also living insects. Staphylinus.

Natural Order. — Pselaphites.

Larva and pupa unknown. Imago, with acute dentate mandibles ;
obtuse maxillse ; rounded, exarticulate, though somewhat palpi-
form galea ; maxillary feelers, clavated, immensely developed,
often equalling the antennae in size ; antennae with ten or eleven
joints, the last joint incrassated, forming a club ; fore-wings
quadrate and abbreviated ; hind-wings usually wanting ; tarsi
two-jointed. Very minute ; slow in its movements. Inhabits
moss and the roots of grass, feeding on the Acari which occur in
those situations. Pselaphus.

Natural Order. — Scydm^nites.

Larva and pupa unknown. Imago, with antennae eleven-jointed,
moniliform, incrassated exteriorly ; the basal joint rather long, the
apical one ovate, which, with the two preceding, is incrassated ;
maxillary feelers very large, the third joint stout and conical,
the fourth and terminal one small, acute ; fore-wings completely
cover the body ; the tarsi five-jointed. Inhabit moss, and under
planks near cucumber frames ; feed on Acari. {Mastigus)j
Scydmcenus, Eutheia.

Stirps VI. — Chrysomelina.
Natural Order. — Endomycites, Fungus-beetles.

Larva, with six distinct articulate legs ; head small ; middle of the
body stout, gradually attenuated to the tail. Principally inhabits
and feeds on the interior of fungi. Pupa changes in the same
situations. Imago, with moniliform antennae, incrassated ex-
ternally ; acute mandibles ; tarsi three-jointed ; form very con-
vex, oval, glabrous. Inhabits fungi. {Dasycerus), Lycoperdina,
Endomychus.

Natural Order. — Coccinellites, Lady-birds.

Larva in structure like that of the preceding Order, but rather more
elongate and active. Inhabits the leaves of vegetables, feeding on
the Aphites which suck their sap. Pupa attaches itself by the
tail to a leaf, and changes in that position. Imago, with short
and rather clavate antennae ; acute mandibles; tarsi three-jointed;
form very convex above, nearly hemispherical. Inhabits vege-

ATTEMPTED DIVISION OF BRITISH INSECTS. 421

tables, feeding on the Aphites which infest them. Cacicula,
Chilochorus, Coccinella.

Natural Order. — Cassidites, Tortoise-beetles.

Larva more obese and obtuse, spiny or radiated round the margin ;
the tail furnished with a remarkable forked appendage, on which
the excrement accumulates, forming a kind of umbrella, which
protects it in some degree from observation. Inhabits and feeds
on vegetables. Pupa changes in the same situations. Imago,
with moniliform antennse ; mandibles and maxillae obtuse and
minute ; galea palpiform, exarticulate ; head completely hidden
by the prothorax, which, together with the fore-wings, form a
complete covering, like the carapax of a tortoise; tarsi four-jointed;
form nearly hemispherical. Inhabits vegetables, on which it
feeds. Cassida.

Natural Order. — Chrysomelites.

Larva still more obese, inactive ; legs short. Feeds on the leaves
of vegetables. Pupa sometimes attaches itself, and changes in
the same situations, and sometimes in the earth. Imago, with
moniliform antennae, inserted far from each other ; mandibles
rather obtuse ; maxillae obtuse ; galea palpiform, exarticulate ;
head nearly concealed by the prothorax ; tarsi four-jointed ; legs
not formed for leaping ; form very globose, inactive ; flies seldom.
Inhabits vegetables, on the leaves of which it feeds. When
touched frequently emits a red fluid from the mouth. Crypto-
cephalus, Clythra, Chrysomela.

Natural Order. — Halticites, Flea-beetles.

Larva and pupa nearly as in the preceding Order ; the former
rather less obese. Imago, with much longer and more filiform
antennae, and inserted nearer together ; more acute mandibles ;
maxillae obtuse ; galea palpiform and articulate ; hind-legs in-
crassated, formed for leaping ; form less globose. Inhabits and
feeds on vegetables ; its size is little larger than that of a flea,
an insect which it emulates in the activity of its leaps ; it is
excessively injurious to crops, sometimes causing a total failure
of turnips, rape, &c. Haltica.

Natural Order. — Galerucites.

Larva and pupa nearly as in the Chrysomelites. Imago, with long
filiform antennae, inserted much nearer to each other than in
either of the two preceding Orders ; mandibles acute ; maxillae

422 ATTEMPTED DIVISION OF BRITISH INSECTS.

obtuse, with a distinctly articulate palpiform galea ; legs of similar
structure, not formed for leaping; form more elongate. Inhabits
and feeds on vegetables ; flies more readily than the two preced-
ing Orders, but does not leap. Galeruca, Adimonia, Auchenia,
Laperus.

Natural Order. — Criocerites.

Larva more linear and elongate. Feeds on the leaves or within the
stems of vegetables. Pupa generally changes in a silken cocoon,
attached to the stems or roots of the vegetables on which it feeds.
Imago, with moniliform antennae, slightly incrassated externally,
about as long as in the Galerucites ; mandibles arcuate, bifid at
the apex ; maxillae obtuse ; galea incrassated, but not palpiform ;
prothorax proportionately much smaller than in any other Order
of the Stirps ; somewhat cylindrical ; tarsi four-jointed ; colours
brilliant ; flight only occasional, diurnal. Inhabits vegetables.
Crioceris, Donacia.

Stirps VII. — Cerambycina.

Natural Order. — Lepturites.

Larva is almost entirely vsdthout feet, fleshy, linear ; inhabits decay-
ing timber. Pupa changes in the same situations. Imago, with
filiform antennze, usually about the length of the body, inserted
between the eyes, but not interfering with their form ; the head
is elongated at its junction with the prothorax, somewhat in the
manner of a neck ; mandibles terminated generally in an acute
point ; maxillae obtuse ; galea obtuse, not palpiform ; form elon-
gate, attenuated posteriorly ; tarsi four-jointed, diurnal. Inhabits
flowers, apparently feeding on their farina. Leptura, Pachyta.

Natural Order. — Cerambicites, Capricorn-beetles.

Larva and pupa as in the preceding Order. Imago, with filiform
antennae, often much longer than the body, inserted close to the
eyes, and partly surrounded by them ; the eyes, consequently,
become somewhat kidney-shaped , the head is not elongated at
its junction, but is partly received into the prothorax : mandibles
with an acute point ; maxillae and their galea obtuse ; tarsi four-
jointed ; form elongate, nearly linear, slightly attenuated poste-
riorly : flight both diurnal and nocturnal. Inhabits the stems
of trees, decayed wood, and sometimes flowers. Molorchus,
Clytus, Callidium, Cylindera, Obrium, Saperda, Lamia, Ceram-
byx, Priomis.

ATTEMPTED DIVISION OF BRITISH INSECTS. 423

Natural Order. — Cucujites, Flat-hodied-heeiles.

Larva with six very short articulate legs ; found in decayed timber.
Pupa changes in the same situation. Imago, with filiform an-
tennae generally not longer than the prothorax ; mandibles acute,
porrected, and elongate, especially in the males ; the maxillae
obtuse ; galea pilose ; head somewhat triangular, elongated pos-
teriorly into a kind of neck ; prothorax nearly square, very flat ;
body very flat ; tarsi four-jointed. Inhabits timber. Cucujus,
Trogossita ? {Parandra, Passandra.)

Natural Order. — Bostricites.

Larva a white maggot, completely without legs ; inhabits and feeds
on the bark or wood of trees, causing their death with unerring
certainty. Pupa changes in the same situations. Imago, with
clavated antennae ; mandibles generally bidentate ; maxillae, with
their galea obtuse ; the prothorax very convex, and usually as
large as the remainder of the body ; tarsi four-jointed ; form
cylindrical. Inhabit circular holes, which it bores in the bark
and wood of trees, either to escape, after changing, from the pupa,
or to deposit their eggs. Cis, Bostrichus, Tomicus, Platypus,
Hylesinus, Scolytus, Hylurgus.

Natural Order. — Curculionites, Weevils.

Larva without legs, and having occasionally in their place small
mamillary processes ; inhabits and feeds on the flowers, fruits,
seeds, leaves, stalks, bark, wood, pith, and roots, of vegetables.
Pupa changes in the same situations, sometimes naked, sometimes
in a hard compact case, sometimes in a silken cocoon. Imago,
with antennae generally twelve-jointed, incrassated externally,
the basal joint generally very long, the others bending forwards
at a right angle, forming an elbow ; these antennae are placed on
a long rostrum, which proceeds from between the eyes, and has
the mouth at its extremity ; mandibles generally obtuse ; blade
and galea of the maxillae united and indistinct; tarsi four-jointed :
mostly diurnal ; feed on vegetables. Curculio.

Natural Order. — Anthribites.

Larva as in preceding, feeding on wood. Pupa changes in the
channels made by the larva. Imago, with antennae generally
twelve-jointed, the basal joint not particularly elongate, therefore
not elbowed, moniliform, incrassated externally, not situated on a

424 ATTEMPTED DIVISION OF BRITISH INSECTS.

distinct rostrum, much elongated in the males ; mandibles and
maxillae nearly as in the preceding Order ; tarsi four-jointed.
Inhabits the bark and wood of trees. Brachytarsus, Platyrhinus,
Anthribus. Bruchus differs only in the superior size of its labrum,
and in feeding on pulse.

Natural Order. — Salpingites.

Larva and pupa as in the preceding Orders ; the former feeds on
the wood and bark of trees. Imago, with antennae shorter, monili-
form, somewhat incrassated externally, and situated on a rostrum ;
mandibles and maxillae obtuse ; fore- and middle-tarsi five-
jointed ; hind-tarsi four-jointed. Found in the same situations as
the larva, and also among the leaves of trees. Salpingus, Sphce-
riestes.

Division III. — Tetraptera Isomorpha.

Larva resembling the imago in structure, appearance, mode
of feeding, &c. wings only being vi^anted. Pupa, or quiescent
state, none.

Class IV. — Orthoptera.

Imago, with the parts of the mouth fully developed ; labrum
quadrate and movable ; mandibles strong, bony, masticatory,
and moving horizontally ; maxilla with feelers, and a distinct,
exarticulate, palpiform galea ; fore-wings coriaceous, little
used in flight; hind-wings longitudinally folded; flight weak
and badly sustained.

StIRPS. FORFICULINA.

Natural Order. — Forficulites, Earwigs.

The antennae are many-jointed, moniliform, and decrease in size to
the extremity ; the fore-wings square, coriaceous, meeting with
a straight suture, very short, and not used in flight ; the hind-
wings ear-shaped, folded, and projecting beyond the fore-wings ;
hind-legs not formed for leaping ; tarsi three-jointed ; telum
furnished with two appendages which meet like forceps ; noc-
turnal insects, feeding on vegetables. Forjicula, Labia, Labi-
dura.

StIRPS. ACHETINA.

Natural Order. — Achetites, Crickets.

Antennae very long, slender, and composed of many joints ; fore-
wings short, coriaceous, one partially covering the other, not

ATTEMPTED DIVISION OF BRITISH INSECTS. 425

used in flight ; hind- wings folded longitudinally, and projecting
beyond the fore-wings ; hind-legs incrassated, formed for leaping ;
tarsi three-jointed : nocturnal, subterranean insects, feeding on
vegetables. Gryllotalpa, Acheta.

Stirps. — Gryllina.

Natural Order. ^ — ^Gryllites, Grasshoppers.

Antennae very long, slender, and composed of many joints ; fore-
wings coriaceous, as long as the hind-wings, which are folded
longitudinally beneath them ; hind-legs incrassated, formed for
leaping ; tarsi four-jointed ; female furnished with an exserted
oviduct : diurnal ; feed on vegetables. Gryllus.

StIRPS. LOCUSTINA.

Natural Order. — Locustites, Locusts.

Antennae short, incrassated towards the middle or extremity, con-
sisting of about ten joints ; fore-wings coriaceous, generally as long
as the hind-wings, which are folded longitudinally beneath them ;
hind-legs incrassated, formed for leaping ; tarsi five-jointed ;
diurnal : feed on vegetables. Locusta, Gomphocerus, Acrydium.

(Stirps. — Spectrina.

Natural Order. — Spectrites, Spectres.

Antennae short, stout, composed of few joints ; fore-wings coria-
ceous, small, short, often wanting, never covering the hind-wings,
not used in flying ; hind-wings folded longitudinally, often very
large and beautifully coloured, sometimes wanting ; legs alike in
structure, not formed for leaping ; tarsi five-jointed ; prothorax
short : diurnal ; feed on leaves. Spectrum PJiasma.)

(Stirps. — Mantina.

Natural Order. — Mantites, Walking-leaves.

Antennae long, filiform, very slender, and composed of many joints ;
fore-wings coriaceous, horizontal, generally covering the hind-
wings, which are folded beneath them ; fore-legs incrassated, and
armed with teeth, longer than the middle- and hind-legs ; tarsi
five-jointed ; prothorax long : diurnal ; feed on other insects.
Mantis.)
NO. IV. VOL. II. 3 I ,

420 attempted division of british insects.

Stirps. — Blattina.

Natural Order. — Blattites, Cockroaches.

Antennae very long, filiform, tapering, and many-jointed ; head
bending beneath the prothorax ; fore-wings semewhat coriaceous,
horizontal, one folding over the other, covering the hind-wings,
which are folded beneath them ; legs alike in structure ; tarsi
five-jointed : nocturnal ; voracious ; omnivorous ; run rapidly ;
fly badly ; do not leap. Blatta.

Situation at present doubtful.
Natural Order. — Thripsites, TicJders.

Antennae conspicuous, composed of eight joints ; fore- and hind-
wings linear, and of equal length ; tarsi two-jointed. Very
minute. Inhabit flowers, feeding on the farina. When running
on the skin they cause an intolerable itching. Thrips.

Class V. — Hemiptera.

Imago, with the parts of the mouth only partially developed;
the mandibles are without any horizontal motion, but elongate
and slender, and, together w^ith the maxilla? and tongue, are
inclosed in a sucker, which is composed of the labium prin-
cipally, but protected about by the labrum; this sucker is
bent beneath the head and breast, excepting when in use,
when it is usually thrust perpendicularly into the rind of
vegetables, or skin of animals, to extract the sap or blood,
which, in the class, constitute the food ; the feelers are obsolete ;
all the wings are fully developed, and in the greater portion
serve occasionally as organs of flight ; the flight is, however,
weak, and of short duration.

Stirps. — Cimicina.

Natural Order. — Cimicites, Bugs.

Antennae elongate, conspicuous, four- or five-jointed ; fore-wings
with the basal portion coriaceous, the apical portions which cross
each other membranaceous ; the legs are of uniform structure,
not formed for leaping ; the tarsi are three-jointed : terrestrial ;
run fast ; fly rapidly, but not far at a time ; feed generally on the
sap of vegetables, sometimes on other insects, and occasionally.

ATTEMPTED DIVISION OF BRITISH INSECTS. 427

but apparently unnaturally, on the blood of vertebrate animals.
Cimex, 1 &c.

Stirps. — Hydrometrina.

Natural Order. — Hydrometrites, Water-bugs.

Antennae elongate, conspicuous, four- or five-jointed ; fore-wings
coriaceous, of uniform substance ; hind-wings membranaceous ;
all the wings linear; legs of uniform structure, very long, not
formed for leaping ; tarsi three-jointed ; body elongate, linear :
aquatic, running with ease and rapidity on the surface of water.
Hydrometra, Gerris, Velia.

Stirps. — Nepina.

Natural Order.- — Nepites, Water-scorpions.

Antennae very short, concealed below the head ; fore-wings cori-
aceous, crossed at the apex ; hind-wings membranaceous, com-
pletely concealed beneath them ; fore-legs hooked, predatory ;
tarsi with a single joint ; middle- and hind-legs not formed
for swimming ; tarsi two-jointed ; tail armed with two long
setaceous appendages : aquatic ; carnivorous ; crawl on aquatic
plants, but do not swim. Ranatra, Nepa.

Stirps. — Notonectina.

Natural Order. — Notonectites, Water -boatmen.

Antennae very short, concealed below the head ; fore- and hind-
wings as in the preceding ; fore-legs unarmed, middle- and hind-
legs formed for swimming ; all the tarsi two-jointed ; tail without
appendages : aquatic ; carnivorous ; swim with ease, swiftness,
and elegance ; cannot crawl on aquatic plants like the preceding.
Naucoris, Notonecta, Corixa, Sigara.

Stirps. — Cicadina.

Natural Order. — Cicadites, Frog-hoppers.

Antennae very short, scarcely projecting beyond the head ; fore-
wings coriaceous, meeting with a straight suture ; hind-wings
membranaceous ; hind-legs incrassated, formed for leaping ; tarsi
three-jointed ; leap readily ; fly badly. Inhabit vegetables, on
the sap of which they feed. Cicada, Cercopis, Membracis,
Psylla, &c.

' The Cimicites require further division. See M. de Laporte's excellent
classification of them.

428 ATTEMPTED DIVISION OF BRITISH INSECTS.

Stirps. — COCCINA.
Natural Order. — Coccites, Gall-insects.

Antennas hirsute, long, moniliform, many-jointed ; fore-wings semi-
coriaceous, of uniform substance ; hind-wings wanting, or replaced
by appendages similar to the halteres of Diptera ; legs of uniform
structure, not formed for leaping ; tarsi two- or three-jointed in
the male, with a single joint in the female ; tail furnished with
two long setae. The females are apterous, and attach themselves
to the bark and leaves of trees, on which they deposit their eggs,
covering them Avith their bodies ; in this situation the female re-
sembles a gall, or casual excrescence of the plant. Coccus,

Stirps. — Aphina.

Natural Order. — Aphites, Plant-lice.

Antennaj conspicuous, elongate, seven-jointed; fore-wings deflexed,
meeting over the back with a straight suture ; hind-wings much
smaller and shorter ; all the wings membranaceous ; legs of uni-
form structure, not formed for leaping ; tarsi two-jointed. Infest
all vegetables, sucking the sap : reproduction without union of
sexes for many generations. Aphis.

Situation at present doubtful.

Natural Order. — Aleyrodites.

Larva oval, flat, and scale-like. Pupa changes within the skin of
larva; is quiescent. Imago, with the antennae filiform, con-
spicuous, and six-jointed ; wings equally developed, both as
to length and breadth, covered with a white, mealy substance
like the scales of Lepidoptera ; legs of uniform structure, not
formed for leaping. Sits on the under-side of the leaves of the
plants on which the larva feeds. Aleyrodes.

Division III. — Tetraptera Anisomorpha.

Larva and pupa possessing no uniform mode of metamor-
phosis, but assuming, in diiferent Orders, that of other
Divisions.

Class I. — Neuroptera.

Larva, with strong corneous mandibles moving horizontally,
and six articulate feet, situated in pairs on the second, third,

ATTEMPTED DIVISION OF BRITISH INSECTS. 429

and fourth segments ; prehensile feet none. Pupa various.
Imago usually with the organs of the mouth, and all the
wings fully developed, and resembling net-work.

Stirps. — Termina.
Natural Order. — Termites, White Ants, &c.

Larva with long, filiform, multi-articulate antennae ; strong, corneous,
and well-developed, and masticatory mandibles, and six elongate
articulate legs : active, omnivorous, and apparently perfect, in one
genus living in immense societies. Pupa isomorphous. Imago,
with long, filiform, multi-articulate antennae ; strong, corneous,
masticatory mandibles ; wings fully developed, recumbent, re-
ticulated ; tarsi three-joints. (Termes), Psocus. The larva of
a Psocus, which feeds on preserved insects in our cabinets, is
called Atropos pulsator'ms by some authors, and is said to make
the ticking noise frequently heard in houses, and commonly
known as the death-watch ; in its perfect or winged-state it is
not uncommon among old books, on windows, &c.

Stirps. — Perlina.
Natural Order. — Perlites, Pearl-Jlies,

Larva with long, filiform, multi-articulate antennae ; strong, corneous,
masticatory mandibles ; telum furnished with two long, setiform
appendages ; active, carnivorous, aquatic. Pupa isomorphous.
Imago, with long, filiform, multi-articidate antenna ; strong, cor-
neous, masticatory mandibles ; wings fully and equally developed,
reticulated, recumbent ; the hind-wings folded; tarsi three-jointed.
Inhabits the banks of running waters, and is a very favourite food
for fish ; fiight nocturnal. Perla, Isogenus, Nemoura. Sialis
has a necromorphous pupa.

Stirps. — Raphidiina.

Natural Order. — Raphidiites, Snake-flies.

Larva with fiHform antennae, and corneous, masticatory mandibles ;
active. Inhabits and feeds on decayed wood. Pupa isomorphous.
Imago, witb moniliform antennae ; corneous, masticatory mandi-
bles ; large porrected head ; elongate prothorax ; wings uniformly
and fully developed, recumbent, deflexed, not folded, beautifully
reticulated ; tarsi four-jointed ; telum with a seta : flight diurnal,
in the sunshine. Raphidia.

430 ATTEMPTED DIVISION OF BRITISH INSECTS.

Natural Order. — Hemerobiites, Lace-winged-jlies.

Larva, with filiform antennae ; prominent corneous mandibles and
maxillae ; saeciferous, carnivorous. Inhabits the leaves of vege-
tables. Pupa necromorphous ; changes within the sack formed
by the larva. Imago, with long, moniliform antennae ; corneous,
masticatory mandibles, wings fully and equally developed, not
folded, beautifully reticiilated, deflexed ; tarsi five-jointed ; smells
fetid ; flies mostly in the evening. Hemerobius, Chrysopa
Osmylus. {Myrmileon and Ascalaphus differ only in their singular
pit-fall making larvee and their clavated antennae).

Stirps. — Phryganina.
Natural Order. — Phryganites, Stone-flies.
Larva with short antennae ; corneous, masticatory ; mandibles ;
saeciferous, aquatic. Pupa necromorphous, changes in the sack
formed by the larva. Imago, with very long, multi-articulate,
filiform antennae ; mandibles and maxillae obsolete ; fore-wings
deflexed, very hairy ; hind-wings ample, much folded longitudi-
nally, not so hairy ; tarsi five-jointed. Inhabits the neighbour-
hood of water ; flies in the evening and during the night, and is a
favourite food of fish. Phryganea.

Stirps. — Ephemerina.
Natural Order. — Ephemerites, Caddew-flies.
Larva with long, filiform antennae ; corneous, masticatory mandibles ;
six articulate legs, and numerous lateral fins, which aid it in
swimming, and which also serve to separate air from the water,
and convey it to the trachaeae ; aquatic, carnivorous. Pupa iso-
morphous. Imago, with short concealed antennae ; mandibles
and maxillae obsolete ; fore-wings fully developed ; hind-wings
small or obsolete ; all the wings beautifully reticulated, erect,
and meeting above the back ; tarsi four-jointed ; telum furnished
with long setiform appendages ; retains a superfluous skin after
having attained its final form, characters, and even the power
of flight ; this skin renders the wings opaque, when shed they
are more transparent. Flight in the evening, in company, rising
and falling ; a favourite food of fish, and a bait much in request
among anglers. Ephemera, Battis, Cloeon.

Stirps. — Libellulina.

Natural Order. — Libellulites, Dragon-flies.

Larva with short antennae ; corneous, masticatory mandibles ; very
elongate, jointed, and remarkable labium, furnished with preda-

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 431

tory, acute, mandibuliform palpi ; aquatic, carnivorous. Pupa
isomorphous. Imago, with minute antennae nearly concealed ;
strong, corneous, masticatory mandibles ; labium of moderate pro-
portions ; wings of uniform development, beautifully reticulated,
porrected, laterally or erect, meeting above the back ; tarsi three-
jointed ; flight rapid, well sustained ; active, carnivorous. Agrion,
Libellula, jEschna.

Situation at present doubtful.
Natural Order. — Panorpites, Scorpion-Jlies.

Larva and pupa unknown. Imago, with long, filiform, multi-articu-
late antennae ; mandibles and maxillae corneous, produced into a
beak ; wings of equal development, horizontally recumbent on
the back ; tarsi five-jointed ; telum armed with an appendage
resembling a lobster's claw ; flight weak, of short duration,
diurnal. Inhabits abundantly the woods and hedges of England
throughout the summer. Panorpa, {Bittacus, Nemoptera).

Art. XXXVIII. — Entomological Society.

Tenth Sitting. — July 7.

The Secretary read a paper, by Mr. Babington, upon
the genus Dromiiis.

The Secretary read a paper by himself, describing a
British Neuropterous Insect, and giving it a new generic
name : the name escaped us.

The Secretary read a paper by M. Chevrolat, on a
species of the family Curculionidce, which he had received
from St. Helena.

The Secretary read a paper by himself, on the Neurop-
terous genera Acentropus (Curtis), Acentria and Zancle
(Stephens' Nom. 2d Edit.) ; the author considers these genera
Lepidopterous.

The Secretary read the conclusion of the paper by him-
self and Mr. Templeton, on the genera Lepisma and Podura.

The Secretary read the title of a paper by himself, en-
titled " Notes upon Nomenclature ;" but the President thinking
the meeting had sat sufficiently long, it was withdrawn.

432 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

During the meeting, a long discussion took place about a
species of AjjMs, which has committed great ravages among
the sugar-canes in the West Indies. A Mr. J. C. Johnson,
who was present, and who had lately arrived from the West
Indies, stated that full two-thirds of the crops had been
destroyed by it.

Eleventh Sitting. — August 4.

CoL. Sykes took the chair.

Mr. Ingpen exhibited the nest of a wasp (probably of the
genus Odynerus) which he had found behind a book-shelf;
some paper, which had fallen in the same situation acci-
dentally, had been curiously employed by the' insect for the
outer covering of its nest. The nest itself was composed of a
kind of mortar made from mud ; it was nearly five inches in
length, and had various circular apertures through which the
insects, on coming to perfection, had made their exit.

The Secretary read a paper by Col. Sykes, on some
Indian species of ants, and gave some highly interesting par-
ticulars of their economy. The descriptions were of three
separate species. The first species builds its nest in trees,
fixing it with great strength and firmness ; the nest itself is
nearly globular, about eight inches in diameter, and built
entirely of dried cow-dung. The second species (we under-
stood the name to be indefessus) exhibits a remarkable instinct
very little short of reason. He was accustomed to have his
desert placed on a sideboard, near a wall, and left all night,
the legs of the sideboard being immersed in vessels of water ;
notwithstanding which precaution, the sideboard was found in
the morning covered with ants, and the sweets were plundered
most severely. On seeking the mode in which the intrusion
was effected, he found that they got one after another into
the water, till a floating living bridge was stretched across it,
and then the legs were readily mounted. This mode of access
was effectually stopped by a rim of turpentine round each of
the legs just above where they entered the water ; but the evil
was not cured ; for, on the following morning, the ants were
on the table, and the good things plundered as before ; he
found that the ants had crawled up the wall in great numbers,
and crowded to the part level with the edge of the side-board,
which was not more than an inch from the wall, and so

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 433

Stretched across and obtained a footing, thus running the risk
of a fall, which many of them received. The sideboard was
now moved quite away from the wall, and for awhile the
sweets remained untouched ; but soon the usual visitants were
again observed, and, for several days, it appeared impossible
to account for the intrusion ; when, at last, he was standing
near the table, and observed a solitary ant climbing quietly up
the wall of the room : when it had mounted to rather more
than a foot above the level of the sideboard, it took a spring
and came down among the sweets ; this seemed altogether so
extraordinary a proceeding, that he thought it must be the
effect of chance ; but very soon he saw many other ants make
their appearance and mount the wall, like their forerunner,
until they reached a certain elevation above the sideboard,
when they one and all, without exception, leaped from the
wall, seriatim, and alighted safely among the sweets : thus
their continued appearance was accounted for. The third
species was remarkable, as disproving the somewhat absurd
theory, proposed by Gould, and almost universally received,
that ants do not lay up stores for the winter ; a theory which
entomologists in particular had fully adopted and entered into.
He had seen the ants of this species, in great numbers, carry-
ing the seeds of a grass, which they carried with great care
and tenacity to their nests, and laid up in their stores.

The Secretary read a paper by himself, being a descrip-
tion of Lamia Norrisii, one of the family CerambicidcB.

The Rev. F. W. Hope combatted the opinion expressed by
Col. Sykes, that the ant's nest was constructed of cow-dung ;
he thought it was more probably composed of that paper-like
substance employed by some other gregarious insects, par-
ticularly wasps.

Twelfth Sitting. — September 1.

The Secretary read a paper by the Rev. F. W. Hope, on
the genus Mimela, belonging to the Scarabcsidcs.

The Secretary read a paper by himself, on the Naming
of Insects ; he defended, at great length, the various subjects
attacked by a writer in the Entomological Magazine, and
shewed that they were perfectly justifiable and in accordance
with established usage : he instanced a long name, of his own
giving, and pointed out its advantages, (we did not catch the

NO. IV. VOL. II. 3 K

434 VARIETIES.

name, but it appeared of very great length and harshness) ;
he then dwelt on the propriety of naming insects after persons
who have captured them, by adding the letter i to the surname
of the captor; he particularly instanced Waterhouse-i, which
he thought a very excellent name, and much better than Aqua-
domi, which would be the Latin of Mr. Waterhouse's name ;
he, however, suggested that such names should be pronounced
Waterhous-e-i, Ho-pe-i, Davi-si-i, the nominatives being
Walerhous-eus, Ho-p&us, and Daci-sius.

The Secretary read a letter from Dr. Haslar, of Phila-
delphia, relative to Cicada Septendeceni, an insect which
abounds in North America. Dr. Haslar states that, in the
larva state, these insects live in the earth ; on appearing above-
ground, they are devoured with avidity by poultry, and those
hens which had eaten a great number of them usually laid
eggs with colourless yolks. Specimens of the insect, in the
imago state, were exhibited, as well as some of the pupae about
to change.

[The attendance of members at these sittings has greatly
decreased; at the July sitting, about twenty members were
present ; at the August sitting, about fifteen ; at the September
sitting, about twelve.]

Art. XXXIX. — Varieties.

36. Capture of Lepidoptera at Great Yarmouth. —
Sir, Should you have any room, it may be interesting to
record the capture of three very rare insects at this place,
two of which have never been observed here before. They
were all taken during this present month ; namely, one speci-
men of Vanessa Antiopa, which was captured by a boy, in a
garden in the town, on the 26th inst. A single specimen of
Argynnis Lathonia was caught on the 2d, near Caistor-rails,
about a mile from this town: it adjoins Caistor-marrams,
which, I am told, is very similar to the Castle-meadow, Dover,
as to soil and vegetation. The other insect is Deilephila
Gain, of which only one instance occurred till this month,
when it has been observed rather common : one was caught on
the 3d, two on the 9th, and one on the 29th ; besides which
five or six more were seen, but so shy that they escaped : with

VARIETIES. 435

one exception, they were all seen in gardens on honeysuckles.
Two that were caught proved females, and laid eggs, from
which I have now several caterpillars by me, feeding on the
Galium verum. I remain, Sir,

Your most obedient servant.

Great Yarmouth, August &\,\%S'^. C. J. PaGET,.

37. Captures. — Want of space compels us to compress
various notices of captures. Colias Electra has appeared in
some abundance in many of the counties ; York, Devon, Here-
ford, Worcester, Dorset, Hants, Sussex, Surrey, Kent, and
Essex. Colias Hyale, in Northumberland, on the authority
of Mr. Standish ; at Mickleham it has been taken by Mr.
Bennet; at Darent, by Mr. Desvignes ; and at Great Yarmouth
it has been seen by Mr. Paget; the dates varying from the
middle to the end of August. Argynnis Lathonia has been
taken in Northumberland, on the authority of Mr. Standish ;
and at Mickleham, by Mr. Bennett, the end of August —
rather a wasted specimen. Melitcea Dia has been taken, two
following years, by Mr. Weaver, of Birmingham, at Sutton-
park, near that town, and also by Mr. Stanley ; the locality
we cannot state. Polyommatus Arion was taken on the 15th
of June, 1833, in a situation abounding with long grass and
brambles, at Langport, near Taunton, by Mr. John Queket ;
in number, about forty specimens : on the same day, in the
present year, Mr. Queket took about twenty specimens ; Mr.
Dale has taken about ten specimens. Deilephila Galii has
been taken by Mr. Smith, near York. Agrotis radia, by
Mr. Newman, at Deptford, on palings. Agrotis radiola, by
Mr. Newman, at Deptford ; by Mr. Doubleday, at Epping ;
by Mr. Standish, at Camberwell. Agrotis nigricatis, by
Mr. Standish, in the Deptford-marshes, in great abundance.
Ceratina ccerulea has been taken by Mr. Davis, at Birch, and
by Mr. Newman, at Birch-wood and Wickham; all between
the 20th and the end of May. Tarpa Panzeri has occurred
on Plumstead-heath, on the authority of Mr. Shuckard.
Lamia Suior has been taken at York by a boy, and since
purchased by Mr. Meynell. Chrysomela Hanoverensis^
Spercheus emarginatus, Hygrotus decoratus, Macroplea
Zosteree, at Askem-bog, on the authority of Mr. Preston.
Carabus clathratus and glabratus, in abundance in Suther-

43G VARIEIIES.

land, by Mi*. J . Wilson. PUnthus caliginosus, at Ramsgate,
by Mr. Leplastrier. Mr. Weaver has found the pupa-case of
Cicada hcematodes ; it was attached by the legs to the stem
of a fern ; he conjectures that the larva feeds under-ground,
on the roots of the fern. Mr. Iliff has bred splendid speci-
mens of PhalcBna Cecropia, from pupae received from North
America.

38. Mode of /ailing Insects. — " What a cruel practice ! "
frequently exclaims the spectator, when he beholds an ento-
mologist's box, in which a fine Bomhus, or other lively
insect, is impaled upon a pin, and whose futile exertions to
extricate itself produce the semblance of agonized writhings.
My present object, however, is not to moot the broad question
of insect feeling, but to quiet the apprehensions of those
humane individuals whose fine sympathies are called into
action by a practice (as above alluded to) which savours more
of cruelty than humanity. You will perhaps, therefore, Mr.
Editor, allow me to mention an expeditious, certain, and not
unpleasant mode of destroying vitality in the little objects of
our research — a plan communicated to me by ray friend
F. Wood, Esq. ; one which, from having recently tried its
effect, I can safely recommend for adoption ; and may be
resorted to in almost every situation, unaccompanied by the
danger attendant upon employing the active poisons, — such
as the nitric, oxalic, or prussic acids, which are frequently
used, — the inconvenience resulting from the change of colour
in the species when sulphur, &c. is employed, — or the smell
from tobacco, &c.

The plan is simply this : — Take three or four juicy leaves
(the younger the better, with, if a more powerful eliect is
required, a small portion of the tip of the stalk,) of the com-
mon laurel ; break or cut them into small pieces, and crush
them quickly between two stones,^ in a thin piece of paper ;
screw up the produce in the latter, with as little exposure to
the air as can be avoided, and fix the mass by a pin in a
corner of the collecting box in which the living insects are to
be previously placed ; keep the box closely shut, and in about
five minutes every specimen will have expired. It is necessary
that the external air should be excluded, otherwise the fumes

* At home a mortar may be einiiloyed.

VARIETIES. 437

of prussic acid, which are evolved from the crushed leaves, will
become too much attenuated to affect the respiratory organs of
the insects, and the latter will partially revive if too speedily
exposed to the vivifying influence of a purer atmosphere. I
have tried the experiment rather extensively upon insects of
various families : Botnbi and Helophili die very rapidly in less
than two minutes, and without any struggling, as is the case
when heat, &c. is applied ; and moths, in a state of repose,
expire without a single previous motion : consequently the
process I have recommended is most admirably adapted for
killing the larger Lepido2)tera almost immediately upon their
capture, and thus fine specimens may be conveyed home
uninjured. I yesterday killed a gigantic Epeira diadema in
less than half a minute ; and a specimen of Helops cceruleus,
with one or two fresh-captured Philonthi, at liberty in the box,
were also dead when it was opened. I therefore strongly
recommend the above process to the notice of the practical
entomologist, as being, from its convenience, better adapted
for general application than any hitherto proposed.

J. F. Stephens.

Hermitage, South Lambeth,
nth Sept. 1834.

39. Capture ofNyssia zotiaria. — This beautiful and remark-
able addition having been made to our British Lepidopiera,
and Mr. Eveleigh, the President of the Banksian Society of
Manchester, supposing it to have been an entirely new species,
having most kindly brought to town three specimens purposely
for description in this Magazine, among my " Entomolo-
gical Notes ;" I immediately submitted them to the notice of
Mr. Stephens, who had never seen any thing like them before.
I then applied to Mr. Children, whose entomological library I
knew to be unrivalled in this country, and who, with the most
prompt kindness, informed me the insect was the zonaria both
of Hubner and Duponchel. A single specimen of the male
was taken on the rushes about half a mile below Black-rock,
near Liverpool, in September, 1832; and about the middle of
the same month, in the following year, from twelve to twenty
specimens of the same insect, both males and females, were
taken in the same locality. The captor is Mr. Nicholas Cook,
of Liverpool. The following is a description of the insect : —
Antennae, with the cilia; black, the shaft white : pilosity of

438 VARIETIES.

mesothorax very long, dark brown, with two longitudinal
white lines, and a dash of white at the base of each wing :
body nearly black, with six delicate rings, of a pinkish yellow
colour : fore-wings brown, with two oblique, transverse, white
lines nearly parallel with the exterior margin, and within these
are irregular white markings on the disk ; hind-wings white,
with two broad bands, and the nervures brown : legs black,
the tarsi annulated with white. The female apterous, with
seven rings on the body. The size is, as nearly as may be,
that of N. hispidaria. I shall be glad to show the specimens
to any entomologist who may wish to see them.

Edward Newman.

40. Capture of Georyssiis pygmceus. — Sir, When engaged
in collecting fossils in the cliffs, at Walton-on-the-Naze, Essex,
about a month since, I came upon a spot where numerous plants
of Tussilago furfara and Ej^ilobiiim hirsutum indicated the
presence of water filtering through the cliff. A large mass of
half indurated clay attracted my attention, from having many
minute particles of clay or mud apparently animated, and slowly
moving upon its surface. With some trouble I succeeded in
picking up and bottling two of these, and, on subsequent ex-
amination, proved them to be specimens of Georyssus pyg-
nKsus, bearing masses of clay larger than themselves, and thus
entirely concealed. I regret not getting more, as I believe it
is by no means a common insect.

If this notice is worth putting in a corner of your Magazine,
it may draw the attention of entomologists to this insect in
similar situations.

Yours, &c. W. Christy, Jun.

Clapham Road, 15th Aug. 1834.

41. Wilsoiis Entomologia Ediniensis. — Sir, A moment's
reflection will, I think, convince you that what has been said
of this work, at p. 222, is not quite in unison with the usual
candour of your Magazine. It is perfectly true that it con-
tains a great number of the " commonest London insects ;"
but is this any fault of the author's? or does this fact, in the
slightest degree, diminish the value of the work as a local

fauna? Assuredly not. If the work professed to give an
account of those insects only which locre peculiar to the

VARIETIES.

439

neighbourliood of Edinburgh, the case would be different; nay,
the work might have been contained on a single page. To me it
appears that this, and all similar catalogues, are particularly
useful, not only for local entomologists, but as contributing
valuable materials to a better knowledge of the distribution
and range of species. Who would have known that these
common London insects were also common round Edinburgh,
but for this publication ?

W. SWAINSON.
ISihJune, 1834.

42. A List of described Diptera, new to Britain. — Sir,
The dipterous insects contained in the following list have not,
as I believe, been hitherto recorded as British. If you deem
its insertion of any value, it is at your service.

I remain yours, &c.

London. F. WaLKER.

Chironomus leucopogon, Meig.

ictericus, Meig.
Limnobia occulta, Meig.
Hexatoma nigra, Latr.
Zygoneura sciarina, Winth.
Sciara minima, Meig.

nitidicoUis, Meig.
Mycetophila fenestralis, Hgg.
Scatopse leucopeza, Meig.

brevicornis, Meig.
Dilophus albipennis, Meig.
Sargus pallipes, Meig.
Callomyia speciosa, Meig.
Rhagio notata, GUrtl.
Empis nigritarsis, Meig.
Hilara thoracica, Macq.
Ocydromia nigripennis, Fahr.
Hemerodromia oratoria, Fall.
Elaphropeza ephippiata. Fall.
Drapetis nigra, Meig.
exilis, Meig.
exilis, Macq.
Platypalpus ciliaris. Fall.

longicornis, Meig.

flavipalpis, Macq.

articulatus, Macq.

flavicornis, Meig.

rapidus, Meig.
Lonchoptera rivalis, Meig.

flavicauda, Meig.
Tachina longicornis, Fall.

Tachina pallipes, Fall.
plebeia. Fall.
ignobilis, Meig.
vetusta, Meig.
egens, Wied.
luctuosa, Meig.
laticornis, Meig.
Musca agilis, Meig.

tempestiva. Fall.
Anthomyia rxiralis, Meig.
variata, Fall.
ciliata, Fahr.
cunctans, Meig.
varicolor, Meig.
compuncta, Wied.
Cordylura flavicauda, Meig.

liturata, Wied.
Sapromyza albiceps, Fall.
Lauxania Elisae, Wied.
Sciomyza fuscipennis, Meig.

obtusa. Fall.
Tetanocera reticulata, Meig.
punctata, Meig.
Helomyza olens, Meig,

griseola, Meig.
Notiphila nigriceps, Meig.
calceata, Meig.
nigrina, Meig.
nigella, Meig.
Drosophila littoralis, Meig.
Ochthiphila Juncorum, Fall.

Gymnopa subsultans, Fahr.
Chlorops nasuta, Gmel.
notata, Meig.
scalaris, Meig.
speciosa, Meig.
circumdata, Meig.
tarsata, Fall.
palposa. Fall.
vindicata, Meig.
Agromyza nigripes, Meig.
ornata, Meig.
latipes, Meig.
exigua, Meig.
pusilla, Meig.
amoena, Meig.
variegata, Meig.
Phytomyza nigripennis. Fall.
obscurella, Fall.
atra, Meig.
agromyzina, Meig.
albipennis, Fall.
affinis, Fall.
rufipes, Meig.
notata, Meig.
praecox, Meig.
fasciata, Meig.
albiceps, Meig.
terminalis, Meig.
pallida, Meig.
flava, Meig.
Phora opaca, Meig.

43. Mode of destroying Ants. — These modes for destroying
them, or attracting them to the end of their being destroyed,
have been published in the Gardener's Magazine, V. 730.
VII. 315. Baits: the refuse part of melons, slices of raw
turnip rubbed over with honey, recently cooked bones of roast
or boiled meat or fish. Poisons : a well-compounded mixture

440 VARIKTIES.

of equal parts of loaf sugar, oxyde of arsenic, and well pul-
verized white bread, strewed as occasion may require, both as
to time and quantity, in the haunts of the ants. The mixture
to be kept in a bottle dry for use. — J. D. in Loudon s Maga-
zine of Natural History.

44. Ophrys Apifera. — I have been fortunate in discovering
this beautiful plant in great abundance, on the skirts of Birch
Wood, among fern and heath, in that field on the further side
of the wood, which most entomologists know as the one where
Endromis versicolor has so frequently been taken ; by looking
carefully along the margin of the wood it will be readily found.
Is not this a nearer London habitat than has yet been re-
corded ? — fourteen miles.

E. N. D.

45. Question respecting Names. — Sir, May I trouble you
for the names of two butterflies which have appeared here in
great abundance during the present month ? the first is bright
orange-colour, with a wide black border, and frequents the
blossoms of lucern ; it is a bold butterfly, easily caught, and is
about the size of the large garden-white. [Colias Electro,
or the clouded yellow. — -Ed.] The other is marked very much
like the admiral, but is paler in colour, both above and below ;
it settles on the lucern and on China asters. [Vanessa Cardui,
or the painted lady. — Ed,] By answering these questions you
will much oblige a subscriber.

Epsom, Aug. 24, 1834. JaMES B. SmITH.

46. Earwigs destructive to Dahlias. — Sir, You will con-
fer a great benefit on the cultivators of that beautiful plant, the
Dahlia, if you will inform them, through your excellent Maga-
zine, what insect it is that devours the petals of the flowers as
soon as they expand ; and also what remedy is to be applied.

Guildford, Aug. 1.

[The mischievous insect alluded to is the common earwig.
Remedy. — Place a small quantity of hay in a very small
flower-pot ; invert one of these flower-pots on every stake to
which a Dahlia is tied ; the earwigs will seek these for roost-
ing-places at the approach of daylight, and may thus be
entrapped, and every morning shaken out and destroyed.]

ENTOMOLOGICAL MAGAZINE.

JANUARY, 1835.

Art. XL. — Colloquia Entomologica.

Note.— Last night F dreamed a dream ! I had been correcting some proofs-
delicious occupation! — till an early hour, and then I leaned my head on the
table, and fell asleep ; I was instantly wafted into what appeared a land of
spirits, and that which followeth passed before me, as nearly as my memory
servetli me. — C. S.

Scene — An open Plain in Elysium.
Stomentomologus and Lepidopterophilus.

Stomentomologus. a Briton ! Oh, I joy to meet with
one so newiy landed from a realm I loved, and more than this,
if more need be desired, fraught with the knowledge that I
most esteem.

Lepidopterophilus. Stranger, thou dost delight me; who
art thou ? fain would I question thee of what I see.

Sto. Stomentomologus my name on earth. Ask what thou
wilt, and I will promptly tell all that I know ; yet this were
idle toil, admitted here no knowledge is withheld, and soon
thou wilt perceive instinctively all thou wouldst wish to know ;
still ask, and I will then demand of thee concerning earth and
its inhabitants, for 'tis of these alone we nothing know but by
the voice of those who wander thence, when they no more
can linger on that sphere.

Lep. Explain, Stomentomologus, what are those forms so
beautiful, yet plainly armed with fearful strength, on which

NO. V. VOL. II. 3 L

442 COLLOQUIA ENTOMOLOGICA.

across the plain my fellow mortals ride, immortal now : are
then the animals of yonder earth admitted here? It is most
strange !

Sto. Why strange? here each pursues unchecked his
favourite theme. Wouldst thou exclude the beast, the bird,
the fish ? the hum of insect life ? Wouldst thou hew down
those groups of graceful and most lovely palms, waving in
measure to the tuneful breeze ? or these delicious shrubs,
oppressed with fruit, or clad in beauteous bloom? Wouldst
thou destroy the mossy turf on which we now recline ? wouldst
still this breeze? wouldst dissipate the balmy perfume that
around exhales frovn thousand fruits and flowers ? Or wouldst
thou evaporate these limpid streams, that flow like molten silver?
Wouldst thou exhaust the delicate air we breathe ? Or wouldst
thou hide that glorious sun, a sea of life and light, because
such things are shadowed forth on earth ?

Lep. Ah, no ! and yet on earth we fondly paint our wished-
for heaven a scene of clouds alone.

Sto. Yes ; and they represent immortal man as dwindled
to a sprite, a head with wings ! of angels such is their sublime
idea! How far below the truth exemplified in yonder God-like,
mammoth-mounted forms.

Lep. Hah! they salute thee ! see! their noble beasts,

proud of their riders, scarce indent the turf! How do they
guide them?

Sto. Solely by the will ! The riders are inseparable friends :
Aristoteles, with the coal black beard ; Raius, a Briton, on the
further side ; Cuvier, the noted Gaul, on this.

Lep. And all so young !

Sto. Observe that perfect form, irradiate with light : mark
well her mien, and the rich glories of her golden hair : she
plucks the tempting fruit with timid hand from the o'erladen
branches of yon tree, and gives it to that melancholy man.
These have transgressed ; and yet their only doom is, that
through all this wilderness of bliss the memory of their error
yet remains.

Lep. How very beautiful, and yet how sad !

Sto. Most bright indeed are they, yet pure as bright, and
pure, without offence we here admire the vision of such match-
less excellence : here beauty is in mind; the child of mind ; a
bodied emanation of the thought; itself enchanting, but it

COLLOQUIA ENTOMOLOGICA.

443

mostly owes one half its lustre to the mental eye of him
who gazes.

Lep. Stomentomologus, the princes show, the kings, the
emperors, where is there abode ?

Sto. Alas, my friend, they hold no sceptres here ! if any
come (the fact I never heard), they all must mingle with the
countless throng.

Sto. Come, shall we mount on these gigantic elks (see
how they winny and invite the hand), and gallop to the soft
and perfumed shade of yonder distant wood, awhile to hide
from our unclouded sun's too warm embrace ; thither at noon-
tide myriads repair.

Lep. 'Tis not my wont to ride.

Sto. Linnaeus, ho ! ecce discipulus !

Lep. Is that Linneeus with a butterfly ? surely we may not
capture insects here !

Sto. Indeed we may : we do whate'er we chose — the will
to err is now extinct within ; we capture and admire, but do
not kill.

Lep. I wish that I had brought my emperor net.

Scene IL — An open Plain in Elysium.
Galileo and Newton.

Galileo. It were not well to wish, or I could fain desire
the instrument I had of yore to mark the passage of that beau-
teous orb across the solar disk.

Newton. It seems on fire. We cannot here judge of
degrees of heat. Oft have I fondly dwelt upon the heat of this
bright planet where we dwell in ease — ease, ay, in luxury the
most profound ; 'tis not for man to venture on too far with idle
speculation.

Gal. That I know. Experience schooled me pretty
thoroughly : my freedom was the forfeit that I paid for too
great daring.

Newton. Superstition's veil had darkened your maligner's
powers of sight ; my land, somewhat emancipate, conferred her
honours for the very thoughts that led you to a jail.

{Manent.)

444 COLLOQUIA ENTOMOLOGICA.

Scene III. — A mossy Bank in Elysium, a thick Wood behind,
a large Lake in front.

Aristoteles, Raius, Litnn^us, Cuvier, and Latreille.

CuviER. One of our brethren has arrived from earth : his
name is Lepidopterophilus.

Latreille. His Lepidoj)tera Britannica I recollect, a
very worthy book : Carolus Linnoeus, thy follower.

Cuv. I saw him with thy brilliant friend of Kiel, Fabricius
Stomentomologus.

LiNNyEUS. To whom I ever bow in duty bound, and to my
worthy Raius whose name in every honour should take place
of mine.

Cuv. Time will accomplish all things that should be. Raius
is great, great is Linnaeus too ; time will advance the one to
higher fame, but thine, Linnaeus, never will be lost; Aristo-
teles to the end of time shall stand unrivalled, but the kindred
names Raius and Linnaeus shall be twins in fame.

ARiSTOTELhS. Fair modesty herself might sit enshrined on
Cuvier's brow ! Pray, where stands Cuvier's name ? where
stands his name who in a single map displayed the vast crea-
tion? Where his name, whose wondrous skill defined each
iota composing mortal frames, who, not content with things that
live and breathe, dived deeply down, examining the bowels of
the earth, and with a superhuman intellect described the beings
of another world ? Yon mammoths sporting in the grateful pool,
and lashing up the water into foam ; and those fish-crocodiles,
with lustrous eyes, beyond proportion large, and scaly fins;
(mark that immense one, basking in the sun, outstretched upon
the bank !) ten thousand birds, like Egypt's sacred Ibis, or the
stork that seeks the fellowship of ruling man, or soft sultana,
purple, plume their wings, or monopedate and immovable
stand, without crowding on the creature's back : those graceful
forms which undulating flit amid the festoons of the glowing
vine, part bat, part bird, part Saurian reptile, scaled as though
in armour clad, pursuing swift those many-tinted habitants of
air, that rest on perfumed zephyrs in the sky — that live on
dew-drops falHng in the morn, caught e'er they reach the
mossy earth we tread, each drop becoming rainbows in their

COLLOQUIA ENTOMOLOGICA. 445

plumes, — those were to him famihar as the beings of the
day.

Lat. As Raius for Linnaeus did unfold a mighty plan Lin-
naeus did perfect, Aristoteles was the first who drew an out-
line of the whole, which Cuvier filled ; Aristoteles and my Cuvier
wear a first and equal ci'own in fame on earth.

{Manent.)

Scene IV. — A thick Wood in Ehjsium.
Stomentomologus and Lepidopterophilus.

Sto. Now, Lepidopterophilus, survey this beauteous scene ;
above our heads behold the interwoven boughs, meeting in
arch, pointed, or Gothic, as we said of yore ; luxuriant leaves,
in tint and graceful form more exquisite than erst on earth we
saw, while luscious fruit in purple clusters hangs. See climb-
ing plants, with slender tortuous stems, snake-like enfold the
trunks : expanding wide a thousand blossoms, crimson, white
and blue, shed the rich perfume on the scene below ; beneath
clusters the brushwood, rich in fruit and flower ; each fruit a
ball of gold, each flower a scarlet tube, offering its sweets to
the long suckers of those gold-green bees, radiant as light ;
and beetles, well encased in gorgeous armour!

Lep. And such butterflies ! What words can paint their
ever shifting hues? what eyes can gaze on such resplendent
tints ; and what are those divinely blazing gems ? The emerald,
ruby, and the amethyst, the rich carbuncle, and the diamond
pure, emitting colourless and liquid light; vaulting they rise,
and undulating fall, like a glad company of gnats at even.
Tell me, my friend and leader ! what are those ?

Sto. Those graceful beings to the feathered tribe belong ;
their forms are found amid the flowers that deck Columbus'
land. But turn this way, observe those birds magnific, with slow
step, of grandeur conscious, coming from the brake ; com-
pared with these, e'en India's peacock pales ; and hark ! in
concert all their voices join harmonious, each to each so well
attuned, as when the sackbut and the deep bassoon mix with
the breathings of the gentle flute, the hautboy sweet, and the
loud trumpet's call. {Manent.)

446 COLLOQUIA ENTOMOLOGICA.

Scene V. — Another j^nft of the Wood, very shaded.
CuviER and Aristoteles reclining on the ground.

CuviER. Among the errors mortals still commit, of those
who follow science' paths I speak, the chiefest seems to me that
doubtful line they draw 'twixt Nature's self and Nature's God :
Nature they worship as a sovereign power, distinct and inde-
pendent; nor admit God the great cause, and Nature the
effect.

Aristoteles. God is Creator, Nature his create : life,
light, and being, emanate from him. How is it that the human
intellect can dare to doubt so obvious a truth ? 'Tis but a
pagan fable, that would make a ruling nature, deify a work ;
yet Cuvier says, — immortal Cuvier says, and saying, seems
by heaven itself inspired, — that Nature thus demonstrates her
results, and things like these {pointing to a group of ??iam-
vioths) are her experiments.

Cuv. And Nature is not ! — where then was the good of
thus deluding others with a dream ?

Aris. O ! were it possible again to stray to yonder earth,
forsaking these bright realms, and pour out all the knowledge
we have gained, to unfold the beautiful and simple plan on
which the Omnipotent has made all these wonderful forms
linking together oft beings, whose structure made e'en Cuvier
pause ; the patient camel, isolate no more, the tall giraffe, and
that strange paradox, to me unknown, except from thy dis-
course, now become links, which wanting, the great plan would
seem imperfect.

Cuv. Thou dear enthusiast! pause not — ■

Aris. I must pause ; the thought has vanished ere it was
a wish.

Cuv. 'Tis not impossible for man to learn the mighty plan
on which the whole is formed, and it is best that he himself
should learn, without a visit from departed souls. Newton has
done as much — laid down the laws by which the Almighty
governs rolling worlds ; and others long before had dimly seen
the obvious dawnings of the mighty truth.

Aris. The boundary line how slight that separates e'en

COLLOQUIA ENTOMOLOGICA. 447

man himself from yonder sportive crew, surpassing us in size,
and armed with strength of body greater, and of mind scarce
less, yet bowing down submissive to our will, and worshipping
in us our Maker's likeness.

Cuv. iVnd here the line seems slighter than on earth: there
what a power was gained by artifice ! Here every want abun-
dantly supplied : the genial air precludes the use of clothes,
the teeming soil supplies abundant food, and memory is more
than written books ; and all these there we gained by artifice,
and gaining them, displayed a difference greater than now
appears. It was the mind aiding forbidden lusts, by artifice
aiming at lawless power, that assumed the right to take, to
injure, to destroy, all that it lusted for, and, drunk with power,
sung its own praise ; to hide its impotence, forged fetters, to
keep others weaker still, and reigned by superstition o'er its
kind.

Arts. Reason, the highest gift of Providence, and most
abused on earth, here reigns supreme ; or rather, for none
reigns supreme but One, it is the minister by which Pie
reigns. Reason's eternity is here begun ; 'tis reason teaches what
we owe to Him, 'tis reason shows our duty to mankind : but
reason is not ours exclusively, all that reflect possess it ; man,
indeed, the larger portion, but these creatures each in some
degree. My Pyttalus, who knows my every will, is not without
his share ; for reason is no other than the power that from an
obvious cause draws inference.

Cuv. And therefore 'tis not reason in the bee that builds
her waxen cells ; the Maker rules in her by other means more
potent still : your Pyttalus or my Mimallones vary each action
with the circumstance, they think and act, she acts and never
thinks, but builds unceasingly her hexagons.

Arts. Oh! hadst thou seen the steed Bucephalus, how
well he knew that daring, glorious boy — glorious before his
hand was dyed in blood. Ah ! how I loved that boy, and he
loved me ! he listened and he learned ; but blood, alas ! erects
a barrier between earth and heaven. It is a weakness, but the
rising tear is ever ready when I think on him.

Cuv. And 1, too, have a noble warrior known, whose name,
with Alexander's, will be heard while time endures on earth :
his giant soul strode over empires, trod on empires' dust. I
never once addressed him but I felt here is my master mind ;

448 coLT.OQUiA f:ntomoi,ogica.

my spirit sank not, but yet 1 always felt that it was looking
up — a feeling, but with him, 1 never knew.

Aris. He had been great indeed, but checkless power o'er-
threw the even tenor of his soul, his mind became inebriate and
vague, and mad ambition wasting from within, like some
volcano's subterraneous fire, conquered the conqueror of
half the world ; and worse than this, excludes his soul from
heaven.

Cuv. Aristoteles, dost thou say that blood erects a barrier
betwixt earth and heaven ? where then can be that meek, yet
noble form, with graceful step, and such a heaven-born brow,
engaged in converse with the man who found another world,
and that world's glorious child, who, like Prometheus, drew
down fire from heaven ; has that right hand been never dyed
in blood?

Aris. Washington ! (Maiient.)

Scene V. — Another part of the Wood.
Aristoteles, and other Naturalists.

Latreille. Welcome to thee and thine, Fabricius ; of all
who ever wrote on insect life, whether in scholarship, or deep
research, or clear description, thou art far the first ; thy match-
less page, in graceful language clad, must ever please as much
as it instructs. Hail, sovereign of entomology ! thou ever
welcome one ! and welcome to this learned Briton, not to me
unknown.

Stom. His name is Lepidopterophilus.

Cuv. My Lepidopterophilus, although on earth I never
heard thy honoured name — honoured I doubt not but it must
have been — so limited my knowledge of my kin, for all in
science are of kindred blood, still art thou not less kindly wel-
come here. Thine was a portion of the great pursuit ; and it
is by such laboured works as thine, that the great whole is into
harmony arranged by others, who decline the task of working-
out each separate tribe complete: Aristoteles, Raius, and
myself, alas ! how wide the difference between ! range o'er
the whole, nor perfect any part; whilst this my dearest friend,
Latreille, Fabricius, Stomentomologus, and thou, my Lepidoj)-
terophilus, perfect the parts ; your part, the insect tribes. But

COLLOQUIA ENTOMOLOGICA. 449

tell me now, how in that rising land our darHng science thrives?
Does Swainson write? Swainson, that master of a gifted pen,
the first in fame of those I left behind ; his country's honour,
and his age's pride.

Lep. He writes but little, but his pencil speaks ; and to
the gazer's eye, the history gives.

Cuv. His rest must, then, be as a giant's sleep; he will arise
anon, and shake the land.

Lat. And Kirby ! my illustrious compeer ? how my heart
beats to clasp him in my arms!

Lep. His "Introduction" v.as his last great work, a
monument of labour ! 'twill endure to distant times. Immortal
Cuvier! think on the importance of this noble work ! nearly
two hundred names unknown before invented in anatomy
alone !

Raius. Immense ! how cramped and limited the store
when first I ventured on description's path ! but how could
these, Fabricius and Latreille, have left two hundred parts
unseen, unknown ?

Sto. Were there two hundred parts unnamed before ?

Lep. No ! but he gave them more important names — he
gave them better names — much better names !

Sto. My Lepidopterophilus ! excuse my doubting of the
value of such change ; this is the plan that I would recom-
mend : a name once given, let that name abide, for who is to
decide which name to use when every publisher invents a new?
Thou deem'st his merit what I deem his fault, a too great
readiness in giving names; yet is thy Kirby a philosopher, and
when he comes into the land of bliss, we shall crowd round,
and claim him as a friend.

Marsham. So, Lepidopterophilus, you stayed to finish up
your task before you came ?

Lep. Marsham ! alas ! 1 was but poorly versed in the con-
cluding part, — the little moths.

Cuv. But I must ask you of the Doctor Leach; there lives
no man on earth of equal mind — disinterested, pure, and gene-
rous; of keen perception, and of judgment sound; his was a
task from which all others shrank.

Lep. He is a wanderer in foreign lands.

Cuv. And young Mac Leay, the learned man of fives ! say,

NO. v. VOL. II. 3 M

450 COLLOQUIA ENTOMOLOGICA.

does he live and write ? and also say, does he pursue quina-
rianism still?

Lep. He lives, though in a very distant land : he writes
little and seldom; he may read the more; as to the fives,
I never hear of them : is there not music on the evening
air?

Raius. a sound of voices ! 'tis the choristers who offer
welcome to each happy soul that comes amongst us ; yonder
they approach.

(Enter little children, very beautiful, they chant
in voices softer than flutes, as they mingle
with the spirits, and approach Lepidoptero-
philus.)

Children. (Chant.) Hail! son of science, hail ! hail!
pilgrim; thou art welcome here, a traveller from yonder sphere,
(they stretch their little hands toivards the earth, ivhich is
shining between the trees,) its pains henceforth no more assail
thee! yet its blessings shall avail thee! hail! son of science,
hail ! The fate that bade thee die, worked only for thy good :
affection binds us with the tie of holy brotherhood, and
though our friends on earth were dear, e'en friendship's bond
draws closer here; of friendship pure, like ours, the birth is
after spirits leave the earth. Welcome here! each child of
clay, who from yon dwelling finds his way to where the spirits
of the blest have entered their eternal rest.

[The children run away laughing.

Aris. How sweet to hear those little voices raised in an
according and melodious strain, just when the shades of evening
wander forth to cool the air and renovate our frames !

Stom. (Chants.) Sweet is the hour of evening, softly
blending the hues of golden day and silvery night, when each
for empire seems awhile contending, and air is glowing with a
purple light, that moment after moment grows less bright,
as hope 'gainst reason striving fades away, yet hardly yields
to be extinguished quite, so witchingly she holds her cheering
ray, to lure misguided wanderers from their heavenward
way.

Raius. 'Tis sweetly sung, and worthy of thyself; list,
while I chant the praises of a smile. (Chants.) Bright as
the day that breaks anew, bright as the opening flow'ret's hue,

xlEMARKS ON VARIOUS INSECTS. 451

bright as the sky above us, bright as the drop of sparkling
dew intensifying heaven's blue, is the smile of those that
love us.

Lep. Oh, help me ! hold me, friends — I sink — I faint —
how hard to bear is perfect happiness !

(And here I awoke.)

Art. XLI. — Remarks on various Insects. By Delta.

Leandre (a Dandin.)

II est fort ignorant.

L'Iniime (a Dandin.)

Non pas, monsieur, non pas.
J'endormirai, monsieur, tout aussi bien qu'un autre.

Racine. Les Plaideurs.

Sir, — In a former letter to you, I gave a short account of
the habits of Nonagria Ti/jjJice ; but as that was rather imper-
fect, I beg leave to add a few words to it, trusting that you
will not consider me to be trespassing too much on your pages.
In that letter I left the pupa shut up in the Typha stem, like
damsels were in former times in the trunks of trees, and other
such localities ; and so far as you could judge from my story,
the moth had no more chance of escaping than they had, unless
some entomologist acted the part of the knights errant, or the
magicians of those days. But there is a way opened for it,
of which it avails itself in due season. This I will now
explain.

When the larva attacks a plant of the Typha, it eats down-
wards just in the centre, until it reaches nearly to the root,
often some inches below the water. By this time it has almost
attained its full growth ; but if it were to undergo its metamor-
phosis there, how could the moth escape ? Upwards it would
be impossible ; because the larva, when it entered, M^as very
young, perhaps not near half grown, and the opening it made
is far too small for the size of the moth ; and were it to con-

452 REMARKS ON VARIOUS INSECTS.

tinue its (.lownward course, and there make an outlet, it would
admit the water, and be drowned ; in fact, notwithstanding the
precautions of the larvae, many pupas were drowned this year,
by the sudden rise in the ponds, caused by the heavy rains we
had in July. But instinct, or something else, points out to it
the course which ought to be followed ; and at this stage of its
growth it turns round, and proceeds upwards, enlarging its old
track ; and by the time it has arrived a few inches above the
water, it is full grown.

About two inches below the place where it means to spin, it
gnaws quite through to the outside of the stem, closing this
opening, which is generally of an oval form, with a slight web
of silk, to which it glues some of the fragments of leaves or
stem which it has detached. It now commences its web, which
I have before described. In this the pupa is suspended by a
thread, about two lines long, with a small cup-shaped termina-
tion, which invests its telum, or last segment. I am at a loss to
conceive how the pupa attaches itself to this thread after it has
thrown off the skin of the larva. It is a very different case
from that of the N ymphalidce , because there the larva covers
a considerable space with silken threads ; and the pupa, grasp-
ing part of the skin of the larva between its segments, can
thrust its well-armed telum into any part of this network, with
a certainty of gaining sufficient hold. But the telum of our
pupa, furnished with only a few slight tubercles, must be
inserted into a little cup, not above three-fourths of a line in
width ; certainly no easy task. I hope to be able to clear up
this point next year; but I must beg such of your readers as
have an opportunity, to observe for themselves, as I may chance
to be unsuccessful. The pupa being thus fixed by its last
segment, with its head downwards, the moth easily extricates
itself, and a few steps bring it to an opening by means of
which it can escape from its confinement in the stem.

Here let me advise such of your readers as are desirous of
obtaining pupae of our insect, not to be guided solely by the
yellowness of the younger leaves, but also to observe whether
there is a hole at the side of the stem, and whether or no it
still remains closed, since, if they neglect this, they will be sure
to waste much time in opening stems deserted by the larva, or
which the moth has quitted ; and it is by no means desirable,
even in summer, to stand longer than needful half way up to

REMARKS ON VARIOUS INSECTS. 453

the knees in mud. This year I obtained about forty pupae in
three hours; of these some turned in the last week of July,
more in August, and a few not until September. I do not
remember to have captured half a dozen specimens of the pei*-
fect insect in my life, although I have bred scores. From this
I infer, that if other localities were well searched, some of the
other species of Nonagria would be found to be less rare than
they are believed to be ; at any rate, this is well worth the
consideration of entomologists, who have means of examining
Typlice and other cognate plants in localities where A^. Crassi-
cornis, pilicornis, ^-c. have been taken.

As in all probability this is the last letter I shall trouble
you with for some time, I will just mention one or two other
trivial matters, which may perhaps amuse some of your readers,
who, like me, instead of

Drinking deep, deep at Philosophy's shrine,

Their time with the flowers on the margin have wasted,
And left their light urns all as empty as mine.

Several years ago, I fully resolved that I would make out
what the larva o{ Meloe really is. I had read various accounts,
not very satisfactory, and felt sure that there was some error,
which I could easily detect. I was young then, and had much
to learn. It is but rarely that we see a Meloe in this neigh-
bourhood (not Colchester), but after diligent search I found a
few proscarahcei of both sexes. These I placed on some
light earth, under a bell-glass, giving them plenty of Ranuncu-
lus acris to feed upon. The females, in particular, fed well,
and grew wonderfully large in the abdomen ; therefore I felt
sure that I should soon have lots of good eggs, and then of
course lots of larvae, which would not be mere Acaridce, but
bona fide young Meloes. Alas! my hopes were too high, and
I was doomed to disappointment in this as I have been since in
every favourite scheme ! One morning I found that something
particular was going on amongst them. The old ladies, no
doubt, with much exertion, had scooped out places in the earth
wherein to bury their eggs; and soon after, a lump of bright
orange eggs, about the size of a Palma Christi seed, was depo-
sited in each, and carefully covered over. This was just what
I had expected, from what I had read about this matter. I now
set the mould aside, keeping it a little moist, and covered up so

454

REMARK'^; ON VARIOUS INSF.CTS.

that nothing could get at it Thus it remained for about two
months, when out salhed a host of little animals, of a light
brown colour, having as near as may be the shape of Kirby's
figure in the Mon. Ajimn, which ran about the glass as swift as
a Yankee pony,^ allowance being made for their difference in
size. If I am not much deceived, I saw some of these actually
making their way through the egg shell. I put a lot of them
into a glass jar, with some Ranunculus leaves and some flies,
principally Syrphi and Muscce ; to these latter they soon
attached themselves, just at the base of their posterior legs,
remaining fixed so long as their victims lived. I supplied
them with fresh food for some days ; but with all their feeding
they grew none the bigger, and in about three weeks they were
all dead. I consoled myself with hoping better things the next
year; but hitherto I have been disappointed, not having seen
since that year ten living Melocs, and not two in this neigh-
bourhood. A friend of mine, not an entomologist, but a lover
of natural history, has told me since, that he once tried to rear
the larva from the egg, but met exactly with the same fate as
myself. This he was much puzzled at ; the moi-e so, as he was
unaware of any previous attempt of the kind.

The same year I had better luck with one of my schemes: I
resolved to raise a Stylops, and raised five {Dalit), one of vvhich
Mr, Stephens now has. I had noticed that many of my speci-
mens of an Andrena {fulvicrus, I believe) had the heads of
the larvae of Stylops very apparent on their abdominal segments.
I therefore examined all I could take, and found many which
had larvae in them. These 1 shut up in a large chip box,
with only a piece of gauze for a lid, giving them fresh flowers
every morning before they were awake. Judge of my joy,
when one morning I found that two Stylopcs had made their
appearance. Two more appeared a few days after, and an-
other soon followed these. Possibly I might have raised more ;
but happening to leave home for a few days, my Andrence all
died. I fancied myself the only person possessing this Stylojis,
but soon found that Mr. Dale had preceded me by a few days,
and that Mr. Curtis was about figuring it from his specimens.

The Eristalis I mentioned in my second letter to you, is

" Your readers cannot fail to remember the story of the " very severe pony,"
which was cliased three times round a field by a flash of lightning, wliicli at last
gave up the chase, " not being able to come within a rod of it."

REMARKS ON VAIUOUS INSECTS. 4,')5

Mr. Newman's jE. styghis, which I cannot consider to be identical
with E. ceneus ; the uniform colouring of the thorax at once dis-
tinguishes them. When at Mersey island the end of last April,
I saw E. stygins on the flowers near the shore, especially on
the daisies, which render the line of turf between the sands and
the little wood almost white with their blossoms. I was then
attending to birds, but captured a few specimens; none of which
had a striped thorax, nor did I see any so marked. A few
days after this, I went to Walton with a friend whom I have
mentioned in an account of a former excursion to this place, and
whose pursuits were ornithological. We took a boat, and pro-
ceeded down the creek, occasionally landing to look after the
birds. In the banks of the ditches within the salt marshes I found
many BembidiidcB and Octhebii, amongst which were O. Hiber-
nicns, and one which appears to me to approach very near to
O. exsculptus of Germar, if it be not that insect. It certainly
does not seem to agree with any of Mr. Stephens' descriptions;
but he appears to be in error on some points ; therefore I cannot
speak with confidence.^ O. marinvs was the only species which
was abundant. We found the Lichen Camnus at Stone Point,
covered with larvae, which, from their evidently belonging to
one of the Lilhosiidce, we concluded to be those of Setina
irrorella. I filled my boxes with these to take home with me,
but I was unable to rear them, though they fed well. Perhaps
their constitutions required sea air. Under the sea weeds we
found Po. chalcetis, several Amarce, Dromius b'lfasciatus and
melanocejihalus, a Dyschirius, and many other Coleoptera.
Broscus ceplmlotes abounds in deep holes in the sand, where
it lies hid all day, as do the Scaritidce, to which it certainly is
allied in habit.

W^hen we came nearly to the cliffs we again found E. stygius,
but not one ceneus ; and although the former is common during
autumn at Walton, the latter is not to be found with it, so far
as I can learn. We met with nothing particular in the orni-
thological line; but, nevertheless, returned to the hotel well
pleased with our walk. After a short rest, we walked along
the base of the cliffs to the right, until the darkening twilight
and the rising tide warned us to return home. We then climbed
the cliffy, intending to return by the footpath, but this we found
had been washed away by the sea in the winter. We, however,

^ Compare liis description of 0. bicolor witli that of Germar, whom he quotes.

456 REMARKS ON VARIOUS INSECTS.

made our way back as well as we could in the dark, over hedge
and ditch ; but just before we reached Walton the moon rose
in splendour from the sea, not pale and silvery, but of a glorious
red; one might have imagined that she saw the flocks of sheep
on the cliffs, and blushed to remember that she had loved
Endymion. It was a most lovely hour; not a breeze was
stirring, and all things were hushed, save the soft murmurings
of the sea, which beat gently at the base of the cliff, on whose
edge we were standing ; nothing was to be seen in the heavens,
save the moon and a few stars, " the companions of the chariot
of peaceful night." Truly, at such a time —

Thei-e is a rapltire on the lonelj' shore,
There is society where none intrudes
By the deep sea, and nuisic in its rci'ar;
I love not man the less, but Nature more,
For these our interviews, in which I steal
From all I may be, or have been before,
To mingle with the universe, and feel
What I can ne'er express, yet cannot all conceal.

But if such moments are delightful when alone, how much
more so are they when we have a friend with us imbued with
a poet's feelings, whose thoughts are as our own in our best of
moods, and whose bosom glows with the best feelings of which
the heart of man is capable ! These are moments which indem-
nify us for years of the toils and cares of life; the recollection
of these will —

Run molten still in Memory's mould,

And will not cool
Until the heart itself be cold

In Lethe's pool.

Who is there that, looking back on times like these, will not
exclaim, " Vamilie est V amour sans ailes?"

I am going astray from my subject, and must return to
Entomology; but before I leave speaking of Walton, let me
just record a fact which, though not connected with Ento-
mology, may interest many of your subscribers. On the
second of last October, Mr. H. Doubleday, whilst in company
with three ornithological friends, killed, on the cliffs near the
towers, a specimen of the grey-headed yellow wagtail, (Mota-
c'dla neglecta, Gould,) a bird which was not beibre known to
occur in this country.

REMARKS ON VARIOUS INSECTS. 457

Dioctria oelandica does not, I find, feed solely on Ichneu-
monidce : I have this year seen more than one individual feeding
on D'tptera, but these were all immature.

This letter will appear a little before Chehnatoh'ia riipica
praria, therefore it will not be out of place for me to remark
that I have never found the female of this insect of an evening,
although that of C. brumata is very easy to be found, in com-
pany with the male, on any mild evening in December. But
in the morning early, two hours before sun-rise, it may be
found in abundance where the males are plentiful, i. e. during
January and February, on almost every whitethorn hedge. I
believe few entomologists to be aware that many autumnal moths
hybernate. Besides Scoliopteryx lihcitrix, I am sure that
Glcea polita, Calocampa exoleta, and Euthalia miata, hyber-
nate ; possibly many more do the same.

It is now quite time that I ended this long epistle, but I
must first just tell you that I am not quite pleased with the com-
munications of Corderius Secundus. I do not so much com-
plain of his turning to ridicule my habit of quoting rather too
frequently from those poets, whose pages have delighted me from
my early years. I know well my failing; and neither Corde-
rius, nor Padre Isla himself, were he to come to life again and
ridicule entomologists as severely as he did friars, could cure
me of this. I fear even

Hoc siquis vitiuin poterit mihi demeie, solus
Tautalea poterit tradere poma manu.

Dolia vii-gineis idem ille repleverit urnis,
Ne tenera assiduo colla graventur aqua

What I complain most of is, that Corderius endeavours to
identify me with writings in which I had no hand, and opinions
which I have never acknowledged, whilst some parts of the
colloquy contain so exactly my sentiments, that no one who
knows me could mistake the person for whom Erro is meant,
without its being stated also that Erro is Delta. Nevertheless,
be it known, that Delta and the abstractor of Straus Durckheim
are one and the same, and that Erro is the very image of that
person, a second self, more like than is my shadow ; but as to
Rusticus, now again appearing on the stage, I know him not,

NO. V. VOL. II. 3 N

458 HALIDAY ON

his secret is not in my keeping; all the attempts hitherto made
to unmask him have been futile : — Vale, Vale !
Yours most truly,

Epping, Nov. 5, 1834?.

A.

Art. XLII. — Essay on Parasitic Hymenoptera.
By A. H. Haliday.

{Continued from jmge 259.)
Of the Ichneumones Adsciti.

Gen. VI. Leiophron.

Palpi maxillares 5-articulati : oculi glabri s. siibglabri :
alarum anticarum areolce cubitales ditce ; posticanim areola
brachialis posterior apice recta clausa : acideus deflexus ant
reconditus.

Os breve : mandibulee apice bidentes, cuneatae curvatae, sub clypeo
forcipatse, cum labro os antice claudentes : labrum transversum :
epipharyngis ligula apicalis attenuata prostans ; maxillae lobus
membranaceus obtusiis : palpi maxillares 5-articulati : articulus
jmus_ jjQ^ perbrevis, 2*^"^ reliquis crassior, 3'"'^. plerunque longior :
labii lobus integer obtusus : palpi iabiales plerunque 3-articulati,
rarius articulo penultimo minutissimo aucti : antennarum articu-
lorum numerus varius : facies supra clypeum bifoveolata : oculi
glabri vel pilis raris erectis consiti, quarum discrimini speculo sub-
tiliore opus est : ocelli in triangulum : occiput marginatum parum
concavum : thorax oblongo-ovatus convexus : abdominis seg-
menta 2^^i". et 3*'™\ vix manifeste discreta : 6*™\ ventrale baud
insigniter productum ; aculeus deflexus aut reconditus : pedes
mediocres ; calcaria parva : alse diaphanae ; anticarum stigma dis-
tinctum, areola disci-antica a cubitali discreta, cubitales dure nus-
quam coarctatae, rarius una efFusae : — posticarum areola radialis
remota (i. e. a brachiali), brachialis posterior anteriore parum bre-
vior, nervo transverso apicis recto.

Colores sajpius nigri nitidi, rarius flavescentes : magnitudo variat :
de vita et moribus nihil fere constat : larva speciei cujusdam in
larv^ boletophag^ Insecti Coleopteri vixerat.

PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA. 459

Tabula Synoptka Subgenerum.

Areola radialis I elongAta; an-Ciemota 1. Pygostolus.

■alarum antica- \ tica disci \

rum, I 'contigua; Me- fbisulcum . 2. Ancylus.

Isothoracis scu- <

[turn (laevigatuni . 3. Centistes.

.brevissima semilunata 4. Leiophron.

Subgen. I. — Pygostolus.

Labrum quam sequentibus brevius, epipharyngis marginem antice
nonnihilretegens : palpi maxillares articulis 1"^°. et 2'^°. longitudine
subsequalibus, 3*'°. elongate : labiales 4-articulati ; articulus
secundus crassus obovatus, 3*'^^. minutissimus tuberculiformis,
2***. apici exteriori insidens et eccentricus sive cum quarto non con-
nexus, 4'^^ elongatus utrinque attenuatus : antennae elongatse
graciles : oculi globoso-prominuli : caput pone oculos angustius :
stemmaticum elevatum : occiput distincte marginatum : mesotho-
racis scutum sulculis ordinariis incisum : abdomen breviter ovatum
convexum segmentum imum_ breve rectangulum, angulis baseos
prominulis, 2'^^™, illo plus dimidio longius (re ipsa e duobus con-
flatum lineola subtilissima discretis), sequentia brevia at non
recondita : anus obtusus supra aculeum rima verticali superne
patula fissus : aculeus deflexus, valvulis linearibus, vagina ensi-
formi, basi subtus squamula gemina conchiformi sufFultus :
venter contractus, medio carinatus, segmentis apice elevatis, sexto
subretuso : tibiae anticee subarcuatse ; pedes posteriores breves :
alarumj anticarum stigma anguste trigonum fere lanceolatum,
areola radialis in apicem alse recta excurrens cultrata, antica disci
manifeste remota, brachialis posterior anteriorem superans : nervus
recurrens areola? cubitali 2''*. insertus : — posticarum radius prope
basin areola? radialis a costa leniter deflexus.

Sp. 1. L. p. sticticus. Fem. Testaceus macula verticis
margine antico thoracis, metathorace abdominisque basi
fuscis. (Long. corp. 3 lin. ; alar. 6g.)

Ichneumon sticticus . . Fabr. Suppl.
Cryptus sticticus . . . Fabr. Syst. Piez. 89.
Bassus testaceus . . . Fall. Spec. Meth. Hymenopt.

Testaceus palpis pedibus que pallidioribus flavescentibus : mandi-
bulae cuspide fusca : antennae circiter 33-articulatae, corpore
paulo longiores, scapo et pedicello testaceis, articulis flagelli pube-
•sf'pntibus et apice longius pilosis, interioribus obscure testaceis

4^0 HALIDAY ON

apice fuscis, exterioribus fuscis : oculi obscure virides : stemma-
ticum et declivitas verticis fuscae : prothorax immaculatus :
mesothoracis scuti lobus medius antice fuscus : punctum fuscum
supra radicem alarum : metathoracis scutum et scutellum testacea,
postscutellum convexum subtiliter granulatum et lanuginosum,
fuscum aut fuscocinereum : medi- et post pectus concoloria :
abdominis segmentum imum^ cannula elevata postice effusa et
obliterata, fuscum aut fuscocinereum apice testaceum : reliqua
testacea : venter medio infuscatus : aculeus dimidii abdominis
longitudine, valvulis fuscis pubescentibus, vagina testacea : ungues
fusci : alfE hyalinae stigmate radice et squamulis stramineis, nervis
partim fuscis partim pallidis.

Var'iat metathorace pectore et segmenti 1"". basi summa tantum
fusco-testaceis.

Variat item mesothoracis lobis humeralibus fusco maculatis.

Habitat in nemoribus femina non infrequens ; mas adhuc invisus.

Subgen. II. — Ancylus.

Gen. Ancylus. Div. 2^^ Hal. Ent. Mag. Vol. I. p. 261.

Trophi fere quales subgeneri 4*°. {Leiophron). Palporum maxilla-
rium articulus l^^us^ 2^°. non longior : caput oblatius : antennae
longiores : mesothoracis scutum sulculis ordinariis postice conni-
ventibus impressum : abdomen ellipsoideum convexum ; segmen-
tum linum_ breve tuberculis basalibus, 2*^"™. (e duobus conflatum)
maximum Isevissimum, sequentia brevia non recondita : anus
incurvatus compressus integer : aculeus perbrevis incurvatus, val-
vulis parvis cultratis, vagina faleata : alarum anticarum stigma
ovato-lanceolatum, areola disci antica fere contigua, radialis
oblongo-ovata apicem alse accedens, brachialis posterior anteriorem
parum superans : nervus recurrens interstitialis.

Sectio a.

Ungues bijidi : abdominis segmentum 1™"™. perbreve subquadratum.

Sp, 2. L. A. muricatus. Fern. Abdominis medio pedihus-
que rujis ; coxis posticis valide dentatis ; ventre hifariam
spinuloso. (Long. corp. If lin. ; alar. 3.)

Ancylus muricatus. Hal. Ent. Mag. Vol. I. p. 261.

Niger nitidus : antennse circiter 31-articulatae, corpore paulo longi-
ores, basi nonnihil rufescentes supra obscurius : palpi rufescentes :
abdomen antice rufum segmento 1"'«. dorsi nigro, postice nigrum :

PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA. 461

segmenta ventrali'a apice spinulis binis instructa postice obsole-
tioribus : aculei valvulas ferruginese aut picese : pedes rufi ungui-
bus fuscis : coxse posticae basi fuscomaculatoe, apice in dentem
validum productae : alae hyalinse stigraate fusco, nervis dilutius,
radice et squamulis obscure stramineis.
Habitat in nemoribus non infrequens : mas incognitus.

Sp. 3. L. A. litui'atus. Fem. Abdominis laterihus pedi-
busque rubiginosis ; coxis posticis subdentatis ; ventre
suhtilius spinuloso. (Long. corp. 2 lin. ; alar. 3|.)

Praecedenti simillimus, major, rubedine sordidiore : abdomen longius
et gracilius, lateribus rubiginosum, segmenti 2'^^. dorso piceo :
ventris spinulse subtiliores : pedes rubiginosi ; anteriorum tarsi
apice posticorum coxas basi, tibiae apice tarsique fuscescentes :
coxae obsoletius dentatae.

Variat, duplo minor coxis immaculatis adhue obsoletius dentatis.

Praecedente longe rarior.

Sectio B.

Ungues integri : abdominis segmentum imum^ longius quam latius,
antice attenuatum : posteriora breviora.

Sp. 4. L. A. excrucians. Fem. Pedibiisflavo-ferrugineis;
segmento 1™°. basi sensim attenuato ; ventre spinuloso.
(Long. Corp. li; alar. 3 lin.)

Niger nitidus : antennae circiter 2 4 -articulate, corpore parum lon-
giores ; articuli nonnulli baseos flavo ferruginei, dorso fiisci : os
flavo-ferrugineura, palpi pallidiores : abdominis segmentum ini"™.
a basi inde sensim dilatatum subtiliter aciculatum tuberculis incon-
spicuis : aculei valvula? ferrugineaj : pedes flavoferruginei ungui-
bus fuscis : coxae posticas inermes, basi supra fuscomaculatae : alae
fere quales prsecedentibus.

Habitat in nemoribus ubi fungi scatent : mas incognitus.

Sp. 5. L. A. edentatus. Fem. Pedibtis flavo-ferrugineis,
coxis nigris ; segmento 1™°. basi angulato. (Long. corp.
11; alar. 3 lin.)

Prascedente robustior : antennae circiter 26-articulatae basi subtus
obscure ferruginese : mandibulae flavo-ferrugineae apice fuscae :
palpi pallidiores : abdominis segmentum 1™^™. aciculatum, latius
quam praecedenti, antice quidem attenuatum, sed tuberculis baseos

462 HALIDAY ON

magnis prominulis apicis latitudinem fere sequantibus : aculei val-
vulae piceje : pedes flavo-ferruginei, tarsis basi demta fiiscis, coxis
nigris inermibus : alse obscure hyalinse stigmate nervisque fuscis,
radice straminea, squamulis piceis : areola radialis basi perpaulo
latior apice attenuata, in formam semicordatam (qualis denique in
Sigalphis Neesianis extat) e longinquo accedens.
Binis exemplaribus quae sola mihi adsunt, jam vetustate sordidis,
abdomen subdepressum est ventre complanato inermi ; sed hoc vi
aut casu accidisse suspicor.

Subgen. III. — Centistes.

Gen. Ancylus. Div. 1"^^ Hal. Ent. Mag. Vol. I. p. 261.

Trophi et characteres plurimi Ancyli. Mesothoracis scutum absolute
laevigatum : abdomen obovatum, segments 1™°. longiusculo conico-
attenuato tuberculis baseos inconspicuis, 2'!°. longo, reliquis bre-
vissimis, mart subdepressum, femince convexum ventre compresso :
aculeus deflexus subulatus.

Sp. 5. L. C. cuspidatus. Mas et Fern. Ped'ibus ferrugineo-
flavis, posticorum tibiis apice tarsisque fuscescentibits.
(Long. Corp. li ; alar. 2f lin.)

Ancylus cuspidatus. Hal. Ent. Mag. Vol.1, p. 261.

Fem. — Niger nitidissimus : antennae circiter corporis longitudine, (in
utroque sexu 24-articulatse) : articuli basales subtus, clypeus et
OS ferrugineo-flavi, palpi pallidiores : abdominis segmentum li""'".
aciculatum : aculeus niger, ejusdem segmenti longitudine : pedes
ferrugineo-flavi unguibus, posticorum etiam tibiis apice tarsisque
fuscescentibus : alae hyalinse stigmate nervisque ferrugineo-fuscis,
radice et squamulis obscure stramineis : areola radialis paulo
oblongior quam L. excrucianti.

Mas. — Antennis longioribus.

Habitat in umbrosis nemorum mas frequens ; femina nonnisi raris-
sime, locis fungiferis.

Subgen. IV. — Leiophron.

Gen. Leiophron. Nees. Act. Acad. Tom. IX. (A. D. 1819,)
Lin. 2. Genus 6.

Curtis. Br. Ent. 476.

Labrum transversum semiovale epipharynga obtegens, hujus ligula
tantum prostante : palporum maxillarium articulus 1™"^ 2'^°. pa-
rum longior : labiales 3-articulati articulis longitudine subequali-

PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA. 463

bus : antennae breviuscul?e : caput transversum sed crassius quam
prascedentibus, in formam rotundato-cubicam accedens : occiput
subtilius marginatum : abdomen subsessile aut subpetiolatum,
ovatum convexum, segmento 2^°. longe maximo (e duobus con-
flato), 3"°. perbrevi, reliquis plerunque retractis : aculeus recondi-
tus, valvulis minutissimis ovatis, vagina decurva subulata : alarum
anticarum stigma trigonum crassum, areolam cubitalem 2'^^". fere
aut revera contingens, areola radialis ab apice alse longe remota,
semilunata, stigmate non longior, antica disci perparum remota,
brachiales conterminae ; nervus recurrens interstitialis.

Sectio a.

Segmento 1™°. vix longiore quam latiore.

Sp. 7. L. mitis. Niger antennis el pedibus ochraceis.
(Long. Corp. IJ ; alar. 3 lin.)

Niger nitidus : antennae corpore paulo breviores parum teretes
23-articulatae, obscure ochraceae : os palpique concolores : meso-
thoracis scutum sulculis punctatis postice conniventibus, medio
Ifeve : metathorax granulatus pubescens : abdominis segmentum
]mum^ aciculatum, tuberculis prope basin sitis, basi ipsa constric-
tum : pedes ochracei, postici obscuriores, coxae nigricantes : alee
hyalinas nervis et stigmate dilute fuscis, radice et squamnlis
ochraceis. Videtur esse femina.^

Sectio B.

Segmento 1™°. elongate attenuato.
(B.) a.
Mesothoracis sulculis ordinariis punctatis.
fSp. 8. L. orchesise. Curt. Br. Ent. i'^G. No. 1.

Sp. 9. L. pallipes. Mas et Fem. Niger atitennis basi et
pedibus ochraceis ; thoracis dorso et scutello vage punc-
tatis pubescentibus ; ^^e^eo/o obconico, slriolato, tuberculis
incotispicuis. (Long. corp. 1 1 ; alar. 2| lin.)

Curt. Br.Ent. 476. No. L

Niger nitidus : antennse nigro-fuscae basi ochraceae, femince 21- 23-
articulatse longitudine capitis cum thorace et petiolo ; mari longi-

° I have seen but one individual of this species, which appears to have sus-
tained some injury in the pupa, as its wings are not fully expanded. Possibly
the unusual shortness of the first segment may have been produced by accident
also, as in its other characters the species agrees with those of the following
section.

464 HALIDAY ON

ores ct graciliores, 24- 2G-articulatEe : facies albido pubescens :
tempora parce punctata et pubescentia : mesotlioracis sulculi in
foveam confertim punctatam ante seutellum efFusi : scutum et
scutellum vage punctata pubescentia : metathorax (f. e. postscu-
tellum aut propodeon) reticulato-rugosus pubescens : abdominis
segmentum imum^ ^ basi tenui in apicem sensim dilatatum, absque
tuberculis manifestis, subtiliter et regulariter striolatum : pedes
ochracei nonnunquam ferruginei, postici ssepe brunnei : coxae vel
concolores vel posteriores nigricantes : alee obscure hyalinae radice
et squamulis brunneis, stigmate dilute fusco basi pallescente, areo-
1am cubitalem secundam non contingente : areola radialis itaque
sub stigmate non acuminata et magis arcuata est quam in pleris-
que sequentibus : nervi omnes satis distincti, dilute fusci.
Habitat in agris passim satis frequens.

Obs. — Thoracis punctura et pubescentia, petioli forma et sculptura
concinna speciem prima facie optime designant : non dissirau-
landum tamen in copiA exemplarium nonnulla esse obvia, staturse
minoris sed a genuinis non temere dissocianda, quee sensim im-
mutata characteres illos infirmant : de reliquis igitur quorum
tantum unum vel alterum exemplar intueri mihi contigit, dubium
oritur an discrimina inde petita satis valeant : his angustiis etsi
commotus, nihilominus hie breviter commemorabo species a CI.
Curtisio jam vulgatas et pro solita benevolentia mecum com-
municatas.

fSp. 10. L. nitidus. Ct/rt. Br. Ent. 476. No. 3.

Sp. 11. L. picipes. Mas et Fern. Piceus capite thorace et
petiolo nigris ; petiolo parum dilatato, ruguloso, obsolete
taberculato. (Long. corp. \\\ alar. 2\ lin.)

Curt. Br. Ent. 476. No. 2.

L. pallipedi affinis : antennae femincje breviores, piceae basi dilutius,
1 8-articulatae : thoracis limbus et scutellum obsolete punctata :
metathorax rugoso-reticulatus : abdominis segmentum r"um^ apice
parum dilatatum, medio obsolete tuberculatum, longitudinaliter
rugulosum rugulis confluentibus : pedes antici dilutius picei aut
brunnei, posteriores picei, coxis nigris trochanteribus apice pal-
lidis : pedes breviusculi sunt et crassiusculi ; tarsi anteriores
prsesertira breves : aloe obscure hyalinas stigmate piceo basi
pallescente, radice et squamulis brunneis.

PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA. 465

Sp. \2. L. accinctiis. Cajnte thorace et 23^fioh nigris,
ah(/omi?ie piceo, antemtis basi et pedibus ferrugineis ;
petiolo fere Uneari, riiguloso, tuberculis acute prominulis.
(Long. Corp. l^ ; alar. 2| lin.)

Mas ? — Antennae 22-articulat3e graciles corpore parum breviores,
fuscie basi ferruginese : thoracis sulculi crenati ante scutellum
conniventes : scuti intervallum impunctatum : scutellum obsolete
punctatum : metathorax subtiliter rugulosus : segmentum pium^
fere lineare longitudinaliter rugulosum, tuberculis circa medium
acute prominulis, ante ilia nonnihil coarctatum : alae hyalinae
radice et squamulis stramineis, stigmate dilute brunneo basi
pallido, areolam cubitalem secundam contingente : areola radialis
angusta sub stigmate acuminata.

Sp. 13. L. similis. Fem. Capite thorace et petiolo nigris>
abdomine piceo, antennis basi et jyedibiis dilute ochraceis ;
petiolo fere Uneari punctato-reticulato. (Long. corp. 1 ;
alar. 2 lin.)

Curt. Br. Ent. 47G. No. 4.

Fem. — Antennae 1 6-articulatae, capitis cum thorace et petiolo longi-
tudine, fuscescentes basi dilute ochratese : thoracis sulculi ante
scutellum in foveam confertim punctulatam efFusi : scuti medium
et scutellum impunctata : metathorax punctato reticulatus : abdo-
men piceum ; segmentum imum^ nigricans punctato-reticulatum,
gracile apice vix paulo latius, tuberculis inconspicuis : pedes
dilute ochracei : alae obscure hyalinae stigmate fusco-pallido,
nervis tenuissimis, areola radiali perparva.

Sectio (B.) b.
Mesothoracis sulculis Icevigatis aut obliteratis.

Sp. 14. L. intactus. Piceus antennis basi et pedibus sila-
ceis ; antennis longitudine corporis. (Long. corp. plus-
quam 1 lin. ; alar. 2.)

Fem. ? — Caput et thorax nigro-picea nitidissima, abdomen rufo-pi-
ceum : antennae 16-articulatEe graciles filiformes, subfuscae basi
silaceae : mesothoracis sulculi subtilissimi laevigati, postice eva-
nescentcs ; metathorax nitidiusculus confertim punctatus : ab-
dominis segmentum imum^ punctato-reticulatum, lineare basi
constrictum, circa medium tuberculatum : pedes silacei : alse
obscure hyalinae stigmate dilute ochraceo, radice et squamulis
piceo-stramineis.

NO. V. VOL. II. 3 O

466 HALIDAY ON

Sp. 15. L. fulvipes. Mas et Fern. Picens antennis bast et
jjedibtfs dilute ochraceis ; antennis perbrevibus. (Long.
Corp. vix 1 lin. ; alar. 1|.)

Curt. Br. Ent. 476. No. 5.

Caput et thorax nigro-picea nitidissima, abdomen rufo-piceum : an-
tennae IG-articulatse dilute ochracese apice fuscescentes ; femince
crassiusculse longitudine capitis cum thorace, mari paulo longiores
et graciliores : mesothoracis scutum laevigatum : metathorax
punctato-reticulatus : abdominis segmentum 1™"'". punctato-reti-
culatum, paulo brevius quam proxime affinibus, basi constrictum,
ante medium tuberculatum, apice perparum dilatatum : pedes
breviusculi dilute ochracei : alse obscure hyalinae stigmate dilute
brunneo basi pallido, nonnunquam pallide ochraceo, radice et
squamulis piceo-stramineis.

Habitat circa sepes herbidos satis frequens.

Sp. 16. L. pallidistigma. Fern. Piceus antennis pedibus

et alarum stigmate silaceis. (Long. corp. 1 ; alar. 2 lin.)
Curt. Br. Ent. 476. No. 6.

DifFert a prsecedente statura procera, pedibus et petiolo longioribus
et gracilinribus : antennas 16-articulatae capite cum thorace parum
longiores, totae silaceae : abdominis segmentum l™"™. punctato-
reticulatum, lineare basi nonnihil constrictum, medio tubercula-
tum : alse hyalinse stigmate silaceo aut stramineo, radice et
squamulis stramineis.

Habitat cum praecedente rarius.

fSp. 17. L. basalis. Curt. Br, Ent. 476. No. 6^

Sp. 18. L. apicalis. Mas et Fem. Flavotestaceus abdo-

mine postice nigricante, femince metathoraccB concolore.

(Long. Corp. 1^. ; alar. 2 lin.)

Curt. Br. Ent. 476. No. 7. et Fig.

Diaphane flavotestaceus : oculi virides : ocelli fusci : antennte palli-
diores apice summo fuscescentes, graciles filiformes, longitudine
capitis cum thorace et petiolo, 16 aut 17-articulatae articulo 3''".
praelongo : mesothoracis scutum laevissimum : punctum fuscum
supra radicem alarum : metathorax punctato-reticulatus in femind
nigricans : abdominis segmentum 1"™", elongatum gracillimum
plane lineare, ante medium tuberculatum, punctatum : segmen-
tum 2'*^"\ basi pallide flavotestaceum, dehinc ut sequentia,

PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA. 467

nigrum : pedes graciles pallidiores : alae hyalinae stigmate pallido
apice fusco-tincto : areola radialis perbrevis ; cubitalis interior et
antica disci apice effusas.

ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA.

Vol. I. p. 273. Stirps III. Dryini.

Hue referendum Genus Embolemus (Westwood, Philos. Mag.
3d Ser. Vol, II. p. 444), tliorace, abdomine, alls et antemarum
articulorum numero cseteris congruens : etsi caput globosum,
frontis tuberculum cui antennae insident solito superius et hanim
eximia proceritas faciem alienam imprimunt, et cum Stirpe quinta
connexionem quaravis e longinquo pulcherrime exhibent. — D^^^^
Westwood loco laudato alarum nervos ad typum Alysiidarum
retulit ; sed hsec observatio nonnisi caute accipienda est : namque
ala Emholemi typum Dryinorum reliquorum sequitur ab Evaniis
parum discrepantem ; nee inter IcJineumones talem obviam esse
credo, quorum nervi costalis et subcostalis semper intime con-
nexi familise cliaracterem constantissimum prasbent.

Vol. I. p. 274 Gen. XVIII. Cinetus.
Bina Genera hie esse confusa serius cognovi, viz.

XVIII. Cinetus : antennae fractse scapo elongato, mari 14-articulatae
articulo 3''°. sinuato, /emmce 15-articulatae : frons producta : me-
sothoracis scutum bisulcum. Sp. C. gracilipes. Cwt. Br. Ent.

XVIII^. Ismarus : antennae scapo parum elongato, articulo tertio
recto: mari 15-articulatae, femince 14-articulatae: frons lata
aequata : mesothoracis scutum laevigatum. Sp. Cinetus dorsiger
Curt. B. E.

Vol. II. p. 2.30. Mirax rufilabris.

Exemplaribus vivis collatis jam plura corrigenda esse videntur, et
nomen triviale immutandum ; legas itaque.

Sp. M. Spartii.

Caput rufo-castaneum albido-pubescens vertice medio nigricante :
oculi virides : antennae nigro-fuscae pedicello ferruginoso : thorax
niger : mesothorax laevis sericeus subtilissime albido pubescens :
metathorax Isevissimus nitidus : abdomen nigrum nitidum seg-
mentis 2 anterioribus pallide flavis : pedes ferruginei : ala; fusco-
hyalinae, basi flavcscentes, stigmate fusco apice summo decoiore.

468 CHARACTERS OF SOME UNDESCRIBED

nervis dilute fuscis, squamulis fusco-ferrugineis. (Long. corp.
1 lin. ; alar. 2 i.) Caput thoracis, &c. — (ut antea, descrlplionis
ulterioris his emendatis,) — Oculi pilis raris subtilissimis erectis
consiti : abdomen thoracis fere longitudine et latitudine, ovato-
orbiculatum subdepressum Iseve : segmenta dorsi octo, anteriora
longitudine subsequalia, posteriora lineari-transvera : primi scutum
gracillimum (adhuc gracilius quam Microgastri laterali), apice
attenuatura, latera membranacea late retecta : sextum ventrale
leviter carinatum et apice productum, aculeum subexertum
fulciens.
Habitat in Spartis scopario.

Vol. II. p. 252. Sp. 45. Micr. intricatus.^ Vespa, &c.
Ra?j Ins. 255. 13.

Art. XLIII. — Characters of some undescribed Neiv Holland
Diptera. By Francis Walker.

Megistocera. — Wiedemann.

M. dispar. Mas et Fem. Mari antenna: longissim<^, fem.
hrevissimcs. Propter femina antennas brevissimas Magis-
tocera non bene convenit, at vix genus diversum.

Mas.— Ferruginea, pubescens : oculi nigro-fusci: palpi nigri : antennae
fuscse, pubescentes, corpore fere quadruple longiores ; articuli P*.
et 2"^ omnino 3"^ que basi ferruginei : thorax subtus pallidicr :
mesothorax vittis supra 3 pallidis : abdomen utrinque fusco fas-
ciatum, apice obscurius : pedes ferruginei, longi, graciles, pubes-
centes, femora et tibiae apice tarsique nisi ad basin fusca : alaj
hyalinae, iridescentes, basi et ad costam fusco-flavEe ; squamulae et
nervi flava, hi ad apices plerumque fusci: halteres flavi, apice pal-
lide fusci.

Fem. — Mari similis at obscurior, thorax angustior, abdomen longius,
pedes breviores, alse paullo breviores et angustiores : antennae
obscure fuscae, capite breviores ; articuli 1^^. et 2"^ ferruginei :

"' In the course of last autumn, Mr. Curtis and I found the follicles of this
species .in profusion, attached to springs of heath, grass, &c. in the Western
Isles. The caterpillars of Mamestra Pisi were wandering about the same places,
and to them probably the " Eruca viridis Uneolis albicantibus" of Ray should be
referred. Two species of Hemltele.i, aad one oi Pezomachus, were produced in
abundance out of these follicles, along with the Microgaster.

NEW HOLLAND DIPTERA. 469

thorax antice abdominisque segmentorum suturse fusca : alae sub-
hyalinge, basi et ad costam obscure fuscae. (Corp. long. 4i —
5 lin. ; alar. 12—13 lin.)

TiPULA. — Linne.

T. ramicornis. Mas et Fern. Ad formam non hactenus de-
cretam pertinens, Europce Tipulis antennis pectinatis et
alarum nervis aliter ad apices collocatis discrepans.

Mas. — Ferruginea, laevis, fere glabra : oculi nigro-fusci : os iitrinque
et subtus fusciim : palpi nigro-fusci : antennae flavse, thorace et
capite paullo longiores, apice fuscse, ramulis ornatse intus 7
extus 14 nigris sat longis : mesothorax antice fuscus etferrugineo
bivittatus, utrinque fusco maculatus : abdomen supra et subtus
nigro vittatum ; segmenta basale et apicale omnino ferruginea :
pedes ferruginei, longi, graciles, pubescentes ; femora apice nigra ;
tibiae obsure ferruginese, apice fuscse ; tarsi fusci : alae hyalinae,
basi et ad costam fuscse raaculis 4 parvis subrotundis hyalinis ;
margo posticus griseus ; nervi discoidales fusco limbati : halteres
ferruginei, apice pallide fusci.

Fem. — Mari similis ; abdomen longius ; antenna breviores, ramulis
intus 7 extus 8 ornatse brevissimis : abdomen apice et oviductus
rufa. (Corp. long. 8—11 lin. ; alar. 14 — 17 lin.)

LiMNOBiA. — Meigen.
L. vicaria. Fem. Limnobiae geniculatae simillima, at pedi-
bus omnino pallidis.

Fusca, obscura : caput fulvo-fuscum, angustum : oculi obscure fusci:
antennae fuscse, capite paullo longiores : thorax subtus et postice
fulvus : abdomen obscure fuscum, longum, gracile : oviductus
rufus, nitidus : pedes pallide fulvi, longi, graciles ; femora fere
omnia tibiae que basi et apice pallide fusca ; tarsi apice et ungues
nigri : alse subhyalinse, iridescentes ; costa fusca, basi pallidior,
maculis plurimis subhyalinis ; sub costam maculse 4 majores sub-
fuscse ; squamulse et nervi fusca ; nervi omnes longitudinales
punctis fuscis ornati ; nervulus transversus discoidalis fusco lim-
batus ; halteres pallide fulvi, apice fusci. (Corp. long. 7 lin. ;
alar. 10 lin.)

Ctenophora. — Meigen.
C. vilis. Mas. Europce Ctenophoris abdomijie piano, aliena-
que ad alarum apices nervorum structura discrepans.

Fusca, obscura : oculi nigri : palpi fusci, basi ferruginei : antennae
fuscse, basi ferruginese, capite thoraceque paullo longiores, intus

470 CHARACTERS OF SOME UNDESCRIBED

ramulis 15 sat longis ornatse: thorax supra griseo bivittatus,
subtus pallidior: abdomen obscure fuscum, planum, sublineare,
apice latius ; segmentorum suturse maculae que laterales ferru-
ginese : pedes ferruginei, pubescentes ; femora apice nigra ; genua
ferruginea ; tibiae fuscaj ; tarsi fusci, apice nigri : alae subfuscie,
maculis duabus costalibus fuscis, una costse medio parva sub-
rotunda, altera ad apicem propior major in discum producta ;
squamulae et nervi fusca : halteres flavi, apice nigri. (Corp. long.
5 lin. ; alar. 9h lin.)

C. bella. Fem. Prcecedentis structura.

Atra, obscura : antennae thorace paullo breviores, ramulis plurimis
brevissimis ornatae : mesothorax supra vittis 3 griseo-fulvis, utrin-
que macula magna concolore : abdomen aureum, basi angustius,
apice acuminatum ; segmentum 1"™. nigrum ; 5"'^^. apice nigrum ;
6^'^. et 7*™. nigra, basi aurea : oviductus rufus : pedes nigri, pu-
bescentes ; femora aurea, apice nigra ; tibiae aureo fasciatie : alse
subfiavaj, basi fiavag, maculis plurimis nigris vittas 3 irregulares
quarum basalemet mediam connexas fingentibus ; discus hyalinus ;
margo posticus et apex grisei ; squamulae nigrae ; nervi fusci, basi
et nonnulli omnino flavi : halteres nigri. (Corp. long. 5 lin. ;
alar. 9 lin.)

BiBio. — Geoffroy.

B. imitator. Mas et Fem. Niger (mas) aut rufus (fem.),

pedibus nigris, alis fuscescentibus. Obs. B. hortulano

simillimus sed halteres pallidi iem.que corpus omnino
rufum.

Mas. — Niger, nitidus, pilis fulvis hirtus : caput thoracis latitudine :
oculi rufi, maximi, supra connexi : ocelli approximati : antennae
capite breviores : abdomen sublineare, parum nitens : pedes nigri,
pubescentes ; pulvilli pallidi : alaj subfuscas, iridescentes ; costa
fusca, basi fulva, macula anteapicalis obscurior ; squamulae, nervi
et halteres fulva.

Fem. — ^Rufus, nitidus, l3e\ is, immaculatus, lanugine fulva vestitus :
caput parvum angustum : oculi, ocelli, os et antennae nigra ;
abdomen parum nitens, apice angustius : jjedes nigri, nitidi,
lanugine nigra vestiti ; coxae et genua rufa ; tarsi basi rufi ; pul-
villi pallidi : alse fuscae ; costa obscurior, basi fulva ; nervi fusci,
basi fulvi ; squamulae et halteres fulva. (Corp. long. 3 — 3£ lin. ;
alar. 5 — 7 lin.)

NEW HOLLAND DIPTERA. 471

PsiLOPUs. — Mei

p. cingulipes. Mas. Ci/aneo-viridis, 2^^dibus nigris fuho
cinctis, alls griseo-hyalinis.

Viridis, nitens, pilis supra sparsis nigris subtus albis hirtus : caput
cyaneo-viride, prope os cyaneum et argenteo micans : oculi rufi :
antennae nigrs ; articuli 1°. ad 3""'. brevissimi ; 4"^. gracillimus,
capite duplo longior : thorax subtus argentens ; mesothorax postice
cyaneus : abdomen cylindricum, tliorace fere trijjlo longius, apice
angustum ; segraenta basi apiceque aenea : sexualia fulva : pedes
nigri lanugine nigra vestiti, basi pilis albis hirti ; coxee argenteo
micantes ; femora apice, protibise et mesotibiffi fulva ; metatibiae
obscure fuscse, basi fulvze : alse griseo-hyalina?, iridescentes ; squa-
mulae et nervi fusca ; nervi transversi valde arcuati ; halteres
fulvi, apice fusci. (Corp. long. 3| lin. ; alar. 6| lin.)

P. tricolor. Mas. Cyaneus, abdomine viridi cqnce cupreo-
aneo, pedibus ?iigris, alis griseo-hyalinis.

Cyaneus, nitens, brevis, latus, pilis nigris sparsis hirtus : caput viri-
di-cyaneum : os nigrum : oculi rufi : antennae nigrae ; articuli 1°.
ad 3"". brevissimi; 4"^ gracillimus, capite duplo longior: abdomen
viride, apice cupro-seneum, subtus pilis albis hirtum : sexualia
nigra: pedes nigri; coxae et femora viridia: alse griseo-hyalinae,
iridescentes ; squamulse et nervi fusca ; nervus transversus basalis
rectus, apicalis valde arcuatus : halteres nigri. (Corp. long. 2| lin. ;
alar. 4| lin.)

P. connexus. Fem. Cyaneo-viridis, pedibus flavis, alis
hyalinis fusco bifasciatis.

Viridis, nitens, pilis nigris sparsis hirtus : caput argenteum, supra
cyaneum : os flavum : oculi rufi : antennae nigrae ; articuli P. ad
3^™. breves ; 4"^ gracillimus, capite fere duplo longior : thorax
viridi-cyaneus, subtus albo pubescens, utrinque seneo maculatus :
abdomen basi et apice cyaneo-viride ; segmentabasi et apice cuprea:
pedes flavi, setis nonnullis nigris armati ; coxae nigrae ; meso- et
metatarsi nigri, illi basi fusci ; protarsi obscure fusci, basi fulvi :
alse hyalinae, iridescentes, ad costam fulvescentes, fasciis duabus
latis antice connexis postice abbreviatis fuscis ; squamulae fulvae ;
. nervi fusci ; nervus transversus basalis fere rectus, apicalis valde
arcuatus: halteres flavi. (Corp. long. 2^ lin.; alar. 4| lin.)

472 CHARACTERS OF SOME UNDESCRIBED

Ther EVA. — Latreille.

T. raisella. Mas. Argenteo-fusca, abdomine suhtus antennis
jiedihusque fulv'is, alls subhyalinis.

Obscure fusca, pilosa : oculi nigro-rufi : ocelli nigri : os fulvurn,
capitis longitudine : antennae fulvas, apice fuscse : abdomen
argenteo micans, apice et subtus fulvura ; segmenta apice flava :
pedes fulvi ; tibiae spinis nonnullis brevissimis nigris armatse ;
tarsi apice obscuriores : alae subhyalinaj, iridescentes, ad costani
fulvescentes ; squamulae fulvae ; nervi fusci ; nervi transversi
fusco sublimbati : halteres fulvi. (Corp. long. 2| lin. ; alar.
U lin.)

Brachyopa. — Hoffmansegg.

B. rufo-cyanea. Mas. Rufo-cyanea, antennis fulvis, pedibns
rufo-fuscis, alis fulvescentibus.

Nitens, pilosa : caput et thorax rufa, minime cyanescentia, ilium ad
antennarum insertionem supra fulvum : antennae fulvae ; articulus
4"^^. obscurior : os rufum : oculi nigro-oenei : thoracis discus supra
seneo-fuscus : abdomen rufo-cyaneum, subtus cyaneum, lanugine
medio utrinque et apice omnino pallida vestitum : pedes obscure
rufi, pilosi ; femora supra et metapedum femora tibiee que omnino
fusca ; ungues nigri ; pulvilli pallide rufi : alse subfulvescentes,
iridescentes, ad eostam fulvas; squamulae nigro-fuscaj ; nervi fusci,
basi fulvi ; squamae sordide albidse : halteres obscure fusci. (Corp.
long. 5 lin. ; alar. 10 lin.)

Helophilus. — Meigen.

H. griseus. Fem. Niger, antennis rnjis, abdomine subtus
fusco, alis griseis.

Niger, subtilissime punctatus, parum nitens, lanugine cana tectus :
hypostoma fulvum : antennae rufae ; articulus 4"^ niger : oculi
nigro-fusci : scutellum fere glabrum : abdomen subtus fuscum ;
segmenta basi utrinque albo pilosa : pedes nigri, subtilissime
punctati, pilis nigris et griseis vestiti ; tarsi subtus lanugine rufa
tecti ; pulvilli fulvi : alae griseee, iridescentes, ad eostam fusco
inter nervos secundarium et auxiliarem maculatae ; squamulae et
nervi nigro-fusca ; squam<e sordide albae : halteres rufi, apice fusci.
(Corp. long. 4 lin.; alar. 7 lin.)

NEW HOLLAND DIPTERA. 473

Anthrax. — Fabricius.

A. extensa. Mas. A. prseargentatae aspectu, obscure fusca,
pedibus alisque concoloribus.

Obscure fusca, pubescens, subtus fulva : caput postice albidum, pilis
supra nigris antice fulvis hirtum: oculi rufo-a:nei : os et antennae
nigra : thoracis abdominisque latera pilis fulvis hirta, hoc quoque
apicem versus et ille utrinque ante alas-pilis nigris hirta : pedes
nigro-fusci, pubescentes ; tarsi nigri: alae longse, angustae, obscure
fuscse, postice et apice dilutiores, antice et basi ferruginese ; sqna-
mulas nigree ; nervi ferruginei, nonnulli nigri : halteres fulvi, ante
apices fusco cingulati. (Corp. long. 5| lin. ; alar. ISg lin.)

Art. XLIV. — Transactions of the Etitomological Society of
London. Vol. I. Part I. Seven Plates, Sixty-six Pages,
and an Appendix. London: Longman and Co. 1834.

The first number of the Transactions of this thriving Society
has at length appeared, and contains papers by Messrs. Spence,
W. B. Spence, Hope, Lewis, Waterhouse, Westwood, W.
Christy jun., G. R. Gray, Shuckard, and Saunders : the whole
of these are valuable papers, and we think the Publishing
Committee have exercised great judgment in the selection.
Mr. Spence's paper is one of considerable interest, — we have
already given an outline of it, — but those by Messrs. Shuckard
and Waterhouse are of high entomological importance ; we
should be proud to have them in our own pages.

We rather regret that the Society has thought it necessary
to preface these Transactions with an attack upon ourselves,
indicative throughout of hostility. We do not pretend that we
were unacquainted with the existence of this feeling towards
us, but we had no hostile feeling, and we determined not to see
it in others. We hoped that our labours in behalf of the Society
would compel our enemies, in common decency, to treat us with
ostensible good will ; and now, even now, we will not abandon
a society because at present governed by our foes, — it may be
governed by our friends, — and the majority, nine out of every
ten, disapprove of this attack. This introductory portion of
the work is divided into two parts ; the principal object of the
first part is to combat Mr. Swainson's masterly and unanswer-

no. v. vol. II. 3 p

474 TRANSACTIONS OF THE

able letter, at p. 190 of this Magazine,^ on the subject of

publishing transactions ; the object of the second is ; we

will give it entire.

" It was not till some time after the foregoing introduction was
written, that the ninth number of the Entomological Magazine came
into our hands. We trust our readers will believe, from their general
tenor, that no unkindly spirit dictated one line of the preceding
pages; and we preface our further observations, imwillingly extorted
by the work just alluded to, by the declaration, that no such feelings
actuate us even now. We do feel, however, that we should be liable
to the imputation of an abandonment of our duty ^, if we were to
suffer some remarks and unfounded assertions, contained in the
number of the Entomological Magazine for October, 1834, to pass
unnoticed.

" We shall make no comment on the sweeping observation, at
page 332, that all our entomologists, with only four exceptions, are
fools ; but content ourselves with thanking the Editors, in the name
of the rest, for the compliment. ^ The assertion, however, in the
next paragraph, that the Society is going down, requires severer
animadversion. This, it seems, is made on the circumstance, that
the meeting in September was attended by only twelve members ;
and it is repeated at page 434, in the following paragraph : — ' The
attendance of members at these sittings has greatly decreased ; at
the July sitting about twenty members were present ; at the August
sitting about fifteen ; at the September sitting about twelve.' Now,
whatever the Editors of this Journal may please to insinuate, these
attendances, considering the time of year, cannot be called bad ; and
as to their having greatly decreased since the opening, it would have
been very extraordinaiy if they had not, when a large proportion of
the members had left London, as always happens in the summer
months. But look at the meetings of other societies at the same
period,— the Zoological, for instance ; the number of members of
that body who attended the scientific meetings in September, did
not amount, on either occasion, to twelve 'J, although the portion of
members in the two Societies is nearly twenty-five to one. Is the
Zoological Society also ' going down ? '

* The Entomological Magazine being the " elsewhere " alluded to.

'' The " DUTY " of a society to attack a detached paper, published in a private
undertaking.

"= The passage is this : — " Ambulator, Hanson, Bird, and one otlier, are the
only entomologists to whom I feel bound by any ties of kindred feeling, affection,
or gratitude."

* Nor, we believe, does it in what is called the season.

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. 475

" We have already stated that the Council considered it essential
to the credit of the Society, that it should publish its own Trans-
actions, and have given the reasons for their coming to that reso-
lution. If any doubt could have been entertained of their vs^isdom
in so doing, as far as the character of the Transactions might be
affected by association, it is effectually removed by the conduct of
the editors of the Entomological Magazine themselves, in having
admitted that farrago of nonsense, which, under the title of Colloquia
Entomologica, stands as the head of their present number. So
miserable an attempt at wit, and so ridiculous a parade of learning,
throws even Isla's Domine himself into the back ground. ' Lord !
Lord! it was a very Gabilon (Babylon). More than one full hour
were we at it, hand to hand ; and to every word I said, he produced,
directly, such heaps of proofs and quotations, all in Latin, that it
seemed for all the world as if he carried them in the breast-pocket
of his large cloak.' ^ Why do they not practise the motto they
adopted — yvioQi aeavTov 1

" The following passage occurs at page 333 of the Colloquia : —
" ' Ent. I am firmly persuaded, from what I see of the working
members of its Council, that the Entomological Society will retard,
not advance, entomology.'

*' Very civil ! However, spectemur agendo !
" As to the hope (p. 332) that ' the Entomological Society
would have been the means of Uniting entomologists into one body,
and called forth kindlier feelings among us,' we are not conscious
of its having failed in that desirable object, nor do we know of any
unkindly feeling connected with the Society, except those too
palpably entertained by the conductors of the Entomological
Magazine.

" And why do they entertain them ? We leave them to answer
that question as they may, and shall merely state the fact, that their
wish to 'publish the Memoirs read before the Entomological Society,
in their own journal, was not acceded to by the Council f.

*' We have now ended our unpleasant task, and shall not think it
necessary to bestow any further notice on the Entomological
Magazine, — whether it flatter or abuse, praise or condemn us."

Is it dignified of a society to sit in committee and solemnly
concoct an attack like this on a private undertaking ? Admit-
ting that the facts are sound, and the conclusions logical;

•, This quotation stands as a foot note in the Transactions.

^ Neither was it ever entertained by the editor of this Magazine. To oblige
the Society, we offered to publish gratuitously a few of its early papers, knowing
it could not afford a journal of its own.

476 MONOGRAPIIIA CHALCIDITUM.

admitting this, even in the face of our foot notes ; yet still is it
dignified ? Will it benefit the Society ? The first number of
the Transactions comes to us, not as a simple collection of
memoirs, but as a review. Of the justice or injustice of the
review let our readers judge ; that is not a point on which an
interested party like ourselves ought to decide.

Two words on the Colloquia Entomologica : first, a maga-
zine is only responsible for opinions conveyed in articles
avowedly editorial ; second, the Colloquia Entomologica are
neither really nor avowedly editorial, on the contrary, editorial
1,'emarks on them have frequently occurred.

Art. XLV. — Monographia Chalciditum. By Francis
Walker.

(Continued from p. 369. j

the green myriads in the peopled grass.'

Clava elongata, acuminata.

Femora

-gracilia Pteromalus.

-vaiida Cheiropachus.

Genus XIII. — PTEROMALUS,a Swederus.

Corpus pilis sparsis hirtum : thorax postice utrinque pilis albis
hirtus : abdomen apice dense hirtum ; segmenta fere recta, 1^™.
magnum, sequentia minora : oviductus rufus, abdomine occultum
aut ejus apicem vix transiens ; vaginae nigra% pubescentes :
femora gracilia, non dilatata ; fern, mesofemora subtus apices
versus setigera. ^^

The species are very numerous, and the forms of the antennae
and abdomens of the females are almost as various as the species,
but correspondent variations ai-e not so apparent in the males.

Sectio I. — Mas et Fern.

Corpus angustum, sublineare, quasi squameum : caput mediocre,
man thorace paull6 latius, fern, thoracis latitudine : mandibulae

a Xlrepov ala, fxaXos tener.

b The other characters of the genus are detailed under the sections.

MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM. 477

subquadratse, dentibus minutis armatae 4 ; una extus recta, intus
arcuatd, denies fere obtusi ; altera subarcuata, denies paullo lon-
giores et acutiores : maxillje longae, subarcuatse ; apices s. lacinise
angustas, acuminatse, lobatse ; palpi 4-articulati, graciles, fere fili-
formes ; articuli 1"^. 2"^. et 3"^ mediocres, agquales, cyathiformes ;
4"^ elongato-fusiformis, apice pilosus, 3°. plus duplo longior :
labium perangustum, lineare, postice conoideum ; ligula parva,
brevis, antice ciliata ; palpi 3-articulati, breves, crassi, articulus
2"^, brevissimus, 3"^. acuminatus : antennae graciles, subclavatae,
mari corporis dimidio vix longiores, fern, paullo breviores et
crassiores ; articuli 5°. ad 10""\ mediocres, sublineares, gradatim
breviores, vix latiores ; clava elongato-ovata, vix acuminata,
articulo 10". plus duplo longior et paullo latior : thorax ovatus,
minime convexus : prothorax brevis : mesothoracis scutum, scu-
tellum, paraptera et epimera magna ; parapsidum suturae vix con-
spicuae: metathorax mediocris : abdomen subtilissime squameum,
fere Iteve, quasi excavatum, non compressum nee angulatum,
subtus vix carinatum, mari sublineare basi angustius thoracis lon-
gitudine, fern, elongato-ovatum apice acuminatum thorace paullo
longius ; segmentum 1^™. magnum ; sequentia breviora, subae-
qualia: oviductus abdominis apicem vix transiens: pedes seorsum
graciles : alse angustse ; nervus humeralis ulnari multo longior,
ramulum rejiciens nullum; cubitalis radiali vix longior; stigma
ramulum brevem emittens.

Sp. 1. Pter. cavus. Mas et Fem. Viridi-ceneus, mari an-
tennis fulvis abdominis macula pedibusque Jlavis, fem. an-
tennis nigris pedibusfuscis, alis albis.

Mas. — Obscure viridis : oculi ocellique rufo-fusci : os fuscum :
antennae pallide fulvae ; articuli 2"*. 3"^ et 4"*. supra fusci : scu-
tellum viridi-asneum : abdomen cupreo-aeneum, basi viride, me-
dium ante flavo maculatum ; sexualia flava : pedes flavi ; coxae
aeneo-virides ; tarsi apice, ungues et pulvilli fusci : alee hyalinai,
albje ; squamulae fuscee ; nervi pallide flavi ; stigma minutum.
Fem. — jEneo-viridis : antennae nigrse ; articulus 1^^. basi fuscus :
thorax subtus cyaneo-viridis : abdomen cupreo-aeneum, basi apice-
que viridans : pedes fusci: coxa? cyaneo-virides ; femora obscur^
fusca ; tibiae apice, necnon meso- et metatarsi basi fulva : alarum
nervi pallide fulvi. (Corp. long. | — \\ lin. ; alar. 1 — 1| lin.)

Var. /3. — Mas, antennae articulis 2°. ad 4""^. vix fuscis.

Var. y. — Mas, caput et thorax aeneo-viridia.

Var. c. — Fem. femora et metatibise nigro-fusca.

478 MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM.

Var. e. — Fern, caput et metathorax viridia.

f^ar. ^. — Fern, antennae omnind nigrse: mesothorax asneus : femora

et tibiae nigro-fusca : genua et tarsi obscure fusca : alae ad costam

fulvescentes ; nervus bumeralis apice et stigma pallide fusca.
Var. r). — Fem. antennae articulo P. basi fulvo : alarum nervi flavi.
Var. 6. — Fem. antennas omnino nigrae : propedum tibiae apice, basi

et subtus fulvae ; tarsi basi fulvi.

Reared from pupae of Pontia Brassicse in the month of May,
by Mr. Davis. June and July ; on grass beneath trees, and
on decayed wood; near London. June ; South of France.

Sp. 2. Pter. decedens. Mas et Fem. P. cavo shnilis, mari
abdomen immaculatum ; fem. anUnnce crassiores.

Mas. — Obscure viridis : oculi ocellique rufo-fusci : antennae fuscae :
scutellum viridi-aeneum : abdomen cupro-aeneum, basi viride :
sexualia flava : pedes fusci ; coxae virides ; genua et tibiae apice
flava ; meso- et metatarsi flavi, apice fusci ; profemora apice et
protibiee flava, hae fusco fasciatae : alae hyaline, albae ; squamulae
fuscae ; nervi pallide flavi ; stigma minutum.

Fem. — jEneo-viridis, par^m nitens : antennae nigro-fuscae ; arti-
culus \^^. fulvus, apice fuscus : abdomen cupreo-aeneum ; seg-
menta basi viridi-eenea : pedes fusci ; coxae virides ; femora et
tibiae apice fulva ; tarsi fulvi, basi flavi, apice fusci : alarum nervi
pallide fulvi. (Corp. long, f — \\ lin. ; alar. | — 1| lin.)

Var. /3. — Mas, meso- et metatarsi fusci, basi flavi.

Var. y. — Mas, antennae fulvae ; articuli 2"^ et 5^^ supra fusci :
scutellum viride : pedes flavi ; coxae virides; femora supra fusco
vittata ; tarsi apice pallide fusci.

Var. L — Mas, antennse omnino fulvee : caput et thorax aeneo-
viridia.

Var. £. — Mas, Var y. similis : antennae fulvae ; articuli 1"^ apice
2"^. que supra fusci : scutellum aeneo-viride.

Var. ^. — Mas, Var. e. similis : antennae flavae, articulo 2°. clavaque
supra pallide fuscis.

Var. J). — Fem. abdomen viridi-aeneum, basi apice que viridans.

Var. 0. — Fem. protibiae omnino fulvae.

Var. t. — Fem. caput viride : alarum nervi flavi.

Var. /c. — Fem. proalae ad costam fulvescentes.

Var. X. — Fem. antennae articulo 1°. fusco, basi fulvo.
May to September ; on grass beneath trees ; near London.

September; Isle of Wight.

MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM. 479

Sp. 3. Pter. perversus. Fem. Viridi-csneus, antennisfulvis,
basi pedihusque fuscis, alts albis.

-^neo-viridis, parum nitens : antennae fulvae, gracillimae ; articuli
\^^. et 2"^. obscure fusci : scutellum aeneum : abdomen cupreo-
aeneum, basi viridans : pedes obscure fusci ; coxse seneo-virides ;
genua et tarsi fulva, hi apice fusci : also hyalinae, albae ; squa-
mulse fuscae ; nervi pallide flavi ; stigma minutum. (Corp. long.
I lin,; alar. | lin.)

August ; on grass beneath trees ; near London.

Sectio II. — Fem.

Corpus breve, latum, quasi squameum : caput magnum, thorace vix
latius : mandibulse subquadratas, fere rectae, similes, intus paullo
arcuatae ; dentes sat magni, obtusi, subaequales ; maxillae longae,
subarcuatse; lacinias angustae, acuminatae, lobatae; palpi 4-articu-
lati, graciles, filiformes ; articulus 1"^. mediocris ; 2^'^ paullo
longior; 3"^ 1^ longitudine; 4"^. elongato-fusiformis, acuminatus,
apice pilosus, 3°. plus duplo longior : labium ovatum, postice
conoideum ; ligula parva, brevis, antice ciliata subtus transverse
lineata ; palpi 3-articulati, breves, crassi ; articulus 2"'*. brevissi-
mus ; 3"^. acuminatus : antennae validae, clavatse, corporis dimidio
plus minusve longiores ; articuli 5°. ad 10"'". breves, lati, valde
approximati, longitudine decrescentes ; clava ovata, compacta,
acuminata, articulo 10°. duplo longior et paullo latior : thorax
ovatus, convexus : prothorax brevissimus: mesothorax maximus ;
parapsidum suturse vix conspicuae: metathorax parvus: abdomen
rotundum, planum, subtilissime squameum, fere laeve, subtus
convexum, thorace brevius ; segmentum 1"™. magnum; sequentia
breviora, subaequalia : oviductus abdominis apicem non transiens :
alae plerumque latae ; nervus humeralis ulnari multo longior,
ramulum rejiciens nullum ; cubitalis radiali non longior ; stigma
ramulum brevissimum emittens.

Sp. 4. Pter. patulus. Fem. Viridi-csneus, antennis nigris,
pedibus rufis, alis limptidis.

^neus, parum nitens : caput ajneo-viride : oculi ocellique obscure
fusci : mandibulae rufee: maxillae et labium nigro-viridia: laciniae
flavse : ligula albida : palpi fusci : antennae nigrae ; articulus
1"^ laete fulvus : thorax utrinque et subtus viridi-aeneus : meta-
thorax viridis : abdomen cupreo-aeneum, basi laete aeneo-viride
fulvescens : pedes rufi ; coxae virides ; genua et tarsi flava, hi

480 MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM.

apice fusci : alee limpidas ; squamulae pallide fuscse ; nervi flavi ;
stigma minutum. (Corp. long. I5 — 1| lin. ; alar. ]| — 2 lin.)
August and September ; on windows near London ; North
Devonshire ; Isle of Wight, &c.

Sp. 5. Pter. extentus. Fem. P. patulo similis ; minor ;
anlenncB graciliores, nigro-fiiscce ; alee suhfulvescentes.

^neus : caput seneo-viride : oculi ocellique obscure fusci : antennae
nigro-fuscae ; articulus 1"^ rufiis ; 2^^. et 3"^ fusci ; thorax
subtus et utrinque teneo-viridis ; scutellum cupreo-seneum : ab-
domen cupreo-seneum, basi laste seneo-viride : pedes pallide rufi ;
coxae virides ; ungues et pulvilli fusci : alae hyalinae, albae, sub
costam fulvescentes ; squamulse fulvas ; nervi flavi ; stigma mini-
mum. (Corp. long. 1 lin. ; alar. 1| lin.)
June; New Forest, Hampshire.

Sp. 6. Pter. amplus. Fem. P. patuli statura ; aniennce
graciliores ; femora nigro-fusca ; ala albcB.

jEneo-viridis, parum nitens : caput viride : antennae nigrae ; articu-
lus 1"^ rufus ; 2"^. viridis, apice fulvus : abdomen cupreo-aeneum,
basi laete viridi-aeneum : pedes fulvi ; coxae virides ; femora
nigro-fusca ; genua et tarsi flava, hi-apice fusci : alse hyalinae,
albae ; squamulse et nervi pallide fusca ; nervus humeralis fulvus ;
stigma minutum. (Corp. long. I5 lin. ; alar. l|lin.)

June ; Isle of Wight.

Sp. 7. Pter. catillus. Fem. P. patulo paullo minor et
angustior ; antetmce graciliores ; femora nigro -fusca ;
al :' subfulvce.

^neus, partem nitens : caput viridi-aeneum : oculi ocellique obscur^
fusci : antennai nigrse ; articulus 1"^ rufus ; 2^^. viridi-fuscus :
thorax subtus, utrinque et postice aeneo-viridis : abdomen cupreo-
Eeneum, basi Isete aeneo-viride : pedes fulvi ; coxae aeneo-virides ;
femora nigro-fusca ; tibiae fuscas, basi apice que fulvae ; tarsi flavi,
apice fusci ; protibiae et protarsi omnino fulva : alae subfulvae ;
squamulse fuscae ; nervi fulvi ; stigma minimum. (Corp. long.
1 — 14 lin.; alar. \\ — 1| lin.)

Var. fi. — Antennae articulo 1°. apice fusco.

September ; on grass beneath trees, near London ; North
Devonshire.

MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM. 481

Sp. 8. Pter. latus. Fern. Prcecedentibus omninb d'iversus;
antenn(z breviores; alee longiores et latiores.

Viridi-seneus : oculi ocellique obscure fusci : antennae nigrse, subtus
fuscae ; articulus 1"^. rufus : scutellum cupreo-asneum : metatho-
rax viridis: abdomen cupreo-aeneum, basi quasi contractum, apice
viridi-aeneum ; segmentum 1"™. Isete viride, basi cupreo-seneum :
pedes pallide rufi ; coxae virides ; femora et metatibiae pallide
fiisca, apice basiquo rufa ; ungues et pulvilli fusci : alse hyalinse,
albae; squamulae et nervi pallide fulva; stigma minutum. (Corp.
long. 1| lin. ; alar. 2\ lin.)

May ; near London.

Sp. 9. Pter. domesticus. Fem. V . ^a.t\.\\o simiUimus ; minor ;
pedes fusci.

jEneus : caput viridi-seneum : oculi ocellique obscure fusci : anten-
nae nigrse ; articulus 1"^ laete fulvus; 2"^ fuscus : thorax subtus,
utrinque et postice aeneo-viridis : scutellum et abdomen cupreo-
senea : pedes fusci ; coxae virides ; femora viridi-fusca ; tarsi
flavi, apice fusci ; meso- et metatibiag apice basiqu'e fulvse ; pro-
tibias et protarsi omnino fulva : alas sublimpidae ; squamulae
fuscae; nervi fulvi ; stigma minutum. (Corp. long. \ — t lin. ;
alar. | — Ij lin.)

Var. /3. — Thorax seneo- viridis ; scutellum aeneum.

Var. y. — Antennae articulo 1". apice fusco.

Var. B. — Caput viride : thorax asneo-viridis : metathorax cyaneo-
viridis : tibiae omnes fulvas.

Var. £. — Thorax viridi-aeneus : caput et metathorax viridia.

Var. 'C. — Var. e. similis : tibiee omnes fulvae.

Var. 7]. — Antennae articulo 1°. fusco, basi et subtus fulvo,

Var. 6. — Thorax omnino aeneus.

Var. I. — Caput et thorax viridia.

On the windows and walls of houses in infinite numbers
during July, and more sparingly throughout the rest of the year.

Sp. 10. Pter. sylvicola. Ferii. Viridi-esneus, antennis pedi-
busque rvfis, alis limpidis.

^neus, parum nitens : caput viridi-jsneum : oculi ocellique obscur^
fusci : antennae rufae ; articulus 2"^ supra pallide fuscus : thorax
utrinque, subtus et postic^ viridi-aeneus : abdomen cupreo-aeneumi,

NO. V. VOL. 11. 3 Q

482 MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM.

basi laete viridi-seneum : pedes pallide rufi ; coxse seneo-virides ;
genua et tarsi fiava ; ungues fusci : alae limpidse ; squamulae
fuscse ; nervi fulvi ; stigma minimum. (Corp. long. | — f lin. ;
alar. 1 — 1;^ lin.)

June ; grass beneath trees ; Windsor Forest and New
Forest.

Sp. 11. Pter. discus. Fern. JEnens,ante7inisfuscis,pe(li1ms
riijis, alls snbfuscis disco obscuriore.

^neus, pariJm nitens : oculi ocellique obscure fusci : antennse fuscse ;
articulus 1"^. rufus, apice fuscus : abdomen cupreo-seneum, basi
apiceque laete viridi-seneum : pedes rufi ; coxae eeneo-virides ;
tarsi flavi, apice fusci ; protarsi rufi : alse subfuscae ; discus ob-
scure fuscus ; squamulae et nervi fulva ; stigma minutum. (Corp.
long. I — j-lin. ; alar. 1| — 1^ lin.)

Var. i3. — Abdomen basi cupreo micans,
September ; Isle of Wight.

Sectio III. — Fem.

Corpus squameum, fere glabrum, plus minusve longum, plerumque
angustum : caput mediocre, thoracis latitudine aut paullo latius :
mandibulae subquadratse, similes, extus fere rectse, intus arcuatae,
dentibus 4 armatae ; dens 1"^ s. externus acutus, mediocris ; 2"^
et 'i^^. breviores, rainores ; 4"^. obtusus : maxillae longae, sub-
arcuatae ; lacinise angustae, acuminatae, lobatae ; palpi 4-articulati,
graciles, filiformes ; articuli 1"^ et 2"^ aequales, mediocres ; 3"^
paullo brevior ; 4"^. 2°. longior, acuminatus : labium longi-
ovatum ; ligula brevis, lata, antice ciliata ; palpi 3-articulati,
breves, graciles, filiformes ; articulus 2"^. brevissimus, 3"^ acumi-
natus, P. longitudine : antennae sat graciles, corporis dimidio
nonnunquam longiores sed plerumque breviores, articulo 5°. ad
20um_ gradatim crassiores et breviores ; clava longi-ovata,
articulo 10°. plus duplo longior sed non aut vix latior : thorax
ovatus, convexus : prothorax minimus : mesothoracis scutum et
scutellum maxima; parapsidum suturee vix conspicuae; paraptera
et epimera magna : metathorax parvus : abdomen ovatum aut
longi-ovatum, supra planum, subtus carinatum, non compres-
sum nee subtus angulatum, thorace plerumque longius, apice
acuminatum et nonnunquam attenuatum ; segmenta subaequalia ;
l""!. 5"™. et G"™. reliquis paullo longiora : oviductus abdominis

MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM. 483

apicem non aut vix transiens : alse sat latoe ; nervus humeralis
ulnari multo longior, ramulum rejiciens nullum ; cubitalis radiali
paullo brevior ; stigma ramulum brevissimum emittens.

Subdiv. l'\
Corpus angustum, elongatum : antennee ejus dimidio multo breviores :
abdomen longi-ovatum, thorace multo longius ; apex attenuatus,
alls otiosis non obtectus.

Sp. 12. Pter. gynetelus. Fern. Viridis aut ceneus, antennis
nigris, j^edibus Jlavis, alts sublimpidis.

Laete viridis, minime asneo nitens : oculi ocellique obscure rufi ;
articulus 1^. obscure fuscus, basi pallide flavus : abdomen pur-
pureum ; segmenta 1°. ad 5^'^. basi laete viridia : pedes flavi ;
coxae virides ; genua, meso- et metatarsi pallide flava, hi apice
nigro-fusci ; protarsi apice fusci : alae minime fulvescentes, fere
limpidae ; squamulae et nervi pallide flava, illae antice pallide
fuscee ; stigma fuscum, minutum. (Corp. long. \\ — \\ lin. ;
alar. 1|— 1| lin.)

Var. j3. — Thoracis latera cupreo notata : abdominis segmenta pur-
purea, basi et utrinque laete viridia; 1™\ laete viride, cupreo
varium.

Far. y. — Cupreo-viridis : abdomen obscure purpureum ; segmenta
basi viridi-cuprea, V™. laete cupreo-viride.

Var. E. — Scutellum cupreo-viride : abdominis segmentum 1™'.
asneo-viride ; sequentia basi laete viridia : femora subfulva.

Far. e. — Far. c. similis ; tibiae subfulvae.

Far. ^. — Caput viridi-aeneum : thorax aeneo-cupreus ; suturae aeneo-
virides : abdominis segmentum 1™\ laete cupreum ; sequentia
basi obscure cuprea.
On laurels and box-trees, and in hay-stacks, &c. throughout

the year; near London.

Subdiv. 2\

Corpus angustum, elongatum : antennae ejus dimidio breviores :
abdomen longi-ovatum, thorace longius, alis obtectum.

Sp. 13. Pter. bracteatus. Fern. Cupreus aut ceneo-viridis,
antennis nigris, pedibus jlavis, alis plus minusve fiilves-
centibus.

Laete cupreus : caput antice thoracisque latera viridi-aenea : oculi
obscure fusci : antennae nigrae ; articulus 1"^ nigro-viridis, basi

484 MONOGRAPIIIA CHALCIDITUM.

ad medium albidum : abdomen purpureum ; segmentum 1""*.

Isete cupremn ; sequentia basi et utrinque aeneo-cuprea : oviduc-

tus abdominis apicem paullo superans : pedes flavi ; coxae seneo-

virides ; genua, meso- et metatarsi pallide flava, hi apice fusci ;

protarsi apice fulvi : alae parum fulvescentes ; squamulse et nervi

flava, illse antice fuscae ; stigma fuscum, minutum. (Corp. long.

1— lilin.; alar. Ij— If lin.)
j/ar. ft. — Abdominis segmentum 1""'. cupreo-viride ; sequentia basi

cuprea.
far. y. — Caput et thorax viridi-cuprea : antenna; articulo l". basi

flavo : femora, meso- et metatibise fulva : alae vix fulvescentes.
^^^. ^. — jTar. y . similis : scutellum cupreum : abdomen laete pur-

pureo-cupreum ; segmentum l""". viride, basi cupreum.
Var. t. — ^neo-viridis : antennae articulo 1". basi flavo : abdominis
discus purpureus : alae vix fulvescentes.

Spring and autumn ; on laurels ; near London. June ; Isle
Qf Wight.

Sp. 14. Pter. herbidus. Fem. Viridis aid (sneo-viridis,
P. bracteato similis, abdomine latiore, antennis nigris,
pedibus flavis, alis limpidis.

Laete viridis : oculi obscure rufi : antennae nigrae, corporis dimidio
multo breviores ; articulus 1"^ flavus, apice fuscus : prothorax
pupreo - viridis : abdomen laete asneo- viride ; segmentum 1""\
viride, cupreo varium ; sequentia apice purpurea : pedes flavi ;
coxffi virides ; genua, meso- et metatarsi pallide flava, hi apice
fusci ; protarsi apice fulvi : alae limpidae ; squamulae et nervi
flava, illae antice fulvae ; stigma fulvum, minutum. (Corp. long,
f— l^lin.; alar. 1— If lin.)

YdY^ ft^ — Antennae articulo 1°, nigro, basi pallide flavo: prothorax
viridis : abdominis segmentum l^'". omnino viride : stigma
fuscum.
Yar. y. — Var. ft. similis: abdominis segmentum 1"™. cupreo-viride.
y^Y. d. — Antennae articulo 1°. nigro, basi flavo: thorax asneo-viridis ;
mesothoracis scutellum cupreo-aeneum.
August ; near London.

Sp. 15. Pter. lucidus. Fem. Cupreo aut ceneo-viridis , P.
bracteato aut herbido paullo latior, antennis nigris, pedibus
fulvis, alis sublimjndis, stigmate majore obscuriore.

Cupreo-viridis : oculi obscure rufi : antennae nigrae ; articulus 1"^.
flavus, apice fuscus : abdomen viridi-aeneum ; discus cupreo-

MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM. 485

purpureus : pedes fulvi ; coxae aeneo-virides ; genua, meso- et
metarsi pallide flava, hi apice fusci ; protarsi pallide fulvi, apiee
saturatiores : alae fere limpidae, sub costam minime fulvescentes ;
squamulas et nervi flava, illae antice fuscae ; stigma fuscurn, par-
vum. (Corp. long. 1| lin. ; alar. Ih lin.)

Far. jj. — jEneo-viridis : abdominis segmenta postice purpurea :

propedum tibiae tarsique flava, hi apice fulvi.
Far. y. — Antennee fuscae ; articulus 1"^. basi flavus.

Autumn : on laurels ; near London.

Sp. 16. Pter. aspilus. Fern. Cupreo-fBneus, jyi'CBcedentibus
propter stigfna vix conspicuiim diver sus, necnon P. bracteato
alis latioribus, P. herbido et lucido abdomine angmtiore
discrepans, antennis fuscis, pedibus fulvis, alis subfulvis.

Cupreo - seneus, nitens : caput postice thoracisque segmentorum
suturae seneo-viridia, ilium thoracis latitudine : oculi obscure rufi :
antennae fuscae ; articulus 1"^ fulvus : abdomen cupreo-viride,
longum, angustum, apice cupreo-aeneum attenuatum ; segmenta
1°. ad 4"™. apice purpurea : pedes fulvi ; coxae seneo-virides ;
meso- et metatarsi flavi, apice fusci : alae subfulvae ; squamulae et
nervi flava, illze antice fuscae ; stigma minimum, vix conspicuum.
(Corp. long. \\ lin. ; alar. If lin.)

October ; on flowers of the ivy ; near London.

Sp. 17. Pter. flammiger. Fem. Ruhro-cupreus, prace-
dentibiis gracilior, antemiis nigris, pedibus fulvis, alis
quam P. bracteato angustioribus.

Rubro-cupreus, longus, angustus : caput cupreum, thorace vix latius,
postice aeneo-viride : oculi obscure rufi : antennas nigrae ; articu-
lus 1"^. flavus, apice nigro-fuscus : abdomen cupreum, nitens,
thorace multo longius ; discus purpureus ; segmentum 1"™. basi
utrinque viride : pedes pallide fulvi ; coxee aeneo-virides ; meso-
et metapedum genua et tarsi flava, hi apice fusci : alae subfulvae ;
squamulae et nervi fulva, illse antice fuscae; stigma pallide fuscum,
minutum. (Corp. long. 1| lin. ; alar. 1| lin.)

Far. /3. — Cupreus : caput supra rubro-cupreum, postice cupreo-
viride : abdominis segmenta postice purpurea.

October; on flowers of the ivy; near London.

486 MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM.

Sp. 18. Pter. conspersus. Fem. Cupreus aut mridi-cupreus,
antennis 7iigris, pedibus fulois, alls fusco maculatis.

Cupreus, nitens : caput parvum, breve, thoracis latitudine, antice
viride : oculi obscure rufi : antennae nigrse, graciles, corporis
dimidio vix breviores ; articulus 1"^ fulvus : thorax brevis, fere
Isevis ; prothorax viridi-cupreus : abdomen non attenuatum ;
discus obscure purpureus ; segmentum 1^™. laete viride, cupreo
micans, postice purpureum : pedes fulvi ; coxae eeneo-virides ;
femora et tibiae basi supra pallide fusca ; genua, mesq- et meta-
tarsi flava, hi apice fulvi : proalae subfuscae ; maculae 4 in cu-
jusque disco magnse difFusas fuscse ; squamulae et nervi fulva ;
illae antice fuscse ; nervus cubitalis quam caeteris plerisque hujus
generis longior ; stigma pallide fuscum, minimum. (Corp. long.
1^— lilin.; alar. U— 1^ lin.)

Var. /3. — Femora et tibia; omnino fulva.

Far. y. — Abdomen cupreo-viride ; discus purpureus.

Var. c. — Viridi-cupreus: abdomen viride; discus purpureus:
alarum maculae fere aut omnino obsoletae.
May and August ; on windows ; near London. It resembles

Cleomjrnus in some particulars.

Sp. 19. Pter. oxygyne. Fem. ALneo-viridis, cajnte quam
2)r(scedentibus niajore, antennis nigris, pedibus flavis, alls
limpidis.

La^te aeneo-viridis, nitens, longus : caput thorace paullo latins : oculi
obscure rufi : antennae nigrae ; articulus 1"^ fulvus, apice fuscus :
abdomen laete viride, angustum, attenuatum ; discus purpureus :
pedes saturate flavi ; coxae virides ; femora et protarsi fulva ;
meso- et metatarsi apice fusci : alae limpidae ; squamulae et nervi
fulva, illae antice fuscae ; stigma minutum. (Corp. long. 1| lin.;
alar. 1| lin.)

Var. ft. — Caput et thorax viridia : meso- et metapedum tibiae apice
tarsique pallide flava, hi apice fusci.
July ; near London.

Sp. 20. Pter. megachlorus. Fem. Viridis, antennis nigris,
pedibus fuscis,femoribus viridibus, alis griseo-hyalinis.

Viridis, nitens : caput thorace latius : oculi obscure rufi : antennas
nigrae ; articulus 1"^. nigro-viridis : thoracis discus asneo-viridis :
abdominis segmentum P™. basi cyaneo-viride ; sequentia postice

MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM. 487

cuprea : pedes fusci ; coxae et femora viridia ; meso- et metapedum
tibiae apice et basi tarsique pallide flava ; hi ad apices fusci ; pro-
genua et protarsi subtus fulva : alae griseo-limpidae ; squamulse
et nervi fusca, illse antic^ virides ; stigma obscurius, magnum.
(Corp. long. 1| lin. ; alar. 2^ lin.)

Found near London.

Subdiv. 3\

Corpus augustum, elongatum ; antennse ejus dimidii longitudine :
abdomen longi-ovatum, thorace vix longius.

Sp. 21. Pter. grandis. Fem. Viiidis, antennis ftiscis, pe-
dibus jlavis, alts Umpidis.

Lsete viridis, nitens : caput thorace paullo latius : oculi rufi : antennae
fuscae, graciles, fere filiformes ; articulus 1"^ pallide fulvus, apice
supra fuscus : prothorax mesothoracisque latera seneo-viridia : ab-
domen viridi-cupreum, thorace paullo angustius ; discus purpu-
reus ; segmentum 1""\ cupreo-viride micans : pedes lsete flavi ;
coxae virides ; femora fulvae ; metatibiae basi cingulata fulvo ;
tarsi apice fusci ; protibiae et protarsi pallide fulva, hi apice fusci :
alae albo-limpidae ; squamulae et nervi flava, illaj antice nigras,
stigma fuscum, minutum. (Corp. long. 1^ — l-j lin. ; alar. If —
21 lin.)

Var. /3.- — ^Thorax supra aeneo-viridis.

September ; near London. Isle of Wight.

Sp. 22. Pter. aurifer. Fem. Atireo-viridis, antennis nigris,
pedibus Jtavis, alls Umpidis.

Laete aureo-viridis : caput viride : oculi obscure rufi : antennae
nigrae, longae; articulus 1"^ fiavus, apice nigro-fuscus : abdominis
discus purpureus ; segmentum 1"™. cupreum, viridi micans: pedes
leete flavi ; coxse aeneo-virides ; femora fulva ; meso- et metatarsi
pallide flavi, apice nigri ; protarsi apice fulvi : alae limpidissimae ;
squamulae et nervi flava, illae antice fuscae ; stigma fuscum,
minutum. (Corp. long. 1| lin. ; alar. 2 lin.)

Found near London.

Subdiv. 4^ — Fem.

Fem. — Corpus mediocre, vix elongatum : antennae ejus dimidio
breviores : abdomen ovatum, thorace paullo longius.

488 MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM.

Mas. — (P. tenuis.) Corpus breve : caput thorace paullo latius :
antennse subfiliformes, corporis dimidio longiores ; articulus 1"^.
validus subfusiformis ; 5"^ et sequeiites ad 10""\ gradatim brevi-
ores, non latiores ; clava longi-ovata acuminata, articulo 10°.
plus duplo longior et paullo latior : thorax ovatus : abdomen
ovatum thoracis longitudine.

Sp. 23. Pter. robustus. Fem. Cupreo-cBneus, crasstis,
antennis tiigris, pedibus fulvis, alts sublimpidis parvis.

^neus, parum nitens, crassus : oculi obscure fusci : antennae nigrae,
validae ; articulus 1"^. flavus, apice niger : thorax antice et postice
cupreo-aeneus : abdomen Isete viridi-cupreum ; discus obscure
purpureus ; segmentum apicale chalybeum, paullo attenuatum :
pedes fulvi ; coxae aeneo-virides ; femora fusca ; meso- et meta-
tarsi pallide flavi, apice nigri ; protarsi flavi, apice fusci : alae
breves, fere limpidse ; squamulee et nervi flava, illse antice fuscae ;
stigma obscure fuscum, mediocre. (Corp. long. 1^ — 1| lin.; alar.
lf-l|lin.)
Found near London.

Sp. 24. Pter. nubilus. Fem. Cupreo-ceneus, P. robusto
gracilior, antennis nigris, liedibtis fulvis, alis subfuscis
disco obscuriore.

Cupreo-aeneus, parum nitens : oculi obscure fusci : antennae nigras,
validae ; articulus 1^^. flavus, apice fulvus : abdomen laete viridi-
cupreum; discus et apex obscure purpurei, hie attenuatus : pedes
fulvi; coxae aeneo-virides; femora fusca; genua et protarsi flava,
hi apice fulvi ; meso- et metatarsi pallide flavi, apice nigro-fusci :
alae subfuscae ; macula in cujusque disco diffusa fusca ; squamulaS
et nervi flava, illae antice fuscae; stigma mediocre, fuscum. (Corp.
long. |- — 15 lin. ; alar. 1| — If lin.)

Far. /3. — Thoracis discus purpureo-cupreus.

Far. y. — Viridi-seneus : abdomen viride, basi cupreo micans ; discus
et apex obscure purpurei : femora obscure fusca ; meso- et meta-
tarsi apice fusci.
March ; on laurels ; near London. September ; Isle of

Wight.

Sp. 25. Pter. perfectus. Fem. Obscure cupreus, P. nubili
statura, antennis nigris, pedibus fulvis, alis sublimjndis.

Obscure cupreus, vix nitens : oculi obscure fusci : antennae nigrae,
validae ; articulus 1"^. basi fulvus : abdomen loete viridi-cupreum ;

MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM. 489

discus et apex, purpurei, hie paullo attenuatus : pedes fulvi ; coxae
eeneo-virides ; meso- et metapedum genua et tarsi pallide flava, hi
apice nigri : alae fere lirapidse ; squamulse et nervi pallide fusca,
illae antice virides ; stigma obscure fuscum, mediocre. (Corp.
long. 1^ lin. ; alar. 1| lin.)
September ; Isle of Wight.

Sp. 26. Pter. apertus. Fem. y^neo-vtridis cupreo var'ius,
P. perfecti statiira sligmate minore, antennis idgris, pedi-
bus fulds, alls linipidis.

JEneo-viridis, nitens : caput thorace paullo latius : oculi obscure
rufi : antennae nigrae ; articulus P^ viridis, basi fulvus : meso-
thoracis scutellum et metathorax cupreo-aenea : abdomen cupreo-
viride ; segmentum 1™\ nitentius ; discus purpureus : pedes
fulvi ; coxae virides ; femora nisi ad apices fusca ; meso- et meta-
pedum genua, tibiae apice tarsique flava, hi apice fusci : alas
limpidae ; squamulse et nervi pallide fulva, illae antice nigrae ;
stigma fuscum, parvum. (Corp. long. 1| lin. ; alar. If lin.)

June ; Isle of Wight.

Sp. 27. Pter. dives. Fem. Cupreo-ceneus, P. perfecti sta-
tura, antennae graciliores nigrce^ pedes pallide fidvi, alee
subfulvce.

Cupreo-aeneus, nitens : caput aeneo-viride : oculi obscure rufo-fusci :
antenna nigrae, graciles ; articulus 1"^. basi flavus: abdominis seg-
menta postice purpurea, nonnulla viridi nitentia ; apex obscure
purpureus, non attenuatus : pedes pallide fulvi ; coxae aeneo-
virides ; genua et tarsi pallide flava, hi apice fusci ; propedum
genua tibiae et tarsi flava, hi apice fulvi : alae fere limpidaj,
minime fulvescentes ; squamulse et nervi pallide flava, illae
antice fuscae ; stigma fuscum, parvum. (Corp. long. \\ lin. ;
alar. 1^ lin.)

Found near London.

Sp. 28. Pter. cuprinus. Fem. Cnpreus, prcscedentibtis
minor et brevior, antennis nigris, pedibus fulvis, alls
subfnlvis.

Cupreus, pariim nitens : caput aeneo-viride : oculi obscure fusci :
antennae nigrae ; articulus 1^^ flavus, apice fuscus: abdomen laete
cupreo-viride, basi angustum, apice non attenuatum ; segmenta
apice purpurea : pedes pallide fulvi ; coxae seneo-virides ; genua,
NO. V. VOL. II. 3 R

490 AIOKOGRAPIIIA CIIALCIUITUM.

meso- ct metatarsi pallide flava, hi apice fusci ; protarsi apice
fulvi: alae fere limpidse, minime fulvescentes ; squamulse et nervi
pallide flava, illre antice fuscoe; stigma fuscum, parvum. (Corp.
long. ^ lin.; alar. 1^ lin.)
Found near London.

Sp. 29. Pter. obtusus. Fem. Viridi-ceneus, P. cupvino
latior, antennis tiigris, pedibus fulvis, alls limpidis.

Viridi-seneus : caput postice viride : oculi obscure rufi : antenna?
nigrae ; articulus 1"^. flavus, apice fuscus : abdomen laete viride,
apice non attenuatum; discus purpureus ; segmentum 1"™. viridi-
cupreum : pedes pallide fulvi ; coxae aeneo-virides ; genua, meso-
et metatarsi flava, hi apice fusci: alae limpidse, latae, apice obtusse ;
squamulse et nervi pallide flava, illse antice fuscae ; stigma fus-
cum, parvum. (Corp. long. 1 lin. ; alar. 1| lin.)

Found near London.

Sp. 30. Pter. curtus. Fem. Viridis, jircscedentibus hrevior,
antennis nigris, jjedibics fulvis, alis limpidis.

Viridis, brevis, latus : oculi obscure rufi : antennse nigrae ; articulus
1"^. flavus, apice nigro-fuscus : abdomen laete viride, apice non
attenuatum ; segmentum 1™\ apice cupreum ; sequentia apice
purpurea : pedes fulvi ; coxae virides ; meso- et metapedum
genua et tarsi pallide flava, hi apice nigri ; protarsi flavi, apice
fusci : alge limpidse, latae, apice obtusae ; squamulse et nervi
pallide flava, illa3 antice fuscae ; stigma fuscum, parvum. (Corp.
long. ^ lin. ; alar. 1^ lin.)
September; Isle of Wight.

Sp. 31. Pter. pinguis. Fem. Ciipreiis. P. curto adhuc
latior, antennis nigris, pedibus fulvis, alis linqndis.

Obscure cupreus, latus, brevis, paruin nitens : caput viride, thorace
vix latius : oculi obscure rufi : antennae nigraa, corporis dimidio
vix breviores ; articulus 1"^ flavus, apice fulvus : abdomen aeneo-
cupreum, nitens, thorace paullo longius ; discus obscure pur-
pureus : pedes fulvi ; coxse eeneo-virides ; meso- et metapedum
genua et tarsi pallide flava, hi apice fusci : alae limpidae ; squa-
mulse et nervi pallide fulva, illae antice fuscae ; stigma pallide
fuscum, minutum. (Corp. long. 1 lin.; alar. 1.4 lin.)
September ; near Exeter, Devonshire.

MONOGRAPIIIA CIIALCIDITUM. 491

Sp. 32. Pter. chalceus. Fem. Cupreus aut cwpreo-viridis,
prcecedentihus gracilior, antennis nigris, ^?ef/^&z«* jmllide
fulvis, alls minime fulvis.

Cupreus, nitens : oculi obscur^ rufo-fusci : antennae nigrse, graciles ;
articulus 1"^. basi flavus : abdominis segmenta antice cupreo-
viridia, postice purpurea ; apex vix attenuatus : pedes pallide
fulvi ; coxae eeneo-virides ; genua et tarsi pallide flava, hi apice
fusci ; propedum genua tibiee et tarsi flava, hi apice fulvi : alae
fere limpidfe, minime fulvescentes ; squamulse et nervi pallide
flava, illae antice fuscse ; stigma fuscum, parvum. (Corp. long.
1| lin. ; alar. 1§ lin.)

Var, ^. — Cupreo-viridis: caput aeneo-viride : thoracis segmentorum
suturse virides : abdominis apex obscure purpureus.

Found near London.

Sp. 33. Pter. brevicornis. Fem. P. chalceo similis, capile
miiiore, antennis breviorihus.

Cupreus, nitens : caput parvum, antice viride : oculi obscure rufi :
antennae nigrse, breves ; articulus 1"^. pallide flavus, apice obscure
fuscus : abdomen laete viridi-cupreum ; discus et apex purpurei,
hie vix attenuatus : pedes flavi ; coxae Eeneo-virides ; femora
pallide fulva ; genua, meso- et metatarsi pallide flava, hi apice
fusci; protarsi apice fulvi : alae fere limpidse, minime fulvescentes,
apice obtusse ; squamulae et nervi flava, illae antice fuscse ; stigma
fuscum, parvum. (Corp. long. 1^ — 1} lin. ; alar. 1^ — 1^ lin.)

Var. (3. — Thorax cupreo-viridis : abdominis segmentum 1"'». laete
viride, cupreo micans ; sequentia leete cuprea: meso- et nietatibiae
pallide fulvae.

Far. y. — ^Thorax viridi-seneus : caput viride, postice aeneo-viride :
antennae articulo 1°. nigro, basi fulvo.

Found near London ; New Lanark, Scotland.

Sp. 34. Pter. despectus. Fem. Viridis, P. chalcei stalura,
ab'Jomini fasciis purpureis, antennis nigris, pedibusjlavis,
alis limpidis.

Ljete viridis, nitens : caput thorace vix latius : oculi obscure rufi :
antennae nigrse ; articulus l"'. flavus, apice nigro-fuscus : abdomen
cupreo-viride ; segmenta postice purpureo fasciata, fasciae in disco
marginem anticum attingentes : pedes laete flavi ; coxae virides ;
femora, protibiae et protarsi fulva; meso- et metapedum tibiae

492 MONOGRAPHIA CIIALCIDITUM.

fulvo cingulatse ; tarsi apice nigro-fusci : alae limpidae ; squamulse
et nervi fulva, illae antice fuscae ; stigma fuscum, minutum.
(Corp. long. 1| lin. ; alar. 1§ lin.)

July ; near London.

Sp. 35. Pter. affinis. Fem. Cnpreo-mridis, P. despecto
similis, at minor et brevior, antennis nigris, jJedibusfulvis,
alis siiblimpidis.

Cupreo-viridis, parum nitens : caput thorace paullo latius : oculi
obscure rufi: antennae nigrse ; articulus l'^^ basi flavus: abdomen
viride, nitens ; segmenta postice purpurea : pedes fulvi ; coxae
aeneo-virides ; genua, meso- et metatarsi fiava, hi apice fusci :
alae vix fuscescentes, fere limpidae ; squamulse et nervi flava, hi
antice fusci; stigma parvum, fuscum. (Corp. long. | — 1 lin. ;
alar. U— 1^ lin.)
Found near London.

Sp. oQ. Pter. fumipennis. Fem. Viridis aut viridi-cstieus,
P. nubilo minor et brevior, antennis nigris, pedibusfulvis,
alls stibfuscis disco ohsciiriore.

^neo-viridis, parum nitens, angustus, prsecedentis statura at minor:
caput thorace paullo latius : oculi obscure rufi : antennae nigrae,
corporis dimidio vix breviores ; articulus 1"^. basi fulvus : abdo-
men viridi-seneum, nitens, angustum ; discus purpureus : pedes
pallide fulvi ; coxae aeneo-virides ; meso- et metatarsi flavi, apice
fusci ; pro tarsi apice saturate fulvi : alae subfuscae ; macula in
cujusque disco maxima diffusa fusca ; squamulae et nervi fulva ;
stigma minutum. (Corp. long. | — 1 lin. ; alar. 1 — 1| lin.)

Var. /3. — Caput et thorax viridia.

Var. y. — Caput et thorax viridi-senea : antennae articulo 1". fulvo,
apice fusco.
Winter; in haystacks ; Spring; on laurels ; near London.

Sp. 37. Pter. redactus. Fem. Viridis aut viridi-csneus,
prcBcedentis statura et magnitudine, antennis nigris, pedi-
husfulvis, alis subfuscis.

iEneo-viridis, parum nitens : caput thorace vix latius : oculi obscure
rufi : antennae nigrae, corporis dimidio vix breviores; articulus 1"^.
fulvus, apice nigro-fuscus ; abdomen nitens, angustum ; discus
obscure purpureus : pedes pallide fulvi ; coxae aeneo-virides,

MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM. 49ij

protarsi apice saturate fulvi ; meso- et metatarsi flavi, apice fusci :

alse subfuscee ; squamulas et nervi fulva ; stigma obscurius, minu-

tum. (Corp. long. § — | lin. ; alar 5 — 1 lin.)
Jar. jj. — Caput et thorax viridia.
Far. y. — Viridi-seneus : antennae articulo 1*^. nigro-fusco, basi fulvo:

abdominis discus obscure purpureas.
Far. c Antennae articulo 1°. flavo, apice fusco.

September ; Lyme Regis, Dorsetshire ; Penzance, Corn-
wall ; Linton, North Devonshire.

Sp. 38. Pier, epistenus. Fem. ^nevs, thorace angiisto
distinctus, ahdomine viridi fasciato, antennis nigris, pedi-
busfuscis, alisfidms aut limpidis.

J^^neus, parum nitens, prsecedentibus abdomine breviore distinctus :
caput aeneo-viride, thorace vix latius : oculi obscure rufi : antennae
nigrse, breves, validse ; articulus 1"^ flavus, apice fuscus : thorax
angustus, abdomine vix brevius : abdomen aeneo-purpureum,
nitens, thorace multo latius ; segmenta basi viridia : pedes fusci ;
coxae aeneo-virides ; femora aeneo-fusca ; meso- et metapedum
genua et tarsi flava, hi apice fusci ; protarsi fulvi : alae angustae,
subfulvae, ad costam saturatiores ; squamulae et nervi fulva, illae
antice fuscae ; stigma fuscum, parvum. (Corp. long. \\ — l^lin. ;
alar. IJ— lilin.)

Far. /3. — Abdominis segmentum l^"^. laete viride, apice aeneo-pur-
pureum.

Var. y. — Caput et thorax aeneo-viridia : antennae articulo 1°. om-
nino flavo : alae limpidae.

Found near London. June ; Windsor Foi'est.

Sp. 39. Pter. purpureus. Fem. Purpureus, ahdomine
csneo-viridi, antennis Juscis, pedibus Jlavis, alls limpidis.

Purpureus, parum nitens : caput aeneo-cupreum, thorace pauUo
latius, antice viride : oculi obscure rufi : antennae obscure fuscae ;
articulus 1"^, flavus : thorax angustus, abdomine vix brevius :
abdomen aeneo-viride, angustum ; discus obscure purpureus : pedes
flavi ; coxae aeneo-virides ; pro- et mesopedum femora et tibiae
fulva ; meso- et metatarsi apice fusci : alse limpidae ; squamulae
et nervi pallide flava; stigma minimum. (Corp. long, l^-lin. ;
alar, li lin.)
Found near London.

494 MONOGRAPHIA ClIALClDIl UM.

Sp. 40. Pter. semifascia. Fem. Viridi-ceneus, antennis
fnlvis, pecUbus fuscis, alis fiisco ad stigma macidatis.

Viridi-asneus, parum niteiis : caj)ut viride, thorace vix latius : oculi
obscure rufi : antennae fulvse ; articulus 1"^. pallidior : abdomen
basi nitentius ; discus obscure purpureus : pedes fusci ; coxae et
femora viridia ; meso- et metapedum tibiai apice tarsique flava,
hi apice fusci; pro tarsi fulvi : alae sublimpidse, ad cujusque stigma
macula fusca in discum producta ; squamula^ et nervi fulva, illae
antice viridi-fuscae ; stigma pallide fuscum, parvum. (Corp. long.
^ lin. ; alar. \\ lin.)
June; Windsor Forest.

Sp. 41. Pter. venustus. Fem. Viridi-cijanens, antennis pe-
dibusquefiiscis, alis griseis.

Viridi-cyaneus, brevis, latus : caput thorace vix latius : oculi obscure
rufi: antennae fuscae ; articulus l"^fulvus: abdomen aeneo-viride,
basi nitentius ; discus obscure purpureus : pedes fusci ; coxae
cyaneo-virides ; genua fulva ; tibiae apice tarsique pallide flava,
hi apice fusci ; protarsi supra pallide fulvi : alae griseae ; discus
obscurior ; squamulae et nervi fusca, illae antice cyaneo-fuscse ;
stigma obscure fuscum, mediocre. (Corp. long. 1^ lin. ; alar.
If lin.)

Var. /3. — Caput et thorax cyaneo-viridia : abdomen basi viridi-
cupreum : protibiae et protarsi fulva, illae supra pallide fuscse.
July; near London.

Sp. 42. Pter. anticus. Fem. Cupreo-viridis, antennis fidvis
apice fuscis, jJ^dibus fulvis, alis limpidis,

Cupreo-viridis, parilm nitens : caput viride, thorace paullo latius :
oculi obscure rufi : antennae fulvae ; articuli 3"^ et 4"^. flavi ; 2"^,
11"^., 12"^. et 13"^ fusci: abdomen viridi-cupreum, nitens ; discus
purpureus: pedes fulvi; coxae aeneo-virides ; meso- et metapedum
genua, tibiae apice et tarsi pallide flava, hi apice fusci ; propedum
genua, tibiae et tarsi flava : alae limpidae ; squamulae et nervi pal-
lide fulva; stigma fuscum, parvum. (Corp. long. 1^ lin. ; alar.
U lin.)
Found near London.

Sp. 43. Pter. varius. Fem. Viridi-cBneus, antennis pedi-
busque fuscis, femorihus viridibus, alis subfulvis.

Viridi-aeneus : caput thorace vix latius: oculi fusci: antennce fuscae,
graciles ; articulus l"^ fulvus : abdomen viridi-cupreum, acumiua-

MONOGRAPHIA CIIALCIDITUM. 495

turn, vix attenuatum, basi Isete vivide ; discus obscure purpureus:
oviductus rufus : pedes fusci ; coxae et femora viridia ; tibiae
apice tarsique pallide fulva, hi apice fusci : alae subfulvae, ad
costam saturatiores ; squamulse et nervi fulva, illae antice viridi-
fuscas ; stigma fuscum, parvum. (Corp. long. | — If lin. ; alar.
1— li lin.)

Far. j3. — Abdomen purpureum ; segmentum !"">. laete viride, apice
cupreo-purpureum ; sequentia basi utrinque viridia.

Far. y. — Abdominis segmentum 1"™. cyaneo-viride, cupreo varium.
June ; New Forest.

Sp. 44. Pter. rufinus. Fem. -^neo-cupreus, antennis fus-
cis, pedihus rufis, alis fiih'is.

jEneo-cupreus, parum nitens : caput aeneo-viride, thorace vix la-
tius : oculi obscure fusci : antennae fuscae ; articulus 1 "^. fulvus,
apice nigro-fuscus : abdomen cupreum, basi nitentius ; discus
obscure purpureus : pedes rufi ; coxae virides ; meso- et metatarsi
flavi : apice fusci : alae saturate fulvae, basi apice et postice dilu-
tiores ; squamulae et nervi fulva, illae antice fuscse ; stigma pallide
fuscum, parvum. (Corp. long, f lin. ; alar. 1 lin.)

June; Isle of Wight.

Sp. 45. Pter. sequester. Fem. Ciipreo-cBneus, viridi va-
rius, antennis pedibusque fiiscis, femoribus viridibus, alis
limpidis.

Cupreo-aeneus, parum nitens : caput viride, thoracis latitudine . oculi
obscure rufi : antennae obscure fuscae, graciles ; articulus 1"^ ful-
vus : metathorax viridis : abdomen cupreo-purpureum, nitens ;
segmentum l™i. laete viride, apice cupreo-purpureum ; sequentia
basi utrinque viridia : pedes fusci ; coxae et femora viridia ; genua,
protibise et pro tarsi fulva ; meso- et metapedum tibiae apice tarsique
flava, hi apice fusci : alse limpidae ; squamulae et nervi fulva, illae
antice virides ; stigma parvum, fuscum. (Corp. long. 1 — 1^ lin. ;
alar. 1^ — If lin.)

Far. ft, — Antennae articulo 1°. apice fusco.

April; near London. September; Linton, North Devon-
shire.

Sp. 46. Pter. saturatus. Fem. Aureo-viridis, antennis fus-
cis, ahdomine cupreo-viride, pedibusfulvis, alis subfulvis.

Laete aureo-viridis, angustus : caput thorace paullo latius : oculi
obscure rufi : antennae obscure fuscae ; articulus 1"^ fulvus :

496

MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM.

abdomen cupreo-viride, nitens, thorace angustius et paullo lon-
gius ; segmenta postice cupreo-purpurea : pedes pallide fulvi ; coxit
aeneo-virides ; tarsi flavi, apice fusci : alae subfuscse, ad costam
saturatiores ; squamuloe et nervi fulva, illae antice fuscae ; stigma
pallide fuscum, minutum. (Corp. long. 1| lin. ; alar. 2 lin.)
Found near London.

Sp. 47. Pter. futilis. Fern. Viridi-ceneus, antemiis fuscis,
pedibus fulvis, alls subfuscis.

Viridis : caput thorace vix latius : oculi obscure rufi : antennae
obscure fuscae ; articulus 1"^ basi flavus: abdomen viridi-aeneum,
nitens, thorace paullo longius ; discus obscure purpureus : pedes
fulvi ; coxae virides ; genua necnon meso- et metapedum tarsi
basi pallide fiava : alae subfuscse ; squamulae et nervi fulva, illas
antice fuscae ; stigma pallide fuscum, parvum. (Corp. long. ^
lin. ; alar. 1| lin.)

New Lanark, Scotland.

Sp. 48. Pter. decorus. Fem. VirkU-cupi-eus, P. sequestri
similis, antemiis crassioribus nigro-fuscis , abdomine v'lridi
nite/ite, pedibus fulvis, alis sublimpidis.

Viridi-cupreus, parum nitens : caput postice viride : oculi obscure
fusci : antennae nigro-fuscae ; articulus 1"^ pallide fulvus, apice
fuscus : abdomen cupreo-viride, nitens ; discus purpureus : pedes
fulvi ; coxae aeneo-virides ; meso- et metapedum tibiae tarsique
pallide flava, hi apice fusci, illae fulvo cingulatse ; alas fere limpidae,
parum fulvescentes ; squamulae et nervi flava, illae antice fuscae ;
stigma fuscum, parvum. (Corp. long. 1 — 1^ lin.; alar. 1| — \l lin.)

Var. /3. — Tibiffi omnes fulvae.

Var. y. — Caput postice aeneo-viride.

Var. ^. — Abdomen Isete viride ; segmentum l""*. cupreo et cyaneo
micans ; sequentium margines postici purpurei, utrinque cuprei.

October ; on laurels ; near London. New Lanark, Scotland.

Sp. 49. Pter. famulus. Fem. Viridis aut viridi-ceneus,
P. decoro similis at paullo brevior, antennis nigro-fuscis,
pedibus flams, femoribus fuscis, alis sublimpidis.

Viridi-aeneus : caput postice viride : oculi obscure rufi : antennae
nigro-fuscse ; articulus l"^. flavus, apice fuscus : abdomen cupreo-
viride, nitens ; discus purpureus : pedes flavi ; coxae aeneo-virides ;
femora fusca ; meso- et metapedum genua et tarsi pallide flava ;

MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM. 497

hi apice nigro-fusci ; protarsi fulvi : alae liixipida;, sub costam
minime flavescentes ; squamulae et nervi flava, ill« antice fuscse ;
stigma fuscum, minutum. (Corp. long. 1| liii. ; alar. 1| lin.)

Far. /3.— Caput et thorax viridia : antenna articulo 1°. nigro-fusco,
basi flavo.

October ; on laurels ; near London.

Sp. 50. Pter. perpetuus. Fern. Viridis ant ceneo-viridis,
P. famulo simiUimus sed angustior, antennis fuscis ant
nigro-fuscis, jtedihiisflavis, femoribus fulvis, alls limpidis.

iEneo-viridis : oculi obscure rufi : antennae fuscae ; artieulus 1"*.
flavus, apice fuscus : abdomen nitens ; discus purpureus : pedes
flavi ; coxae aeneo-virides ; femora fulva, apice flava ; meso- et
metapedum genua et tarsi pallide flava, hi apice fuscj ; protarsi
pallida fulvi : alae limpidae ; squamulae et nervi flava, illae antice
fuscEe; stigma fuscum, minutum. (Corp. long, f — 1 lin.; alar.
1-11 lin.)

Var. (i. — Viridis : abdominis discus purpureus.
Far. y. — Caput viride : mesothoracis scutellum cupreo-aeneum :
abdomen viridi-aeneum ; discus purpureus.

Far. c. — Caput viride : thoracis discus cupreo-aeneus.
Far. e. — Tibiae fulvo cingulatae.

Far. 'C. — Antennas articulo 1". nigro-fusco, basi flavo.
Far. rj. — Antennae nigro-fuscae.

Far. d. — Far. '(. similis : abdomen basi viridi-cupreum : femora

basi fusca.
Far, I. — Femora et protarsi flava, hi apice fusci.
Far. k-. — Abdomen viride, basi cyaneo-viride ; discus purpureus.

Common near London, on the lauristinus, the box, the
cypress, &c. throughout the year.

Sp. 51. Pter. viridulus. Fem. Viridis, P. iperipetno similis
sed angustior et plerumque minor, antennis fuscis, pedibxs
Jlavis, alis limpidis.

Laete viridis: oculi obscure rufi: antennie fuscas ; artieulus 1"*.
flavus, apice fuscus : abdomen cupreo nitens ; discus purpureus :
pedes flavi; coxae virides ; genua, meso- et metatarsi pallide flava,
hi apice fusci ; protarsi apice fulvi : alae limpidae ; squamulae el
NO. V. VOL. II. 3 S

498 MONOGRAPHIA CIIALCIDITUM.

iiervi flava, ilia? antice fuscic ; stigma pallidc fiiscum, minutiim.
(Corp. long. |— ^lin. ; alar. ^ — 1^ lin.)

I'ar. fi. — Thoracis discus aeneo-viridis : femora fulva ; tibiae fulvo

cingulatse.
I ar. y. — J^emora basi fulva ; meso- et metatarsi apice nigro-fusci.
Var. c. — Cyaneo-viridis : abdominis discus cupreo-purpureus.

Found with the preceding species; August; on windows, &c.

Sp. 52. Pter. tenuis. Mas. j^neo-virhUs, aniennis jlaris
fvsco cingulatis et terminatis, abdomine Jlavo fasciato, pe-
dibus Jlavis, alls subUmpidis. Fern. P. viridulo longior
et angustior, aniennis fuscis, abdomine immaculato, 23edi-
busfulvis.

Mas. — ^neo-viridis : oculi obscure rufi : antennae fulvo-flavae ; arti-
culus \^^. basi flavus, apice supra fuscus; 2"^ supra basi, 5"^. 6"^
et 7"^. omnino, 8"^ basi, 10"^ et sequentes fusci : abdomen viride,
ante medium late flavo fasciatum ; discus cupreus : pedes ilavi ;
coxae virides; tarsi apice pallide fusci; protibise et protarsi fulva:
alae fere limpidse, minime fulvescentes ; squamulee et nervi flava,
illae antice fuscae ; stigma pallide fuscum, minutum.

Fem. — Antennae obscure fuscae ; articulus 1"^ basi flavus : abdo-
men viridi-aeneum, apice paullo attenuatum ; discus purpurascens:
pedes fulvi ; coxae seneo-virides ; genua, meso- et metatarsi flava,
hi apice fusci ; protarsi pallide fulvi, apice saturatiores. (Corp.
long. \ — f lin. ; alar. I — 1 lin.)

Var. /3. — Mas et Fem. caput et thorax viridia.

Var. y. — Mas, antennae articulis 1". et 8°. omnino fulvo-flavis.

Var. B. — Mas, antennae articulis P., 9". et 10°. flavis.

Var. £. — Mas, mesotibiae apice basique necnon metatibiae basi
fulvac.

Var. ^. — Fem. antennre pallidiores ; articulus 1"^ nigro-fuscus,
basi flavus : abdomen aeneo-viride ; discus purpureus : tibiae pal-
lide fulvas.

Var. r]. — Fem. abdomen basi utrinque cupreum.

Var d. — Fem. caput et thorax viridi-ienea.

In the spring, summer, and autumn ; on laurels, lime trees,
windows, Sec; near London. September; Isle of Wight,
Isle of Portland.

MONOCJKAPJIIA CIIALCIDITUM. 499

Sp. 53. Pter. pexatus. Fem. Virhlis, antennisfuach, scu-
tello cyaneo, pedibus jlavis, alts sublimpidis.

Viridis, P. perpetuo simillimus, alse angustiores : caput thorace vix
latius : oculi obscure rufi : antennae fuscse, subtus flavae ; arti-
culus 1"^. flavus, apice fuscus : mesothoracis epimera, paraptera
et scutellum cyanea ; metathorax jeneo-viridis : abdomen viridi-
aeneum ; discus obscure purpureus; segmentum 1™^. Isete cuprco-
viride : pedes flavi ; coxae virides ; meso- et metatarsi pallide
flavi ; tarsi omnes apice fulvi : alae fere Hmpidae, minime fulves-
centes ; squamulaa et nervi flava, illze antice fusciE ; stigma
minimum. (Corp. long, f lin. ; alar. 1| lin.)
Found near London.

Sp. 54. Pter. inops. Fem. Viridi-ceneus, P. perpetuo
similis, antennis nigro-fuscis, pedibus fulvis, mesofeviori-
bus pallide fuscis, alls sublimpidis.

Viridi-aeneus, brevis : caput thorace paullo latius : oculi obscure
rufi : antennae nigro-fuscae ; articulus l"'*. niger, basi flavus : ab-
domen aeneo-viride, thorace paullo longius, basi cupreo-varium :
pedes fulvi ; coxae aeneo-virides ; meso- et metapedum genua,
tibiae apice tarsique flava, hi apice fusci ; mesofemora pallide
fusca: alae fere limpidae, minime fulvescentes ; squamulae et nervi
pallide flava, illae antice obscuriores ; stigma fulvum, minimum.
(Corp. long. I lin. ; alar. 1 lin.)
September; Lyme Regis, Dorsetshire.

Sp. 55. Pter. detritus. Fem. P. viriduli statura, antennce
graciliores, abdoman latius.

yEneus, obscurus, P. innoto longior, P. viridulo thorace breviore dis-
tinctus : caput thorace paullo latius : oculi obscure fusci : antenna3
nigro-fuscae ; articulus 1"^. niger, basi fulvus : abdomen cupreum,
nitens, basi et utrinque viride, apice paullo attenuatum : pedes
fulvi ; coxae aeneo-virides ; meso- et metatarsi flavi, apice fusci :
alaj parum fulvescentes ; squamulae et nervi fulva ; stigma minu-
tum. (Corp. long. | lin. ; alar. 1 lin.)
September; Lyme Regis, Dorsetshire.

Sp. 5Q. Pter. inscitus. Fem. Purpureo-capreus , prccee-
dentibus propter antennas breviores discretus, abdominis
segme litis basi viridibus, antennis pedibusque fuscis, alls
subfulvis.

Obscure cupreus, parum nitens : caput thorace vix latius : oculi
obsxjure rufi : antennae fiiscae, graciles, corporis triente non Ion-

500 MONOGRAPIIIA CHALCIDITUM.

giores; articulus 1"^ fulvus : thoracis discus cupreo-purpureus .
abdomen la?te viride, apice paullo attenuatum ; segmenta postice
cupreo-purpurea : pedes pallide fusci ; coxae aineo-virides ; femora
viridia, basi apiceque fulva; meso- et metapedum genua et tarsi
pallide flava, hi apice fusci ; propedum tibiae tarsique fulva : alae
subfulvje, ad costam saturatiores ; squamulae et nervi flava, illas
antice fuscae ; stigraa fuscum, parvum. (Corp. long. 1^ — l|lin. ;
alar. 1| — 1| lin.)

Var. /J. — Abdominis segmenta viridi-a^nea, postice cupreo-pur-
purea.
Var. y. — Caput et thorax cupreo-aenea.
Var. S. — Caput viridi-feneum.

Found near London.

Sp. 57. Pter. tristis. Fem. Viridi-C7ipreus, P. inscito bre-
vior, antennisfemorihusquef users, liedibus Jlatis mitfulvis,
alts sublimpidis.

Viridi-cupreus, parum nitens : oculi obscure rufi : antennae fuscae,
graciles ; articulus 1"^. flavus : abdomen seneo-viride, nitens ; dis-
cus purpureus : pedes flavi ; coxae aeneo-virides ; femora fusca,
apice flava ; meso- et metapedum genua et tarsi pallide flava, hi
apice fusci : alae fere limpidae, minime fulvescentes ; squamulae et
nervi flava ; stigma pallide fulvum, minutum, (Corp. long. l:j —
U- lin.; alar, l^— 1£ lin.)

Far. /3. — Tibiae et protarsi fulva.

Far. y. — Viridi-Eeneus : abdominis segmentum 1""'. laete viride,

apice cupreo-purpureum ; sequentia apice purpurea.
Far. L — Meso- et metatibiae fusco cingulatae.
Far. E. — Abdomen viride ; segmenta postice purpurea.

Found near London.

Sp. 58. Pter. microcerus. Fem. Cupreo-virkiis, P. inscito
simUlhniis scd aucjiistior, antennis pedibusque fiiscis, femo-
ribus viridibus, alls limpidis.

Cupreo-viridis, pari\m nitens : caput thorace paullo latius : oculi
obscure fusci : antennae fuscae, graciles, corporis triente vix lon-
giores ; articulus 1"^ fulvus, 2"^ viridi-fuscus : abdomen cupreo-
viride ; segmenta postice cupreo-purpurea : pedes pallide fusci ;
coxae et femora viridia ; hae apice flava ; meso- et metapedum

MONOGRAPIIIA CHALCIDITUM. 501

tibias apice tarsique flava, hi apice fusci ; protibiaj et protarsi sub-
tiis fulva : alae limpidae ; squamulse et nervi fiilva, illoe antice
fuscse ; stigma pallide fuscum, parvum. (Corp. long. 1| liu. ;
alar. 1| lin.)
Far. /3. — Meso- et metatibiai obscure fuscoe.
June ; New Forest, Hampshire.

Subdiv. 5^. Fern.

Corpus mediocre, non elongatum : antennae ejus dimidio longiores :
abdomen ovatum, thoi'ace non aut vix longius.

Sp. 59. Pter. repandus. Fem. Viridis, antennis fuscis,
pedibusflavis, alls limpidis.

Viridis : caput thorace latins : oculi obscure rufi : antennae fuscae,
graciles : articulus 1^'^. flavus : thorax brevis : abdomen nitens,
parvum, thorace vix longius ; discus obscure purpureus : pedes
laete flavi; cox« virides; genua, meso- et metatarsi pallide flava,
hi apice fusci: alae limpidissimse ; squamulee et nervi pallide flava,
illae antice fulvae ; stigma fulvum, minutum. (Corp. long. | lin. ;
alar. 1| lin.)

Var. /3. — ^neo-viridis : abdomen cyaneo-viride ; discus purpureus :
meso- et metatarsi apice fulvi.

Var. y. — Var. (3. similis : abdomen viride ; discus purpureus :
stigma flavum.

Found near London.

Sp. 60. Pter. latifrons. Fem. Viridis, antennis nigris,
pedibus fuscis, alts limpidis.

Obscure viridis, parum nitens : caput thorace paullo latius : palpi
fusci : oculi obscure rufi : antennae nigrae, crassae ; articulus 1"®.
flavus, apice fuscus : abdomen cupreo-viride, thoracis longitudine,
angustum ; discus obscure purpureus : pedes fusci ; coxae asneo-
virides ; tibiae pallide fuscas, apice basique flavae ; protibise, genua,
meso- et metatarsi flava, hi apice fusci ; protarsi fulvi : alae lim-
pidee; squamulae et nervi flava, illie antice fuscae; stigma fuscum,
parvum. (Corp. long. 1 lin. ; alar. \\ lin.)
Found near London.

Sp. 6L Pter. quadrinota. Fem. Ciqjreo-ciridis, antennis
nigris, pedibus fulvis, alisfusco bimaculatis.

Cupreo-viridis, brevis, obscurus : caput thorace paullo latius : oculi
obscure fusci : antennae nigrae ; articulus 1"^ fulvus apice fuscus :

502 ENTOMOLOGICAL PECULIARITIES

thorax brevis, convexus : abdomen purpureo-cupreum, nitens,
thoracis longitudine, acuminatum, non attenuatum ; segmentum
l"in. cupreo-viride : pedes fulvi ; coxae aeneo-virides ; femora
obscure fusca ; meso- et metapedum tibiaj apice basique, genua
et tarsi flava, hi apice fulvi : alae fere limpidse, minime fulves-
centes ; maculis quaeque 2 fuscis, quarum una ubi costam nervus
attingit, altera sub stigma ; squamulae et nervi fulva, illae antice
fuscae ; stigma pallide fuscum, parvum. (Corp. long. | lin. ;
alar. 1 lin.)

September ; Isle of Wight.

Art. XLVI. — Notice on the Entomological Peculiarities of
Vati Diemaris Land ; being Extracts from a Letter by
Thomas Winter, Esq. Communicated by William
SWAINSON, Esq.

Sir, — Among the circumstances which evince that a more
enlarged and philosophic spirit of inquiry has arisen in the
minds of our entomologists, is their increased attention to
generals, rather than an exclusive devotion to ^jarticiilars.
The animals of distant regions are not only sought after, but
it has at length been found that great interest attaches also to
the physical peculiarities of the districts they inhabit, as exei'-
cising a powerful influence on the local distribution both of
genera and species. Unfortunately, however, this sort of in-
formation can only be acquired by personal research ; and
naturalists, in a foreign country, are usually so absorbed
in the fascinating occupation of collecting, that they are gene-
rally unmindful of the localities and situations where their
diffei'ent acquisitions are procured. Hence, while our cabinets
are daily augmented by new or undescribed species, our
knowledge of entomological geography is quite in its infancy.
With a view to stimulate the attention of such of our brethren
of the net, who reside abroad, to circumstances of this nature,
and at the same time to contribute something towards so de-
sirable an object, I beg to inclose you the following short
notices, written by my friend, Thomas Winter, Esq. now resi-
dent in Van Dienuin's Land, a gentleman who devoted much of
his leisure to entomological pursuits when in his native country,

OF VAN DIEMAN's LAND. 503

and from whom I still hope to receive some vahiable infor-
mation upon subjects slightly touched upon in his interesting-
communication. Yours, &c.

William Swainson.

Tyttenhanger Green, St. Alhana,
\bih Nov. 1831.

" The southern half of the island of Van Dieman, in its
natural state, is a continued series of hill and dale, covered
with what is here called hush ; so that very little level or clear
land is to be seen. These hills, moreover, are generally well
rounded, and so much alike, that the scene wants variety;
besides which, the foliage is invariably of a very sombre hue,
approaching nearly to black : this dark colour is to be attributed
to the trees, in general, being evergreens, and but few of them
have a much lighter shade, even in their spring-shoots. The
' bush ' varies a good deal in its character in diiferent parts ;
the most beautiful is when the trees and shrubs are so
scattered on hilly ground, as to leave the appearance of a
park.

" In other parts the wildness of the scene (the same that it has
been for ages) though cheerless to the settler, is interesting to
one unaccustomed to see an inch of ground unoccupied ; and this
wildness is much added to, by the great quantity of old de-
cayed timber^ which is lying about in all directions, completely
bleached, and assuming all sorts of shapes. In other parts,
the bush resembles an old ragged forest thickly timbered with
decayed trees. In a wild country like this, for the most part
in a natural state, we should expect to meet with trees in the
greatest beauty, luxuriating in their natural soil, and gi'owing as
if complete lords of the creation ; at least, such was what I was
led to expect ; and I was therefore disappointed and astonished
to find that frequently, for many acres together, it would be
difficult to find a sound and perfect tree more than ten or
fifteen years old. They are generally hollow, ragged, and un-
healthy in appearance, while I have seen patches from one to
two miles long and perhaps half a mile wide, full of trees
standing, but completely dead and white. This is a strange
mortality, which has occurred chiefly within the last eight

1 Surely tliis " old decayed timber" must contain Coleopterous insects.

504 ENTOMOLOGICAL PECULIARITIES, &C.

years, and cannot be accounted for, unless by the numerous
fires that have been made over the whole country in order to
help to clear the timber and rough long grass. These dead
patches look dreary in the extreme, and one or two which
were partially cleared, called forcibly to my mind the sketch of
a back settlement in Mrs. Trollop's work. Even where the
mortality has not been so general, it is usual to see about one
third of the trees dead, while even those which are alive look
like ghosts, from shedding their bark each year, which hangs
about them in rags, and leaves them always nearly white.

" The absence of underwood is another peculiarity here, for
I have seen none whatever, although in some parts there are
'scrubs' which it is almost impossible for a dog to get through ;
these, however, are scarce, and only found in wet land.

" When I first came here, I took up my abode a mile out of
town, in the midst of a large garden surrounded by a farm,
from the edge of which rise uncultivated hills, covered with
ti'ees, shrubs, and coarse grass. In such a spot, in the middle
of spring, I concluded that I should soon fill my insect boxes ;
and you may imagine how much I was disappointed when, on
making my first evening rambles, I scarcely found a single
insect, with the exception of ants and grasshoppers, which,
together with flies, always abound. In vain I searched the
foliage for caterpillars and beetles, and equally in vain did I
illuminate my window for moths ; I could meet with nothing,
and gave up the attempt in despair. I soon after made an
excursion into the country, and was riding about for a fort-
night, but noticed a similar scarcity of animal life ; and I
frequently rode for hours through an uncultivated country with-
out seeing a living thing, although I kept a sharp look out.
I attribute much of this scarcity to the fires that rage during
our dry season, destroying all vegetation, with the exception
of the highest trees, for many miles in extent; indeed, so
numerous are these fires, that I have considered it probable
that the whole of the inhabited districts are burnt occasionally;
and since these occur during the summer, the destruction of
insects and of birds' nests must be very great.

" Nevertheless, as the summer advanced, a large quantity
of small Coleoptera made their appearance about the trees ; of
moths and butterflies I still found but few; and such a deficiency
was there of large and handsome insects, that my mania for

PRIVATE LIVES OF INSECTS. 505

collecting never rose above the many obstacles that came in
my way, and consequently I have done but little : the chief
reason is, that the middle of the day has been wholly occupied
by business, and, except in the sunshine, I could never find
many specimens. As for birds, I believe there is a consider-
able variety in the interior, but in this neighbourhood there
are hardly any."

" All our trees are more or less punctured by small insects,
which cause upon the leaves and branches the most extraordi-
nary deformities that I ever saw ; — are such formations worth
collecting, or of any use to naturalists? Although I at present
feel disposed to make botany my principal study, I shall by no
means neglect zoology, when 1 have opportunity of prosecut-
ing that study ; for I am fully aware that no one branch of
Natural History can be followed up closely without bringing
the observer continually in the way of kindred sciences."

Art. XLVII. — Private Lives of Insects. By Rusticus,
of Godalming.

'* Once more upon the waters." — Byron.

Sir, — Here I am, safe and sound, scribbling away in the
sanctum, and " once more upon the waters " of public opinion,
far more dangerous and deceptive than those of the Mediterra-
nean— your readers don't see the gist of the comparison, and
it's quite as well. Dear, delightful readers, how do you all
do ? In this table-drawer is a packet ; ah ! there it is. This
packet contains eleven newspapers, all folded up so as to ex-
hibit— ah ! it is not worth mentioning, only it makes one feel
a little somebodyish, that's all ; for one of them, three months
old, I gave eighteenpence, because the man said it broke a file :

I don't believe it could, for it's as soft as a rag. So you would
not have my log? and in lieu thereof, you bestow upon your
readers some abominable Sapphics of your own, and try to
palm them off on me : it's all very well ! About the turnip
fly : — the farmers here have tried salt with great success this
year, but I believe the crop has failed nowhere, so we must
not make too sure. So the Entomological Society is going to

NO. v. VOL. IT. 3 t

500 PRIVATE LIVES OF INSECTS.

premium-ize essays on the turnip fly. I think mine contains
all that is known on the subject; — I don't say this as a boast,
but because mine is genuine experiment; and though the Society
may write and write till Cockneyland is drained of ink, they
can't experiment; they can't live six or eight years in the
country ; they can't trace the grub upwards from the eggs, as
I have done, watching them shift their skins, and go through
every process : they can't do this ; the essays, though ever so
ingenious, must be smoke, because the means — the capability
— there's a word ! — of observation, is not within their reach.
Yet the Society is right in this, right at bottom ; but who are
to be the judges ? I'll tell you, Mr. Editor ; the judges will be
persons who don't know a turnip flea or a turnip by sight,
unless they see the latter at a greengrocer's, or on the table ;
and these persons will decide on the essays by the length
thereof, and the learning thereof, and the one that is most pro-
found, and most above their comprehension, will receive the
prize. But gently ! the Society means well, and I leave no safe
ground for these comments. I know neither the proposer nor
the writer, nor the judge of the prize; for decency sake, I sup-
pose these to be two persons at least. I shall certainly come
to the Society's meeting when they are to be read; in the
mean time, I will hint to the candidate for fame that the eggs
are not laid on the seed, as I once supposed. All this is a
preface to two little stories.

Private Life of the Burying Beetle.

Ever since I first wore that garment, which in this privileged
country is supposed to imply that the wearer thereof is, or is
to be, one of the lords of the creation, the house and premises
situate to the west of Godalming, and extending from the town
to the Gill property at Eshing, have been known by the name
of Godbold's : before that great era in the affairs of men, when
it pleased my mother to clothe me in the noble garb before
alluded to, it was denominated Oglethorpe's. On these subjects,
bursting, as they seem to be, with all those factelli, or little
facts, which make a story pleasant, I must be silent for the pre-
sent; the only object I have in mentioning Godbold's, is to say
that it was there 1 watched the manoeuvres of the burying

PRIVATE LIVES OF INSECTS, 507

beetle. Waving Kidd had shot a bulfinch, but it was spoiled
for stuffing, and thrown down as useless by the side of the
path just by the bath. Waring Kidd, the prince of bird-stuffers,
the man who not only puts wires and cotton wool into the birds,
but life and sight, and motion and music! that figure of speech
is, I believe, termed hyperbole ! It was on this bulfinch, and
in this situation, that I had the pleasure of seeing the burying
beetle at work.

Two days after, I was again in Godbold's ; and seeing the
bulfinch lie where he had been left, 1 lifted him up by a leg,
intending to make a present of him to a fine colony of ants
established a little further on, in the days of General Ogle-
thorpe, and which had maintained their station ever since.
They had made many a pretty skeleton for me, and I intended
to add that of a bulfinch to the store, but the buzz of a beetle
round my head caught my ear; he flew smack against the bul-
finch which I was holding up by the leg, and fell at my feet.
I knev.7 that the gentleman was a burying beetle, and as I put
the bird down for him, he soon found it, mounted upon it, and,
after much examination, opened out his wing cases, and flew
away. I will profit by his absence, to tell you a bit of his
history.

The burying beetle is about an inch in length ; he is black,
with two bands across his back of a bright orange-colour ;
these bands are formed by two blotches of orange-colour on
each of the wing-cases : he is a disgusting creature, though in
such a gay dress, being so fetid, that one's hands smell for
hours after handling him ; and if he crawls on one's coat, or
other garments not often washed, the smell continues for days.
The whole tribe of burying beetles lay their eggs in the bodies
of dead animals, which, when possible, they bury for the pur-
pose. In Russia, where death itself does not do away with
distinctions, the poor people are buried but a few inches under
ground, the coffin consisting of four boards roughly nailed
together, and not particularly well fitted ; the operation of
burying is often at the expense of the country, and therefore
done from necessity, not love. This mode affords great plea-
sure to the burying beetles, as it saves them the labours of the
gravedigger. They avail themselves of the bodies placed so
nicely within their reach, and the graves are pierced with their
holes in every direction; at evening hundreds of these beetles

508 PRIVATE LIVES OF INSECTS.

may be seen in the Russian burying-places, either buzzing
about the graves, or sitting placidly at tlie mouths of their
burrows, which lead into them.

The burying beetle in this country seldom finds so conve-
nient a provision for him, and he is under the necessity of
taking much more trouble ; he sometimes avails himself of
dead dogs or horses, but these are far too great rarities to be
his constant resort. The common objects of his search are dead
mice, rats, birds, frogs, and moles ; of these a bird is the most
commonly obtained. In the neighbourhood of towns, every
kind of garbage that is thrown out attracts these beetles as soon
as it begins to smell ; and it is not unusual to see them settling
in our streets, enticed by the grateful odours of such sub-
stances. The burying beetles hunt in couples, male and
female ; and when six or eight are found in a large animal,
they are almost sure to be males and females in equal numbers.
They appear to hunt by the nose only, their movements being
mostly made in the night, vvhen the faculty of sight is of but
little service.

Now to the bulfinch: the beetle soon returned with his
bride. Neither seemed at first to discover the exact spot ; at
last the male espied it, and great comfort he expressed, wheel-
ing in circles about eighteen inches above it, in the manner of
an eagle, only some half dozen miles nearer the earth : the
female settled on it at once, without this testimonial of satisfac-
tion. The male at last settled also, and the bird underwent
the scrutiny of four at least of the senses — touch, smell, sight,
and taste — for the heads of both were continually diving among
the feathers of the bird, and a savoury and ample meal was made
before the great work of burying was began. After the beetles
had appeased the calls of hunger, the bird was abandoned for a
while, both of tliem examining, with great care, the earth all
round, to see whether it was a decent place for the funeral.
Being satisfied as to the decorum of the thing, the operation of
burying was commenced by the male ; the lady mounting the
bird, and for a time sitting quietly upon it, then hiding herself
among the feathers, and allowing herself to be buried with it.
The male began by digging a furrow all round the bird, at the
distance of about half an inch, turning the earth outside ; his
head was the only tool used in this operation ; it was held
sloping outwards, and seemed prodigiously powerful.

PRIVATE LIVES OF INSECTS. 509

After the first furrow was completed, another was made
within it, and the earth was thrown into the first furrow ; then
he made a third furrow, but this was under the bird, so that I
could only see a bit of him now and then, and I could only
judge for a long time of what was going on by the heaving of
earth, which formed a little rampart round the bird. As the ram-
part rose, the bird sank. After three hours' incessant labour,
the beetle eraei'ged, crawled on the bird, and took a survey of
his work. Here he remained about an hour, still as death — he
did not stir hand or foot; he then dismounted, dived again
into the grave, and kept on pulling the bird down by the
feathers for half an hour: its own weight seemed to sink it but
very little. The earth then began heaving and rising all round ;
it was for all the world like a little earthquake : the feathers of
the bird were again pulled, and again the bird descended. At
last, after about three hours' more labour, he came up, mounted
on the bird, took a survey, and then dropped down to rest as
though dead, or suddenly fallen fast asleep. When sufficiently
rested, he roused himself, trod the bird firmly into its grave,
pulled it by the feathers this way and that way, and, having
settled it to his mind, began to shovel in the earth : this he
did in a very short time, by means of his broad head. He went
behind the rampart of earth, and pushed it into the grave with
amazing strength and dexterity, his head being bent downward
at first, and then the nose chucked up with a kind of jerk,
which sent the earth forwards. After the grave was thus filled
up, and the earth trodden in, it underwent another keen scru-
tiny all round, the bird being completely hidden ; he then made
a hole in the still loose earth, and having buried the bird, and
his own bride, next buried himself.

The female burying beetle lays her eggs in the carcase of
the bird, in number proportioned to its size ; when this
operation is over, and the pair have eaten as much of the
savoury viand as they please, they make their way out, and
fly away in quest of further adventures. The eggs hatch in
two days, and produce flat, scaly grubs, which run about with
great activity. These grubs grow excessively fast, and very
soon consume all that their progenitors had left. As soon
as they are full grown, they leave off' eating, and, burrowing
deeper in the earth, change to chrysalises. The length of
time they remain in this state I don't know ; but when changed

510 PRIVATE LIVES OF INSECTS.

to beetles, they make round holes in the ground, from which
they come forth.

Private Life of the Coccus of the Vifie.

One of your correspondents asked a question, some time
ago, about the coccus of the vine, and in asking, mentioned
a circumstance of which I was then ignorant, and of which
I believe many are still ignorant, for I have never seen it
elsewhere in print ; that out of the coccus there comes a
multitude of little red spiders. I have since attended to these
cocci, and compiled their history. Here it is : —

Our vines are often annoyed, and sometimes rendered
barren, by an insect which is called the vine-gall, or vine-
coccus. The harm it does the vines is by pricking holes in
the rind, and thereby letting out the sap, or, as the gardeners
scientifically term it, making the vines bleed. Our climate is
not hot enough for this insect to breed very fast out of doors ;
but in hothouses it thrives and swarms, often doing great
mischief Sometimes there are such hosts of them, that the
young shoots are covered with a white cotton, which is in
reality a resinous gum, produced by the cocci. The coccus
pierces the bark by means of a sharp and long sucker, which
goes to the very centre of the shoot, causing the sap instantly
to flow in abundance. This piercing apparatus, although,
like other insects' mouths, in the head, is bent so far under
the breast, that it appears to proceed from that part, and I
find has been often so described. The cocci in the young, or
larva state, are all alike ; they look just exactly like little tiny
tortoises fixed to the rind, and sometimes leaves, of the vine.
Like other animals, the cocci are males and females ; the males
are desperate rovers. When they are tired of vegetating, they
push a hole through the back of their tortoise-like shell, and
fly away ; the females undergo no change in form on coming
of age, nor do they ever break loose from their moorings.

The male and female coccus are very diflferent not only in
size, but make : the male is a small, active, two-winged fly ;
the female is a large, lazy, and almost lifeless lump, ten times
the size of the male, and so closely attached to the rind of the
young shoots on which she feeds, that you cannot get her
away without killing her. When the female has attained this

PRIVATE LIVES OF INSECTS. 511

immense size, and her whole body is full of eggs, she begins
laying them, her body being glued down all round at the
edges to the rind of the twig ; but between her body and the
rind, except just round the edges, is a quantity of cottony
gum, spread over the whole space which she covers. The
laying of eggs is on a different system to that of any other
insect : the first egg is laid in the cottony substance without
causing any disturbance to the margin of her body glued to
the rind ; it does not stick like most other insects' eggs, but
lies quite loose in the cotton ; then another is laid, which
pushes the first a little forwards ; and then another, and
another, none of them being visible from without ; so that all
the eggs that the female coccus lays, she sits on, for all the
world, like a broody old hen.

The female coccus, like a good many other insects, when come
of age, is a complete bag of eggs. Now you will observe, that
as she lays them, and then pushes them under her body, they
must raise up the under skin of her body into a manifest con-
cavity ; so that the body itself daily gets thinner and thinner,
while the pile of eggs which it covers gets thicker and thicker.
At last the eggs are exhausted ; the under skin of the body
meets the upper skin, and grows hard and fast against it ; then
the old lady dies, and her body, like the roof of a house, protects
the inhabitants below from the inclemency of the weather.
In a few days from the death of the mother, the eggs hatch,
and become lively little runners, of a bright red colour. These
first devour the cottony stuff among which they were born ;
then they manage to lift up the edge of their covering, and
away they run, helter-skelter. This active life lasts but a
short time : they soon get hungry, pierce the rind of the
twigs, anchor themselves by the beak, settle down to serious
eating, and become fixtures for life. Yours, &c.

RUSTICUS.

Godalming, \7th Oct. 1834.

P. S. At one time I resolved not to touch on any subject
previously related by Kirby and Spence, and until the present
letter I believe I have not. I now have altered my mind. I
shall in future draw no such line, but go to work armed with
the instructions which they give me : where they have told

512 ENTOMOLOGICAL NOTES.

all, I shall be silent ; where I find they have told but part, I
shall add my mite. By a comparison of the two histories
above, it will be evident that the excellent " Introduction"
has been consulted; or if not evident, I do not desire to conceal
the fact.

Art. XL VII I. — Entomological Notes. By Edwakd

Newman.

(Continued from p. 31 5.)

Class, — Hymen optera.

Natural Order. — Apathites, Neivman.

Genus. — Melecta, Latreille.

It is pleasant to create a smile ; and I anticipate that many
smiles will be accorded me when I coolly assure your readers,
that I am going to make six distinct species out of Melecta
punctata, and that I cannot, for the life of me, tell to which
of these the name punctata properly belongs, and therefore
have given it to neither. It is pleasant to see one's new
species given, without comment, as synonyms ; and when
this happens, and happen it certainly will to my Melectfs, I
hope I shall take it as good-humouredly as Mr. Waterhouse
did, when he beheld his fourteen new Notiophili con-
signed to utter oblivion.

All my pretty ones ?
Did you say o// ? What! all?
What ! all my pretty chickens
At one fell swoop?

In these cases there is this comfort, that if the new-made
species are really species, they will in the course of time be
re-admitted : allow a year for each really new species parted
from an old one ; then the Notiophili will be re-admitted by
the year 47, and the Melectce — for I reckon them already
struck out — by the year 41.

ENTOMOLOGICAL NOTES. 513

1, Melee. Tisiphone. Nigra,- corpore, lateribus fusco-
cinereo obscure punctatis ; capite, tibiisque totis nigris.

Entirely black, with the exception of obscure lighter markings
on the side of the metapodeon and octoon ; and two minute
cinereous spots on the ennaton within its lateral margin.
Taken in the New Forest, Hampshire, by Capt. Blomer,

and obhgingly lent to me by Mr. Shuckard.

2. Melee. Mega^ra. Nigra; corpore, lateribus obscure albido
punctatis, cajnte tiigro, meso- et metatibiis extrorsumfiisco-
cinereo obscure jJtt'ictatis ad basin.

Black : head posteriorly is slightly tinged with fusco-cinereous ;
scutum of the prothorax, anterior portion of the scutum, and the
pleura of the mesothorax with a fusco-cinereous pilosity : on the
sides of the metapodeon and octoon are cinereous pilosities, two
minute cinereous spots on the ennaton and decaton, within their
lateral margin ; on the exterior part of the middle and hind tibiae
is an obscure fusco-cinereous mark at the base.

Taken in Herefordshire, in company with Andrena tibialis.

o. Melee. Alecto. Nigra ; corpore lateribus obscure fusco-
cinereo punctatis ; capite fusco-cinereo ; mesoiibiis extror-
sum fere omnino fusco-cinereis.

Black : head with tlie clypeus, cinereous ; the posterior portion
adjoining the prothorax clothed with a fusco-cinereous pilosity :
prothorax and scutum of mesothorax fusco-cinereous ; scutellum
of mesothorax, metathorax, and propodeon black, with black
pilosity ; lateral portions of these segments clothed with fusco-
cinereous pilosity ; anterior margin and sides of the propodeon,
and octoon, clothed with fusco-cinereous pilosity ; the ennaton
and decaton each with two minute whitish spots considerably
within the lateral margin : middle tibicE, with the exception of a
very small space at each end, fusco-cinereous.

Taken at Epping, Wandsworth, Deptford, &c. ; discovered
by Mr. Shuckard to be parasitic on Anihophora Haworthana.

4. Melee. Clotho. Nigra; corpore lateribus cinereo punc-
tatis; capite fusco-cinereo ; meso- et metatibiis extrorsum
cinereo obscure punctatis ad basin.

Black : head, particularly the clypeus, clothed with a cinereous
pilosity ; scutal and lateral portions of the pro- and mesothorax
NO. V. VOL. II. 8 U

514 ENTOMOLOGICAL NOTES.

cinereous ; scutellum of mesothorax, metathorax, and propodeon
black; lateral portions of propodeon cinereous; sides of metapodeon
and octoon with cinereous pilosity in distinct patches ; the ennaton
and decaton each with two white spots considerably within the
margin ; middle and hind tibiae with a cinereous mark at the base
externally.

Taken round London ; is parasitic on Anthophora retusa.

5. Melee. Lachesis. Nigra ; corpore, lateribus albo octo-
maculatis, capite nigro, Jiirszitie cinereo, clypeo argenteo ;
tibiis extrorsiim argenteo viaculatis ad basin.

Black : head with a cinereous pilosity posteriorly, and also between
the antennae ; clypeus of a silvery whiteness ; prothorax and
mesothorax anteriorly cinereous ; the portion of the latter between
the squamulse perfectly black ; metathorax and propodeon black,
the side of the latter cinereous ; metapodeon and three following
segments with a bright, decided, and somewhat quadrate white
spot on each side : all the tibiae with a bright white spot at the
base exteriorly.

Taken at Darent and Birch Woods, Kent; Dinmore Hill,
Herefordshire; on a bank, in company with females of Eucera
Longicornis.

6. Melee. Atropos. Nigra, liirsuta ; corpore, lateribus albo
decem-macidatis ; cajiite nigro, clypeo argenteo; tibiis
extrorsum cinereo punctatis ad basin.

Black, very hairy: head with a cinereous pilosity ; clypeus and basal
joint of the antennae clothed with hair of a silvery whiteness ; pro-
thorax and anterior portion of mesothorax clothed with long cine-
reous hair ; metathorax and propodeon black, sides of the latter
slightly cinereous; anterior half of the metapodeon cinereous:
this and the four following segments have a bright elongate white
spot on each side : all the tibiae, with the basal portion, cinere-
ous externally : body very short and robust, nearly spherical.

Taken at Leominster, Herefordshire ; and near London.

Mr. Kirby describes three of these species in his excellent
Monograiihia Apum ; the one which he has figured appears
to me the Alecto of the above series; and Mr. Curtis's
beautiful figure represents a variety of Lachesis.

ENTOMOLOGICAL NOTES. 515

Natural Order. — Cynipites, Newman.

Genus. — Figites.

Fig. Syrphi. Niger ; tibiis, tarsis, aniennisque medio piceis*
Brilliant shining black : antennae, with the basal and second joint)
black ; the four following joints pitchy red, and the apical portion
black ; the tibiag and tarsi are pitchy red ; the wings transparent,
slightly suffused with brown, darker across the middle ; their
expansion is about four lines ; the length of the body is about
two lines.

This species does not quite agree with Latreille's description
of Figites Scutellaris of Rossi, and Mr. Walker tells me that
he thinks it is not that species ; I have therefore ventured to
describe it previously to making the following note. I do not
recollect ever seeing any printed account of the economy of
this genus, and I believe it is generally concluded that Figites,
like Cynips, is a maker of galls, but this conclusion does not
seem founded on observation. I was examining a fine bed of
stinging nettles with Mr. Ingall, in September last, in order to
find the pupae o^ Atalanta, which abounded there; we observed
numbers of the larvge of Syrjihus Ribesii feeding very quietly
on Aphites. Mr. Ingall called my attention to one of the
larvae, which appeared to have something unusual attached to
it ; in trying to part this something from the larva, I drew out
a Hymenopterous insect of considerable magnitude, but un^
fortunately had handled it so roughly as to spoil it for a cabinet
specimen. The next day I observed another of the larvae in
the same plight, and determined to watch the progress of
events. I had the satisfaction to see a beautiful Figites
emerge from the back of the larva, its head being towards the
larva's tail ; when it was quite disengaged, the poor Syrphus
still retained life, though reduced to little more than skin. As
soon as the Figites had expanded and dried his wings, and
prepared for flight, I secured him.

Class. — Lepidoptera.

Natural Order. — Papilionites, Newman.
Genus. — Polyommatus.

From examining specimens of Polyommatus Agestis from ,^
different localities, I have arrived at a conclusion which will

516 THE DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES.

not, I fear, be coincided with by many of our Lepidopterists.
On the South Dovvns of Sussex and Kent, Agestis assumes
what may be called its typical form. I have taken it at Rams-
gate, Dovor, Hythe, Hastings, Rye, Brighton, Worthing,
Little Hampton, Chichester, Portsmouth, Isle of Wight,
Dorsetshire, Somersetshire ; and throughout this range it is
very similar : then, going upwards, I have met with it at
Worcester, Birmingham, Shrewsbury ; and here an evident
change has taken place, the band of rust-coloured spots
has become less bright ; at Manchester these spots have
left the upper wing almost entirely ; at Castle Eden Dean
they are scarcely to be traced, and a black spot in the centre
(5f the upper wing becomes fringed with white, in some speci-
mens it is quite white; the butterfly then changes its name to
Sidmach. We proceed further northwards, and the black pupil
leaves the eyes on the under side, until at Edinburgh they are
quite gone ; then it is called /h'taxerxes. The conclusion I
arrive at is this, that Agestis, Salmacis, and Artaxerxes, are
but one species.

Art. XLIX.— 0/i the Description of Species. By the Rev.
G. T. RuDD, M. A.

Much discouragement often impedes the first steps of the
young and ardent collector, from the difficulty he experiences
in satisfactorily determining the name of an insect he may
capture or possess, in consequence of the vague manner in
which the description of it is, too often, drawn up:'' from the
same cause, great and constant perplexity in nomenclature
embarrasses the more advanced and practised entomologist.
Whoever sits down to investigate and " make out " individuals
of a genus in which the described species are numerous, will
soon discover the unsatisfactory progress he can attain, the
uncertainty in which he remains, after the most careful study
of his author as to the specific types to which his several
specimens are to be referred.^ And whenever any particular
group becomes the subject of a monograph, we find the writer

' Kirby's Monog. Apuin Angliae. Gylleiilial's Insecta Suecica must be ex-
cepted.

'' The Genera Harpalus— Amara - CVrcyou— Aleochara, &c. of " Tbe Illus-
trations," for examples.

THE DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES. 517

of that monograph expressing the difficulties he encountered
in assigning to some or many of the previously-recorded species
their proper places, in consequence of the insufficient descrip-
tions of the authors who had characterized them.*= As a
knowledge of species is a necessary basis on which a more
scientific structure must be raised, and as every writer on
species wishes his labours to result in the instruction of those
for whose information they were directed, it becomes important
that the descriptions employed should be so accurate, and
drawn with such care, that the entomologist may gain, with
certainty and facility, an acquaintance with those objects he
desires to recognize, and understand fully the distinctions that
separate the species of a genus from each other. Whoever,
therefore, undertakes to write a monograph, or to describe
species, ought to be perspicuous and simple in his descrip-
tions, employing terms generally received and understood, and
defiling such characters only as tvill at once distinguish the
individual from which they are drawn from each and all of
its congeners. If he separates his insects, and raises them to
the rank of species on trifling differences, which it requires
*' an empirical tact to discover," it will no doubt be difficult for
him to express, in definite terms, such slight modifications of
variation ; indeed a very fair question will be raised, how far
he is warranted in assigning to such slight differences an
amount of value sufficient to determine that they are specific j
but if, uninfluenced by the paltry desire of detecting new spe-
cies, he has proceeded with caution, and has divided one insect
from another on intelligible appearances of dissimilarity of
form, sculpture, size, or colour, he can with accuracy define in
words what those visible differences are, and thus convey to
his reader a clear idea of the peculiar distinctive characters
which mark each supposed species. B will then be easily
recognized from A, — C from A and B, — D from E, — F, G,
and H from each other, and from A, B, C, D and E. The
business of a describer is, I conceive, to " define differences,"
and that so clearly, that if an entomologist has but a single
species in his collection belonging to the genus described, he
may be enabled, on referring to the monograph, to identify it,
or to satisfy himself it is unnoticed. It not unfi'equently

<" See Eatom. Mag;. Vol. II., pp. 254—259.

ol8 DESCRIPTION OF SOME

occurs that a writer distinguishes one species from another, in
his specific character, by terms of comparison, as " larger or
less," " broader or narrower," " smoother or more punctured,"
&c. &c. " than the preceding," or than some other ; a mode of
description vague and unsatisfactory, and obviously useless in
all cases where the investigator does not possess *' the pre-
ceding" or the standard of comparison, a case of constant
occurrence. Such a mode of description ought to be avoided.
It is no doubt true that perfectly distinct species are so closely
allied, that the line of separation is but slender ; still, slender
as it may be, it must be such as is capable of being expressed
in words, and it is the more necessary to use great care in
giving j)^ominence to the definition of this slight character.
I am well aware how trite these observations are, and how
forcibly they have been expressed in your first volume ; but so
long as we find they are neglected by writers, it cannot be
unnecessary to call their attention to them. A hint may be of
value, — it may induce future describers to look carefully to the
execution of the task they undertake, so that their labours may
be as useful and as highly esteemed as their intentions are
laudable. I would entreat them to weigh well the admirable
observation — " Character non est ut genus fiat, sed ut genus
dignoscatur." If they desire a model, let them imitate the
unequalled Monog. Apum Anglise of the venerable, the be-
loved Kirby; or the justly popular work of the distinguished
Gyllenhal.

Art. L. — Descriptions of some British Species of Anacharis.
By Francis Walker.

Anacharis,^ Dalman. — ( Hymenoptera Cynipites.)

Corpus angustum, convexum. atrum, nitens, Iseve, compactum, parce
et breviter hirtum : caput mediocre, transversum, subquadratum,
thorace pauUo latius, sulculispostice transversis ; vertex inter ocellos
elevatus : oculi mediocres, laterales, globosi, obscure rufi: ocelli in
triang'alo supra verticem positi ; medius paullulum ante laterales
prostans : mandibulse mediocres, arcuatae, dentibus magnisacutis
3 armata) : maxillae longae, graciles, subarcuatse ; laciniae acumi-

'' 'Afa, retro ; Kilpai, absciiulo.

BRITISH SPECIES OF ANACHAKIS. 519

natae, lobatas ; palpi 4-articulati, graciles, longitudine mediocri ;
articuli 1"^ et 2"\ mediocres, lineares, subaequales ; 3^^. longi-
cyathiformis, intus apice angulatus, 2°, pauUo brevior ; 4"^ sub-
fusiformis, 3°. longior et gracilior : labium longum, angustum,
fere lineare ; ligula brevis, lata, integra; palpi 3-articulati, breves,
clavati ; articuli P^. et 2"^. graciles, lineares, hie brevissimus ;
3"^. longi-ovatus, crassus, 1". longior : antennas articulis mari 14,
fern. 13, corporis circiter longitudine, graciles, filiformes, pilis bre-
vissimis hirti ; articuli 1"^ et 2"*. nitidi, glabri, hie subrotundus
parvus, ille validus basi gracilior ; 3"^ et sequentes ad postremo
proximum graciles, filiformes, longitudine gradatim decrescentes ;
ultimus subfusiformis, pauUo longior : thorax ovatus, altus, pos-
tice angustior, subtus et utrinque punctatus striatus parilm nitens :
prothorax minimus, supra vix conspicuus : mesothorax maximus;
scuti parapsidum suturae bene determinatse, punctatse, postice
mutuo accedentes ; paraptera et epimera conspicua ; scutellum
subrotundum, extans, basi utrinque impressum, apice abrupte
declive : metathorax mediocris, obscurus, scaber, declivis : petio-
lus gracillimus, teres, glaber, metathorace infimo insertus, longi-
tudine varius : abdomen longiovatum, glabrum, acuminatum ;
segmenta 6 transversa parallela conspicua, basale magnum,
sequentia ad ultimum gradatim decrescentia ; segmenta ventralia
lamina angusta occulta : oviductus brevis, abdominis apicem non
transiens : pedes longi, graciles, simplices, recti, pilis brevissimis
hirti ; tibiae apice bispinosae ; protibiae spina unica longa valida
curva armatje ; tarsi articulis 1°. ad 4™^. longitudine decrescenti-
bus ; 5"^. 4°. longior ; ungues et pulvilli parvi : protarsi articulo
1°. subtus incise : alae mediocres, subtilissime pubescentes, pili
inter costam et nervum 1"™. longiores : proalse nervis 4; l"^
s. longitudinalis alae basi emergens, subcostam spatio excurrens,
dein abrupte flexus illam attingens et alse apicem accedens ; 2"^.
s. transversus basalis 1°. subcostali excurrente decedens, in alae
discum recte declivis et desinens ; 3"^. 5. transversus medius 1^
angulo progreditur, in alaj discum excurrit ubi 4°. s. extimo trans-
verso recurrente jungitur et conficitur : metalas nervo unico sub-
costali simplici.

Fein, antennae breviores articulo ultimo crassiore, petiolus brevior,
abdomen longius et acutius.

Anacharis has many characters, which together distinguish it from
the other genera of Cynipites ; among these, are — the filiform and
slender antennae, about as long as the body ; the scutellum smooth
and shining, neither gibbous nor acuminate, perpendicular behind^
so as to form a right angle when viewed sideways ; the long slen-

520 DESCRIPTION OF SOME

der polished petiole ; the oval compact abdomen ; the short con-
cealed ovipositor, and the few and clearly defined nervures of the
wings. It differs very much from Cynips in the structure of the
abdomen, and the nervures of the wings, and has more resemblance
to Figites ; but the latter has the antennae formed differently, the
scutellum tuberculate, the petiole very short, the abdomen com-
pressed, and the nervures of the wings generally more developed.
There are some species which will form a new genus : they have
thicker antennae than Anacharis, and a rough, punctured, and
much shorter petiole, &c. The latter are not uncommon on hedges
and lime trees, &c. during the summer and autumn ; they run
very rapidly, and are probably parasitic.

Sp. 1. Ana. tinctus. Mas et Fern. Petiolo ahdom'inis cir-
c'lter longitudine, i^edibiis fulvis aut Jlavis, alls mh/ime
fulvo tinctis, nervis ferrughieis, extiino inceo.

Ater aut eeneo-ater : antennae nigrae, subtus nigro-piceae : petiolus
mari abdominis longitudine, fern, paullo brevior : pedes fulvi ;
coxae nigrse ; metatrochanteres piceae ; metafemora a basi fere ad
apicem ferruginea ; ungues, pulvilli et metatarsi fusci : alae hya-
linae, minime fulvotinctae ; squamulae et nervi ferruginea ; nervus
extimus transversus crassus, piceus. (Corp. long. If — 2 lin. ;
alar. 2| — 2i lin.)
Var. /3. — Mas, antennae nigro-piceae, subtus ferruginese ; artieuli

V^. et 2"^ nigri : metafemora omnino fulvo.
Var. y. — Fem. antennae piceae, subtus ferrugineae ; artieuli 1"^ et

2"s. nigri.
Var. h. — Fem. antennae fulvae, apice fuscae; articulus 1"^ niger, 2"^
piceus : pedes fiavi ; coxas nigrae ; tarsi apice, ungues et pulvilli
fusci ; metatarsi fusci, basi fulvi : alae nervo longitudinali basi
flavo.

July; near London. September; Isle of Wight; Ma-
chynlleth, North Wales.

Sp. 2. Ana. typicus. Mas et Fem. A. tincto similis, i^e-
t'lolo breviore.

Ater aut ccneo-ater : antennae nigrae, subtus picese : petiolus longi-
tudine f abdominis : pedes flavi ; coxae nigrae ; metatrochanteres
picei; fem. metafemora basi ferruginea; tarsi apice ferruginei ;
metatarsi mart ferruginei, fem. fusci : alse subhyalinae, nonnun-
quam minime fulvo tinctaj ; squamulae et nervi ferruginea ; nervus

BRITISH SPECIES OF ANACHARIS. 52l

longitudinalis basi flavus ; nervus extimus transversus crassus,
piceus. (Corp. long, ll — 1| lin. ; alar. 2 — 2| lin.)

Var. /3. — Mas, metafemora basi ferruginea ; metatarsi fusci : alas

nervo longitudinali omnino ferrugineo.
Var. y. — Mas, antennae picese, subtus ferruginese.
Var. B. — Mas, metatrochanteres ferruginei.
Var. e. — Fern, antennae nigro-fusc3e, subtus pallidiores : metafennora

omnino flava ; metatarsi ferruginei.

July and August; near London. June; Isle of Wight.

Sp. 3. Ana. eucharioides. Mas et Fern. A. typico similis

sed brevior, aim albo-limpidce.
Cynips Eucharioides . Dolman Act. Holm. 1818. I. 78. 2-
Anacharis Eucharioides. Dolman Analecta Entomologico,
95.6.

Ater aut aeneo-ater : antennae nigro-picese, subtus pallidiores ; articuli
lus. et 2^^ nigri : petiolus abdominis dimidio longior: pedes flavi;
coxae nigra; ; metatrochanteres picei ; tarsi apice ferruginei ; meta-
tarsi fusci, /em. basi flavi : alze albo-limpidae ; squamulae et nervi
ferruginea ; nervus longitudinalis basi flavus ; nervus extimus
transversus crassus, piceus. (Corp. long. 1 — 1| lin. ; alar. If—
2. lin.)

Var. j3. — Mas et Fern, antennae articulo 2°. piceo : metapedum
trochanteres et tarsi fulvi.

Var. y. — Fern. Var. /3. similis: antennae articulis 3°. ad 13"™. fulvis.

June; near London; Windsor Forest; Isle of Jersey.
September ; Isle of Wight.

Sp. 4. Ana. imraunis. Mas. Prcecedenti similis ; petiolus
multo brevior.

Ater: antennae nigro-picese, subtus pallidiores ; articulus 1"^ ater :
petiolus abdominis dimidio brevior : pedes flavi ; coxae nigrae ;
metatrochanteres piceae ; metafemora basi ferruginea ; tarsi apice
et metatarsi omnino pallide fusci : alas limpidae ; squamulae et
nervi ferruginea ; nervus longitudinalis basi fulvus ; nervus ex-
timus transversus crassus, piceus. (Corp. long. \\ lin. ; alar. 2 lin.)

Var. jo. — Abdomen subtus fuscum : pedes flavi ; coxje nigrae.
Nuper perfectus ?

July ; near London.

NO. V. VOL. II. 3 X

522 NOTICE OF ENTOMOLOGICAL WORKS.

Sp. 5. Ana. ensifer. Mas et Fern. Prcecedenfibus omninb
diversus; petiolus brevior ; abdomen compressum.

Ater : anteniiEe nigrse, subtus nigro-picese ; articuli P^ et 2^8. omnino
nigri : petiolus abdominis triente brevior : abdomen fern, prse-
sertim angustum, compressum : pedes rufi ; coxae nigrae ; meta-
pedes picei, tibiis rufis apice ferrugineis ; fern, mesopedes et
profemora rufo-picea : alse albo-limpidas ; squamulas et nervi
ferruginea ; nervus extimus transversus mediocris, piceus. (Corp.
long. 14 — U lin. ; alar. 2—2^ lin.)

Var. (i. — Fern, pedes rufi; coxae nigrae; metapedes ferruginei; tro-
chanteres et tarsi picei.
June ; near London ; Windsor Forest.
It resembles a Figites in the shape of its abdomen.

Art. LI. — Notice of Entomological WorJis.

1. British E?itomology, bij John Curtis. Nos. 127 to
132. Jtily to December, 1834.

2. Illustrations of British Entomology ; by J. F. Stephens.
Nos. LXV. to LXVIIL — The author, on the wrapper, an-
nounces his intention of completing the work in 24 additional
numbers, making the whole work to consist of 14 volumes. In the
9 volumes already before us, the Coleoptera and Lepidoptera
are not yet complete, and no other class is begun. We hope
that Mr. Stephens will allow at least an equal space to Hymen-
optera and Diptera, which contain as many species as the two
classes he has described ; and the Orthoptera, Hemiptera, and
Neuroptera, cannot be completed in less than one volume ;
appendix and tables must take another small volume, thus
allowing 20 volumes for the whole work. We assert, without
hesitation, that the subject cannot be ivell treated in less, and
we are very sorry to hear of this proposition for curtailing the
part which is to come. The plan of the work may probably
have been too diffuse ; but we think it should be continued in
the present style, or otherwise the work abandoned when the
classes in hand are completed. In the latter case, it will be a

NOTICE OF ENTOMOLOGICAL WORKS. 523

complete and invaluable work ; and if not perfect, it is at least
as perfect as the present state of the science can make it: it will
be a monument of industrious research, and a credit not merely
to the individual, but to the country which has produced it.

3. TJie London and Edinhurgh Philosophical Magazine
and Journal of Science. Third Series. No. 25. July 1834.
— In this number are characters of several undescribed species,
and of one new genus {Neriene) of Araneidce; by John
Blackwall, Esq.

4. Etudes Entomologiques ; par M. de Laporte. Livrai-
son 1. Paris, 1834. — In this work the author proposes a new
arrangement of insects, of which the following is the outline : —

A. Mandibulata,

1 Order Isoptera (part of Neuroptera of Authors).

2 — Hymenoptera.

3 — Strepsiptera (Stylops).

4 — Neuroptera (part of Neuroptera of Authors).

5 — Arkiptera (part of Neuroptera of Authors).

6 — Dermaptera (Orthoptera of Authors).

7 — Coleoptera.

B. Haustellata.

8 — Hemiptera (Hemiptera Heteroptera).

9 — Homoptera (Genus Cicada, Lin.).

10 — Gynaptera (Genus Aphis).

11 — Phauloptera (Genus Coccus).

12 — Aptera (Anoplura, Leach).

13 — Siphonaptera (Genus Pulex).

14 — Diptera.

5. Recherches pour servir a Vhistoire et a V anatomic des
Phryganides ; par Francois Jules Pictet. Geneve, 1834.
20 Plates.

Our illustrious countryman, the late Sir Humphry Davy,
instituted a prize for the encouragement of the physical and
natural sciences at Geneva ; this prize is allotted to the work
before us, which has our unqualified approbation. It contains
a history of all preceding works on this tribe ; also, figures and
descriptions of their external and internal anatomy, and of the
species, with many of their larvae and pupae, &c, found in the
basin of Geneva.

524 NOTICE OF ENTOMOLOGICAL WORKS.

6. Abhildungen zur Berichtigung mid Ergdnzung Sclimet-
tenlingkunde, besonders der Microlepidopterologie, S^c,
herausgegeben von J. E. Fischer. 1 Heft, mit 5 illumi-
nirten Kupfern. Leijizig, 1834.— Intended for a supplement
to Treitschke's and Hiibner's European Lepidoptera, and con-
taining illustrations of the Tortricites and Tineites, with their
larvae and pupae : the figures are well coloured.

7. Die Schmetterlinge von Europa {Fortsetzung des
Ochsenheimerschen Werks), von Friedrich Treiischke. Neun-
ter Band. Leipzig, 1832 & SS.

8. Deutschlands Fauna, 8fc. von Jacob Sturm. V. Ab-
theilung, Die Insecten. Achtes Bundchen. K'afer. Mit 18 illu-
minirten Kupfertafeln. Number g, 1834.

9. De Gammari Pulicis Fabr. Historia Naturali atqiie
sanguinis circuitu comnientatio, auctore J. C. Zenker. Acce-
dit Tabula cenea. Jena, 1832.

10. Beitr'dge zur Naturgeschichte der Bankenfiisser {Cirri-
peda). Von Hermann Burmeister. Mit zwei Kupferta-
feln. Berlin. 1834.

11. Jahrhucher der Insecienkunde, mit hesondern RUck-
sicJit auf die Sammlung im Konigl. Museum zur Berlin he-
rausgegeben von Dr. F. Klug. Erster Band. Mit 2 illumi-
nirten Kupfertafeln. Berlin, 1834.

12. Coleopteres du Mexique ; par A. Chevrolat. Fas-
cicules] et2. Strasbourg, 1834.

13. Histoire Naturelle des Lepidopteres Rhopaloceres ou
Papillons diurnes, des departemens des Haut-et BasRhin,
de la Moselle, de la Meurthe et des Vosges, puhlite par L. P.
Cantener. Livraisons 1 et 2. Paris, 183 L

14. Abhandlungen der Koniglichen Akademic der Wisseu'
schaften zu Berlin. Aus dem Jahre, 1832. Bericht. iiber
eine auf Madagascar veranstaltete Sammlung von Insecten
aus der Ordnung Coleoptera. Von H'\ Klug. Berlin, 1834.

NOTICE OF ENTOMOLOGICAL WORKS. 525

15. Faune Entomologique de Madagascar, Bourbon et
Maurice. Lepidopteres, par le Docteur Boisduval. Avec
des notes sur les moeurs, par M. Sganzin, Livraisons 1 — 8,
Paris.

16. Hymenopterorum Ichneumonibus affinium, Monogra-
phicB, Genera Etiropcea et species illustrantes. Scripsil C.

G. Nees ah Esenheck Dr. Volumen Primum. Stuttgartice et
Tuhingce, 1834.

17. Catalogue des Coleopteres de la Collection de M. le
Comte Dejean, Livraison S. Paris, 1833.

18. Die Wanzenartigen Insecten. Getreu nach der
Natur abgebildet und beschrieben von D. Carl. Wilh. Hahn. ;
Erster Band, 5, 6 Hefte. 1833. Zweiter Band, 1—4
Hefte. Niirnberg, 1834.

19. Die Arachniden. Getreu nach der Natur abgebildet
und beschrieben von D. Carl. Wilh. Hahn. ; Zweiter Ba?id,
2, 3 Hefte. Nurnberg, 1834.

20. Genera et species CurcuUonidum, cum Si/nonymia
hujus familicE ; a C. J. Schoenherr, S^c. Tomus II. Pars 2.
Parisiis, 1834.

2\. Iconographie du Regne Animal de M. le Baron Cu-
vier ; par M. F. E. Guerin. Paris. Livraisons 35 et SQ.
Insectes, pi. 32, ZS, 34, 35, 49, bis, 50 et m.

22. Monographie des Cetdines, et Genres voisins, i^c. ,■
par M. H Gory, et M. A. Percheron. Livraisons 4 — 6.
Paris, 1833.

23. Iconograj^hie, 8fc. des ColeojHeres d' Europe; par M.
le Comte Dejean, et M. le Docteur J. A. Boisduval. Tome
IV. Livraisons 3, 4, 5 et 6.

24. Magasin de Zoologie ; par F. E. Guerin. Paris, 1833^
1834. — With figures and descriptions of several insects;
among them Trochalonota and Malagocaster, two new genera

52G NOTICE OF ENTOMOLOGICAL WORKS.

o^ Colcoptera; also observations on the Melasomata, by M.
Guerin, who announces that he is about to publish a complete
monograph on that family of Coleojjtera.

25. Revue Entomologique, publiee par Giistave Silbermann.
Strasbourg. Livraisotis 9 et 10. 1834. — The Chief essay in
these numbers is entitled " Observations critiques sur la syno-
nymic des Carabiques, par M. Aug. Brulle."

26. Annahs des Sciences Naturelles. Tome Premier.
Zoologie Fevrier et Mars. Paris, 1834. — Among the ento-
mological articles, are continuations of the two essays which
we mentioned in p. 317 of our last number.

27. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France.
Tome III. Trimestres I, 2 et 3. Paris, 1834. — The classifi-
cation of Cerambycidce, by M. Audinet Serville, is here con-
cluded. These numbers also contain, 1. A long essay on the
Serricornes, or Elaterid<^, and neighbouring genera, by the late
Latreille. 2. On the species of Coccus which inhabit the
environs of Aix, by M. Boyer de Fonscolombe. 3. Observa-
tions, by the same author, on the genera Lithurgus and Phyl-
loxera ; the latter a new genus allied to Aphis. One species is
described {P. Quercus) which is gregarious in all stages of
growth, beneath the leaves of oak trees in Provence. 4. An
excellent monograph of the Rhipiceridce, hy M.F. de Laporte,
whose Monograph of the Diaperidce and Essay on the Hemip-
tera, &c., have already placed him high among all entomolo-
gists. 5. Catalogue of the Lepidopilera of the department of
Lozere, by M. Duponchel. 6. Observations on the tribe of
HydrophilidcB, by M. Solier. 7. On two new species of
Ichneumonidce, the one parasitic upon the larva of Myrmeleon

formicarium, the other on Barynotus elevatus and Otiorhyn-
chus lignarius, by M. Boudier. 8. On the Platyomidce, or
Tortricites, by M. Duponchel. 9. An essay on the Coleop-
tera Heteromera, by M. Solier, &c.

28. Histoire Naturelle des Lepidopteres, ou Papillons de
France, par Godart, continuee par M. Duponchel. Tome IX.
Nocturnes; Tome VI., livraison 2. Supplement, %c. ; Tome
I. livraisons 15 el 16. Paris.

NOTICE OF ENTOMOLOGICAL WORKS. 521

29. Iconographie des Chenilles, ^c. : par M. Dupoiichel.
Tome I. Livraison 10. Paris.

30. Icones Historiques des Lepidopteres nouveaux ou peu
connus ; par le Docteur Boisdiival. Livraisons 25 et 26.
Paris.

31. Collection Iconograpthique et Historique des Chenilles^
8fc.; par MM. Boisduval, Rambiir et Graslin. Livraisons
23 et 24. Paris.

32. Nouveaux Memoires de la Societe Impsriale des Na-
turalistes de Moscou. Tome. III. Moscou, 1834. Notice
sur quelques Ltpidopteres des Antilles, avec la description de
plusieurs esptces nouvelles, par M. Menetries.

33. The management of Bees, ; ^c. by Samuel Bagsier,
jun. Bagster : London, 1834. — This is the most complete,
concise, and interesting history of bees that we have ever met
with : the author gives us no great deal of his own, but in his
selections and quotations from the highest authorities in
apiarian lore he has shown great judgment. The work is illus-
trated with numerous good wood-cuts, and an excellent coloured
plate, from a drawing by Mr. Charles Curtis. We have lately
been so talkative on bees that we must not say more at present,
or our readers will think us infected with a bee-mania.

34. Sketch of the Natural History of Yarmouth; by C. J.
and James Paget. Longman: London, 1834. — An interesting
and meritorious publication, and one which has given us much
pleasure. All local lists are very valuable, but — we wish we
had never to use buts — there is a fault in all local lists that we
have seen ; it is this: there is a difficulty in getting the rarer
species named at a distance from London, and therefore these
go unnamed, and make no appearance in the list. The same
objection we made to Mr. Wilson's Entomologia Edinensis,
and in making it we were a little misunderstood. Mr. Wilson,
doubtless, in his researches, met with many species which it was
difficult or impossible to identify; now these were the very
insects about which an entomologist would have felt interested.

528 NOTICE OF ENTOMOLOGICAL WORKS.

we doubt not that the insects described arc natives of the Edin-
burgh district, but they are, nearly all of them, distributed over
the kingdom, and, probably from the greater number of ento-
mologists, seem to be remarkably abundant in the London
district: we therefore felt disappointed. We perfectly agree
with all of Mr. Swainson's remarks at p. 439.

35. The Grammar of Entomology ; by Edward Newman.
Westley and Davis : London, 1835. — This work has long been
the chief desideratum in Entomology. We have seen it in
sheets, and shall simply announce the plan on which it is
written, by giving its contents. It is divided into four books;
each book is introduced with an engraving by Mr. IngalL

BOOK I. — HISTORY OF INSECTS.

Chapter I. History of Insects in general. — II. Silkworm. —

III. Apple-Moth.— IV. Mosquito.— V. Bot.— VI. Bee.—
VII. Ichneumon. — VIII. Burying Beetle. — IX. Apple
Weevil.— X. Earwig.— XI. Locust. — XII. Coccus.— XIII.
Hop-fly.— XIV. Ant-lion.— XV. White Ant.— XVI. Con-
cluding Observations.

BOOK II. PHYSIOLOGY OF INSECTS.

Chapter I. Physiology of Insects in general. — II. Organs
of Support in general. — III. Organs of Support in the Head. —

IV. Of the Wings and Legs. — V. Of the Characters of
Surface.— VI. Of Muscles.— VII. Of Nerves.— VIII. Of the
Alimentary Canal. — IX. Of the Organs of Circulation. — X.
Of the Organs of Respiration. — XI. Concluding Observations.

BOOK III. CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTS.

Chapter I. Classification of Insects in general. — II. Classi-
fication of Lepidoptera. — III. Diptera. — IV. Hymenoptera. —

V. Coleoptera. — VI. Orthoptera. — VII. Hemiptera. — VIII.
Neuroptera. — IX. Concluding Observations.

BOOK IV. — PRESERVATION OF INSECTS.

Chapter I. Apology for the Collector of Insects. — II. Dress
and Instruments of the Collector. — III. On Capturing Insects.
— IV. On Killing and Setting Insects. — V. Entomological
Cabinets. — VI. Entomological Books. — VII. Entomological
Investigations. — VIII. Entomological Societies.

VARIETIES. 529

36. Lardner's Cabinet Cyclopaedia. No. LIX. A Pre-
liminary Discourse on the Study of Natural History, by
TVilliam Sivainson, Esq. London : Longman, 1834. Every
naturalist should possess this work.

Art. LIl. — Varieties.

47. Addendum to Mr. Bird's communication at p. 39. — Sir, In

looking at my contribution to the volume of the Entomological

Magazine completed with the present number, poor as the

contribution is, it may be worth while to correct what is wrong,

and to add something to it. — P. 42, line 1. " Those which

I do not take by the lamp." I intended to limit this to the

class, LejjidojJtera. — P. 43. In the list of Coleoptera, Callistus

lunatus should be omitted ; I take it at Caversham, seven miles

off, on chalk. In the list oi Diptera, I ought to have inserted

Chironomus cestivus. $ During the present year, I have added

to the Burghfield insects Tipula nigra? Notodonta perfusca,

Clostera reclusa, Sesia Bombyliformis, and Nonagria crassi-

cornis. I have taken a few specimens of Grammesia bilinea,

Argyrolepia Turionella and Sargus Reaumuri. Cynthia

Cardui has been very common here. We have seen a few

specimens of Colias Electra.,

Burghfield, Yours, &C. C. S. BiRD.

13^/* October, 1834.

48. Capture of Deilephila Celerio and D. Galii. — I have
had the good fortune to procure this autumn a specimen of each
of these rare British SpJiinyites, Galii was taken on a major
convolvulus about the middle of the ninth month (September),
in a sort of court-yard; there was no other plant near it.
Celerio was taken on a heap of stones early in the tenth month
(October), and brought to me alive. Four specimens of Colias
Hyale have been taken here this autumn by different col-
lectors.

Brighton, ISAAC GrAY BasS.

24^/i Nov. 1834,

49. Query respecting Hyale and Lathonia. — Sir, Can you
inform me what authority Mr. Standish has for saying that

NO. V. VOL. II. 3 Y

530 VARIETIES'.

Hyale and Lathonia have been taken this year in Northum-
berland? I am pretty sure that I know all the collections in
the county, and have never heard of such captures ; indeed, I
think them extremely improbable. I have both insects from
the south of England.

Newcastle, GeorGE WaiLES.

lAth October, 1834.

50. Colias Europome again. — Sir, In a list of Wor-
cestershire Lepidoptera, prepared by an excellent and most
indefatigable naturalist, Mr. Edwin Lees, of Worcester, and
recently published in the appendix to a lecture by Dr. Hastings,
occurs the following notice of this insect: " Colias Europome
has been noticed in the meadows near the confluence of the
Avon and Severn, flying with great swiftness in August, but is
a rare insect." The following notices, from the same list,
seem worthy of a corner in your Magazine. *' Colias Chry-
sotlieme. — Rare. Near Worcester, in the cabinet of Mr.
A. Edmonds." " Vanessa Antiopa. — Very uncommon ; but
has been captured at Barbourne, near Worcester." *' Lyccena
dispar. — Very rare in this county : a solitary individual has
been taken." " Polyommatus Acis. — Taken at Hawford, near
Worcester, and in the Trench woods." " Deilephila Livornica.
—Near Worcester; but rare. D. Celerio. — Rare." In addition
to these, I may add, that a fine specimen of Argynnis Lathonia
was taken some years back by my friend, Samuel Alexander
Burlingham, of Worcester, not far from the town.

Deptford. EdWARD NewMAN.

51. Nyssia sonaria. — My brother, Benjamin Cooke, found
a pupa in the sand in September, 1832, in the same locality
where I have captured the moth, from which he hatched a
female on the 27th of February, 1833. About the same time,
a considerable number of moths were found ; and during the
.same month of the present year I found them so abundant,
that I could scarcely walk without treading on them. I have
only observed them about one locality ; but I think it is very
probable they may be found on other parts of the coast.

Leicester, NICHOLAS CoOKE.

17th Nov. 1834.

52. Curious economy of Gyriniis Villosus. — The Memoirs

VARIETIES. 531

'ofthe Belfast Natural History Society for January, 1834, con-
tain a notice by Mr. Robert Patterson, V. P. of the discovery
of an unusual inhabitant in a fresh water shell ( Limnceua
pereger). When the shell was taken out of the pool, its
mouth was stopped with what appeared a mass of clay ; but
proved to be a fragment of some aquatic plant of suitable length,
the space between it and the margin of the aperture being filled
with slime. The interior of this mass was lined M'ith a soft,
whitish, silky substance, which extended to the margin of the
aperture. The chamber was occupied by a living individual of
Gyrinus villosus. Nothing was observed by which the object
of this occupancy might be explained. A member of the So-
ciety, Mr. G. C. Hyndman, referring to the habits of G. natator
which is transformed in a silken cocoon, suggested that the
larva of G. villosus might have taken possession of an empty
shell in which to undergo its change, and that the beetle found
in it might be recently disclosed ; but the fact, that the cocoon
of the former is suspended above water, is unfavourable to this
view.

Qucere? Is this an accidental occurrence, or does it indicate
a peculiarity in the habits of this Subgenus ?

A. H. Haliday.

53. Fsychoda nervosa, — I have bred this insect in great
numbers from putrescent Boleti.

A. H. Haliday.

54. Chlorops lineata. — This insect is always very abundant
in houses during the spring and autumn ; but in September
and October last it quite darkened the ceilings and windows in
Middlesex and Hertfordshire with its innumerable hosts, and is
common, even now, in December. The larva is unknown. — N.

55. On the Husk in Cattle. — Sir, Having a disease
among my young cattle which appears but little understood, at
least in this part of the country, and which threatens to be
somewhat formidable in its effects, I am induced to communi-
cate, as far as my observations enable me, although the results
have not been satisfactory, some account of it ; partly for the
benefit of those who may have seen less, and partly to solicit
iiiformation through your useful columns, from those who may
have seen more of the disease than myself. It first made its

532 VARIETIES.

appearance among my weaning calves, from two to nine months
old, twenty of which were weaned off, and seven younger ones
still fed from the pail, and kept near home ; both lots became
affected about the same time, which is about a month since;
the whole twenty-seven have had it, eight have died, some
-have got better, scarcely any have quite recovered ; some have
died in a few days, others linger for weeks. They are reared
on milk, hay tea, linseed jelly, gruel made from wheat meal
and pot liquor, with salt mixed, and fed three times a day.

The symptoms are, cough, (particularly when driven,) short
breathing, with a discharge of frothy saliva at the mouth, dul-
ness, and hanging of the head and ears. I first treated it for
inflammation on the lungs, by bleeding, blistering the sides,
and opening drenches of Epsom salts with oil. When one or
two had died, I recollected having seen in the " Farmer's
Journal," some years ago, an account of a disease with symp-
toms somewhat similar, caused by worms in the throat, and
which was stated to have been cured by pouring turpentine
into the nostrils. On opening those that had died, I found
the worms inside the windpipe, and down into and throughout
the lungs, from one to three inches long, and very white, so
that when the lungs were cut open, they had the appearance
of being interwoven with white thread ; I examined them with
a microscope, — they are somewhat hke a common earthworm,
but whiter. I tried several experiments as to wliat would kill
them quickest. I found lime, salt, and spirits of turpentine, all
effectual, even mixed with water ; but the difficulty is getting
any thing to the part so as to come in contact with the disease,
the stomach and lungs being so completely separate.

Mr. White, of Wells, in Somersetshire, in his Treatise on
Cattle Medicine, says, — the " hoarse or cough generally
attacks calves in winter, and is caused by very small worms
being* engendered in the branches of the windpipe. It is
sometimes cured when attended to early, but if neglected at
this period, more commonly proves fatal. The remedy that
has been found most effectual is a drench, composed of a table-
spoonful of oil of turpentine, a little sweet oil, with six ounces
of warm water, poured into the nostrils ; probably the worms
would be destroyed if the calf were made to breathe the vapour
of oil of turpentine, or a mixture of turpentine and tar. I
succeeded in one case, that was rather recent, by giving two

VARIETIES. 533

ounces of common salt, dissolved in water, and a moderate
quantity of good hay, morning and evening. The cause is,
probably, a cold moist atmosphere, and an insufficient quantity
of wholesome food."

In the " Complete Grazier," a work of considerable merit,
the " Cough " in calves is treated on merely as a common
cough, arising from frequent colds caused by vicissitudes of the
weather, and the cure recommended is *' half a table-spoonful
of spirit of turpentine poured into the nostrils."

Mr. Green, of Westerham, who is an experienced and prac-
tical man, says he has frequently had the disease in his cattle,
and has never found any great difficulty in curing them, by
giving about a quart of decoction of walnut leaves as a drench;
he termed it the " Husk;" and had observed it to have been
caused by worms in the lungs and windpipe. I have been
trying this remedy, among others, for the last fortnight, but
without the slightest appearance of success. The manner in
which [ did it was, to fill a copper with walnut-leaves chopped
fine, then as much water as the copper would hold, boiled it
for five or six hours, and gave the liquor warm to the calves ;
some drank it readily from the pail. I allowed some to drink
from two to three quarts, and repeated it every other morning.
I have persevered with the turpentine and oil, both as drenches
and in the nostrils, (having plenty of subjects to experimental-
ize upon.) To some I have given grains of calomel ; to others
strong doses of sulphur ; rubbing in oil of turpentine on their
sides, thinking it possible it might do good by absorption,
tarring the noses of all, sick or well, every two days, and giving
salt frequently.

Having ascertained that a small quantity of lime would kill
the worms when taken out, it struck me that if the cattle were
made to inhale the particles of it when fresh slaked, it might
be beneficial. I accordingly put them in a close building, put
a quantity of lime on the floor, and threw a little water over it,
keeping their heads over it during the emission of the gas, as
long as they could bear it, and when run to powder swept and
buffeted it about till some were ready to drop of suffocation ;
this I repeated every two days, but, (although I still have
as much faith in the efficacy of this as in any remedy I have
heard of,) I cannot boast of any very evident benefit from it; I
think it may be possible that a sufficient quantity of the particles
of lime may be inhaled, the caustic properties of which may

534 VARIETIES,

destroy the worms without destroying the life of the animal. I
have consulted several veterinarians, most of whom appeared
to think the disease in some measure infectious, but are not
very well agreed as to the cause and cure. Mr. Coleman, who
is perhaps considered at the top of the profession, advises the
affected ones to be separated from the healthy, and recommends
the smoke of tobacco to be inhaled, and to allow them oilcake to
€at ; he is of opinion that being kept in close stenched places is
likely to cause it ; but this could not have been the cause with
mine, which were weaned in April, May, and June, and have been
in the fields entirely. Some think they have taken the worms
from something which may have engendered them in the water
they have drunk ; but this could not have been the case with
those still kept to the pail. Others think the worms originated
from a fly, perhaps taken in with the breath ; and some, even
at the present day, are superstitious enough to attempt to keep
off the husk by twisting a hazel withe round the necks of their
cattle; this shows it to be a disease not much understood.

I have understood the disease is more prevalent this year
than usual ; and, as far as I am able to judge, it will not only
affect the young, for I find several of my yearling heifers and
milch cows have the same kind of cough ; but it does not
appear to take so great an effect on them as on the calves ; they
appear healthy, except the cough, and keep their condition.

Should any of your readers be able to furnish information as
to the cause, prevention, or cure, through the medium of your
paper, I feel confident it would be esteemed a favour by many,
JDut particularly so by

Yours respectfully,

George Colgate.

Brocldey, Lewisham, Sept. 22, 1834.

[We have transferred this to our pages from the Maidstone
Gazette, in order to elicit the remarks of our contributors.] —
Ed.

56. Co2nj of a Letter addressed to the Secretartj of the
Entomological Society of London. — Sir, I beg to hand you
my resignation of membership in the Entomological Society,
and to state, that the reason for my doing so, is the appearance
of that Society's official attack on the Entomological Magazine,
in the Introduction to the Transactions. That any Society
should deliberately and officially attack a private undertaking,

VARIETIES. 535

under any circumstances, I conceive to be a degradation to
itself, and a departure from sound principle ; but that a Society,
which the Entomological Magazine has invariably advocated,
through good report and through evil report, should turn round
and attack its most faithful and most sincere friend, appears
to me the height of injustice, and renders it any thing rather
than an honour to be enrolled among its members. That the
Society should avail itself of a jocular article published in the
Entomological Magazine as the reason for the attack, makes
a weak cause weaker still.

I am. Sir, your obedient servant,
Deptford. EdwARD NeWMAN.

57. Notes on Deilephila Euphorbice. — Sir, When I pre-
sented the plates of Deilephila Euphorbice, you expressed a
wish for some particulars as to its localities, &c., although
these have already been given by Mr. Curtis and Mr.
Stephens. In the autumn of the year 1806, I first visited
the north of Devon ; and at the village of Instow, opposite
Appledon, the first caterpillar was brought me by a fisherman.
I forwarded it to the late Professor Fuseli, keeper of the
Royal Academy, &c., who considered it to be Spihinx Kcechlini;
indeed, it is very like that insect, as figured by his brother,
both in the larva and chrysalis state. See Plate 4, Fueshjs
Archives. The larva died without changing. I know not
if it may be considered foreign to my subject, if I here state,
that the late Mr. F. was an enthusiastic entomologist, and had
a fine collection of drawings and books of natural history, and
I recollect his once chiding me for apathy, and concluded by
saying, " When I was of your age, I often went, at two and
three o'clock in the morning, into the corn fields and woods to
collect for my brother, and many of the insects figured by him
were from my drawings." And to show you that it was not
quite lost in the decline of his life, I will here mention, that on
the conclusion of his last Lecture, and when descending
the rostrum, Mr. Cooper kindly offered his assistance, he said,
" I thank you ; O, is it you. Cooper ? Well, where is
Raddon ? Has he taken Atropos ?" He was then upwards of
eighty. Deilephila Euphorbia is a very difficult insect to
rear, as the following extract from a letter received from Mr.
Fuseli, dated December 26, 1815, will verify:— "Of the

536 VARIETIES.

numerous pupae (upwards of twenty) which you left with me,

and I with Lady , one only has given the Sphinx, and

that was a very beautiful one, of a rose-coloured hue, a variety
rarely met with. The remainder of the pupae are in statu
quo, and I believe are well. They often take two years before
they arrive at their last evolution." [The remainder died. — ■
W. R.] About the same time, I gave Dr. Leach a number of
chrysalides ; but I learnt that not one] produced the perfect
insect. I have neither taken, nor been able to procure, a
single insect, in any state, since 1819, until this year a single
chrysalis, which was captured on the 3d of October, and
spun itself next day into a place of rest, by attaching the dried
leaves of its food together. The person who sent me this,
says, " The valley in which you desired me to search is com-
pletely filled up by the sand, and the whole surface quite
altered by the winds." Captain Blomer, who resided for some
years near the locality, and visited it often, was not able to
capture one, and Mr. Cocks, an able and very zealous ento-
mologist of that vicinity, says, in a letter dated August last: —
" It is now ten years since I took the larva; and although I
have regularly been in the habit of visiting the locality every
year several times, I have never been fortunate enough to take
it since." That you may imagine how plentiful they were in
the year 1814, I would not then capture any but what were
full fed ; and after one day's pursuit, I had forgotten to take
any food, and was in the boat, on my return home, when I
begged the boatman to put back. It was nearly dusk ; I
jumped ashore, and hastily cut an arm full of spurge, and at
night put it into water. The next morning, on going to feed
the larvae I had brought home, I found the food was covered
with, I should suppose (for I did not count them), not less
than a hundred minute larvae about a day or two old. I have
thus given you my rough notes on this insect. If you think
them worth an insertion in your valuable Magazine, they are
at your service ; and I remain

Yours most truly,

4, Trafalgar-square, Queens Elms, W. RaDDON.

20th October, 1834.

58. Death of Mr. Say, the Americafi Entomologist. —
The death of this illustrious man took place on the 10th of
October, 1834, in the forty-seventh year of his age, at

VARIETIES. 537

Harmony, in the state of Indiana. He was throughout Ufa
one of the most simple and retiring of men ; his habits, mode
of address, and clothing, seem to carry one back to the
patriarchal ages, yet he was well informed on all subjects, and
perfectly acquainted with the scientific and political events of
the day. He inquired, with an eager interest, of every person
capable of affording him information, and was equally willing
to communicate, in the most pleasing and easy manner, any
information which he possessed. He took a peculiar pleasure
in instructing the young, and so managed his discourse, that
even children considered him as a kind and agreeable friend,
and an enjoyable companion, rather than a tutor. The
Athenceum, of 20th December, noticing his death, gives the
following extract from the United States National Gazette: —
" To his native genius, supported by untiring zeal and inde-
fatigable research, the Academy of Natural Sciences of Phila-
delphia is indebted for its opening reputation. Mr. Say was
among the earliest members, if not one of the founders, of
this institution. His original communications to the Society
alone, in the most abstruse and laborious departments of
Zoology, Crustacea, Testacea, Insecta, &c. of the United
States, occupy more than 800 printed pages of their journal.
His Essays, published in the Transactions of the American
Philosophical Society, the Annals of the Lyceum of Natural
History at New York, in Silliman's Journal, &c. are equally
respectable, perhaps equally numerous. His contributions to
the American Encyclopedia, though highly valuable, are not
so generally known. His separate work on American Ento-
mology, and another on Conchology, have met with the
approbation of the learned. With the brilliant results of his
laborious exertions, as naturalist to the two celebrated expe-
ditions by the authority of the United States Government,
under the command of Major, now Lieut.-Colonel S. H. Long,
the reading public is already familiar. Some years previously,
he accompanied Mr. M'Clure, and other kindred spirits, on
a scientific excursion to the Floridas. The pages of the
Academy's Journal were subsequently enriched by the fruits
of this undertaking. These expeditions, with occasional
excursions made with similar views, in the vicinity of Phila-
delphia, constitute the only interruptions to a laborious course
of studies, steadily and unostentatiously pursued in his native

NO. V. VOL. 11. 3 z

538 VARIETIES.

city, in which many departments of natural science were
successfully cultivated, and extensively enriched by his obser-
vations and discoveries. Our lamented friend had recently
devoted much of his time to the publication of his work on
American Conchology, elucidated by expensive plates. He
might have continued thus usefully employed for many years,
had not the climate on the Wabash proved injurious to his
health. He repeatedly suffered from attacks of fever and
dysenteric affections, by which a constitution originally robust
and inured to hardship materially suffered. A letter announcing
the sad catastrophe, which deprived society of one of its
worthiest members, and science of one of its brightest orna-
ments, informs us, that Mr. Say suffered another attack of this
disorder similar to that by which his constitution had already
been shattered, about the 1st of October ; on the 8th, the hopes
of his friends were flattered by a deceitful calm ; on the day
following, these hopes were chilled ; he appeared sinking under
debility; when, on the 10th, death came over him like a
summer cloud. He died intestate, and without issue, but left
with his wife verbal directions relative to the final disposition
of his library and cabinet of natural history." Our readers
who are acquainted with the present state of society in Anierica,
who know that the spirit of the United States is essentially
commercial, not scientific, will see much to admire in the
course of Thomas Say, and will not fail to join with us in
shedding a tear of sympathy on his early grave.

59. Brachinus crepitans. — I was wandering with Mr.
Marshall over the chalky fields in the neighbom-hood of Box-
hill, in September last, when we found that almost every flint
contained beneath it specimens of Brachinus crepitans. As I
put them, one after another, into my spirit bottle, the little
bombadiers fired away, as they sank in the spirits, each about
four " pops," every pop being easily felt, like a slight electric
shock, by the hand which grasped the bottle ; a small bladder
of air ascended with every pop. We hunted most assiduously
for Licinus, without finding a single specimen of either species.
Mr. Bennett, who had been over the ground a fortnight before,
was equally unsuccessful in this respect.

E. N. D.

INDEX GENERUM, &c.

Abbildungen, &c., der Microlepidop-
tcrologie, &c. Fischer's, R. 52"!.

Abhandlungen der Koniglichen Aka-
demie der Wissenschaften zii Berlin,
R. 524.

Abstract of Straus Diirckheim, 121.

Achetites, 424.

Acoelius, 231.

Addendum to Mr. Bird's Communica-
tion, 529.

Addison, Two Letters by, 376.

Adermata, Retraptera Amorplia, 380.

.Egeriites, 384.

Affinities of Plants with men and ani-
mals, R. 317.

Aleyrodes Phillyrea, 119.

Aleyrodites, 428.

Allantites, 409.

Alucitites, 385.

Amblymerus, 306, 343.

Anacharis, 518.

Anatomy of insects, external, 60.

Andrenites, 403.

Annales des Sciences Naturelles, R.
223, 316, 526 ; de la Societe Entomo-
logique de France, R. 108,316, 526.
Annulosa Javanica, R. 108.
Anthicites, 413.
Anthracites, 390.
Anthrax, 473.
Anthribites, 423.
Ant-lion, 147.

Ants, social, 398 ; solitary, 399.
Apathites, 404.
Aphidius, 93.
Aphites, 428.
Apites, 403.
Apteri, Aphidii, 105.
Arachniden, Hahn's, R. 110, 317,525.
Aran6ides, Memoire sur une nouvelle

Classification des, R. 109.
Arctiites, 382.
Asaphes, 151,
Asilites, 392.
Asiraca pulchella, 324.
Atomaria, 202.

Attempted division of British Insects
into Natural Orders, 379.

Bald-headed flies, 389.
Bee parasites, 397.

Bees, 401 ; cuckoo, 404; social, 403;
the management of, R. 527.

Beetles, blister, 413; Capricorn, 422;
carnivorous water, 418 ; carrion',
417; click, 414; diving-bell, 418;
flat-bodied, 423; flea, 421; flower,
413; fungus, 420; globe, 417;
ground, 419 ; herbivorous water,
418; mimick, 416; pill, 416; slow-
legged. 412; soldier, 412; stag,
416; ti[.er, 419; tortoise, 421;
wood boring, 413.
Beitrage zur Naturgeschichte der Ran-

kenfiisser, Burmeister's, R. 524.
Bell-moths, 385.
Bembecites, 400,
Bethyli, note on the, 219.
Bibio, 470.
Bibionites, 387.
Blapsites, 412.
Blattites, 426.
Blister-beetles, 413.
Boisduval's Icones des Lepidopt^res
d'Europe; Collection des Chenilles
d'Europe, &c. ; Lepidopteres de
I'Amerique Septentrionale, R. 110,
527; Faune Entomologique de Ma-
dagascar, &c. R. 525.
Bombiliites, 389.
Bombus opening the nectary of

flowers, 328 ; regelationis, 327.
Bombycites, 383.
Borborites, 396.
Bostricites, 423.
Bots, 391.
Brachyopa, 472.
Bracones, or Braconidae, 428.
Braconites, 406.
Brandt's and Erichson's Monographia

Meloes, R. 111.
Brevipalpes, Aphidii, 105.
British Entomology, Curtis', R. 106,
222, 315, 522; Stephens', R. 107,
318, 522.
BruUe on the Mouth of Libeliulida;,

R. 108.
Bugs, 426.
Buprestites, 41'].

Burmeister on the Cirrijjcda, R. 524.
Burn-cows, 414.
Burnet-moths, 384.
Butterflies, 381.
Byrrhites, 416.

Caddew -flies, 430.

540

INDEX 6ENERUM.

Callicerus Spencii, capture of, 324.

Callimome, 159.

Cane-fly, ravages of the, 107.

Cantener's Lepidopteres Rhopaloceres,
R. 524.

Cantliarites, 417.

Capricorn-beetles, 422.

Capture of Callicerus Spencii, 324 ; of
Deilephila Celerio and D. Galii, 529 ;
of Georyssus Pygmgeus, 438 ; of In-
sects atBurghfield, 39 ; of Lepidop-
tera at Great Yarmouth, 434; of
Nocturnal Lepidoptera on yew trees
in Norbury Park, 205 ; of Nyssia
zonaria, 437 ; of Sphinx Nerii, 116.

Captures, 4^5; Entomological, at Mickle-
ham, &c. 277.

Carabites, 419.

Carabus Exasperatus, 325.

Cardiapus Mathewsii, 118.

Carnites, 396.

Carnivorous water- beetles, 418.

Carrion-beetles, 417.

Cassidites, 421.

Catalogue des Coleopteres, Dejean's,
R. 525.

Caterpillars, preservation of, 319.

Catheretes, 200.

Cebrionites, 414.

Cecidomiites, 386.

Cephites, 411.

Cerambicites, 422.

Cerayteryx Hibernicus, 325.

Cerocephala, 148.

Cetoniites, 415.

Chafers, cock-, 415 ; day-, 415 ; dung-,
416; sand-, 415.

Chalarus, 269.

Chalcididae, 20.

Chalcis, 27.

Chalcites, 405.

Characters of some undescribed New
Holland Diptera, 468.

Cheiropachus Pulchellus, 115.

Chelifer Cancroides, 321.

Chenilles d' Europe, Boisduval's, R.
110.

Chevrolat's Col6opt6res du Mexique,
R. 524.

Chlorops Lineata, 531.

Chrysidites, 404.

Chrysomela Graminis, 118.

Chrysomelites, 421.

Chrysotoxites, 394.

Cicadites, 427.

Cicindela Campestris, larva of, 146.

Cicindelites, 419.

Cimicites, 426.

Cinetus, 467.

Cirripeda, Burmeister on the, R. 524.

Clear- wings, 384.

Clerites, 413.

Click-beetles, 414.

Clothes-moths, 385.

Clytus Arieis, 114.

Coccinellites, 420.

Coccites, 428.

Cock -chafers, 415.

Cock-roaches, 426.

Coleoptera, 411.

Coleopteres du Mexique, Chevrolat's,
R. 524.

Colias Europome, 530.

Collection, &c. des Chenilles, &c. Bois-
duval's, R. 527.

Colloquia Entomologica, 1, 329, 441.

Conopites, 390.

Copy of a Letter, &c. 534.

Cossites, 383.

Crabronites, 401.

Crambites, 384.

Crane-flies, 386.

Crickets, 424.

Criocerites, 422.

Criticisms, editorial, 114.

Cryptophagus, 202.

Ctenophora, 469.

Cuckoo-bees, 404.

Cucujites, 423.

Culicites, 388.

Curculionidum, genera et species, R.
108, 316, 525.

Curculionites, 423.

Curtis' British Entomology, R.106,-522.

Cynipites, 406.

Cynthia Cardui, 114.

Cyrtites, 389.

Dasytes Serricornis, larva of, 375.

Day-chafers, 415.

Decatoma, 156.

Deilephila Euphorbiae, 368.

Dejean's Catalogue des Coleopteres, R.

525 ; Iconographic, R. 1 10, 224, 525.
Delaporte's Etudes Entomologiques,

R. 623.
Delphax Saccharivora, 107.
Dermata, Tetraptera Amorpha, 393,
Dermeslites, 416,
Descriptions of some Coleopterous

larva, 373.
Devil's coach-horses, 419,
Deutchland's Fauna, Sturm's, R. 524,
Dichori, Microgastres, 242.
Diomorus, 159.
Dipasa, 166.
Diptera, 385.
Dirhinus, 38.
Diving-bell-beetles, 418.
Dolichopites, 393.
Dragon-flies, 430.
Dryinus Pedestris, 221.
Dryophilus anobiodes, 112.
Dung-chafers, 416.

INDEX GENERUM.

541

Dung-flies, o95.
Dyschirius, habits of a, 181.
Dytiscites, 418.

Earwigs, 424 ; destructive to Dahlias,
440.

Eggars, 383.

Eggs and larvae of Orgyiaantiqua, 318.

Elaterites, 414.

Embolemus, 467.

Emperor moths, 383.

Empites, 392.

Endomycites, 420.

Entomologia Edinensis, R. 222 ; criti-
cism of review on, 438.

Entomological, captures at Mickleham,
&c. 277 ; Club dinner, 328 ; Notes,
200, 313, 511 ; Society, its pro-
ceedings, 54, 183, 309, 431; hints
relative to its present plan and fu-
ture prospects, 190; its Transactions,
R.473.

Ephemera, Metamorphosis of, 322.

Ephemerites, 430.

Epitranus, 26.

Eristalis stygius, 313, 455.

Ermine moths, 385.

Essay on classification of Ichneumones
adsciti, 93, 225, 458.

Etudes Entomologiques, R. 523.

Evaniites, 406.

Eunotus, 297.

Eurytoma, 154.

Eutelus, 356.

Exareolati, Aphidii, 102.

Falcigeri, Aphidii, 94.

Familiares, Aphidii, 100.

Farmer's Magazine v. Rusticus, 327.

Faune Entomologique de Madagascar,

Boisduval's, R. 525.
Pigites, 117.

Fischer's Microlepidopterologie,R.524.
Flat-bodied beetles, 423.
Flea beetles, 421.
Fleas, 385.
Flies, 395.
Flower beetles, 413.
Forficulites, 424.
Formicites, 398.
Fray on the Development of Instinct

in Invertebrata, R. 109.
French Guiana, habits of the Papi-

lionidae of, 109.
Freyer's Beitrage zur Schmetterling-

skunde, R. 111.
Frog-hoppers, 427.
Full-bodied-moths, 382.
Fungus-beetles, 420.

Gad-flies, 389.
Galerucites, 421.

Gall-insects, 428.

Gammarus Pulex, Zenker on the, 1?.

524.
Gastrancistrus, 171.
Genera et species Curculionidum, R.

108, 316, 525.
Geographical distribution of Insects,

thoughts on the, 44, 280.
Geometrites, 382.
Georyssus pygmaeus, 438.
Glaucopites, 384.
Globe-beetles, 417.
Glow-worms, 414.
Glyphe, 170.
Gnats, 388.
Gory's and Percheron's Monographic

des Cetoines, R. 316, 525.
Grass-hoppers, 425.
Ground-beetles, 419.
Gryllites, 425.
Guerin's Magasin de Zoologie, R. 109,

224, 525; Iconographie du Regne

Animal, R. 109, 525 ; monograph of

Phyllosoma,R. 109.
Gyrinites, 418.
Gyrinus villosus, curious economy of,

530.

Hahn's Arachniden, R. 110, 525;
Wanzenartigen Insecten, R. 525.

Half-loopers, 382.

Halticella, 33.

Halticites, 421.

Hawk-moths, 381.

Helophilus, 472.

Helophorites, 418.

Helopites, 412.

Hemerobiites, 430.

Hemigeometra, 382.

Hemiptera, 426.

Hemipteres, recherches sur les, R. 108.

Herbivorous water- beetles, 418.

Hesperites, 381.

Hesperophilus Arenarius, habits of, 180.

Hessian fly, 386.

Hippobosca equina, note on, 325.

Hippoboscites, 397.

Hister 4-maculatus, 325.

Histerites, 416,

Histoire, &c. des Lepidoptferes de
France, Godart's and Duponchel's,
R. 526; des Papillons, &c. Cante-
ner's, R. 524.

Hockeria, 34.

Honey-bee, 270.

Hubner's Histoire des Papillons d' Eu-
rope (les Chenilles) ; Collection des
Papillons d'Europe, des Papillons
Exotiques, Supplement; Catalogue
des Papillons connus, des Papillons
formant la Collection d'Europe, R.
110, 111.

54^

INDEX GENERUM.

Husk in cattle, 531.
Hydrometrites, 427.
Hydrophilites, 418.
Hylotomites, 410.
Hymenoptera, 398.
Hymenopterorum, &c. Monographiae,

Nees ab Esenbeck's, R. 525.
Hymenopterous Insect parasitic on the

eggs of a spider, 324.

Ichneumones adsciti, essay on the, 93,
225, 458.

Ichneumonites, 470.

Icones Historiques des Lepidopetres
d'Europe, Boisduval's, R. 110, 527.

Iconographie des Chenilles, &c. Du-
ponchel's, R. 527 ; des Coleoptdres
d'Europe, Dejean's, R. 110, 224, 316,
525 ; des Lepidopteres et des Che-
nilles de I'Amerique Septentrionale,
Boisduval's, R. 110; du Regne
Animal, Guerin's, R. 109, 316, 525.

Ignis fatuus, 118.

Illustrations of British Entomology,
Stephens', R. 107, 318, 522.

Insecten, Brasiliens vorziiglich lastige,
R. 110.

Insects attracted by the offensive smell
of a flower, 120.

Invertebrata, development of Instinct
in, R. 109.

Ipsites, 417.

Isle of Wight, the other end of a trip
to the, 144,

Ismarus, 467-
15.3.

Jahrbiicher der Insectenkunde, Klug's,
R. 524.

Lace-winged flies, 430.

Lacordaire, on the Papilionidae of
French Guiana, R. 109.

Lady-birds, 420.

Lampy rites, 414.

Lardner's Cabinet Cyclopaedia, R. 529.

Larrites, 400.

Larva of Dasytes serricornis, 375 ; of
Megatoma Serra, 373; of Meloe,
454; of Nonagria Typhae, 451; of
Orchesia niicans, 376 ; of Tipula,
320.

Larvae, descriptions of some Coleop-
terous, 373.

Lasioglosum tricinguluni, 325.

Lee's Lecture, R. 317.

Leiophron, 458.

Leon Dufour's Recherches sur les He-
mipteres, R. 108.

Lepidoptera, 380.

Lepidopteres, de I'Europe, de I'Ame-
rique Septentrionale, Boisduval's, R.

110, 527 ; llhopalocercs, Cantcncr's,
R. 524.

Leptites, 391.

Lepturites, 422.

Letters written by Mr. Addison, 376.

Leucopsidae, 13.

Leucopsis, 13, 212.

Libellulidae, on the mouth of, R. 108.

Libellulites, 430.

Limnobia, 469.

List of described Diptera, new to Bri-
tain, 439 ; of insects in Devonshire
and Cornwall, 117.

Locustites, 425.

Locusts, 425.

Loopers, 382.

Loudon's Magazine of Natural His-
tory, R. 107, 222, 318.

Lucanites, 416.

Lydites, 410.

Macroglenes, 150.

Magazin de Zoologie, Guerin's, R.
109,224,316,525.

Magazine of Natural History, Loudon's
R. 107, 222, 318 ; Philosophical, R.
223, 523.

Management of Bees, R. 527.

Mantites, 425.

Masarites, 401.

May-flies of Anglers, descriptions of,
R. 223.

Megatoma Serra, larva of, 373.

Megistocera, 468.

Melecta, 511-

Meligethes, 200.

Melliturgites, 403.

Meloe, larva of, 454.

Melolonthites, 415.

Melyrites, 413.

Memoire sur une nouvelle classifica-
tion des Araneides, R. 109.

Meraporus, 298.

Merisus, 166.

Meromalus, 178.

Mesopolobus, 354.

Metamorphosis of Insects, 328 ; of
Ephemera, 322.

Metastenus, 301.

Metopon, 302.

Micradelus, 170.

Microgaster, 231, 233.

Microlepidopterologie, Fischer's, R.
524.

Micropeplus, 201.

Midasites, 392.

Millers, 382.

Mimick-beetles, 416.

Mirax, 230, 467.

Miscogasteridae, 166.

Mode of killing Lisccts, 436; of de-
stroying Ants, io9.

INDEX GENEUUM.

543

Monodontomerus, 157.

Monograph, on Pliyllosoma, Guerin's,

R. 109; on Raphidia, Percheron's,

R. 109.
Monographia Chalciditum, 13, 148,

286, 340, 476; Generis Meloes, R.

111.
Monographia des Cetoines, &c. R. 316,

525.
Mordellites, 412.
Moth-gnats, 388.
Muscites, 395.
Musquitoes, 387.
Mutillites, 399.
Mycetophilites, 386.
Mymarites, 405.

Names, notes on, 260.

Natural Orders, attempted division of
British Insects into, 329.

Nectary of Flowers, Bomhus opening
the, 328.

Nees ab Esenbeck's Hymenopterorum,
&c, Monographia, R. 525.

Nepites, 427.

Neuroptera, 428.

Nicolai's Wander-raupe, R. 317.

Nitidulites, 417.

Noctuites, 382.

Nonagria Typhce, larva of, 45 1 .

Notaspis, 37.

Note on Clytus Arictis, 114; on
Cynthia cardui, 114; on Dryo-
philus Anobioides, 112 ; on Review
of British Entomology, 112; on Re-
view of Linnaean Transactions, 111.

Notes on the Bethyli, and on Dryinus
pedestris, 219; on Deilephila Eu-
phorbiae, 369, 525 ; on Names, 260.

Notice on the Entomological Pecu-
liarities of Van Dieman's Land,
502; of Entomological Works, 106,
222, 315,522.

Notodontites, 383.

Notonectites, 427.

Nova Acta Physico-Medica, &c. R.
111.

Nycteribites, 397.

Nyssia zonaria, 437.

Observations on the British Pipuncu-

lidae, 262.
CEstrites, 391.
Ophrys apifera, 440.
Orchesia micans, larva of, 376.
Orgyia antiqua, eggs and larva of, 318.
Ormoceridae, 167.
Ormocerus, 168.
Ormyrus, 161.
Orthoptera, 424.
Oryssites, 409.
Osmiites, 401.

Osservazioni, Passerini's, R. 111.
Osteology of Insects, on the, 60.

Panorpites, 431.
Panurgites, 402.
Papilionidse of French Guiana, habits

of, 109.
Papilionites, 381.
Parasitic Hymenoptera, Westwood's,

R. 107.
Passerini's Osservazioni, R. 111.
Pearl-flies, 429.
Pearl-moths, 384.
Percheron, on Raphidia, R. 109.
Perilampus, 163.
Perlites, 429.
Phalaenites, 383.
Phorites, 396.

Phosphorescent Cerambyx, 224.
Phryganites, 430.
Phyllosoma, Guerin's, monograph on,

R. 109.
Physiological Considerations on the

Development of Instinct in Inverte-

brata, R. 109.
Phytometrites, 382.
Phytomyzites, 396.
Pictet's Recherches sur les Phryga-

nides, R. 523.
Pill- beetles, 416.
Pinicolfe Aphidii, 95.
Pipunculidse, observations on the, 262.
Pipunculus, 264.
Plant-lice, 428.
Platymesopus, 352.
Platyterma, 303, 340,
Plume-moths, 385.
Pohl's Brasiliens vorziiglich lastige

Insecten, R. 110.
Pompilites, 400.

Preservation of Caterpillars, 319.
Private Lives of Insects, 504 ; of the

Burying-beetle, 505 ; of the Coccus

of the Vine, 508.
Proctotrupites, 405.
Prominents, 383.

Pselaphidae, monograph on the, R. 224.
Pselaphites, 420.
Pseudopsis, 313.
Psilonotus, 179.
Psilopus, 471.
Psilus, 117.
Psychodites, 388.
Pteromalidse, 286.
Pteromalus, 476.
Ptinites, 413.
Pulicites, 385.
Pyralites, 384.
Pyrochroites, 412.

Query respecting Hyale and Lathonia,
529.

544

INDEX GENERUM.

Question respecting Names, 410.

Raphidia, Percheron's monograph on,

R. 109,
Raphidiites, 429.
Ratzeburg uber entwickelung der fuss-

losen Hymenopterer Larven, R. 111.
Recherches Anatomiques et Pliysiolo-

giques, &c. sur les Hemipteres, R.

108 ; sur les Phryganides, R. 523,
Remarks on various insects, 451,
Revue Entomologique, R, 109, 224,316,

526.
Rhaphitelus, 178,
Rhyphites, 387.
Rhyzopertha, 203,
Rhyzophagus, 203.
Ripipteryx, 204.

Sand-chafers, 415.

Sand-wasps, 399.

Salpingites, 424,

Sapyga prisma, 327.

Sapygites, 399.

Saw-flies, 409.

Scarabaeites, 416.

Scatophagites, 395.

Scatopsites, 387.

Schmetterlinge, Treitschke's, R. 524.

Schiienherr's Genera et Species Cucur-
lionidum, R. 108, 316, 525.

Scholiites, 399.

Scorpion-flies, 431.

Scydmsenites, 420.

Seladerma, 288.

Semiotus, 290.

Serotini, Aphidii, 103.

Silbermann's Revue Entomologique,
R, 109, 224, 316, 525,

Silphites, 417.

Simuliites, 387.

Sirecites, 408,

Sketch of the Natural History of Yar-
mouth, R. 527.

Skippers, 381.

Slender-bodies, 382,

Slow-legged beetles, 412,

Smiera, 21.

Smiera Macleanii, 325,

Snake-flies, 429.

Social ants, 398.

bees, 403.

Societe Entomologique de France, An-
nales de la, R. 108, 316, 526.

Soldier beetles, 412.

Solitary ants, 399.

Spectres, 425.

Spectrites, 425.

Sphecites, 400.

Sphingites, 381.

Sphinx Nerii, capture of, 116.

SphiEridiiies, 417.

Spider, the " Cardinal," 320 ; Gossa-
mer, 320 ; Hymenopterous Insect
parasitic upon the eggs of a, 324,

Stag-beetles, 416.

Staphilinites, 419,

Stomoxites, 390,

Stone-flies, 430,

Stratiomites, 394.

Sturm's Deutschland Fauna, R. 524.

Stylopites, 397,

Stylops Melittae, 326.

Syrphites, 394.

Systasis, 29C,

Systole, 153.

Tabanites, 389.

Tachydromiites, 393.

Talitrus Locusta, 145.

Tenthredinites, 410.

Tephritites, 396.

Termites, 429.

Tetanocerites, 395.

Tetraptera, Amorpha, 380 ; Anisonior-
pha, 428; Isomorpha, 424 ; Necro-
morpha, 398,

Tetratoma, 202,

Thereva, 472.

Therevites, 391.

Thoughts on the GeogTaphical Distri-
bution of Insects, 44, 280.

Thripsites, 426.

Ticklers, 426.

Tiger-beetles, 419.

Tineites, 385.

Tipula, 469 ; larva of, 320,

Tipulites, 386.

Tortoise-beetles, 421.

Tortricites, 385.

Torymus, 157,

Transactions of the Entomological So-
ciety of London, R, 473,

Treitschke's Schmetterlinge, R, 524.

Trichopteryx, 201.

Trichori, Microgastres, 235.

Tridactylus, 183.

Triviales, Aphidii, 97.

Trogites, 415.

Turnip-fly, Prize offered for the best
Essay on the, 312.

Uber Entwickelung der fusslosen Hy-

menoptereii Larven, R. 111.
Unicorn-flies, 389,

Varieties, 112, 318, 529.
Veneers, 384.
Vespites, 401.

Walckenaer, sur les Aranei'des, R. 109.
Walking-leaves, 425.
Wander-raupe, &c. R. 317.
Wanzenartigen Insecten, Hahn's, R.
525.

INDEX GENERUM.

545

Wasps, 401.

Water, Boatmen, 427 ; Bugs, 427 ;

Fleas, 418; Scorpions, 427.
Weevils, 423.
White Ants, 429.
Wood-boring-beetles, 414.
Wood-eaters, 383.

Xyelites, 408.
Xylophagites, 393.

Xyphidriites, 408.

Yponomeutites, 385.
Yarmouth, Sketch of the Natural His-
tory of, R. 527.

Zabrus gibbus, habits of, 182.
Zenker on the Gammarus Pulex, R.

524.
Zimb of Bruce, 223.

NO, V. VOL. ir.

4a

LIST OF THE GENERA AND SPECIES

DESCRIBED IN THIS VOLUME.

LEUCOPSIS Fahr.
gigas Fabr.
nigricornis Del.
intermedia III.
varia Klug.
Biguetina Jur.
dorsigera Fahr.
SMIERA Spin.
nigrifex Sulg.
sispes Linn.
subpunctata Guild.
fulvescens Guild.
EPITRANUS Walk.
fulvescens Guild.
CHALCIS Fabr.
femorata Panz.
flavipes Latr.
distinguenda Bel.
tibialis Del.
annulipes Del.
cingulata Del.
minuta Linn.
podagrica Fahr.
vicina Del.
parvula Del.
HALTICELLA Spin
pusilla Fahr.
HOCKERIA Del.
bispinosa Fabr.
bifasciata Del.
hetera Del.
nigra Del.
nigripes Foits.
rufipes Oliv.
unicolor Walk.
NOTASPIS Walk.
formiciformis Guild.
DIRHINUS Dalm,
cornigerus Jur.

APHIDIUS Ess.
Crepidis Hal.
constrictus Ess.
pictus Hal.
Pini Hal.
infulatus Hal.
Laricis Hal.
Rosae Hal.
lutescens Hal.
Arenas? Hal.
Ervi Hal.
Urticse Hal.
Asteris Hal.
Ribis Hal.
Cirsii Hal.
EglanteriEC Hal.

Salicis Hal.
leucopterus Hal.
Matricariae Hal.
Arundinis Hal.
fumatus Hal.
exiguus Hal.
ambiguus Hal.
ephippium Hal.
lutus Hal.

PSILUS Jur.
fucicola Walk.
FIGITES Latr.
subapterus Walk.

CEROCEPHALA West.

cornigera West.

formiciformis West.

MACROGLENES West.

oculatus West,

ASAPHES Walk.

vulgaris Walk.

ISOSOMA Walk.

flavicolle Walk.

SYSTOLE Walk.

platytera Walk.

EURYTOMA III.

acuminata Del.

squamea Del.

rufitarsus Del.

Salicis Del.

flavipes Del.

DECATOMA Spin.

semifasciata Del.

flavicollis Walk.

MONODONTOMERUS West.

obsoletus Fabr.

cereus Del.

DIOMORUS Walk.

nobilis Walk.

CALLIMOME Spin.

inconstans Del.

lateralis Del.

rufipes Del.

compactus Del.

confusus Del.

ORMYRUS West.

tubulosus Fons.

PERILAMPUS Latr.

nitens Del.

antennatus Del.

violaceus Panz.

auratus Panz.

splendidus Dalm.

Isevifrons Dalm.

DIPARA Walk.

LIST OF GENERA AND SPECIES.

cinetoides Walk.
MERISUS Walk
splendidus Walk.
ORMOCERUS Walk.
]atus Walk.
simplex Walk.
vernalis Walk.
maritimus Walk.
MICRADELUS Walk.
rotundus Walk.
GLYPHE Walk.
autumnalis Walk.
GASTRANCISTRUS West.
fuscicornis Walk.
compressus Walk.
tenuicornis Walk.
vagans West.
viridis Walk.
atro-purpureus Walk.
laticornis Walk.
tenebricosus Walk.
fumipennis Walk.
unicolor Walk.
obscurellus Walk.
vulgaris Walk.
terminalis Walk.
annulipes Walk.
crassus Walk.
angulus Walk.
acutus Walk.
MEROMALUS Walk.
flavicornis Walk.
RHAPHITELUS Walk.
maculatus Walk.
PSILONOTUS Walk.
Walk.

MELIGETHES Kby.
ilTgra Newm.
CATHERETES Kby.
glabra Newm.
MICROPEPLUS Latr.
obtusus Newm.
TRICHOPTERYX Kby.
Titan Newm.
ATOMARIA Kby.
gutta Newm.

CRYPTOPHAGUS Herb.
scutellatus Newm.
TETRATOMA Herb.
picta Newm.

RHYZOPHAGUS Herb.
coUaris Newm.
RHYZOPERTHA Steph.
cincta Newm.
RIPIPTERYX Newm.
marginatus Newm.

LEUCOSPIS Fabr.
gigas Klug.
Shuckardi West.
subnotata West.
Hopei West.

Spinolae West.
assimilis West.
Sicelis West.

MIR AX^ Hal.

rufilabris Hal.

ACiELIUS Hal.

Germanus Hal.

subfasciatus Hal.

MICROGASTER Latr

Mediator Hal.

spectabilis Hal.

ingratus Hal.

infumatus Hal.

russatus Hal.

globatus Li7i7i.

annulipes Cur.

Spinolae Hal.

raeridianus Hal.

messorius Hal.

luctuosus Hal.

alvearius Fabr.

consularis Hal.

flavipes Hal.

calceatus Hal.

equestris Hal.

albipennis Hal.

infimus Hal.

candidatus Hal.

xanthostigma Hal.

lacteipennis Cur.

annularis Hal.

decorus Hal.

hilaris Hal.

contaminatus Hal.

arenarius Hal.

sodalis Hal.

dilectus Hal.

Coniferae Hal.

exilis Hal.

umbellatarum Hal.

lateralis Hal.

vitripennis Hal.
callidus Hal.
exiguus Hal.
fulvipes Hal.
popularis Hal.
immunis Hal.
glomeratus Linn.
placidus Hal.
lineola Cur.
praepotens Hal.
intricatus Hal.
vestalis Hal.
ruficrus Hal.
gracilis Cur.
rubripes Hal.
praetextatus Hal.

PIPUNCULUS Latr.
maculatus Walk.
sylvaticus Meig.
geniculatus Meig.

LIST OF THE GEERAN AND SPECIES

riavipes Meig.
pratorum Fall.
campestris Latr.
modestus Hal.
ruralis Meig.
auctus Fall.
CHALARUS Walk.
spurius Fall.
holosericeus Meig.

SELADERMA Walk.
Jaetum Walk.
bicolor Walk.
eonvexum Walk.
breve Walk.
SEMIOTUS Walk.
mundus Walk.
clarus Walk.
tarsalis Walk.
Scoticus Walk.
varians Walk.
praestans Walk.
diversus Walk.
quadratus Walk.
maerens Walk.
SYSTASIS Walk.
encyrtoi'des Walk.
tenuicornis Walk.
EUNOTUS Walk.
cretaceus Walk.
MERAPORUS Walk.
graminicola Walk.
alatus Walk.
exiguus Walk.
METASTENUS Walk.
concinnus IValk.
METOPON Walk.
atrum Walk.
PLATYTERMA Walk.
nobile Walk.
laticorne Walk.
teliforme Walk.
prasinum Walk,
cincticorne Walk.
terminale Walk.
AMBLYMERUS Walk.
amaenus Walk.
dubius Walk.
validus Walk.

ERISTALIS Fabr.
stygius Newm.
PSEUDOPSIS Newm.
sulcatus Newm.

PLATYTERMA Walk.
incultum Walk.
comptum Walk.
femorale Walk.
decorum Walk.
remotiun Walk.
AMBLYMERUS Walk.
Turalis Walk.

campestris Walk.

latus Walk.

truncatellus Walk.

fulvipennis Walk.

modestus Walk.

fuscipes Walk.

humilis Walk.

albi tarsus Walk.

nitescens Walk.

pusillus Walk.

tenuicornis Walk.

hebes Walk.

tenellus Walk.

fulvipes Walk.

stupidus Walk.

manus Walk.
linearis Walk.
temperatus Walk.
iners Walk.
trossulus Walk.
stenomerus Walk.
tenebricus Walk.
mirus Walk.

PLATYMESOPUS West.
tibialis West.
MESOPOLOBUS West.
fasciiventris West.
EUTELUS Walk.
dilectus Walk.
immaculatus Walk.
signatus Walk.
pygmaeus Walk.
diffinis Walk.
jucundus Walk.
placidus JFalk,
ocellus Walk.
eximius Walk.
platycerus Walk.
bicolor Walk.
platynotus Walk.
sobrinus Walk.
catenatus Walk.
inornatus Walk.
fulvicornis Walk.
flavipes Walk.
aequus Walk.
planus Walk.
gracilis Walk.
helvipes Walk.
posticus Walk.
elevatus Walk.
intermedius Walk.
semotus Walk. .

altus Walk.
chlorospilus Walk.
fuscipennis Walk.
politus Walk.
vagans Walk.

PYGOSTOLUS Hal.

sticticus Fabr.
ANCYLUS Hal.
muricatus Hal.

DESCRIBED IN THIS VOLUME.

lituratus Hal.
excrucians Hal.
edentatus Hal.
CENTISTES Hal.
cuspidatus Hak
LEIOPHRON Nees.
mids Hal.
palUpes Cur.
picipes Cur.
accinctus Hal.
similis Cur.
intactus Hal. \

fulvipes Cur.
pallidistigma Cur.
apicalis Cur.
EMBOLEMUS West.
CINETUS Sur.
ISMARUS Hal.
MIRAX Hal.
Spartii Hal.

MEGISTOCERA Wied.
dispar Walk.
TIPULA Z/nw.
ramicornis Walk.
LIMNOBIA Meig.
vicaria Walk.
CTENOPHORA Meig.
vilis Walk.
bella Walk.
BIBIO Geof.
imitator Walk.
PSILOPUS Meig.
cingulipes Walk.
tricolor Walk.
connexus Walk.
THEREVA Lair.
misella Walk.
BRACHYOPA Hoff.
rufocyanea Walk.
HELOPHILUS Meig.
griseus Walk.
ANTHRAX Fahr.
extensa Walk.

PTEROMALUS Swed.
cavus Walk.
decedens Walk.
perversus Walk.
patulus Walk.
extentus Walk.
amplus Walk.
catillus Walk.
latus Walk.
domesticus Walk.
sylvicola Walk.
discus Walk.
gynetelus Walk.
bracteatus Walk.
herbidus Walk.
lucidus Walk.
aspilus Walk.

flammiger Walk.
conspersus Walk.
oxygyne Walk.
inegachlorus Walk.
grandis Walk.
aurifer Walk.
robustus Walk.
nubilus Walk.
perfectus Walk.
apertus Walk.
dives Walk.
cuprinus Walk.
obtusus Walk.
curtus Walk.
pinguis Walk.
chalceus Walk.
brevicornis Walk.
despectus Walk.
affinis Walk.
fumipennis Walk.
redactus Walk.
epistenus Walk.
purpureus Walk.
semifascia Walk.
venustus Walk.
anticus Walk.
varius Walk.
rufinus Walk.
sequester Walk.
saturatus Walk.
futilis Walk.
decorus Walk.
famulus Walk.
perpetuus Walk.
viridulus Walk.
tenuis Walk.
pexatus Walk.
inops Walk.
detritus Walk.
inscitus Walk.
tristis Walk.
microcerus Walk.
repandus Walk.
latifrons Walk.
quadrinota Walk.

MELECTA Latr.
Tisiphone Newm.
Megaera Newm.
Alecto Newm.
Clothe Newm.
Lachesis Newm.
Atropos Newm.
FIGITES Latr.
Syrphi Newm.

ANACHARIS Dalm.
tinctus Walk.
typicus Walk.
Eucharioides Dalm.
immunis Walk.
eusifer Walk.

END OF VOL.

ERRATA.

Page 14, line 10, 14, 15, page 22, line 10, 14, for caeteri propedura read caeteris
ut propedes.
21, — 22, /or in-canaliculo read in canaliculo.
24, — 18, 21, /or nigrificis read nigrifice.
26, — 8, for maris read mari.
93, — 18, /or postice read postici.

97 Z! 14' f /"■ substigmate read sub stigmate.
149,— 6, /or Cerophala rea«? Cerocephala.

— — 9, for nigro-fuscus, nitens, fere glaber read nigro-fusca, nitens

fere laevis.
151, — 32, for cozse read coxae.
163, — 30, page 164, line 27, page 165, line 29, for sub-costam read sub

costam.
166, — ^■sfor per ejus read ejus.

177, — 4, /or cupreum, breve, crassum read cupreus, brevis, crassus.
179, — 14, /or proalae subcosta, fusco read proalae sub costam fusco.
194, — 30, /or immutable reati inimitable.
222, — l^ffor Ediniensis read Edinensis.

noo' ~ If' > /or 5-annulatum reac? 6-annulatum.

232, — 17, /or totum rea<^ totius.

233, — 37, /or cubitali read radiali.

234, — 6, after retegens in&ert ,

— — 17, /or cuique reacZ quaeque.

235, — 13,/or nigro-fusca read nigro-fusci.— " A similar error recurs fre-

quently."— Mr. Haliday.
245, — 2, /or latius; rearf latius,

— — 27, 28, /or nigra, intermedia summo apice; read nigra ; intermedia

summo apice,
248, — 9, for variis ; read variis,
254, — 22, /or vix renrf viz.
259, — 15,a/i;er Mer. Ins. II. insert 43.
264, — 14, > , . _,

2QQ 24 t •''"' <^onnecti read connexi.

287, — 16, /or radialis rearf cubitalis.

288, — 29, for quqaeue read quaeque.

305, — ^^,for claro read nobili.

306, — 26, /or dimidio reac? dimidii.

308, — 28, for metafemora read mesofemora.
386, — 18, /or Cecidomya rearf Cecidomyia.

401, — 14,/or Rhapalum read Rhopalum.

402, — 38, for Xyocopa read Xylocopa.
410, ^ 34, /or Trichissoma rearf Trichiosoma.

415, — for labium, wherever it occurs, read labrum.
421, — 1,/or Cacicula read Cacidula.
438, — 30, /or Ediniensis read Edinensis.

DIRECTIONS TO BINDER FOR PLACING THE PLATES.

Plate VI. ... to face ... p. 66

— vn. ... _ . . , 71

- S"} . . - . . . ^^

— X. . . . — ... 373

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